CADMAN, JEROME (1816-79). Of Shropshire parentage, Jerome Cadman emigrated to New South Wales in 1840, and came to New Zealand in 1848. He was identified with the early history of the Coromandel goldfields, where he owned a sawmill from 1855. Moving to Auckland, he carried on a successful business as builder and contractor and was responsible for much of the Queen Street wharf construction. He was a member of the Anglican Church, representing his parish of St Matthews in the diocesan synod until 1867, and after that Christ Church, Coromandel. He was also a member of the Auckland City Council (1854-55). In provincial politics Cadman was a member of the Constitutionalist Party and a supporter of Williamson, with whom he collaborated in initiating the 40-acre settlement scheme. He was a commissioner for the Drury railway. In the Provincial Council he represented the Northern Division (1859-67), and from 1870 until the abolition he represented Coromandel. Thereafter he spent a few years in Honolulu and California. Cadman died 13 Jul 1879.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Southern Cross, 4 Oct 1865; Thames Star, 14 Jul 1879; Thames Advertiser, 28 Jul 1870; Church Times, Aug 1879.

Reference: Volume 1, page 82

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CADMAN, SIR ALFRED JEROME (1847-1905), a son of Jerome Cadman (q.v.), was born in Sydney and came to Auckland with his parents as an infant. He received his education in the parish schools of St Paul's and St Matthew's and at Wesley College, after which he completed his term of apprenticeship as a carpenter under E. J. Matthews. As a young man he served in the volunteer forces during the war. At the age of 21 he entered the sawmilling business in Coromandel, and he did very well for many years. There he first entered public life as a member of the Tiki road board, of which he soon became chairman. He was chairman of the Coromandel county council for the first ten years. Cadman was elected to represent Coromandel in Parliament in 1881, and again in 1884 and 1887. In 1890 he was returned after a severe contest for a changed constituency under the name of Thames. Ballance invited him to join his cabinet (1891) as Commissioner of Stamp Duties, to which were presently added the portfolio of Native Affairs and in May 1892 that of Justice. As Native Minister he dealt sympathetically with the South Island tribes, and assisted to have a large area of land made available for their use. Owing to charges made against him by W. L. Rees in 1893 of using his position to benefit himself in connection with native lands, he challenged his accuser to resign and contest a seat. They both resigned on 20 Jul and, Rees choosing his own constituency of Auckland City, Cadman defeated him by 750 votes (4 Aug). He declined, however, to retain the administration of native affairs and assumed instead the portfolio of mines, to which was added later that of railways, then a difficult and exacting department.

In 1893 Cadman became member for Waikato and from 1896 for Ohinemuri. His health having been undermined by close application to the detail of his departments, he retired in 1899 and was called to the Legislative Council. He continued as a member of the cabinet without portfolio until Apr 1901, in which year he received the C.M.G. After his retirement he continued to take a keen interest in the development of ironsand on the west coast of the North Island, paying two visits to Great Britain to form a company. He was promoted K.C.M.G. in 1903. In Jul 1904 he was elected Speaker of the Council, but his health prevented him assuming the duties and he died a few months later (23 Mar 1905).

Cadman married (1886) Fanny, daughter of Joseph Bell (of Aylesbury, who arrived by the King of Italy and settled at Whangarei). She died 7 Apr 1892.

N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 27 Jun 1905); N.Z. Cycl., i (p); Reeves; Coromandel County Diamond Jubilee; N.Z. Herald, 15 Jul 1879; 24 Mar 1905. Portrait: General Assembly Library.

Reference: Volume 1, page 81

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CAFLER, EDOUARD EUGENE (1798-1893) was born at Douai, France, and as a young man serving in the army was present at Waterloo in the ambulance service. His father was much interested in beetroot sugar and was commissioned by Napoleon to inquire into its manufacture. Educated at the Ecole de Commerce, Edouard went into business and in 1832 left for Mauritius, where he spent a few years purchasing cargoes of sugar and disposing of them in the East and the Australian colonies.

Suffering an attack of yellow fever in China, he came to Bay of Islands to recuperate (1840), and bought land in Kororareka. He traded successfully with the natives until Heke's war (1845), when he lost most of his property and left for Auckland. Heke returned his horse and some other property, but Cafler sailed in the French corvette Rhin for Akaroa (1846), and afterwards for France. In 1848 he was again in Mauritius, where he spent five years. Then he settled in Sydney, making trading voyages to Auckland and Kaipara, and eventually starting business in Whangarei. There he prospered for a few years but his premises being burned down, he sold out and retired to his farm at Sans Souci, where he died on 20 Feb 1893. He was twice married.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Buick, French at Akaroa; N.Z. Herald, 22 Feb 1893

Reference: Volume 1, page 82

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CALDER, WILLIAM HENDERSON was a member of the firm of Calder and Blacklock, which was established in Invercargill in the earliest years of the settlement. He took a prominent part in the affairs of his province. In 1861 he was elected to the Southland Provincial Council for Invercargill, which he represented for some years (1861-65, 1867-70). He was a member of the executive in 1864 and again in 1869, and was a strong supporter of the reunion of the province with Otago. When this was achieved he represented Invercargill in the Otago Provincial Council (1870). He was returned in the following year to represent the town in Parliament and sat till 1873 (when he retired). Calder could have been Superintendent if he had desired, but preferred to support William Wood.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Kinross, 26-28.

Reference: Volume 1, page 82

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CALLAN, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW (1844-1928) was born in Dublin and educated there and at Melbourne University. He emigrated to Victoria in 1859 and entered the civil service there (1862). He studied at Melbourne University, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B., being admitted to the bar in 1876. He then resigned from the civil service and came to Dunedin, where he entered into practice (1877), being in partnership with J. M. Gallaway from 1883. In 1885 he raised and commanded the Irish Rifles. (Major 1887; lieut.-col. commanding Otago battalion 1895; retired 1896.) In 1889 he was elected to the licensing committee, of which he was chairman in 1890. He was president of the Otago Law Society and speaker of the Dunedin parliamentary union. Callan retired from practice in 1906 and in 1907 was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member till 1914. He died on 20 Apr 1928. A son, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW CALLAN (1882-), became a judge of the Supreme Court.

N.Z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 21 Apr 1928.

Reference: Volume 1, page 82

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CAMERON, ANDREW (1855-1925) was born in Paisley, Scotland, and came with his parents to Otago in the City of Dunedin (1863). Educated at the Port Chalmers High School, he gained a scholarship at the University, where he graduated B.A. in 1879 as a senior scholar in zoology.

In 1880 he went to Edinburgh to study for the Church and after being licensed by the presbytery there he took courses in theology at the Universities of Jena and Leipzig. He was in charge of the Andersons Bay Church from 1884 for more than 30 years, a wise and sagacious counsellor to his people; shrewd, progressive and conciliatory in the affairs of the parish and the church; always cordially cooperating in social movements and taking his part in the advancement of education in all its branches. He was one of the promoters of the Presbyterian social service association, which spread throughout the church. For many years he was a member, secretary or convenor of the Theological College and he was the first to advocate a residential college building. Knox College is a monument to his vision, persistency and faith. He was for some years a governor of the Otago Boys' and Girls' High Schools, and in 1894 he was appointed to the council of Otago University, of which he was elected vice-chancellor in 1910 and chancellor in 1912. From 1902 he was a member of the senate of the University of New Zealand. In 1919, the year in which he retired from the charge at Andersons Bay, he received the honorary LL.D. of Edinburgh University. Cameron married (1885) Mary, daughter of Peter McKellar (Invercargill). He died on 19 May 1925.

Cycl. NZ, iv; Otago Daily Times, 20 May 1925

Reference: Volume 1, page 82

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CAMERON, SIR DUNCAN ALEXANDER (1808-88) was the son of Sir J. Cameron and obtained his first commission in the 42nd Highlanders in 1825. (Lieutenant, 1826; colonel 1854.) On the outbreak of the Crimean war he was made a local major-general in Turkey, and he commanded the 42nd regiment at the Alma and the Highland brigade at Balaklava. He was present at Kertch and the fall of Sebastopol.

Promoted major-general and appointed to command in Scotland (1860), he came in the following year to New Zealand to succeed General Pratt (q.v.). On landing here Cameron found that the Imperial troops had been withdrawn from Taranaki and were working on the construction of military roads from Auckland to Waikato. He represented to the Governor (Grey) in 1862 that his force was insufficient for the forthcoming campaign. On hostilities being resumed over the Tataraimaka block he advanced with a force including the 57th and 70th regiments towards the enemy position at Katikara, which was carried on 4 Jun 1863.

On 12 Jul he initiated the advance from winter quarters at Pokeno and crossed the Mangatawhiri river, thereby opening the Waikato campaign. He personally led the 14th Regiment at Koheroa. After defeating the King forces at Meremere he was repulsed with severe loss at Rangiriri, where he ordered repeated assaults by military and naval detachments on an almost impregnable trench. On the following day (21 Jun) the defenders, under Tioriori, surrendered. The flag was hoisted at Ngaruawahia on 8 Dec and with a force of 3,000 men Cameron took possession of an important part of the Waikato, with headquarters at Tuhikaramea. The strong enemy position at Paterangi was cleverly outflanked by engagements at Rangiaowhia and Hairini. Cameron was not present when the operations against Orakau commenced, and he made an effort to induce the defenders to surrender but had to carry on the assault. After the fall of that place he conducted the assault on the enemy position at the Gate Pa. Though he had a force of 1,650 of all ranks, naval and military, the works were not destroyed by the artillery preparation and he was severely repulsed, with the loss of 31 killed and 80 wounded (29 Apr). He inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at Te Ranga (21 Jun), but the defenders withdrew under cover of night and escaped.

Early in 1865 Cameron opened the campaign to take possession of the Waitotara block. Advancing cautiously along the coast he left the strong position of Weraroa in his rear. Attacked in broad daylight at Nukumaru, he suffered some losses. Thereafter he kept away from the bush, but again the natives drove in his pickets. He moved northward with 2,300 of all arms, crossed the Waitotara river, and built redoubts to hold the country. Governor Grey pointed out the danger of leaving the Hauhau post at Weraroa in his rear, but Cameron protested he had not sufficient force to reduce it. After an acrimonious correspondence the Wanganui native contingent offered to assault the pa, Colonel Waddy moved 400 troops up in support and colonial troops outflanked the pa, which was abandoned and captured. Cameron inflicted some losses on the rearguard of the enemy at Kakaramea and continued his march to the Waingongoro river. There he deemed it advisable to turn back owing to the difficulty of provisioning the force on an open coast. He accordingly stationed 750 troops at Patea and, having garrisoned the redoubts, left for Auckland.

Cameron disliked the field tactics of the Hauhau and disapproved of the war, which he believed was being deliberately waged for the benefit of the settlers. In Feb 1865 he resigned and returned to England, with the approval of the War Office and the thanks of the Legislative Council of New Zealand. He became lieut.-general 1868; general 1874; governor of Sandhurst College 1868-75; G.C.B. 1873. He died on 7 Jun 1888.

D.N.B.; App. H.R., 1861-66; Cowan; Rusden; Gudgeon (p); Rees; Gisborne; Gorton.

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, EWEN ALEXANDER (1843-1934) was born at Wanganui, the son of Captain Moses Campbell (q.v.). He was educated privately in Wanganui and as a young man served in the Wanganui Cavalry in the Maori war. He farmed successfully for many years at Brunswick, and took his part in local government as a member and chairman of the Waitotara county council and of the Wanganui harbour board, the chamber of commerce and the Farmers' Union. He was one of the founders and for 30 years chairman of directors of the Wanganui Meat Freezing Co. until its merger with the New Zealand Refrigerating Co. (1927). He was a director also of the New Zealand Farmers' Institute and of the Mauriceville Lime Co. Campbell was a keen racing owner and a successful breeder. He was for 30 years president of the Wanganui Jockey Club. He died on 18 Dec 1934.

Cycl. NZ., i (p); Wanganui Herald, 19 Dec 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, EWEN ALEXANDER (1843-1934) was born at Wanganui, the son of Captain Moses Campbell (q.v.). He was educated privately in Wanganui and as a young man served in the Wanganui Cavalry in the Maori war. He farmed successfully for many years at Brunswick, and took his part in local government as a member and chairman of the Waitotara county council and of the Wanganui harbour board, the chamber of commerce and the Farmers' Union. He was one of the founders and for 30 years chairman of directors of the Wanganui Meat Freezing Co. until its merger with the New Zealand Refrigerating Co. (1927). He was a director also of the New Zealand Farmers' Institute and of the Mauriceville Lime Co. Campbell was a keen racing owner and a successful breeder. He was for 30 years president of the Wanganui Jockey Club. He died on 18 Dec 1934.

Cycl. NZ., i (p); Wanganui Herald, 19 Dec 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, FRANCIS EASTWOOD (1823-1911) was a son of Lieut.-Col. James Campbell (q.v.). He held a commission in the 23rd Regiment, in which he was the youngest captain when he retired to come to Canterbury with his father (1851). After farming for three years he was appointed clerk of the House of Representatives, a position which he held until 1889. Campbell was at first clerk to both Houses of Parliament. His position was a difficult one since there were no precedents to guide him in recording the proceedings. He retired in 1889 and resided at Palmerston North, where he died on 27 Sep 1911.

N.Z.P.D., pass. and 27 Sep 1911. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, FRANCIS EASTWOOD (1823-1911) was a son of Lieut-Col. James Campbell (q.v.). He held a commission in the 23rd Regiment, in which he was the youngest captain when he retired to come to Canterbury with his father (1851). After farming for three years he was appointed clerk of the House of Representatives, a position which he held until 1889. Campbell was at first clerk to both Houses of Parliament. His position was a difficult one since there were no precedents to guide him in recording the proceedings. He retired in 1889 and resided at Palmerston North, where he died on 27 Sep 1911.

N.Z.P.D., pass. and 27 Sep 1911; Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, GEORGE FREDERICK COLIN (1858-1937) was born in Nelson, his father, Alexander le Grand Campbell, having arrived there in 1842. Educated at Nelson College (1869-74), he joined the Public Works department as a cadet (1874) and transferred to the Justice department in 1877 and to the newly formed Land Tax department in 1879. In 1890 he was transferred again to the Property Tax Department and in 1894 he became deputy commissioner of taxes. Three years later he was also appointed deputy valuer-general and in 1904 Valuer-general. In 1908 he was appointed General Manager of the State Fire Insurance Department; in 1910 Commissioner of Taxes; in 1913 Secretary to the Treasury and Receiver General; and in 1922 Auditor-general. He held the last position until his death on 3 Mar 1937.

Campbell was a fine athlete. He was a representative Rugby player for Wellington, was president of the Athletic Football Club from its inception in 1878 and one of the founders of the New Zealand Rugby Union (1892) and president in 1893. He was a keen yachtsman and oarsman and president of the Star Boating Club and the New Zealand Rowing Association. As a volunteer he joined the Wellington Naval Artillery in the ranks, became captain (1894), lieut.-colonel of garrison artillery (1902) and colonel on retirement. He was aide-de-camp to the Governor-general in 1914 and received the C.M.G. in 1919. Campbell married Miss A. Pike (Dunedin).

Evening Post and The Dominion, 4 Mar 1937.

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, GEORGE FREDERICK COLIN (1858-1937) was born in Nelson, his father, Alexander le Grand Campbell, having arrived there in 1842. Educated at Nelson College (1869-74), he joined the Public Works department (1874) and transferred to the Treasury in 1877 and to the newly formed Tax Department in 1879. In 1890 he was appointed deputy-commissioner of taxes and in 1904 Valuer-general. In 1908 he was appointed General Manager of the State Fire Insurance Department; in 1910 Commissioner of Taxes; in 1913 Secretary to the Treasury and Receiver General; and in 1922 Auditor-general. He held the last position until his death on 3 Mar 1937. Campbell was a fine athlete. He was a representative Rugby player for Wellington, was president of the Athletic Football Club from its inception in 1878 and one of the founders of the New Zealand Rugby Union (1892) and president in 1893. He was a keen yachtsman and oarsman and president of the Star Boating Club and the New Zealand Rowing Association. As a volunteer he joined the Wellington Naval Artillery in the ranks, became captain (1894), lieut.-colonel of garrison artillery (1902) and colonel on retirement. He was aide-de-camp to the Governor-general in 1914 and received the C.M.G. in 1919. Campbell married Miss A. Pike (Dunedin).

Evening Post and The Dominion, 4 Mar 1937.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, JAMES (1783-1858) of the Campbells of Skerrington, Ayrshire, was an officer of the 45th and 50th Regiments, with which he served in the Peninsular War. He was on the staff of Sir Thomas Picton's division, being brigade major of the right brigade. Campbell was present at the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco, Fuentes d'Onoro, Badajoz, Toledo and Salamanca and was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel, receiving the medal with 14 clasps. He served also at Monte Video and Buenos Ayres (under Whitelock), and in Ceylon and North America.

After retiring from the army Campbell experienced many misfortunes until 1850, when he became interested in the Canterbury Association and invested in land. On 25 May he was elected a member of the committee of the Society of Canterbury Colonists (with Tancred, Sewell and Brittan). He came to New Zealand in the London (arriving at Auckland in Feb 1851). A recommendation from the British government to Sir George Grey led to Campbell's being appointed on 27 Sep a commissioner of claims in New Munster and afterwards commissioner of crown lands and government agent in Canterbury and senior justice of the peace.

In this capacity he was called on to investigate the superintendency of Canterbury against Fitzgerald, in spite of the returning officer's warning that he was not qualified by being on the electoral roll. The election resulted: Fitzgerald 135 votes; Campbell 94, Tancred 89. A few months later Campbell was superseded and thereafter he persistently petitioned for compensation for loss of office. In his statement (dated 1 Nov 1856) he says that he was opposed to provincialism and was a consistent advocate of a strong central government. He died on 7 Jul 1858. (See FRANCIS EDWARD CAMPBELL.)

War Office records; memorial to Governor Browne (in Hocken Library); App. H.R., 1856; Cant. O.N.; Andersen; Acland; Woodhouse; Hocken; Hempleman; Godley, Letters; Press; Lyttelton Times, 18 Oct 1851, 23 Feb, 2 Apr, 1, 18 Jun, 16, 23 Jul, 7 Jul 1858.

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, JAMES (1783-1858) of the Campbells of Skerrington, Ayrshire, was an officer of the 45th and 50th Regiments, with which he served in the Peninsular War. He was on the staff of Sir Thomas Picton's division, being brigade-major of the right brigade. Campbell was present at the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco, Fuentes d'Onoro, Badajoz, Toledo and Salamanca and was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel, receiving the medal with 14 clasps. He served also at Monte Video and Buenos Ayres (under Whitelock), and in Ceylon and North America.

After retiring from the army Campbell experienced many misfortunes until 1850, when he became interested in the Canterbury Association and invested in land. On 25 May he was elected a member of the committee of the Society of Canterbury Colonists (with Tancred, Sewell and Brittan). He came to New Zealand in the London (arriving at Auckland in Feb 1851). A recommendation from the British government to Sir George Grey led to Campbell's being appointed on 27 Sep a commissioner of claims in New Munster and afterwards commissioner of crown lands and government agent in Canterbury and senior justice of the peace. In this capacity he was called on to investigate all land claims and adjudicate upon them. He came into conflict with the settlers and protests were made to Grey against his administration.

In Jul 1853, though still holding his official post, he contested the superintendency of Canterbury against Fitzgerald, in spite of the returning officer's warning that he was not qualified by being on the electoral roll. The election resulted: Fitzgerald 135 votes; Campbell 94, Tancred 89. A few months later Campbell was superseded and thereafter he persistently petitioned for compensation for loss of office. In his statement (dated 1 Nov 1856) he says that he was opposed to provincialism and was a consistent advocate of a strong central government.

He died on 7 Jul 1858. (See FRANCIS EDWARD CAMPBELL.)

War Office records; memorial to Governor Browne (in Hocken Library); App. H.R., 1856; Cant. O.N.; Andersen; Acland; Woodhouse; Hocken; Hempleman; Godley, Letters; Deans; Lyttelton Times, 18 Oct 1851; 1853 (12 Feb, 5 Mar, 21 Apr, 11, 18 Jun, 2, 16, 28 Jul); 7 Jul 1858.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, JAMES PALMER (1855-1926) was born in Helensburgh, Scotland, and educated by his father and at the Academy there, afterwards qualifying as an accountant. He arrived in Nelson in 1868 and was in business in Auckland (1869) and farming in Waikato and Thames (1870). At Cambridge he was a contractor for supplies to Armed Constabulary parties making roads and the railway from Mercer. In 1875, with his brother Hugh, he took up land at Waihou. He was secretary to the Patetere Land and Settlement Co. and later joined Whitaker and Russell in Cambridge. He was articled to F. A. Whitaker, admitted to the bar (1883) and became a partner. In 1885 he joined Russell in Auckland, and in 1893 he opened a branch of the firm at Wellington, where he became president of the Law Society. About 1902 he returned to Auckland, retiring from practice in 1920.

Campbell contested the Waikato seat against J. B. Whyte (1879). He was called to the Legislative Council in 1921 and died on 27 Feb 1926. Campbell served in the militia on patrol duty in his early days, and was a sergeant in the Cambridge Volunteer Cavalry (1873). He was chairman of the Cambridge town board and Piako county council, and later president of the Auckland Reform League and Club. He married G. C. Barstow (q.v.).

Who's Who NZ, 1924; Portrait: Parliament House

Reference: Volume 1, page 83

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CAMPBELL, JAMES PALMER (1855-1926) was born in Helensburgh, Scotland, and educated by his father and at the Academy there, afterwards qualifying as an accountant. He arrived in Nelson in 1868 and was in business in Auckland (1869) and farming in Waikato and Thames (1870). At Cambridge he was a contractor for supplies to Armed Constabulary parties making roads and the railway from Mercer. In 1875, with his brother Hugh, he took up land at Waihou. He was secretary to the Patetere Land and Settlement Co. and later joined Whitaker and Russell in Cambridge. He was articled to F. A. Whitaker, admitted to the bar (1883) and became a partner. In 1885 he joined Russell in Auckland, and in 1893 he opened a branch of the firm at Wellington, where he became president of the Law Society. About 1902 he returned to Auckland, retiring from practice in 1920.

Campbell contested the Waikato seat against J. B. Whyte (1879). He was called to the Legislative Council in 1921 and died on 27 Feb 1926. Campbell served in the militia on patrol duty in his early days, and was a sergeant in the Cambridge Volunteer Cavalry (1873). He was chairman of the Cambridge town board and Piako county council, and later president of the Auckland Reform League and Club. He married a daughter of R. C. Barstow (q.v.).

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Who's Who N.Z., 1924; N.Z. Herald, 1 Mar 1926

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, MATTHEW (1815-83) came to New Zealand in the Thomas Harrison in 1842 to settle in Nelson. He was keenly interested in education and on board the ship he ran a school for the children and classes for the adults. On arriving in Nelson he was struck by the need for schools and forthwith opened one (in May 1842). The committee which was formed to control this institution included William Fox, J.P. Robinson and T.J. Thompson. The Nelson School Society was formed to provide for the education of children of all classes and denominations. Campbell was the mainspring of the Society throughout. He opened most of the schools himself, and exercised personal supervision throughout. At one time he had day or Sunday schools (and in some cases both) in Stoke, Richmond, Appleby, River Terrace, Riwaka, Motupipi, Waimea West, Spring Grove, Wakefield, Wakapuaka and the town of Nelson. He was one of the first to open a Sunday school in Nelson, and he did much to place the Sunday schools of the province on a sound footing. The Society was for many years an unofficial education board for the province, providing primary education for the children of the town and district. In 1856 the Nelson Provincial Council passed an education ordinance and it then recorded its thanks to the Society for the great benefits that had accrued to the Province from the zeal and the disinterested exertions of the Society 'animated as it has constantly been by Mr. Campbell's never-ceasing devotion to the advancement of the cause.' In 13 years, 2,074 pupils had been educated. The esteem in which Campbell was held was evidenced by his being repeatedly elected to the education board for 27 years.

D.N.B.; App. H.R., 1861-66; Cowan; Rusden; Gudgeon (p); Rees; Gisborne; Gorton.

Reference: Volume 1, page 84

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CAMPBELL, MATTHEW (1815-83) came to New Zealand in the Thomas Harrison in 1842 to settle in Nelson. He was keenly interested in education and on board the ship he ran a school for the children and classes for the adults. On arriving in Nelson he was struck by the need for schools and forthwith opened one (in May 1842). The committee which was formed to control this institution included William Fox, J. P. Robinson and T. J. Thompson (q.v.). The Nelson School Society was formed to provide for the education of children of all classes and denominations. Campbell was the mainspring of the Society throughout. He opened most of the schools himself, and exercised personal supervision throughout. At one time he had day or Sunday schools (and in some cases both) in Stoke, Richmond, Appleby, River Terrace, Riwaka, Motupipi, Waimea West, Spring Grove, Wakefield, Wakapuaka and the town of Nelson. He was one of the first to open a Sunday school in Nelson, and he did much to place the Sunday schools of the province on a sound footing. The Society was for many years an unofficial education board for the province, providing primary education for the children of the town and district. In 1856 the Nelson Provincial Council passed an education ordinance and it then recorded its thanks to the Society "for the great benefits that had accrued to the Province from the zeal and the disinterested exertions of the Society, animated as it has constantly been by Mr. Campbell's never-ceasing devotion to the advancement of the cause." In 13 years, 2,074 pupils had been educated. The esteem in which Campbell was held was evidenced by his being repeatedly elected to the education board for 27 years. Campbell was a man of wide human sympathies, discreet and unassuming in his private life, liberal and tolerant. He worked on terms of complete amity with all religious denominations and with a single view to advancing the interests of both secular and religious education amongst the children of the province. His death occurred on 30 May 1883.

Broad; The Colonist, 1 Jun 1883; Nelson Evening Mail, 31 May 1883; 11 Dec 1926 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CAMPBELL, MOSES (1787-1862) was a son of John Campbell, of Auch, Perthshire. He was a captain in the 72nd Highlanders and saw service at the Cape and elsewhere. He came to Port Nicholson with his wife (Jessie Cameron of Glen Nevis) and their family in the Blenheim (1841) and in Nov proceeded in the Clydeside to settle in Wanganui. Fifty head of cattle were driven overland. Campbell's farm, Wiritoa, between the south road and the sea is still in the hands of his family.

In Dec 1841 Campbell was gazetted a magistrate. He represented Wanganui and Rangitikei in the Wellington Provincial Council (1857-61). A strong supporter of the Presbyterian Church, he was a member of the conference (in 1861) on the union of the different Presbyterian churches of New Zealand. He died on 20 Sep 1862. (See EWEN A. CAMPBELL.)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; N.Z.C., 60; L. J. B. Chapple: Woon; Wanganui Chronicle, 25 Sep 1862.

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CAMPBELL, ROBERT (1848-89) was the son of Robert Campbell, of Buscot Park, Berkshire, England, and was educated at Eton College. His father having emigrated to Australia on the opening of the diggings, Campbell followed after leaving school and in the early sixties he landed with his brother at Auckland and made his way southward to Otago, inspecting land on behalf of his father. In 1866 they purchased Benmore, South Canterbury, on behalf of R. Campbell and Sons. Amongst other stations was Otekaike, on the Waitaki river, where Campbell in 1876 made his home. He married (1868) Emma Josephine (d. 17 Apr 1890), a daughter of the Hon T. Hawdon (q.v.).

Campbell represented Oamaru in Parliament (1866-69), being a whip for the Stafford government. Having resigned in 1869, he was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member from 1870 till his death (9 Dec 1889). He was not prominent in parliament or public life, but rendered considerable service to North Otago as first chairman of the Waitaki county council (from which he resigned in 1881) and a member of the Oamaru harbour board. He was on the New Zealand University Senate (1871-79). Campbell was for a while a figure on the turf, his most successful horse being Sir Modred.

Parlty Record; Col. Gent; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 8 May 1876, 11 Dec 1889.

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CAMPBELL, SIR JOHN LOGAN (1817-1912) was born at Edinburgh, the son of Dr John Campbell and grandson of Sir James Campbell, of Aberuchill and Kilbryde, Perthshire. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and at the University, where he graduated M.D. and F.R.C.S. He gained a commission in the East India Company, but changed his plans and decided to come to the colonies. He sailed for Australia as surgeon-superintendent of the Palmyra in 1839, and during a few months in that country visited the Bathurst and Lachlan districts. Attracted by reports of the projected colony in New Zealand, he crossed in the Lady Lilford early in 1840 and at Coromandel joined William Brown (q.v.), who had been a passenger in the Palmyra. Together they prospected the neighbourhood of Hauraki Gulf and Waitemata and eventually purchased from the natives Motukorea (afterwards called Brown's Island). There they erected a habitation which they occupied until the foundation of Auckland, when they moved thither and acquired central sections at the first sale of town lots. Brown and Campbell started business in Shortland Street in Dec 1840, and were soon leading merchants, with agents in the more important settlements of the north. In 1844 they loaded the barque Bolina with the first cargo of New Zealand produce for the English market, Brown proceeding thither as a passenger. In 1844 Campbell was offered a seat in the Legislative Council, but he declined owing to the demands of his own business. The firm had taken the main responsibility in establishing a newspaper, the Southern Cross, which had been managed by Brown since its first appearance early in 1843. It did not pay, and during the depression its finances made serious leeway. Campbell consequently suspended publication (Apr 1845). On Brown's return the state of public affairs made the revival of the Southern Cross imperative (1847).

His partner now taking control of the business, Campbell in 1848 left on his first visit to England. He spent many months travelling in the East and in Europe and did not return to New Zealand till 1850. In the following year he left again on a visit to San Francisco and was a witness of the burning of that city. He then took a renewed interest in New Zealand affairs, and on 21 Sep 1852 was elected by the Auckland Suburbs constituency to the Legislative Council of New Ulster. The functioning of that body was forestalled by the promulgation of the new constitution in 1853. Campbell did not stand for election to the first legislative bodies either in the province or at the capital. His partner, however, contested the superintendency of Auckland against Colonel Wynyard (Jul 1853) and in Aug 1854 was elected to Parliament for the City. When Wynyard resigned the superintendency (Jan 1855) Brown was elected, and he held office to the end of the year. In the midst of a political crisis he had to leave on a visit to Scotland. Campbell was elected to Parliament in his stead (Oct 1855) and, by defeating F. Whitaker (q.v.) by 99 votes, he became superintendent of the province (15 Nov). He was a member of Stafford's executive without portfolio (Jun to Nov 1856) and meanwhile judiciously managed the affairs of the province until Sep 1856, when he resigned both the superintendency and his parliamentary seat to pay another visit to Great Britain.

Again Campbell spent many months travelling on the Continent and in the East. When he heard of the outbreak of the mutiny in India he proceeded there hastily in order to join his fiancee, Emma, daughter of Sir John Cracroft Wilson (q.v.). He reached Cawnpore in time to witness the marching out of Sir Colin Campbell's force to the relief of Lucknow, and was married at Meerut. On his return to New Zealand in 1860 he was again elected to Parliament, but retained the seat only from Aug till the dissolution in Nov. In 1862 he again proceeded to England, and for the next 10 years the family lived mostly in Europe. In 1871 Campbell returned to Auckland as resident partner of the firm, of which three years later he became sole proprietor. He took a prominent part in the development of many other commercial undertakings in New Zealand. His firm having had built for their own business the paddle steamer Golden Crown, he became interested in the formation of the New Zealand Shipping Co. He was a promoter and director also of the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand Insurance Co., the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co., and the Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Co. (of which he was chairman). In 1847 he had helped to found the Auckland Savings Bank, of which he was secretary for some years. He was president of the Northern Club, the Auckland Institute, the chamber of commerce and the Auckland education board. In 1856 he organised the first volunteer corps, the New Zealand Rifles.

Campbell showed a keen interest in the cultural well-being of his city. In 1877 he established the free school of art, which he maintained until the founding of the Elam School of Art in 1889. At an early period he acquired a considerable area of land close to the centre of the town with the intention of preserving it from the inevitable encroachment of the city's expansion. On 24 Apr 1901 he was elected mayor in view of the approaching visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, and in commemoration of that occasion he presented to the city a generous gift of 300 acres of this land, now known as Cornwall Park. Amongst his other public gifts were a free kindergarten and a creche. He was knighted in 1902 and in 1906 a statue erected in his honour by the city was unveiled. Campbell published in 1881 an attractive book of reminiscences entitled Poenamu. He was an amateur photographer of outstanding talent.

Campbell died on 22 Jun 1912 and was buried on the summit of Maungakiekie.

N.Z.P.D., 1856; 26 Jun, 4 Jul and 7 Aug 1912; Auckland P.C. Proc.; Parltry Record; Cycl. N.Z. ii (p); H. B. Morton; Sherrin and Wallace; Brett's Almanac 1879 (p); J. L. Campbell, op. cit. and N.Z. Herald 24 Mar 1883; Who's Who N.Z. 1908; Webster; J. Rutherford, The Founding of Auckland (1940); N.Z. Herald, 25 May 1906, 24 Jun 1912 (p)

Reference: Volume 2, page 272

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CAMPBELL, THOMAS HEWITT (1830-63), M.A. Oxford, was headmaster of the Wolverhampton Grammar School before being selected as rector of the Otago Boys High School. He arrived at Port Chalmers by the Matoaka and was drowned in an accident to the harbour steamer on the following day (4 Jul 1863).

Otago B.H.S. List; Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily Times, 3 Aug 1933 (P)

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CANNING, JOHN DAVIS (1822-84) was born at Marlborough, Wiltshire, educated at Marlborough College and came to New Zealand in the Cornwall in 1851. He was first employed by John Harding at Mount Vernon, Hawkes Bay, and then took up 2,000 acres at Porangahau, where he established his Oakburne station, afterwards increased by native leases to 40,000 acres. Canning introduced the Cotswold sheep into Hawkes Bay and always devoted his attention to the best strains of all stock. He was a member of the Hawkes Bay Agricultural and Pastoral society in 1858. He represented Porangahau in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council (1875-76). He died in 1884.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Daily Telegraph (Napier), 16 Oct 1925.

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CANTRELL, RICHARD SEAWARD (1825-72) was born in England and arrived in New Zealand in 1858. He first contested a parliamentary seat in 1866, when he was defeated by Arthur Burns for Caversham. In 1871 he was elected to represent that electorate in both Parliament and Provincial Council. A year later ill-health compelled him to resign from both bodies, and he died on 11 Aug 1872.

Parltry Record; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 12 Aug 1872.

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CAPLES, PATRICK QUIRK (1830-1904) came to New Zealand in the early days of the gold diggings and had considerable success as a prospector in Otago. In Jan 1863 Caples started alone from Queenstown for the West Coast. Crossing the mountains at the head of the Dart river, he descended to a river he called the Hollyford, but was repulsed by want of food. On a second attempt he crossed near the head of the Greenstone river and followed the Hollyford down to Martin's Bay, which he reached on 10 Mar. He found only traces of gold but made a very accurate map of the country. His report was confirmed by Dr Hector, who visited the West Coast shortly afterwards.

Caples was elected a member of the Otago mining board (1862). Moving to Westland, he discovered the reefs at Point Reefton, Moonlight and Capleston, and erected the first quartz battery on the coast. He died on 27 Nov 1904.

Pyke; Press Association, 28 Nov 1904; Otago Witness, 18 Nov 1930.

Reference: Volume 1, page 85

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CARGILL, EDWARD BOWES (1823-1903), the seventh son of W. Cargill, was born at Edinburgh, and received his education in Edinburgh, and afterwards (when his father moved to the east of England) at the Grammar School at Norwich and at Perone's School. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to the sea in the mercantile marine. There he spent six years, visiting Australia and the Far East. In 1844, having attained his majority, he settled down at Colombo (Ceylon) in the service of the Bank of Western India (afterwards the Oriental Bank). From this he moved into a mercantile office, and eventually went into business as Dowdall, Cargill and Co. Later they took into partnership Andrew Nicol, brother of the founder of the Bombay firm of W. Nicol and Co., and they continued to trade under the name of Nicols, Cargill and Co.

Cargill moved to Melbourne where he was in business (1855-57) as Eastern importers. In 1858 he settled in Dunedin. For the first two years after landing he was in partnership with John Jones as Jones, Cargill, and Co., merchants, shipping agents and shipowners. This was dissolved in 1861, and Cargill was then joined by his brother John. On the discovery of gold their business expanded rapidly, though they had the misfortune to be burned out in Dec 1861, and again in Feb 1864. In 1859 they purchased the paddle steamer Geelong, which was the first steamer to ply, under a provincial contract, between Lyttelton, Dunedin and Invercargill. The City of Dunedin, specially built for the firm, was delivered in 1863, after the dissolution of the partnership, but Cargill retained his interest in her. Jones and Cargill together projected the Otago Steam Navigation Co. for which ships were built on the Clyde to run in the intercolonial trade. The first of these, the Scotia, arrived in Mar 1864, but on her first voyage to Melbourne ran ashore near the Bluff. The Albion arrived in the same year and was sold for service in the East. The City of Dunedin sank in Jun 1865 and the Geelong near Whangape in 1878. The firm of Cargill and Co. was the first to import sugar direct from Mauritius (1862), and imported some of the earliest tea shipments direct from China. They were agents for the Scottish firm of Patrick Henderson and Co., whose ships carried emigrants under the Otago provincial government scheme. For some time G. McLean (q.v.) was in the firm (then Cargill and McLean) and on his retirement W. C. Gibbs came in (Cargill, Gibbs and Co.). In 1881 the business was purchased by the British and New Zealand Mortgage and Agency Co. (formed for this purpose by Cargill, Tolmie, Gibbs, Joachim and others). The company, which had investments in station lands in Otago, suffered heavily in the slump of the eighties, and was wound up in 1889. Cargill lost severely, and he was disappointed also in the meat-preserving works at Green Island, in which he had invested much money. Discouraged by these misfortunes, he retired from business. He was a director of the New Zealand Refrigerating Co., the Mosgiel Woollen Co., the Union Steamship Co. (on the first board), the Trustees, Estate and Agency Co., the Westport Coal Co., and the old City and Suburban Tramway Co., and a founder of the National Insurance Co. and the Colonial Bank (of which he was for two years president).

In the first Otago Provincial Council Cargill represented Western District (1862-63). In the next Council (1863) he sat for Dunedin and was for a month or so provincial secretary; but he was defeated at the general election in 1867. He again successfully contested the seat in 1871, and was again in the executive, but was defeated in 1873. In the Council he introduced resolutions aiming at the free selection of land in the interior of the province, but they were withdrawn in favour of another scheme. In Parliament Cargill represented Bruce (1862-65), retiring at the general election. He stood for Dunedin Central in 1887, but was defeated by Fitchett. He was a member of the old Dunedin town board, of the Otago harbour board and of the city school committee. In 1870-71 he was a member of the City Council. When the jubilee of the province was about to be celebrated Cargill, as a son of the first Superintendent, was mayor of Dunedin (1897-98). Education always had in him a strong supporter. He was a member of the High School board of governors and of the council of Otago University (1869-1903), and a vice-chancellor (1894-1903). Cargill was a strong supporter of Knox Church, of which he was an elder, and the last survivor of the first kirk session.

Cargill was unwittingly the originator of the term 'Old Identity.' Having in public utterance exhorted the original settlers to stand together to preserve their identity, he was made the butt of a joke by Thatcher, the comedian, who represented him as 'an Old Identity.' Cargill married (1854) Dorothy (d. 1889), daughter of Dr Nesham, of Newcastle-on-Tyne. His death occurred on 9 Aug 1903.

Otago P.C. Proc.; NZP.D.; Cycl. N.Z., iv(p); Ross; McIndoe; Otago Daily Times, 8 May 1872, 10 Aug 1903, 17 May 1930 (P). Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 86

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CARGILL, JOHN (1821-98) was a son of W. W. Cargill (q.v.). As a young man he served in the Royal Navy. He was for some years in the West Indies in the sloop Ringdove and the frigate Seringapatam. Retiring in 1840, he came to Tasmania (1841) and Port Phillip, cruised in the Pacific islands and eventually settled in Ceylon as a coffee planter. In 1846 he returned to England to assist his father in the Otago scheme, and they came out together in the John Wickliffe (1847).

Cargill took up a run on the coast at Tokomairiro, and later at Mt Stuart (with his station at Meadowbank). In 1861 (in partnership with his son-in-law, E. B. Anderson) he took the Teviot run, where they soon had a fine flock of 55,000 well-bred merino sheep. They had also a large property at Gladfield, in south Otago. Losses resulting from the rabbits were disastrous. Cargill was elected M.H.R. for the country district (1853) and represented it to 1858. In 1866 he was elected for Bruce, which he represented to 1870. In the Provincial Council he represented Tokomairiro (1855-58) and North Harbour (1863-67). Keenly interested in volunteering, he held a commission as ensign in the Edinburgh corps and took a course at the musketry school at Hythe (where he qualified as a first-class marksman). He was colonel in command of the Otago volunteers and militia.

Cargill married first the eldest daughter of John Jones. After her death (1868) he married a daughter of Dr Featherston. In 1882 he left for England and five years later settled in British Columbia, where he died on 2 Jan 1898.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times, 9 Feb 1898.

Reference: Volume 1, page 86

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CARGILL, WILLIAM WALTER (1784-1860) was born in Edinburgh and was descended from the Scottish Covenanter Donald Cargill, who was beheaded in 1681. His father was James Cargill, a writer to the signet, and the boy had a Scots tutor, Thomas Chalmers, who was later a famous divine. He also attended the Edinburgh High School.

At the age of 18 Cargill received an ensigncy in the 84th Foot, and went to Calcutta to join his regiment. At the battle of Assaye (Sep 1803) the casualties suffered by the 74th Highlanders provided promotion, and Cargill was appointed a lieutenant in that regiment. After spending four years in India he returned to England, and in 1810 the regiment went to the Peninsula, where he served for four years. Severely wounded at Busaco, he was invalided to England, but soon returned to his regiment as captain and fought through to the concluding victory at Toulouse. In 1813 he married at Oporto, Mary Ann, daughter of Lieutenant Yates, R.N. After the peace of 1814 the regiment returned to Ireland and eventually to Scotland, and in 1820 Cargill retired, with the Peninsula medal and seven clasps.

Cargill now thought of going abroad, but the family strongly opposed the idea, and he went into business in Edinburgh as a wine merchant. In 1834 he joined the service of the Yorkshire District Bank, in charge of one of its branches. In 1836 he became general manager for the East of England, with headquarters at Norwich. In 1841 he resigned and joined the board of the Oriental Banking Corporation in London. His attention was attracted by the correspondence of George Rennie in the Colonial Gazette in 1842 regarding the proposed Scots settlement in New Zealand. He got into touch with Rennie and for a year or two worked in close conjunction with him to further the scheme of a Free Church colony. The New Zealand Company favoured the project, and the Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland adopted it. When Cargill paid for two sections in New Zealand (Jul 1843) he gave his address as 'Bombay, India.' Troubles arose at both ends, and the Otago scheme was suspended for about four years.

When eventually the pioneers sailed in the John Wickliffe, with Cargill as their leader, he was already 64 years of age, with a military career of 17 years completed fully a generation earlier. But he had the ripe, shrewd sagacity which a body of Scots wanted in their leader. "I almost believe," said Sir George Grey some time later, "that a more wise and sagacious man than Captain Cargill never existed." In spite of his Nonconformist tradition and upbringing, Cargill was not more narrow than a man of nearly three score and ten years must necessarily be. If he opposed innovations that were wildly liberal, he also resisted some which were too liberal for the good of posterity. When the constitution of 1852 came into force (1853) Cargill waited anxiously for weeks and months after the other provinces lest his Council should take any step in the appropriation of moneys that was not fully justified by the law. He was elected Superintendent without opposition; and re-elected without opposition for a new term (1855-60). For part of the time he was also a member of Parliament, representing the Dunedin Country District (1855-60). Tried by the opposition of a small but able party within the province, Cargill showed a tendency to obduracy with his Council, which was obviously the result of advancing years. He steadfastly contended for his dignity and his prerogative and chafed sorely in the harness of responsible government, under which all his utterances to the Council had to be composed or approved by his executive before he delivered them. Accused of nepotism in circumstances which left him little option but to promote some of his influential and brainy sons-in-law, he said (Oct 1857): "This I say because of the untruthful ribaldries that are on this occasion being circulated. Nepotism and family clique are words that must indeed be a farce, in the face of the Otago public, whose Superintendent and sons-in-law have been so openly opposed to each other in politics, and that with perfect independence on either side. Truly there never has been, and on my part never shall be, a vestige of favour or affection in any such matters. But neither am I to be scared from public duty by any such missiles as I have referred to. I would have all to know that I am in no degree to be swayed from doing what I have a right to do—to put the right man into the right place—whether that man might happen to be my son-in-law or anyone else." A greater insult to the veteran was the suggestion that he was old. "This at least is the truth," he admitted in a message to the council, "and to the curious in such matters I shall give a gauge not easily forgotten. Your Superintendent is just 50 days older than Lord Palmerston, and can look back upon half a century when, as a humble sub, he had occasion to correspond with his lordship, then Secretary at War. Subsequent experience must have taught him something of public matters, but he will only notice that the last 14 years have been extremely devoted to the planting and progression of this colony, in whose advancing prosperity he greatly rejoices, and I should therefore lament its passing under the slashing regime of a young assistant—young, at least, in experience—and whose first vaunted steps would be a breach of the law." Cargill held office for two years longer. He handed over the superintendency to Macandrew on 3 Jan 1860, and several months later resigned his seat in Parliament. He died on 6 Aug 1860 and his widow on 26 Oct 1871. (See E. B. CARGILL, JOHN CARGILL and WILLIAM H. CUTTEN.)

N.Z.C. (Otago Association); Otago Witness, Mar 1898 (p); Otago P.C. Proc.; Arnold; Cox; Reeves; Hocken, Otago; Gisborne; Cycl. NZ, iv; Otago Daily Times, 10 Jan 1930 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 86

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CARKEEK, ARTHUR WAKEFIELD (1843-97), a son of Stephen Carkeek (q.v.), was born at Nelson, educated and trained as a surveyor, serving for many years on the staff of the provincial government. He was a keen oarsman and cricketer. In the later stages of the Maori war Carkeek was in the fighting at Tokaanu, Pourere and Taupo (1869). In Feb 1870, when Te Kooti attacked Ohinemutu, he volunteered to carry a message to Colonel McDonnell at Tapapa, a distance of thirty miles. He was awarded the New Zealand Cross. Carkeek lived after his retirement at Otaki. He died on 24 May 1897.

Cycl. N.Z., i; Gudgeon; Feilding Star, 27 May 1897.

Reference: Volume 1, page 87

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CARKEEK, STEPHEN (1815-78) was born at Swansea, Wales, educated there and went to sea. He arrived in New South Wales as first officer of a convict ship and took service under the government in command of a revenue cutter. He came to New Zealand in 1840 on loan to the administration, was appointed landing waiter at Russell and was employed for some time with the cutter Ranger in the survey of Waitemata harbour. After completing this duty he was appointed collector of customs at Nelson, where in 1843 he was harbourmaster and member of the board of management. In 1849 he was promoted to Wellington as collector. He was nominated to the Legislative Council (19 May 1851) and attended the following session (1852), the Council lapsing with the introduction of the new constitution. Carkeek stood for Wellington City at the Parliamentary elections of 1855. In 1858 he was appointed first inspector of customs for New Zealand, and in 1865 he opened the customs at Chatham islands.

Carkeek was a keen astronomer and the establishment of the time-ball in Wellington for the convenience of shipping was due to him. When he retired from the service (1866), he went to live in Featherston, where he established a private observatory. Carkeek married Miss Piotti (d. 1893). His death occurred in 1878.

Cycl. N.Z., i; N.Z. Spectator, Oct-Nov 1855; Wellington Independent, 23 Jun 1864, 18 Apr 1868.

Reference: Volume 1, page 87

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CARLETON, HUGH FRANCIS (1810-90) was the eldest son of Francis Carleton, of Claremore, county Tipperary, and Greenlands, county Cork. Though born in England, he was of Irish descent. Educated at Eton (under Dr Keate), he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1828, with the promise of high classical distinction, but his studies were interrupted by rustication as the result of what he called "an affair of honour with the long carpenter," arising out of a town-and-gown disturbance. He pulled No. 4 in the Privateer for Trinity in 1831, when it bumped Lady Margaret (Bishop Selwyn pulling No 7), which had been head of the river for three terms.

Proceeding to London, Carleton studied in the Middle Temple under Sir John Bailey, but took a dislike to law and was never called. Instead he went to Italy to study art and spent the greater part of three years in travelling. He came to Auckland in 1845, and was employed for a while by Brown and Campbell. Then he engaged in commercial speculations, notably the importation of stock from Australia, for which he chartered a small vessel, the Orwell. She made three unprofitable voyages, and ended her career by being cast away on the Orwell Bank at Manukau (Mar 1848). At intervals Carleton took part in editing the New Zealander, which advocated the rights of the pre-emption land claimants and FitzRoy's grantees. Then he established on his own account (Apr 1848) the Anglo-Maori Warder, in opposition to the government of the day. In spite of Carleton's ignorance of business, it paid its way for about six months, and then closed down. Carleton next turned his attention in a desultory manner towards the South Seas, and saw much of the islands of Fiji. William Brown having decided to despatch the schooner Noble to San Francisco, agreed to take Carleton with him as a cabin passenger. When Carleton was ashore at Pitcairn island the vessel was blown off and he spent three weeks on the island awaiting a chance to leave. During this time, it is said, he amused himself teaching the natives part singing. He was picked up by the Colonist (Capt. Marshall, from whom he had previously chartered the Haidee), and reached San Francisco some time ahead of the Noble but in some difficulty owing to the absence of his property.

Returning to New Zealand in time for the first election of the General Assembly, Carleton was elected member for Bay of Islands, which he represented continuously from 1853 to 1870, when he was regarded as "the father of the House." He took a prominent part in the controversy regarding responsible government, and acquired a reputation as a polished and highly cultured speaker, though inclined to be ponderous and dogmatic. A marked attitude of superiority, and a facility in several languages, with which he freely adorned his speeches, militated against his political popularity. Responsible government at that stage he considered a mistake. Carleton did not enter the first Auckland Provincial Council, but at the general election in Oct 1855 he was returned for Bay of Islands. Here, too, he took a prominent part in the early struggles, exciting opposition often by his obvious attainments. He was provincial secretary for most of the year 1856 (under the Superintendency of Campbell) and again (1864-66) under Graham and Whitaker. He represented Bay of Islands (1855-57), the City of Auckland (1859-61), Newton (1861-65) and Bay of Islands again (1865-75). As early as 1858 he supported the new provinces bill in the hope of destroying the provincial system by subdivision. Having taken his part in defeating the Sewell government in 1856, Carleton supported Fox for the sake of his waste lands policy; then supported Stafford and voted for the compact. In 1856 he took charge (as editor) of the Southern Cross, to which he had long been a contributor. He had strong views against the Waitara war, but supported Stafford because he felt himself pledged to a general support. Next year he gave his casting vote to put the government out. He agitated for direct purchase of native lands, thus destroying the government monopoly.

Having paid a visit to England, from which he returned in 1864, Carleton found Stafford in office and supported him. For a period of 14 years (1856-70) he acted as chairman of committees in the House. At the general election in 1870 he was defeated for Bay of Islands by John McLeod, the lessee of the coalmines, and this practically closed his political career. He was nominated again in 1878 for the Eden seat, which he could have won if he had pledged himself to support Grey, but he answered that "if he were to follow any man blindfolded it was not worth having the seat." A scholarly man even amongst many fine classical scholars in the early Parliaments of New Zealand, Carleton nevertheless had limitations of manner which were politically disastrous. He knew nothing of compromise, and was often considered "crochety" in his fine distinctions and punctilio. His speeches, though at times they struck a high note of oratory and sentiment, often bored the House. Nor was he a stranger to invective, as witness his scathing indictment (during the debates on responsible government) of Edward Gibbon Wakefield's sense of honour.

On retiring from politics Carleton lived quietly at his home at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, only emerging to maintain his steady interest in higher education. As early as 1851 he had urged the establishment in each province of a secular university supported by the state. In 1871 he was elected vice-chancellor of the University of New Zealand, a position which he occupied until his departure for England in 1880, and was one of the leaders of the successful struggle against the foundation of a single university institution in Otago. He represented the university at the tercentenary celebrations of the University of Edinburgh (1884). Carleton spent the last ten years of his life in England, and when he died on 14 Jul 1890, he had been almost forgotten in the Colony. He married on 30 Nov 1859 Lydia Jane (1835-91), daughter of Archdeacon Henry Williams (q.v.).

Carleton's life of Archdeacon Henry Williams is an important, though controversial, contribution to the early history of New Zealand. He published several controversial pamphlets.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D., pass.; Registry of Cambridge University; Thomson; Rusden; Beaglehole; P. A. Carleton, Memorials of the Carletons, 1869; Otago Guardian, 8 Oct 1873; N.Z. Herald, 27 Feb 1871, 9 Apr 1878, 20 Sep 1890. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 87

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CARLYON, GEORGE GWAVAS (1824-75) was a son of Major-General Edward Carlyon, and himself served for some years in the Imperial army. He was in the Crimea with the 1st Foot regiment and afterwards came to New Zealand. He spent a year or two at the Hutt and in 1859 bought portion of Gwavas station, Hawke's Bay. He represented Waipukurau in the Provincial Council (1862), and died on 17 Oct 1875.

A brother, EDWARD AUGUSTUS CARLYON (1823-74), M.A., was a barrister at law. He represented Te Aute in the Hawke's Bay Provincial Council (1867-71), and died on 4 Dec 1874.

Burke, Landed Gentry; Hawke's Bay P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., vi. 398-9, 505.

Reference: Volume 1, page 87

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CARNELL, SAMUEL (1832-1920) was born in Nottinghamshire, educated at Old Lenton and trained as a mechanic in the lace industry. He turned his attention to photography and after the discovery of the collodion process came to New Zealand in the Caduceus (1860). For some time he was employed by Crombie and Webster in Auckland. He visited Hokitika at the time of the rush and opened a studio at Nelson. Before long he returned to Auckland and then proceeded to Napier (1869) as manager of the business of Swan and Wrigglesworth, which he soon purchased. He sold out in 1905. Carnell was mayor of Napier (1904-07) and was many years on the Napier harbour board, the Hawkes Bay hospital board, the land board and the Napier school committee. In 1894 he won the Napier parliamentary seat as a Liberal (defeating Swan). He was defeated in 1896 by R. D. D. McLean. He had advanced views on land tenure and in 1895 carried a resolution in favour of abolishing the totalisator. He died on 14 Oct 1920.

Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Hansard, 11 Mar 1921; Hawkes Bay Herald, 15 Oct 1920.

Reference: Volume 1, page 88

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CARPENTER, ROBERT HOLT (1819-91) was born in England and trained as a bookbinder. After marrying he came to New Zealand in the Birman (arriving at Port Nicholson Mar 1842). He left shortly afterwards for Nelson but the vessel being wrecked, he returned to Wellington and opened a second-hand bookshop in Molesworth Street. He represented Wellington City in the Provincial Council (1856-61, 1864-65) and was a member of the town board and of the borough council (1867-71). Carpenter died on 24 Feb 1891.

Parltry Record; Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; Evening Post, 24 Feb 1891

Reference: Volume 1, page 88

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CARPENTER, WILLIAM (1832-1914) was born at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, and travelled widely before coming to Victoria in 1856. In 1863 he came to Auckland, where he was employed in the native department (1867-68). Settling at Thames in 1870, he became mayor, chairman of the harbour board and highway board and M.P.C. (1873-75). He died on 30 Jul 1914.

N.Z. Herald, 14 Feb 1874, 31 Jul 1914.

Reference: Volume 1, page 88

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CARRINGTON, FREDERIC ALONZO (1807-1901) was born at Chelmsford, Essex, his father being later barrackmaster at Douglas, Isle of Man. His grandfather and great-grandfather were prebendary and chancellor respectively in the diocese of Exeter. Frederic studied under Robert Dawson, a distinguished military engineer, and received an appointment in 1826 in the Ordnance Survey. In this service he surveyed a large tract of country in Wales and adjacent English counties and revised blocks of original survey work in various parts of England. After the passing of the Reform Bill (1832) he did much of the work entailed in determining the boundaries of parliamentary boroughs between Bristol and Manchester.

In 1839 Carrington met at the surveyor-general's office in the Tower Captain W. M. Smith (q.v.), who was discussing the duties that he would be called on to carry out in New Zealand. Carrington was attracted by the idea of emigrating and eventually accepted the position of chief surveyor to the Plymouth Company, to select, purchase and survey the land required for the settlement. He sailed in the London, arrived at Port Nicholson in Dec 1840 and carried out his task with complete success. Owing to the difficulties of the Company his engagement terminated in 1843 and he returned to England. There he gave evidence before the select committee of the House of Commons and he exhibited at Sir Roderick Murchison's house his valuable collection of New Zealand fauna, canoes, weapons, carvings, minerals and timber. He twice had an audience of the Prince Consort, who was much interested in his collection and his delineation of country. Thereafter he spent some time on surveys for projected railways and harbour works in Great Britain. His system of surface delineation and plan-modelling attracted much attention as a guide in the planning of drainage and road systems. He received a prize medal at the exhibition of 1851 for his models. Between 1851 and 1856 he carried out important explorations in California, France and Belgium in the interests of British engineering firms.

Early in 1857 Carrington returned to New Zealand with the intention of establishing ironworks, constructing a harbour and managing properties as agent. When the Maori war broke out he was appointed road engineer for Taranaki. He took no part in government until 1869, when he was elected Superintendent of Taranaki, and the following year he was returned to Parliament for Omata. He was re-elected Superintendent (against Brown and Atkinson) and held office until the abolition. In Parliament he sat for Grey and Bell (1871-79).

Carrington died on 15 Jul 1901. He was mainly responsible for the earmarking of one-fourth of the provincial revenues for the construction of protective works at the harbour.

G.B.O.P., 1844/556; Cycl. N.Z., vi; Wells; Taranaki Herald, 15 Jul 1901; Taranaki Daily News, 31 Mar 1891.

Reference: Volume 1, page 88

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CARRINGTON, WELLINGTON (1814-90), who was a surveyor, first visited Bay of Islands in 1835, and in 1839 was engaged as an assistant surveyor to the New Zealand Company. He sailed in the Cuba and worked on a survey of the site of the town, which it was proposed to establish at Petone. In Dec 1840 he visited Wanganui to lay off sections for the town, and then went to Taranaki, where his brothers (F. A. and O.) had already arrived. During the Taranaki war Carrington was a captain in the militia and he was later attached to the native office. He interpreted at the arrest of Te Whiti (1881). Carrington represented Omata in the Taranaki Provincial Council (1872-73). He married a daughter of T. Mace (q.v.). His death occurred on 8 Feb 1890.

Wells; Taranaki Herald, 7 Nov 1872, 8, 10 Feb 1890. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 88

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CARROLL, SIR JAMES (1857-1926) was the son of Joseph Carroll (1815-99), who was in the botanical department of the government in New South Wales in the thirties and settled in Wairoa, where he engaged in agriculture and sheep farming and imported stock and machinery. Besides owning a large tract of land at Hurumua, he engaged in business as a blacksmith and kept several small schooners for whaling. He married Tapuke, a chieftainess of the Wairoa hapu of Ngati-Kahungunu.

James was born at Wairoa on 20 Aug 1857, the youngest child of the family. He spent his childhood in the Urewera under leading tohungas, and at the age of six was sent to Thomson's school at Napier. He showed no aptitude for study, spoke little English and at the age of 12 returned to work on his father's station. In 1869 he enlisted with the native allies (under F. E. Hamlin) in pursuit of Te Kooti; in every skirmish with the enemy he behaved in all cases with great steadiness, and for his services received the war medal and a bonus of £50. Then he spent 18 months as a cadet under Locke, native commissioner and magistrate for the East Coast. McLean transferred him to the native office in Wellington, and a year later he was licensed as an interpreter and attached to the native land court under Judge Rogan. In 1879 he was appointed interpreter in the House of Representatives, where he gained a close acquaintance with the forms of parliament and became a fluent speaker.

In 1883 Carroll resigned to contest the Eastern Maori seat, but was defeated by Wi Pere by 23 votes. Declining to return to his old post, he became thoroughly intimate with the needs of his people, and in 1887 he defeated Pere by 200 votes. He held the seat continuously until 1894, when he was elected for the European constituency of Waiapu (afterwards Gisborne), defeating De Lautour by 497 votes. That seat he held for 25 years. Meanwhile Carroll had a distinguished career. In 1892 he was appointed a member of the executive representing the native race, and he held that position throughout the Ballance and Seddon administrations. From 1896 he was also Commissioner of Stamps and in Dec 1899 he became Minister of Native Affairs. His native policy was conservative and he carried some important measures extending native government, notably the Maori councils act 1900. His object was to conserve and extend the remaining rights of the Maori and to encourage the co-operative farming of their lands. Carroll had a dignified personality, was a fluent speaker, practised in the imagery of Maori lore, and equally eloquent in English. He had great influence and mana, and did much to make the Maori better understood by the pakeha. He continued in office throughout the Hall Jones and Ward administrations and was for some years the senior member of the Cabinet. In 1911 he was created K.C.M.G.

Reverting to the position of a private member when the Liberal government was defeated in 1912, he lost his seat to Lysnar at the election of 1919, and two years later was called to the Legislative Council by the Massey government. Carroll attended one of the conferences in London of the Empire Parliamentary Association. He died on 18 Oct 1926, nine days after delivering an eloquent oration at the grave of his friend Sir William Herries (q.v.). He married early in life Heni Materoa, who survived him until 1 Nov 1930. There were no children, but Sir James and Lady Carroll brought up about thirty foster children.

Parltry Record; Army department record of war service; N.Z.P.D. (notably 24 Jun 1927); Cowan; Gisborne; Evening Post, 19 Oct 1926; Daily Telegraph (Napier), 29 Oct 1926; Gisborne Times, 10 May 1927; N.Z. Times, 21 Aug 1911; N.Z. Herald, Nov 1926. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CARSON, GILBERT (1842-1924) was born at sea in the ship Jane Gifford on the voyage from Scotland to Auckland. His father, James Carson (1815-80), came to work the copper mines at Kawau and Coromandel. Educated in Auckland, Carson served his apprenticeship on the New Zealander (completing in 1863), and had been appointed manager when the office was burned down. He then went on active service with the Auckland volunteers, assisting in the building and defence of the Wairoa redoubt. In 1867 he went to Wellington, where he was engaged for some years as a compositor and proof-reader in the Government printing office. In 1874 he purchased the Wanganui Chronicle, with which he was associated for the remainder of his life.

Carson contested a parliamentary seat on four occasions before he defeated A. D. Willis for Wanganui in 1896. He lost the seat to Willis in 1899. In 1914 he was called to the Legislative Council, from which he retired when his term expired (1921). He was for many years in the Wanganui borough council and was mayor for three years (1881-84). He was also chairman of the harbour board, the hospital board, the Girls' College board of governors, and the Wanganui education board. He was a staunch temperance advocate and a Baptist (being president of the Baptist union in 1904). He died on 4 Mar 1924.

N.Z.P.D., 27 Jun 1924; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CARTER, CHARLES ROOKING (1822-96) was born in Kendal, Westmoreland, the son of a builder. He was intended for a profession and went to Samuel Marshall's school (1835-6) but became interested in the intelligence from New Zealand. He was an ardent Chartist and a radical reformer. While working at Newcastle and Gateshead (1839-43) he attended the exhibition of arts, manufactures and practical science and took classes in drawing.

Going to London in 1843, Carter was a good deal out of employment and made use of his leisure by studying in the Westminster Literary Institute. He was interested in working-class politics and was secretary of the movement which resulted in many London shops stopping work at 4 p.m. on Saturdays. Inspired by the Liberal risings in Europe, he wrote many letters to the papers in favour of emigration to New Zealand. He was now employed as a builder's principal foreman. When news reached London of the earthquake in New Zealand (1848) he wrote an article on the defective building construction then prevalent in Wellington.

In 1850 Carter married Jane Robieson (or Robertson), of Turriff, Aberdeenshire, and sailed for New Zealand in the Eden. He at once entered into business as a builder, erected a fine country house for Fitzherbert, and in 1853 began to practise as a surveyor and valuer. He helped to form the No 1 Building Society and became interested in politics as a supporter of Featherston and the Constitutional Association. He was nominated for the Provincial Council in 1853 but withdrew on accepting a government contract for the first reclamation in the harbour. In March of that year he attended the first public meeting with the object of forming a small farms association. W. Allen (q.v.) presided and Masters (q.v.) and Carter were on the committee. Carter saw the project through, and was eventually liquidator of the association (1858). In 1853 he purchased Wilson's brickyard. In 1855 he was one of the two members of the earthquake commission, and was responsible for the report (presented to the Superintendent on 4 Sep 1855). He was an active promoter of the first Steam Navigation Co., which purchased the Wonga Wonga and afterwards the Stormbird, paid 10 per cent. per annum and returned to shareholders £19 for every £10 share. In 1857 a petition was sent to the Provincial Council asking for another small farm settlement to be proclaimed and to be named Cartervale. ('Carterton' was duly proclaimed on 26 July 1859).

Carter and Borlase were elected to the Provincial Council for Wairarapa, defeating Revans and Jackson. In the political duel between Wakefield and Featherston he supported the Superintendent. In 1859 Carter was elected to represent Wairarapa in the House of Representatives, in which he sat until 1865. He retired from the Provincial Council in 1859 on accepting a contract for the bridge over the Waiohine, but was re-elected unopposed. At the end of 1863 Carter sailed for England, where he acted as immigration agent for the province and negotiated on behalf of the Provincial Council for the patent slip in Evans Bay and the iron bridge over the Wanganui river. During his absence he resigned from both Council and Parliament. Carter suggested to the people of Greytown to create an educational trust out of unselected town sections (a plan afterwards adopted in Masterton). In 1866 he published the first of a three-volume autobiography which gives a valuable insight into life and politics in early Wellington. He lived for some years in England, being employed by the agent general as immigration officer (1871-74). On his wife's death he returned to New Zealand, and died on 22 Jul 1896.

Carter, op cit.; Cycl. N.Z., i; Wellington P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; N.Z.P.D.; Wakelin; Wellington Independent, 13 Jan 1860. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CARTER, HENRY was M.P.C. for Wellington 1873-75. He afterwards returned to England and eventually settled as a builder in Cape Colony, where he died on 8 Apr 1902.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CARTER, JOHN CHILTON LAMBTON (1816-72) was the son of Lieut-colonel J. C. L. Carter of the 44th Regiment, in which he received his ensigncy in 1834 after passing through the military college. (Lieutenant 1836; captain 1844.) He transferred to the 53rd Regiment and served in the Punjab (being present at the battle of Gujerat) and retired in 1852 to settle in New Zealand. Carter was sheep farming in Hawkes Bay about 1853 and was one of the signatories to the Ahuriri petition (1857). He was one of the representatives of Napier Country in the Provincial Council (1859-63) and was Superintendent in succession to T. H. Fitzgerald (1861-62), and deputy-superintendent in 1865. His wife (Susan Frances, daughter of vice-admiral James Lillicrap) died on 31 Dec 1862. Carter died on 27 May 1872.

War Office records; Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Hawkes Bay Herald, 7 Jan 1863, 31 May 1872.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CARTER, THOMAS (1827-1900). The third Superintendent of Marlborough was born at Winterton, Lincolnshire, educated there, and left as a young man for the Californian diggings, whence he moved to those of Australia and finally, in 1855, landed in Nelson with his two brothers.

In New Zealand Carter devoted himself to pastoral pursuits and acquired wide landed interests in Marlborough, including such runs as Stronvar, Wantwood, Hillersden, the Wither, Glenfield, Te Arowhenua, Richmond Dale, the Clarence and Burleigh. He paid some attention to flax and erected a mill at Hillersden. In 1886 Carter visited England and thereafter spent 10 years visiting Australian and New Zealand cities before settling at Burleigh, near Blenheim. In public life he was shrewd and reliable, and his services were of great value in the troubled politics of the province. In 1862 he became member of the Provincial Council for Wairau Valley, which he represented continuously until the abolition. Eight months after his entry into politics he was elected Superintendent of the province, administering that office until July 1864 when the demands of his business required his time. In 1867 and 1870 he was a member of the executive. Carter was for some years chairman of the Marlborough county council, a member of the board of education, the Wairau road board and the Land and Railway League and was president of the A. and P. Association. He took a prominent part in establishing the Marlborough High School, for which he gave the site and endowed a scholarship. Carter died on 27 Feb 1900.

Cycl. N.Z., vi; Buick, Marlborough.

Reference: Volume 1, page 89

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CASS, THOMAS (1817-95) was a native of Yorkshire. He received his education at Christ's Hospital, where he was for four years on the Royal Mathematical foundation. On leaving school he went to sea, and for the next three years sailed chiefly in the East India trade. On returning home he studied architecture and surveying and was an assistant in the tithe commission office at Somerset House. This involved much surveying and land valuing, and Cass received a thorough grounding in field work.

In 1841, on the recommendation of Captain Dawson, R.E., he was appointed to the surveying staff of the New Zealand Company at a salary of £200 a year. Ligar (the surveyor general), embarked with his staff in Apr 1841, in the Prince Rupert (owned and commanded by Sir Henry Esch Atkinson). Amongst the passengers was William Spain (chief land claims commissioner). Provisions ran short and Atkinson put into Bahia. On 4 Sep, when about to enter Table Bay, the Prince Rupert struck a rock and became a total wreck. Cass and the other surveyors, who lost much of their outfit, were brought on by the Antilla and reached Auckland in Dec. For some months Cass was employed on surveys under the land claims commission, first on the north shore of Waitemata harbour and then in the vicinity of Bay of Islands. He assisted in surveying the town of Kororareka, exploring the country to the northward, and cutting lines for the roads to Hokianga, Whangaroa and Mangonui.

At the end of 1844 a reduction of the survey staff threw him out of employment, and he joined the government brig Victoria, first as second officer and then as chief. He saw much rough work, and not a little fighting, first in connection with the sack of Kororareka (1845) and later in the operations about Cook Strait. While on the coast of the South Island Cass took in custody to Auckland men who had stuck up the Greenwoods' station at Purau and threatened the Deans family at Riccarton. In 1847 he returned to England. There he represented to the New Zealand Company the loss he had sustained by the termination of his employment, and as a result he was appointed assistant-surveyor under Captain Thomas to prepare for the Canterbury settlement. Sailing in the Bernicia, he reached Canterbury in Dec 1848, the other members of the party being E. Jollie, C. O. Torlesse, Gollan, S. Hewlings and John Boys. In 1849 Cass took part in the survey of Lyttelton harbour and Banks Peninsula, and then in the triangulation of the Canterbury Block. His name was given to a river flowing out of the Alps, a peak in Banks Peninsula and one of the bays in Port Cooper.

Shortly after the arrival of the Canterbury pilgrims Thomas retired and Cass succeeded him as chief surveyor (1851). He was present at the first allotment of town and country lands and until failing health compelled him to retire on pension (1868) Cass administered the post with efficiency and vigour. In 1854 he went to the site of Timaru and with W. Brittan reported on the steps that were necessary. Though holding an official position Cass was not debarred from membership of the Provincial Council. He was one of the first members for the City of Christchurch (Sep 1853). Standing for cheap land and improved communications, he polled 77 votes, followed by S Bealey 74, Packer 71, Fooks 51, Dobson 21. He retired from the Council in 1855, but was in again (1857-60). He was repeatedly a member of the provincial executive and on two occasions led an executive of his own. In 1858 he was on a commission appointed by Moorhouse to report upon the best route for the railway to the port. In 1853, with Sewell and the Rev R. B. Paul, he fixed the site for Christ's College. For 10 years Cass was a commissioner of the waste land board, and from 1858 a commissioner of native reserves. After retiring from the council he was several times in the executive, and again in 1863 he led an executive. In 1864 he was chairman of the railway and bridge commission.

Cox remarks that Cass was 'the lightest-hearted and youngest man that ever went through 30 years of the toughest work.' On retiring he paid a visit to Great Britain. There again his services were requisitioned as emigration officer (until 1868). Returning to Canterbury, he served another three years on the waste lands board. He was for many years a church warden at St Michael's.

Cass married (1856) the widow of David Theodore Williams, manager of the Deans estate. She died in 1886. Cass died on 17 Apr 1895.

N.Z.C.; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Wigram; Alpers; Cox; The Press, 3 May 1930 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 90

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CASSIUS, MICHAEL ALBERT (?-1892) was born in Germany and came to Otago with the gold diggers in the sixties. He was in business in Southland and afterwards in Westland, where he represented Hokitika in the Canterbury Provincial Council (1866-67). In 1864, with his partner (Comisky), he took up one of the first sections in Hokitika. He was very successful in goldmining ventures and was the principal in the Ross Creek Deep Levels, from which in the first two years 22,000 oz. of gold was taken. In 1872 Cassius offered £200 towards an award of £1,000 for the discovery of goldfields south of the Teremakau river. Later he acquired the Duke of Edinburgh hotel and theatre at Hokitika. He died in 1892.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Kinross; Harrop, Westland; N.Z. Herald, 4 Oct 1892.

Reference: Volume 1, page 90

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CAUTLEY, WILLIAM OLDFIELD was educated at Cambridge University, and came to New Zealand in the Mary Ann (1841). He took up land at Wensley Hill, Richmond (Nelson), where he was sheep-farming for some years. In 1847 he accompanied Governor Grey to the upper Wairau, where he had already established a sheep station. In 1849 he was called to the Legislative Council of New Munster and on 3 Jun 1851 he took the oath as a member of the Legislative Council of New Zealand. When the new constitution came into force Cautley was elected to represent Waimea in Parliament and in the following year he was returned for Waimea East to the Nelson Provincial Council, in which he sat till 1857. He resigned from Parliament in 1854 and from the Provincial Council in 1857 and returned to England.

N.Z.P.D., 1853-54; Nelson P.C. Proc.; L.C. of New Munster, minutes; Jour. L.C. of N.Z.; Arnold; C. A. Macdonald.

Reference: Volume 1, page 90

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CAWTHRON, THOMAS (1833-1915) was born at Camberwell, London, received a good education at Hoxton school and at the age of 15 came to New Zealand with his father, arriving in Nelson in the Mary (1849). His strength being unequal to working on his father's farm at Richmond, Thomas went to Wellington and obtained clerical employment with W. B. Rhodes. In 1852 he was attracted to Australia by the gold discoveries and spent several years on the diggings at Bendigo and Ballarat. His health had greatly improved and he made a considerable amount by contracting and carrying on the goldfields.

Owing to his father meeting with an accident Cawthron returned to Nelson on a visit (1857), but eventually decided to remain. He accepted mining contracts, the first being for the Jenkins Hill coalmine. While carrying out a contract at the Dun Mountain copper mine he pushed a heavy wheelbarrow all the way from Nelson to the site, round Wooded Peak. About 1859 Cawthron went into business in Nelson as a merchant and shipping agent, and for the next 30 years he represented the Sydney and New Zealand Royal Mail Co. and other shipping lines and carried out many coal contracts. Possessed of acute business judgment and vision, he steadily amassed a large fortune and late in the eighties was able to retire from business and devote his attention to the management of his estate. His gifts to the city and district were on a munificent scale, directed towards social, charitable and church objects, the beautifying of the city and finally to scientific research. He gave £15,000 towards the new hospital and £30,000 for a solar research laboratory, and when he died (8 Oct 1915) he left a large sum for the establishment of an industrial and technical school, institute and museum. Out of this bequest originated the Cawthron Institute.

The Colonist, 9, 12 Oct 1915; Cawthron Institute Lectures (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 90

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CHAFFERS, EDWARD MAIN, was an officer of the Royal Navy, in which he was promoted master in 1830. In the following year he was appointed to H.M.S. Beagle for her second voyage to the Pacific (1831-36) and in 1833 had command of the Unicorn in South America. In 1839 he gave up his naval career to accept command of the Tory bringing the New Zealand Company's expeditionary party. She reached Queen Charlotte Sound in 96 days from Land's End. Chaffers surveyed Port Nicholson, and the Company was able from his data to publish a good map before April 1841. He was appointed harbourmaster early in 1840, but returned to England shortly afterwards.

Public Record Office, C.O. 207; N.Z. 1832; N.Z.C. reports and papers; E. J. Wakefield; Ward.

Reference: Volume 1, page 90

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CHALMERS, NATHANIEL (1830-1910) was born in Rothesay, Scotland, and at an early age taken to London, where he got his education at Christ's Hospital. In 1845 he entered a shipbroker's office in Liverpool and afterwards took service in a London bank. In 1846 he sailed in the Ajax for Otago. Having selected a farm at Omaro bush, he chartered the schooner Jumping Jackass to carry his belongings to the Molyneux and then proceeded overland to the Waihopai river. In 1852 he and a brother were attracted to the Forest Creek diggings in Victoria, where they had little luck.

They then proceeded to Sydney to take delivery of sheep from Bathurst and the Hunter river on account of Edwin Meredith. Arriving at Stewart Island in the schooner Otago, 70 tons, in July 1853 they landed 450 sheep on the island to recuperate; then took them into the New River estuary, where the voyage ended and drove the flock overland to Moa Hill. Chalmers took up a property at Popotunoa. In 1856 he married Miss McGrath and moved to Otakaramu; and in 1858 he purchased McNab's Hokonui run.

Chalmers did fairly well, and in 1861 sold out his sheepfarming and timber milling interests to live in Invercargill. He was first elected to the Southland Provincial Council (for Invercargill) in July 1861. In December he was appointed provincial treasurer so had to contest his seat again. He was then elected for Mataura, which he represented (1861-64). He was a member of the executive in 1861 and again from the end of that year until February 1864, and during the last few months was provincial treasurer and deputy-superintendent of the province. In 1864 he retired in ill-health and moved to Moa Hill.

Chalmers made many explorations in Southland, including a noteworthy journey to Wakatipu with the chief Te Reko (1853). In 1856 he found gold in potholes at Mataurafalls. As deputy-superintendent he cut the first sod of the Southland and Great Northern railway (1863). In November 1868 Chalmers settled in Fiji, where he engaged in cotton planting at Rewa, Labasa and Koro. In 1870-74 he was deputy-warden and magistrate at Levuka, and in 1879-83 he was a member of the Legislative Council. After 12 years sugar planting (1879-91) he was again magistrate (1891-1906). He died on 2 Dec 1910.

Southland P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Beattie, ii; Moss; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 31 Dec 1910.

Reference: Volume 1, page 91

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CHAMBERLIN, HENRY (1825-88) was born at The Close, Norwich, England, the son of Henry Chamberlin, of Narborough Hall, Norfolk. He came to New Zealand with capital in 1853 and purchased the Waihoihoi estate, near Drury, and land at Raglan. He married in 1859, Elizabeth, daughter of G. H. Heard (Norfolk). Chamberlin later bought a large block of land at Hobsonville, extending to Riverhead. His brother Charles assisted him in the management. In 1866 he came to live permanently in New Zealand. He was much interested in coal and prospected a great deal of what was later the Drury coalfield. His farming operations were not successful.

In 1869, after failing in a Provincial contest, Chamberlin was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member until his death. He was not successful in politics and was generally averse to publicity. He did, however, each session, many years before its acceptance, introduce a motion prohibiting the employment of women in hotel bars; and he cordially supported the deceased wife's sister bill. Chamberlin throughout his life gave liberally to charities in his native town of Norwich, and to good causes in New Zealand. In later years he was a director of the South British Insurance Co. He devoted much attention to inventions, especially in the hope of coping with the rabbit nuisance; and until his death he was prospecting energetically for coal. In the early eighties he cut up much of his Raglan property to meet the demand for small farms. He died on 12 Apr 1888.

Cycl. NZ, ii; N.Z. Herald, 17 Apr 1888. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 91

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CHAMBERS, JOHN (1819-93) belonged to a family of Quakers. He married the daughter of a Presbyterian minister of Burntisland, Fifeshire, and about 1840 left for Australia, where he gained much experience of station life, mainly in South Australia. He is said to have driven one of the first wagons across the continent.

Chambers came to Hawkes Bay in the fifties and erected a home at Taradale. In 1855 he took up the Te Mata block, which he carried on successfully for many years and then cut up amongst his three sons. He was a strong supporter of the Presbyterian Church, and with his wife assisted in establishing regular services at Havelock North (1865) and a church (1869) of which he was a trustee. Chambers was of a retiring disposition and took little part in public life. He was, however, a member of the first Napier harbour board (1875) and of the waste land board (1861). He died on 11 Jul 1893 and his widow on 23 Feb 1904.

Daily Telegraph (Napier), 16 Oct 1925; Hawkes Bay Herald, 13 Jul 1893, 1 Mar 1904.

Reference: Volume 1, page 91

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CHAPMAN, CHARLES ROBERT (1847-1928) was born in Edinburgh, the son of Robert Chapman (1812-98), and came to New Zealand with his parents in the Blundell (1848). He was educated at the Otago Boys' High School and Otago University and apprenticed in law to H. Macassey. In 1873 he commenced to practise. He contested the mayoralty of Dunedin in 1888, was elected to the City Council in 1890 and mayor in 1891. During his term he secured from Andrew Carnegie a grant for the erection of the free public library. Chapman died on 15 Aug 1928.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (P); Otago Daily Times, 17 Aug 1928

Reference: Volume 1, page 91

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CHAPMAN, GEORGE THOMSON (1824-81) was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, Scotland, and educated there. After serving his apprenticeship to a general storekeeper he went into business and married. Becoming interested in Otago, where the Free Church was founding a settlement, he and his brother purchased land and sailed in the Blundell (1849). They settled as missionary teachers at East Taieri but soon withdrew and entered mercantile life in Dunedin.

Chapman originated the Mechanics' Institute and was secretary of it (1851), and in the same year was vice-president of the Otago library. At the end of 1851 he left for Sydney, found his way to the Victorian goldfields and, having some luck there, paid a visit to Scotland (1853). Having remarried, he sailed again for Sydney. There his ship became involved in litigation, so he started in business in Pitt Street, but finding this not promising he came to Auckland in the brig Heather Bell (1855) and set up a bookseller and stationer's business in Queen Street, with a circulating library attached. There he published the first of his New Zealand Almanacs and guide books, the first of the guides being dated 1872. His centenary memorial of Captain Cook's discovery of New Zealand appeared in 1870. Chapman died on 24 Jun 1881. (See C. R. CHAPMAN)

N.Z. Herald, 25 Jun 1881.

Reference: Volume 1, page 92

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CHAPMAN, HENRY SAMUEL (1803-81) was born at Kennington, London, on 21 Jul 1803, the son of Henry Chapman, for many years connected with the department which had the duty of constructing barracks and defensive works throughout the Kingdom. The elder Chapman was secretary and afterwards one of the higher officials under the American loyalist general, Oliver de Lancey.

Young Chapman was educated partly at the private school of Mr Peters at Bromley, in Kent, and partly on the continent. Owing to defective eyesight, he left school at an early age, but he cultivated a love of literature, and on the Continent and in Canada acquired a good facility in French and German. He also indulged in rowing and skating. Chapman first took a position with Esdaile's Bank in London, but soon transferred to the office of a Dutch financial agent in the city. In 1822 he was sent on a mission to Holland, where he profited by a winter spent in Amsterdam to acquire a knowledge of Dutch. In 1823, while still in his teens, he commenced his colonial career as a merchant in Quebec, with connections in England and New York. In Canada he spent 10 years, doing well enough without amassing a fortune. Each winter he visited England, keeping in touch with old friends, and in particular with John Stuart Mill. In summer he made extended business tours in North America, which had a profound influence upon his later life. On a steamboat excursion on the lakes in 1824, he made the acquaintance of John A. Roebuck, with whom he was afterwards closely associated.

In 1833 Chapman went again to Canada. Impressed with the justice of the Canadian demand for self-government, he took a printing press and settled down in Montreal, where, with Revans (q.v.), he established the Montreal Daily Advertiser. He did most of the literary work himself for the Advertiser and other papers issued from the same office. His friendship with Papineau, the Liberal leader, ripened; and through him Chapman made his first public speech in French. The paper was intensely disliked by the dominant party and did not achieve permanent success. In 1834 Chapman disposed of his interest and returned to England as the agent of the Liberal parliamentary party in Canada. This brought him into close touch with leading reformers of the time (including Buller, Ricardo, Mill, E. G. Wakefield, and Dr Evans). He assisted Roebuck in the compilation of his pamphlets (in every number of which he had an article) and in other ways promoted the demand of the Canadian Liberals for representative government. When Roebuck got into Parliament again in 1837 he became the parliamentary agent for the Canadian Liberals, as Burke had been of the American loyalists, and with the changes resulting from the Papineau rebellion, Chapman's arrangement came to an end. He then devoted himself more to journalism and the writing of pamphlets in the cause of colonial reform. It has been suggested that Chapman had an active part in the Papineau rising, but he had left Canada two years earlier, and was in no way involved. He always regarded the resort to arms as a mistake. Revans, however, was deeply involved and fled from Canada. In the late thirties Chapman read for the bar as the pupil of Dodgson, an eminent pleader, and he was called at the Middle Temple on 12 Jun 1840. A week earlier he was married to Catherine, daughter of T. G. Brewer, barrister, of Nottingham place. As a beginner, Chapman had a fair practice on the Northern Circuit, but he still relied for his main income upon journalism, writing to the reviews and many pamphlets on economics. This work, about 1832, brought him into close touch with Cobden. A lifelong free-trader, he took an active part in the anti-corn law agitation. He was also employed on various royal commissions, including that relating to the condition of the handloom weavers of Yorkshire. This experience resulted in his being asked to write the article on wool and woollen manufacturing in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the mechanical drawings for which he did himself. He then pointed out to the editor that New Zealand had been omitted from the work, and he was commissioned to write it. But, as the letter 'N' had been passed the article had to be placed under 'Z'. Chapman was deeply interested in the New Zealand project of Wakefield, and in Feb 1840 published the first issue of his New Zealand Journal, which he brought out continuously (as editor and owner-proprietor) until the middle of 1843. Owing to the indifferent health of his wife he contemplated living in New Zealand. The opportunity came in 1843, when Lord Derby appointed him a judge of the Supreme Court for the southern division (which included Wellington and Nelson). He sailed with his wife and son in the Bangalore in Jun 1843 (amongst the passengers being Governor FitzRoy). At Sydney Chapman renewed his acquaintance with Robert Lowe (afterwards Lord Sherbrooke). While there he reported favourably to the government on the system of having a resident judge at Port Phillip. At Auckland on 26 Dec the Governor and the judge took their oaths of office. Chapman lived at Wellington for the next nine years. During the native troubles of 1846 his home at Karori was one of the defensive posts against possible attacks. When the two judges (Martin, C.J., and Chapman) had to confer on the making of rules they met in Taranaki. The vessel in which Chapman took his passage landed him at Kawhia from which he had to walk back to New Plymouth and later to Wellington.

In 1852, unsought by himself, Chapman was appointed Colonial Secretary in Van Diemen's Land (under the governorship of Denison). There he found public opinion highly incensed against the Colonial Office and the Governor on the question of transportation. When a division was forced in the Council lifelong convictions compelled Chapman to side with the colonists, and he declined to vote. Denison was furious at the recalcitrance of his new official, and Chapman had to sacrifice his post to his convictions and proceed on leave to London to place his case before the Colonial Office. Transportation was soon abolished and responsible government granted later to both Tasmania and Victoria. Having declined a governorship in the West Indies, Chapman in 1854 took passage in the Lightning to Victoria, and engaged in a lucrative practice in Melbourne. In 1855 he was elected to the Legislative Council (still partly nominated) for the district of South Bourke. The Ballarat riots brought him into prominence as counsel for some of the accused, who were acquitted. In the last session of the Council in 1855 Chapman and others tried to have inserted in the reform bill provision for the ballot system of voting. It was carried against the government with the assistance of the votes of eight members sent from the goldfields (including Vincent Pyke, q.v.). Chapman's part in this episode proved to be of considerable future importance. When the vote was carried against the government the Attorney-general (Stawell) refused to draft the ballot clauses. Nicholson, the merchant who had carried the resolution, was unable to do so, and a meeting of his supporters appointed Chapman to draw the clauses. The result was the scheme now known as 'the Australian ballot.' It discarded the method of the voter putting a mark against the name of the favoured candidate, in favour of striking out the names of those not favoured. This idea was Chapman's.

At the first elections under the new constitution (1856) Chapman was defeated, but in Mar 1857 O'Shanassy persuaded him to accept office as Attorney-general, and a seat was soon found for him (for Rodney) by the resignation of Mr Baragwanath. The ministry lasted only four or five weeks. Within a year the succeeding government was defeated and Chapman was entrusted with the formation of a ministry. O'Shanassy again became Premier, and remained there for 18 months. He was on bad terms with the Governor (Sir Henry Barkly), and the ministry was kept together mainly by the tact of the Attorney-general. The government's defeat in Oct 1859 practically marked the end of Chapman's political career. He was returned late in 1861 as member for Mornington, but a few months later was appointed a temporary puisne judge. After serving on the bench for a considerable time he returned to his practice and resumed an appointment he had previously held as lecturer in law at Melbourne University (where he was vice-president of the forensic society). In journalism he was Melbourne correspondent of the London Times.

Early in 1864 Chapman accepted a new appointment to the New Zealand bench and in Apr took up his duties at Dunedin, where he was to live for the remainder of his life. Besides earning credit for sound law and patient and painstaking administration of his office, he took a keen interest in the Otago community. He was a member of the council of Otago University (1870-81) and chancellor (1876-79). He was a strong supporter of the Otago Institute, before which he read an important paper on the political economy of railways. He was a lover and patron of music in all its forms. In business life he was a director of the Victoria Insurance Co. after his retirement from the bench, and for a while he had an interest in a run in the Maniatoto district.

Early in 1866 Mrs Chapman and two of her sons and a daughter were drowned when the ship London foundered in the Bay of Biscay. In 1868 Chapman married (in Victoria) Selina Frances, daughter of the Rev T. C. Carr, rector of Aghavoe, Queen's county, Ireland, and a sister of the police magistrate at Avoca. He visited England and returned to New Zealand in 1870. Five years later he retired from the bench. He was granted the title of 'honourable' in 1877. He died on 27 Dec 1881 and his widow on 27 Dec 1902. (See SIR FREDERICK CHAPMAN.)

Family information from Sir F. R. Chapman; Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Scott; Chapman papers in Canadian Archives; J. A. Roebuck, Pamphlets for the People (Van Diemen's Land); Cox; Wakelin; Godley, Letters; Melbourne Herald, 20 Dec 1855; Otago Daily Times, 28 Dec 1881, 7, 24 Jan 1893, 12 Sep 1930 (P). Portrait: Supreme Court, Dunedin.

Reference: Volume 1, page 93

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CHAPMAN, SIR FREDERICK REVANS (1849-1936) was born in Wellington on 3 Mar 1849, the fifth son of H. S. Chapman (q.v.), and Catherine, daughter of T. G. Brewer, barrister, London. He was educated at the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne, and in France, Germany and Italy. For some time he was with a special pleader in London, and then with Charles Russell (afterwards Lord Killowen). He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1871, practised at the common law bar in London and on circuit, and was later with Russell Roberts, a chancery barrister. Chapman returned to New Zealand and practised in Dunedin (Smith, Chapman and Sinclair) from 1872 to 1903. Chapman was a member of the Dunedin City Council in 1875 and the following year was law lecturer at Otago University. For some years he was on the New Zealand council of law reporting, and he was a member of many societies connected with scientific pursuits. Like his brother judge of later years (Sir Theophilus Cooper), he was for some time a deputy inspector of lunatic asylums. He was also chairman of the board of Industrial Conciliation. From 1903-07 he was President of the Court of Industrial Arbitration, and laid the foundation of the work since done by that court. Thereafter he sat on the regular Supreme Court bench. He retired in 1921, but his judicial work was not finished, for on more than one occasion of emergency he returned to the bench. He was president of the war pensions appeal board (1923-24), and for some years acted as compiler of statutes. A large number of the consolidation acts now on the statute books are the fruit of his labour. He was knighted in 1923, and finally retired from the bench in 1924.

Apart from his celebrity as a jurist, Chapman was an authority in many branches of learning. He had a high literary bent, and his studies took him into the fields of ethnology, botany and other branches of natural history, the love of which was inherited from his father. He was for many years a member of the Otago Institute and was president in 1877; a member of the Wellington Philosophical Society; of the Polynesian Society; and of the Geographic Board (from its inception in 1924). It was to the Otago Institute that he contributed his classic paper Maori Methods of Working Greenstone, which is still an authoritative work on the subject, and also Moa Remains in the Mackenzie Country. In the field of botany he discovered the red manuka, which now bears his Latinised name. He was a writer also on mountaineering and historical matters.

Chapman married in 1879, Clara, daughter of George Cook, barrister, of Dunedin. He died on 24 Jun 1936. His brother, MARTIN CHAPMAN, K.C., was with Cracknell, an equity draughtsman and conveyancer, and never went into common law chambers. He was a member of the firm of Chapman, Skerrett, Wylie and Tripp (Wellington).

Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; N.Z. Law Jl, Jul 1936. (p); Tet.

Reference: Volume 1, page 91

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CHAPMAN, THOMAS (1791-1876) was born in England. He was for some years at sea and seven years farming before he offered his services to the Church Missionary Society for work in New Zealand. Arriving in July 1830 with his wife, he soon made a place for himself in the mission as a simple-minded, hard-working Christian. In 1831 he volunteered to serve in the first mission to be established in the Thames district, and he made the first exploration of the field in company with Henry Williams (q.v.). Chapman was stationed at Thames and afterwards opened a mission at Te Koutu, on the western shore of Rotorua, which was sacked during Te Waharoa's war against the Arawa (6 Aug 1836). He then established himself on Mokoia island, but, finding it remote, established the mission at Te Ngae, where he lived for many years. Later he was appointed to Wharekahu, near Maketu, and shortly before his death (on 22 Dec 1876) he returned to Rotorua and assisted in teaching. Busby in 1836 wished Chapman to act as British resident during his absence from the country. He was ordained by Bishop Selwyn (1844) and was for some time on the staff of St Stephen's College.

Stock; Carleton; Bay of Plenty Times, 8 Jan 1877.

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CHAPPLE, WILLIAM ALLAN (1864-1936) was born at Alexandra, Otago, the son of John Cole Chapple (1828-99, a farmer who was four times mayor of Alexandra). Educated at Alexandra school and Otago University, he graduated M.B., Ch.B. (1890) and M.D. (1899). From 1892 he practised in Wellington. He married Sarah Douglas, daughter of Thomas Turnbull, architect.

Chapple was a member of the council of Victoria College (1898-1906). After contesting the Newtown parliamentary seat in 1902 and 1905, he won Tuapeka at a by-election in 1908, but was defeated by Macpherson at the general election that year. Proceeding to England, he was elected in 1910 to represent Stirlingshire in the House of Commons, holding the seat till 1918, and representing Dumfriesshire (1922-24). Chapple published The Fertility of the Unfit, 1903, First Principles in the Art of Physical Development, How to Impress the Evils of Alcohol, Cases and Comments from a Doctor's Practice, and other pamphlets on social and educational subjects. He died on 19 Oct 1936.

Parlty Record; Chapple, op. cit.; Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Otago Witness, 8 1931; The Dominion, 20 Oct 1936. Portrait: Parliament House.

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CHAYTOR, JOHN CLERVAUX (1836-1920) was born in London, the son of an English barrister, educated at Jedburgh grammar school, Yorkshire, and as a young man did garrison duty with the Forfar and Kincardine militia artillery during the Crimean war and Indian mutiny. At 22 he was captain. On the regiment being disbanded (1860) Chaytor came to New Zealand and took up Coverham station, in Marlborough, and afterwards (in 1880) Marshlands. He served on road boards, county council and school committees, and was in the Marlborough Provincial Council for some years (for Awatere 1871-74; Picton 1875). Chaytor married in 1867 Emma, daughter of Edward Fearon (q.v.).

His son, SIR EDWARD WALTER CLERVAUX CHAYTOR (1868-1939) was educated at Nelson College and served in the South African war with the New Zealand forces (brevet lieut-colonel 1902). In the war of 1914-18 he commanded the New Zealand mounted brigade in Palestine and Egypt. (C.B., 1915; C.M.G., 1917; K.C.M.G., 1918; Order of the White Eagle, Serbia, 1916; Order of the Nile, Egypt, 1918). He commanded the forces in New Zealand (1919-24).

The second son, ALFRED HENRY CHAYTOR (1870-1931), who was educated at Nelson College, Durham and Clare College, Cambridge, was a fellow of his college, a barrister of the Inner Temple and K.C. He published books on law, sport and forestry.

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Burke, Landed Gent; Cycl. N.Z., v (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Nelson Dioc. Gazette, 1 Oct 1931.

Reference: Volume 1, page 93

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CHEESEMAN, THOMAS (1815-1907) was born at Tetney, Lincolnshire, the son of a tenant farmer, and educated at Humberston Grammar School. His parents intended to put him to a trade, but he chose the church and at the age of 25 was ordained to the Methodist ministry. An eloquent and popular preacher, he held charges at Hull, Scarborough and Doncaster, but suffering in 1854 from an affection of the throat he migrated to New Zealand in the Artemisia. In Auckland Cheeseman threw himself with vigour into educational, church and public affairs. In 1861 he was elected to the Provincial Council for Parnell, which he represented till 1869, and thereafter he was member for Newton from 1873 till the abolition. In 1865 he was member of the executive. He was one of the promoters of the Auckland-Drury railway and chairman of the board of railway commissioners (the other members being Newman, J. Cadman and William Rowe). They carried the work almost to Onehunga. Cheeseman was a member of the first provincial education board and was the first chairman of the Remuera road board (of which he was a member for many years). Through his instrumentality the provincial government was induced to set aside reserves for education in Remuera and other districts. He was interested also in the Y.M.C.A. and other organisations.

Cheeseman entered into business with his brother in 1858 as auctioneers and estate agents, the firm later being known as Cheeseman and Hunter. He retired in 1866 and was appointed valuer and assessor under the land tax act, acting in this capacity for government departments until 1899. Cheeseman was a student of astronomy and constructed many telescopes for use in his own observatory at Remuera, where he collaborated with American astronomers who visited New Zealand to observe the transit of Venus. He was a shrewd and far-seeing administrator, a calm and incisive speaker and a politician of outstanding integrity. He died on 24 Sep 1907. (See T. F. CHEESEMAN)

N.Z. Herald, 26 Sep 1907.

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CHEESEMAN, THOMAS FREDERIC (1846-1923) was born at Hull, Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Cheeseman (q.v.), with whom he came to New Zealand at the age of eight. He attended first the Parnell Grammar School and later St John's College. He started farming. Stimulated, it is thought, by reading Hooker's Handbook, Cheeseman conceived an interest in New Zealand flora, of which he had acquired such a sound knowledge by 1876 that he was able to publish a comprehensive account of the plant life of the Waitakerei hills. In 1874 he was appointed secretary of the Auckland Institute and curator of the museum, then in its infancy. His duty led him to the gathering together of invaluable natural history collections and to studies in botany, agriculture, horticulture and forestry, which he continued with unabated interest till his death (on 15 Oct 1923). Though primarily a botanist, 22 out of the 101 papers that he wrote for the scientific publications of New Zealand were on ethnology and zoology. As a botanist he was pre-eminent, and he made a keen search for plants, notably in Nelson province and in the Three Kings and the Kermadecs. He also visited Polynesia and published in the transactions of the Linnaean Society an account of the flora of Rarotonga. In 1906 appeared his monumental Manual of New Zealand Flora, to which was added in 1914 his own and Dr W. B. Helmsley's Illustrations of the New Zealand Flora. He described the vascular flora of the Macquarie islands for the Australian Antarctic expedition of 1911-14. He wrote many papers of a philosophical character dealing with New Zealand sub-Antarctic flora and, in his earlier writings, were some dealing with the pollination of certain species. He had sound judgment and infinite patience so that his Flora, to quote the words of Dr L. Cockayne, "stands out the equal of any of that brilliant series of floras dealing with various parts of the British Empire which were conceived and in part executed by Bentham and Hooker." He presented to the Auckland Institute his almost complete herbarium and the most extensive collection illustrating Maori ethnology. Cheeseman was early elected a fellow of the Linnaean society, which awarded him its rare gold medal, and he was a corresponding member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. In 1911 he was president of the New Zealand Institute, in 1918 he received its Hector memorial medal, and in 1919 was elected a fellow.

L. Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Institute, vol 54, xvii (P) (Hamilton's bibliography in vol xxxvi lists his publications); Cheeseman, op. cit.; Cycl. N.Z. iii, 209; N.Z. Herald, 16 Oct 1923 (P).

Reference: Volume 1, page 94

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CHEVALIER, NICHOLAS (1828-1902) was born at St Petersburg, his father (a Swiss) holding a post in the household of the Tsar. He studied art at Lausanne, architecture at Munich and lithography under Grunner. In 1852 he exhibited two water colours at the Royal Academy. He became naturalised and lived in England, obtaining some important commissions, assisting in the illustrations of Layard's Nineveh and designing the setting of the Koh-i-noor diamond. In 1853-54 he studied in Rome and in 1855 visited Australia to inquire into his father's investments. There he spent some years engaged in painting and in illustrated journalism. He introduced chromolithography for illustrating newspapers and drew some of the first cartoons for Melbourne Punch. During these years Chevalier turned to oil painting. In 1857 he exhibited at the exhibition of fine arts in Sydney. In the early sixties with his wife (Carrie, daughter of Sir David Wilkie, R.A.), he visited New Zealand, where he did much artistic work. Late in 1865 he commenced a tour of the lakes and mountains of Otago which yielded about 70 sketches, many of which he completed in later years in London and Paris. The provincial government of Canterbury voted him £200 as preliminary expenses of a sketching tour of the Southern Alps. Many of his New Zealand sketches he showed at the International Exhibition in Melbourne (1866-67). His widow afterwards presented a large collection of these to the New Zealand government. Others he completed in later years and showed in London and Paris (1868). He returned to Europe with the Duke of Edinburgh in the Galatea (1868) and some years later was commissioned to paint the picture of the Duke's wedding at St Petersburg. Settling at Porchester terrace, London, Chevalier in the next 20 years did many oils and water colours which he exhibited regularly in London and Paris. He was one of the promoters of the Melbourne Art Gallery, the first in Australia, and his picture The Buffalo Ranges, won the prize of £200 offered by the trustees for the best painting by a resident artist. Another of his works, A Race to Market, Tahiti (Royal Academy, 1880) is in the New South Wales Art Gallery, for which he acted as honorary purchaser for many years.

Owing to ill-health Chevalier did little work after 1886. He died at his home, Ashmore, Sydenham Hill, on 15 Mar 1902.

Otago Witness, 31 Mar 1866, 19 Jan 1867.

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CHILMAN, RICHARD (1816-77) was born in London on May 5, 1816, received a good commercial education and at the age of 16 went to America. He returned to England after an extended tour through Canada and the United States. Having recently married, he sailed in the William Bryan for New Plymouth in 1840. On the voyage he was appointed clerk to Cutfield, leader of the expedition, and he remained in the service of the New Zealand Company until its winding-up. Then he farmed on the east bank of the Henui river, near the coast. After a year or two on a suburban section near New Plymouth he took up bush land at Mangorei. In 1853, on the inauguration of the provinces, he was elected to the Provincial Council for Grey and Bell, which he represented to 1856. He was appointed provincial treasurer in 1853 and retained that position till 1861, when he became collector of customs. Other posts which he held were those of provincial auditor and receiver of land revenue. He was a member of the first New Plymouth borough council.

Chilman in 1871 visited England to obtain capital for the working of ironsand. He was chairman at different times of the Petroleum Co., the Pioneer Steel Co. and the Opunake Flax Co., a trustee of the Savings Bank and the New Plymouth Building Society, and chairman of the harbour board. He devoted much of his energy to the improvement of the harbour. He was one of the founders of the Taranaki Institute and its treasurer for many years. He died on 12 Mar 1877.

Wells; Taranaki Herald, 13 Mar 1877.

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CHILTON, CHARLES (1860-1929) was born in Leominster, Herefordshire, and came to New Zealand with his parents, who took up farming at West Eyreton, Canterbury. He decided on a professional career, and attended the West Christchurch district high school and Canterbury College, where he gained his B.A. degree in 1880, and M.A. in 1881 (with first-class honours in zoology). Working under Professor Hutton, he made a study of the crustacea of the Southern Hemisphere, about which little was known at that time. He taught in Christchurch till 1886, when he was appointed a tutor at the Dunedin Training College. Continuing his studies at Otago University, he gained his B.Sc. in 1887 (the first in New Zealand), and his D.Sc. in 1893. In 1888 he was made rector of the Port Chalmers District High School and in the same year married Elizabeth Jack. Seven years later Chilton began to study medicine at Edinburgh, where he graduated M.B.C.M. with honours (1898). Later at Heidelberg, Vienna and London, he specialised in the eye, ear and throat. Returning to New Zealand he practised in Christchurch for a year, and then filled the chair of biology and palaeontology at Canterbury College (1902-10), and later the chair of biology (1910-28). In 1921 he became rector of the College and on his retirement in 1928 he was created professor emeritus. Chilton was an original fellow, at one time president, and Hector medallist, of the New Zealand Institute; president of the Philosophic Institute of Canterbury (1903-04); he was an original member of the Australasian society, an honorary member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, a fellow of the New Zealand University (1909-18), a member of the North Canterbury education board (1903-05), as well as of the West Christchurch school board, and of the Canterbury Agricultural College board of governors (being chairman in 1927). He was instrumental in establishing the Canterbury College biological station at Cass. His writings include many papers on crustacea, especially subterranean and sub-antarctic forms. His death occurred on 24 Oct 1929.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Hight and Candy (p); Trans. N.Z. Inst., Mar 1930 (p); The Press, 25 Oct 1929.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CHISHOLM, JAMES (1843-1916) was born at Scotlandwell, Kinrossshire, on the shores of Loch Leven, where he attended the parish school to the age of 13. He came to New Zealand in the Three Bells (1858) and worked with his father as a carpenter for three years. Then he visited the diggings at Gabriel's Gully, where he won sufficient to fulfil his desire of studying for the ministry.

Returning to Scotland in 1863, he took the regular arts course at Edinburgh University, where he won prizes in English literature and mental and moral philosophy. His health broke down at this stage and he returned to Dunedin, where he completed his theological studies. In 1870 he was inducted to the charge of the Tokomairiro Church, where he laboured for 28 years. In 1883 he was moderator of the Otago synod and in 1886 he acted temporarily as professor of theology. Chisholm married Jessie, daughter of J. B. Park (of Loanhead, Scotland, and afterwards master of the High Street school, in Dunedin). As a pastor and as a preacher he stood very high in the Church. He also had a graceful literary style and contributed freely to the Outlook and other Presbyterian journals. In 1898 he published Fifty Years Syne (a memorial volume of the Presbyterian Church in Otago) and in 1908 a Memoir of J. A. Torrance. For 27 years he was a member of the foreign missions committee of the Otago Church and for 15 years of the United Church. In 1898 Chisholm resigned the charge at Milton from a sense of duty. Taking charge of the church at Palmerston North in 1899, he succeeded in healing a breach in the congregation and then resigned in order that someone altogether unconnected with either section might be appointed. In 1901 he took charge of Roslyn, where he died in 1916. Chisholm was moderator of the General Assembly in 1908.

Who's Who N.Z.; A. Brown; Cycl. N.Z., iv (p)

Chisholm, op. cit.; Rev J. Chisholm, Rev James Chisholm, 1917 (p).

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CHOLMONDELEY, GEORGE JAMES (1833-1901) was born at Peel, Isle of Man, and was related to the Marquis of Cholmondeley and Lord Delamere. He came to New Zealand in the fifties to join his brother, but returned to England and studied at St Aidan's College, Birkenhead, being ordained deacon (1858) and priest (1859). He was curate of Great Cressingham and Bodney (Norwich) and Sydney and Aylburton (Gloucestershire), and returned to New Zealand in the Tasmania, to take up the curacy of St Michael and All Angels, Christchurch (1861). He became vicar of the pastoral district north of the Waimakariri; in 1862 of Heathcote and Sumner, and in 1875 of Opawa. He was made a canon in 1882 and archdeacon of Christchurch in 1890. From 1887-90 he was diocesan secretary. Cholmondeley wrote Retrospect and Prospect (1882), Church Work (1883) and Clergy Pensions (1885). He died on 11 Dec 1901.

Cycl. NZ, iii (p); Lyttelton Times and The Press, 12 Dec 1901.

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CHEW CHONG (1830-1920) was born in China, educated there but went as a youth to Singapore, where he spent several years in English households.

In 1855 he emigrated to Victoria, where he was storekeeping and goldmining for 11 years. He landed in Dunedin in 1866, spent two years there and then commenced travelling, mainly buying old metal for export to China. While so employed he became aware of the presence of edible fungus in the New Zealand forests, especially on the tawa, pukatea and mahoe trees, and in 1868 he commenced collecting it for export to China. During 1870-1904 he exported fungus to the value of over £375,000, and many struggling Taranaki farmers received welcome increments of income from this source. Chew Chong opened a store in New Plymouth (with branches later in Eltham and Inglewood), selling toys and Chinese goods and buying fungus. In 1875 he purchased butter from farmers and sent a consignment to Australia, but without success. Finding that he could not sell in New Zealand at a profit, he made a shipment to Great Britain, again incurring financial loss. In 1887 he established the Jubilee dairy factory at Eltham. Two years later he installed a separator which is believed to have been the first in New Zealand, and he had two creameries augmenting the supply of milk. At the Dunedin Exhibition (1889) he received a prize for the best half-ton of butter for export. He himself milked 200 cows and gradually extended his business. He became interested in box factories and himself invented an impressed brand. In 1893 Chew Chong bought the Mangatoki factory, which he sold two years later to the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co. He retired from business about 1900 and settled in New Plymouth. He married a daughter of Joseph Whatton (Masterton). Chew Chong died on 7 Oct 1920.

Philpott (p); Taranaki Herald, 7 Mar 1874; N.Z. Times, 11 Jan 1892; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 94

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CHRISTIAN, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1867-1934) was born in London and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1890. He was engaged for some years in journalism and literary work and travelled widely in the Pacific and published: The Caroline Islands (1899), Eastern Pacific Lands (1910), Vocabulary of the Archaic Dialect of Mangaia and other works in Polynesian philology. He was schoolmaster at Mangaia (1918-20) and public librarian at Palmerston North from 1923 till his death in 1934. He married (1911) Ethel Lilian, daughter of W. G. Mares (Romsey, Hampshire).

Who's Who N.Z., 1932.

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CHURCH, HUBERT (1857-1932) was born at Hobart, Tasmania. He was taken to England as a child and received his education there, eventually proceeding to Oxford. Returning to New Zealand in 1873, he studied law in Blenheim and then entered the civil service. He was a treasury official for 33 years, retiring in 1912. Church published verse at various times, his best known books being West Wind (1902); Poems (1904), and Egmont Poems (1908). He died at Melbourne on 8 Apr 1932.

Jessie Mackay in The Press, 14 May 1932.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CHURTON, JOHN FREDERICK (1797-1853) was born in London and educated there for the bar, taking his degree of LL.B. He afterwards read for holy orders, was ordained, and in 1840 was appointed by the Church of England Society as chaplain at Wellington. He arrived in the Bolton (Apr 1840), and a few months later was appointed by the Bishop of Sydney to the church at Russell, Bay of Islands. Hobson gazetted him colonial chaplain, and in that capacity he read the prayers at the opening session of the Legislative Council in 1846. Soon afterwards he was also appointed vicar of St Paul's, Auckland. Churton ministered to the troops serving in New Zealand during Heke's war. He died on 26 Jan 1853.

Buick, First War; Buller; Ward; New Zealander 26 Jan, 2 Feb, 19 Mar 1853; N.Z. Herald, 27 Mar 1879.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CHUTE, SIR TREVOR (1817-86) was born in County Kerry, Ireland, entered the army in 1832, and served for a few years in the Ceylon Rifles. He then joined the 70th Regiment, with which he served till attaining the rank of major-general. He saw service in Ireland and, being at Peshawar when the Mutiny broke out, he succeeded in rescuing the British officers and disbanding the mutinous sepoys. As brigadier at Lucknow he formed several flying columns to pacify the country.

In 1864 Chute came to New Zealand with the regiment. Returning to Australia on being promoted brigadier, he came back to New Zealand in 1865 to succeed General Cameron as major-general commanding. He carried out a swift and successful campaign on the West Coast, reducing seven fortified pas and many open villages and making a march from Ketemarae to New Plymouth east of Mount Egmont and back by the westward route (Jan 1866). He thus effectively demonstrated that the troops could follow the natives into their forest fastnesses. (K.C.B.) Chute was afterwards colonel of the Cheshire regiment (22nd foot). He married (1868) Ellen, daughter of Samuel Browning (q.v.), of Auckland, and died on 12 Mar 1886.

Gorton; Morton; Gudgeon; Grace; Cowan; Illus. London News, 1 May 1886 (p); Wellington Independent, 13 Mar 1866; The Times (London), 20 Mar 1886.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CLAPCOTT, HENRY (1830-97) was born in England and educated for the church, but decided to emigrate and came to Otago in the Carnatic with his brother (1853). He walked as far as Riverton and visited Ruapuke, taking up land at Inch Clutha and Spylaw, which he exchanged for Popotunoa. Losing these runs by the declaration of hundreds, he went to the goldfields and made a good profit by running a slaughterhouse on the diggings between Gabriel's and Munro's gullies. In 1864 Clapcott was elected to the Provincial Council for Wakatipu, and he was treasurer in Paterson's executive. On the executive being defeated, he resigned from the Council to contest the superintendency, but withdrew before the poll. He was a trustee of the Dunedin Savings Bank (1864). In 1873 he was registrar of the University of Otago, and he was engaged in the eighties lecturing for the Government Life Insurance department. Clapcott died on 19 Sep 1897.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Beattie, ii; I.M.I. in Evening Star, 21 Sep 1897; Otago Daily Times, 21 Sep 1897, 23 Mar 1898.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CLARK, ARCHIBALD (1805-75) was born at Beith, Ayrshire, and educated for the Presbyterian ministry at the University of Glasgow, where he acquired a love of literature. Before completing his course he had to take charge of his father's business. In 1849 he came with his family to Auckland, where he established the firm of Archibald Clark and Sons. Taking an immediate interest in public affairs, he was the first mayor of Auckland (1851). Clark was M.H.R. for City of Auckland (1860), for City East (1866-70) and for Franklin (1871-74). He also represented Auckland East in the Provincial Council (1867-68), and took a great interest in education and in the Presbyterian Church, being an elder of St Andrew's. (See J. M. CLARK, K. M. CLARK.)

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. NZ, ii (p); Morton.

Reference: Volume 1, page 95

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CLARK, CHARLES (1824-1906) was born near London and educated at the Chingford Grammar School. He was apprenticed to an architect and afterwards worked with one for 15 years. For health reasons he came to Canterbury in the Egmont (1856), and after farming at Halswell Road for four years, he carried on business (at first in partnership with Isaac Luck) as land agents and auctioneers. Clark was a member of the Halswell Road board, of the Christchurch rifle volunteers and later of the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry. He represented Lincoln in the Provincial Council (1862-66), in which he generally supported Moorhouse, but he was partly responsible for bringing out Rolleston in provincial politics. His death occurred on 30 Dec 1906.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; The Press, 31 Dec 1906.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARK, EDWARD HENRY (1870-1932) was the son of Edward Clark, of Macraes, Otago; was educated there and at the Palmerston District High School and apprenticed to his father (a builder). In his youth he was a successful athlete, especially on the cycle track, and was a member of the North Otago Mounted Rifles and captain of the Palmerston Rifles. On coming of age he took control of his father's business. He was chairman of the school committee, a member of the borough council from 1895, and mayor (1904-10 and 1919-23). In 1905 Clark contested the Waihemo seat against T. Mackenzie, and at the following election, standing as an Independent Liberal for Chalmers, he defeated E. G. Allen. Being re-elected in 1911 he supported the Ward ministry, but on Mackenzie taking office crossed the floor with J. A. Millar and voted against him. He retired in 1914, and in 1920 was called to the Legislative Council (in which he was chairman of committees 1930-32). He was keenly interested in social reform.

Clark married (1897) Helen, daughter of David Ross (Palmerston). He died on 10 Sep 1932.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Otago Daily Times, 11 Sep 1932 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARK, HENRY (1821-1905) was born in Berwickshire, educated in the parish school at Polwarth and took to farm work. He was later apprenticed to carpentry and at the age of 22 he went to Edinburgh and worked at that trade.

Having married (1844) Christian, daughter of David Heron (Dunfermline) he sailed in 1848 in the Blundell for Otago, where in partnership with Garvie and later with W. Langlands, he carried on business as builder and contractor. His 10-acre section at Mornington he sold, and on the dissolution of his partnership, bought land at Tokomairiro, and in 1864 960 acres at Glenore. He continued building until about 1884, when he settled on his farm at Clarksville. In the first provincial elections Clark actively canvassed against the enrolment of Maori voters. He was elected M.P.C. for Tokomairiro in 1864 and sat in the Council for that seat till 1870 and for Matau (1871-75). In 1865 he was for a few days in the executive. Clark was a member of the first Bruce county council and chairman to 1897. He was on the Otago education board (1878-98) and chairman three years; a governor of the Otago High Schools (1891-95), and on the council of Otago University (1898-1901). He was a member of the Otago land board, the hospital board and the charitable board, and an elder of the Dean Free Church in Edinburgh and of First Church, Dunedin (Apr 1849). Clark died on 15 Aug 1905.

Chisholm; A. Brown; Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily Times, 16 Aug 1905.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARK, JAMES McCOSH (1833-98) was born at Beith, Ayrshire, Scotland, and arrived in Auckland with his father (Archibald Clark, q.v.) in 1849. In 1856 he became a partner in the business, and later senior and managing partner. He commanded No. 6 company Auckland Volunteer Rifles in the Waikato campaign (1863), being at Galloway's redoubt. Clark was M.P.C. for Newton (Jan-Oct 1870), a member of the City Council (1886-87), and mayor of Auckland (1880-83). During his mayoralty the city tramways were built and sites fixed for the public library and the town hall. He was chairman of the Auckland education board and president of the chamber of commerce. He died in London on 27 Jan 1898.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Cowie; N.Z. Herald, 18 Feb 1898.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARK, KATE EMMA McCOSH (1847-1926) (née Woolnough) was born at Ipswich, Suffolk, England, educated there and studied art. In 1875 she married James McCosh Clark (q.v.) and came to reside in New Zealand. She exhibited for many years at the Auckland Art Society's exhibitions. Mrs. Clark took an interest in St Mary's Home, the Blind Institute and the Girls' Friendly Society. She resided in England (1889-1900) and during that period published A Southern Cross Fairy Tale, with notes by Reischek (1891); Persephone and Other Poems (1894), and Maori Tales and Legends (1896). She died on 30 Nov 1926.

Cowie; Annals N.Z. Lit.; N.Z. Herald, 27 Jan 1898, 1 Dec 1926.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARKE, GEORGE (1798-1875) was born in England and apprenticed to a gunsmith. He was early interested in mission work. Arriving in New South Wales in Oct 1822, he stayed with Samuel Marsden at Parramatta until Jan 1823, when he was sent to assist in the formation of a settlement for the benefit of Australian natives.

Early in 1824 Marsden arranged for him to proceed to New Zealand with his wife and son in the French corvette Coquille, which arrived at Bay of Islands on 3 Apr. Stationed at Kerikeri, and living at first with the Kemps, he knew Hongi well and enjoyed his friendship, though Hongi always resented his refusal to practise his trade of a gunsmith. Teaching in the native school, Clarke acquired the language so rapidly that he was able to assist Marsden on his next pilgrimage in New Zealand. When the Wesleyan mission at Wesleydale was sacked (early in 1827) Clarke hastened to assist the distressed missionaries to the Bay of Islands. Governor Hobson, impressed by his knowledge of the Maori and his success in establishing a farm colony at Waimate, offered him the post of protector of aborigines (May 1841). In the next few years he rendered capable and interesting reports upon native affairs in all parts of the country. His advocacy of the rights of the natives made him unpopular in the Company's settlements. It was on his advice that Hobson concluded the purchase which led to Nopera's war. He advised also on the claims of Waikato in north Taranaki and on the purchase of the Waitemata (which was never impugned). He had great influence also with Governor FitzRoy, who relied upon his advice; but Governor Grey was less impressed with his qualities. He recognised the incongruity of a protector taking part in the purchase of native lands, and later questioned the validity of his own landed possessions. In 1846 Grey abolished the protectorate and assumed personally the management of native affairs.

Clarke returned to duty as New Zealand secretary of the Church Missionary Society, but his connection was terminated by the Society (with that of Henry Williams) in Nov 1849. Returning to settle at Bay of Islands, Clarke was elected in Sep 1852 to the Legislative Council of New Ulster (which never met). In the following year he was elected to the Auckland Provincial Council for Bay of Islands, but at the following election (1855) he was defeated. Clarke was a judge of the native land court for some years. He died on 29 Jul 1875.

Two of his sons were the Rev GEORGE CLARKE (q.v.), and Henry TACY CLARKE (d. 1902), who was a judge of the native land court and M.P.C. for Bay of Islands 1859-60.

G.B.O.P., 1847; Parltry Record; Clarke; Stock; Ramsden; Thomson; Marsden, L. and J.; E. Wilson; Queen v. George Clarke (report of action to annul a land grant) 1844; Sir W. Martin.

Reference: Volume 1, page 96

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CLARKE, GEORGE (1823-1913), son of George Clarke (q.v.), was born at Parramatta and came to New Zealand in the following year with his father. At the age of seven he was taken to Australia and lived with Marsden at Parramatta for a while.

In 1833 he went to Hobart for his education, returning to New Zealand early in 1837. He lived at Waimate and studied the classics under the Rev William Williams, with whom he moved to Poverty Bay (1839). He made many missionary journeys with his tutor in the East Cape country, where the news of the Gospel preceded them, borne by slaves returning from captivity in the north. Clarke studied Greek and Latin assiduously, and in his daily life became familiar with the character and language of the Maori people, of whose rights he was an ardent champion. In Dec 1840 he rejoined his father at Bay of Islands and shortly afterwards, resisting the desire to enter the Church forthwith, was appointed clerk in the Native Department. As interpreter at the trial of Maketu for the murder of a European family at Bay of Islands (Feb 1842) Clarke, under the instructions of the Chief Justice (Martin) explained to the natives with the utmost care the procedure of British law, and so helped materially to reconcile them to the transfer of authority to the crown. He was afterwards attached to Spain's land claims commission as interpreter and Maori advocate. The protectorate of aborigines being abolished in 1846, Clarke now desired to follow his bent, and in 1848 he sailed for England to complete his education for the ministry of the Congregational Church. He returned to the colonies in 1851 and was appointed to the Congregational Church in Collins street, Hobart (afterwards in Davey street), where he ministered for 52 years. As a minister he was eloquent, learned, zealous and broadminded. He took a great interest in higher education and was partly instrumental in bringing into existence the University of Tasmania, of which he was chancellor 1898-1907. Clarke died on 10 Mar 1913. In 1903 he published Notes on Early Life in New Zealand.

G.B.O.P., 1847/837; Cycl. N.Z., ii; Chambers Cycl.; Clarke, op. cit. (p); Marsden, L. and J.; N.Z. Herald, 19 Mar 1913.

Reference: Volume 1, page 97

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CLAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1822-77) was the eldest son of Henry Clayton, of Wickford, Tasmania. He qualified in Brussels as an architect and in London (under Sir John Rennie) and practised for some years in Australia before coming to Dunedin, where he became a partner of W. Mason in the early sixties. He made the acquaintance of Vogel (who married his daughter, 1867). In 1869 Clayton was appointed Colonial Architect, in which capacity he designed many important buildings, including the Government block in Wellington and the old Parliament House (destroyed by fire in 1907). He also practised privately, designing among other buildings St Mary of the Angels Church. He was the first to use concrete in a private house, portion of his own residence in Hobson Street (afterwards Queen Margaret College) being of that material. Clayton died on 23 Aug 1877.

Personal information from J. L. F. Vogel; Otago Daily Times, 24 Aug 1877; Wellington Almanac 1878; N.Z. Times, 1 Mar 1912 (Obit. H. C. Flag).

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CLEARY, HENRY WILLIAM (1859-1929) was born at Oulart, County Wexford, Ireland, the son of a farmer. He was educated at St Aidan's Academy, Enniscorthy (1874-76), at St Peter's College, Wexford, and then at Maynooth Ecclesiastical College, near Dublin. From there he proceeded to the Pontifical Seminary at the Lateran, Rome, pursuing higher studies in theology and canon law at the Papal University of the Apollinaire (1880-83). His health suffered from close study in Rome and he had several times to retire for rest periods. On leaving Rome he completed his studies at the College of St Sulpice in Paris (1884).

In the following year Cleary was ordained priest in the Shannon chapel at Enniscorthy and was appointed to the house of missions there. Owing to indifferent health he did not remain in mission work but was sent as assistant to the parish priest at Monagheer. He was then appointed professor of modern languages in his old college at St Peter's, where one of his pupils was Sir James O'Connor, afterwards lord chief justice of Ireland. It seemed imperative that he should seek change of climate and in 1888 he took up duty as assistant priest in the diocese of Ballarat, in Australia. In 1890 he went to Hamilton (Victoria) and later to Ararat. While there, in addition to intense devotion to parochial duties, he undertook the task of defending the Catholic faith in the press. Working at high pressure he published a book, The Orange Society, which ran into 12 editions.

This work attracted the attention of Bishop Verdon and Cleary was in 1898 invited to assume control of the Catholic organ in New Zealand, the New Zealand Tablet. His term in charge of that paper was distinguished by brilliant journalistic success and in 1900 the paper received the apostolic blessing. While in Dunedin Cleary published An Impeached Nation, giving the Irish version of the agrarian outrages which were constantly occurring in Ireland. He also published Secular v. Religious Education and wrote a number of articles for the Catholic Encyclopaedia. In recognition of the notable work done in this sphere the Pope in 1908 conferred upon him the doctorate of divinity. He made an extensive tour abroad in 1910, including a long visit to Central and South American countries for the purpose of establishing a number of Catholic news agencies which should combat hostile propaganda at its source. He was made a life member of the International Catholic Truth Society. While Cleary was on this tour the death occurred of Dr Lenihan (q.v.), Bishop of Auckland, and the nomination of a new bishop was unanimously in favour of Dr Cleary. He was consecrated on 21 Aug 1910 at Enniscorthy and he took possession of his see on 11 Jan 1911.

The new Bishop made the Maori people his especial care, and for that purpose learned the language thoroughly. He was mainly responsible for the establishment of St Peter's rural training college at Takapuna, in which the Mill Hill Fathers co-operated and which they afterwards controlled. There selected native boys are not only trained for service as catechists, but learn technical work of various kinds which they may afterwards impart to their own people. Cleary saw the Star of the Sea home for orphans at Howick replanned on generous lines. He wrote many fairy tales for children and personally told them to the orphans. He was most zealous in the cause of Catholic education, building schools wherever he could find the means, and publishing many pamphlets in defence of the Catholic standpoint on the Bible-in-Schools question. He envisaged a Catholic school in every parish. During his episcopate of Auckland he saw the number of parishes increased from 38 to 57, of primary schools from 30 to 51, of secondary schools from 8 to 9, of children receiving Catholic education from 3,300 to 7,200, and the total Catholic population from 31,000 to 55,000. He took the interest of a scholar and a historian in the preservation of Catholic archives, which he left complete and well organised as a legacy to posterity. In 1916 he had to go abroad for medical advice and spent some months in various private hospitals in Australia, America and Great Britain. Finding in England that there was only one Catholic chaplain for the military camps of the New Zealand division in Great Britain, and that the 2nd brigade in France had none, he volunteered for service and on 31 Oct 1916 was gazetted a chaplain of the 4th class. From Dec 1916 to Feb 1917 he was with the troops in the front line. Though he received injuries in attending the wounded under fire he did not flinch; and found time also to write his observations of the effect of shell fire upon birdlife. (O.B.E. 1918) He returned to New Zealand in Oct 1917. In 1918 Cleary founded a Catholic newspaper in Auckland, The Month. His death occurred on 9 Dec 1929.

The Month, pass. (notably 17 Dec 1929 (p)); N.Z. Tablet, pass.; Studholme; Cleary, op. cit.; Father Martindale, The Risen Sun; Official Hist. of N.Z's War Effort, vol i; Herald and The Dominion, 10 Dec 1929.

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CLENDON, JAMES REDDY (1801-72), who was born at Deal, Kent, was a London merchant and shipowner, and commenced trading to New Zealand with his brother, John Chitty Clendon, at least as early as 1828. In 1831, he brought back two Maori chiefs, Taraia and Ahouiffe, to England to see the King, and also made an interesting report to Lord Goderich on conditions in New Zealand. While in command of the City of Edinburgh he had bought land in the Bay of Islands from Pomare and others in Dec 1830, and on this he settled in Sep 1832, opening a trading establishment in partnership with Samuel Stephenson at Okiato. During the official residency of Busby (q.v.), Clendon, being one of the wealthiest settlers and influential with the natives, played a prominent part. When Busby's house was attacked (May 1834), he protested against Busby's weak handling of the natives and joined his fellow settlers in petitioning for military protection. He was one of the leading agitators for the prohibition of spirits (1835), and gave a practical lead by starting all his own casks. He supported Busby, however, in his attempt to confederate the Northern chiefs, and he (not, as usually stated, James C. Clendon) was a witness to the Declaration of Independence (28 Oct 1835). In the war of 1837, he saved the lives and property of several Europeans at the Bay, and assisted the Rev Henry Williams in the peace negotiations. Buick's suggestion that Clendon acted as assistant-resident at Hokianga is mistaken. He was the first consul at Bay of Islands for the United States (1838-42). From the beginning of 1839 to Apr 1841, Clendon acted as American consul at the Bay of Islands. Though the Colonial Office had anticipated that the American government might protest against the establishment of British sovereignty, Clendon did not consider that his office obliged him to oppose Hobson's mission. On the contrary, he actively supported Busby and Williams in winning over the chiefs to the treaty of Waitangi, his influence with the natives being the greater because his office created the impression that he was disinterested. He signed the memorial witnessing Hobson's assumption of authority, and was one of the witnesses to the treaty.

The decision to fix the seat of government temporarily at Bay of Islands, and to form a government township there, gave Clendon an opportunity for profitable speculation. Felton Mathew (q.v.), acting surveyor-general, reported that Clendon's estate at Okiato (some 380 acres) was the only site in the Bay suitable for government purposes. Clendon, anticipating this, had had his land surveyed and laid out as a township, and commenced selling lots. He was willing enough to sell to the Government, and started by asking £23,000; he refused to suspend sale of lots till Hobson referred to Gipps for authority to buy; and eventually (22 Mar) he agreed to accept £15,000. The price was not unduly high compared with the speculative prices then prevailing and the very high cost of building material and labour. The buildings consisted of a comfortable dwelling house, a large store, two small cottages, and blacksmith's and carpenter's shops, valued at £13,000, the land being valued at £2,000. In the event, it proved that Clendon had not made as good a bargain as he thought. Gipps refused to sanction the purchase, the sale of lots in the government township of 'Russell' was held up sine die, and without the income from sales neither capital nor interest due to Clendon was forthcoming. He had received only the first instalment of £1,000. In Jun 1841 he was persuaded to accept £1,250 as rent plus interest on the debt to date, and 10,000 acres of government land in lieu of the capital sum still due. His selection of this land was limited, and instead of getting a block at Tamaki (near the new capital of Auckland) he had to take 10,000 acres at Papakura. The value of these lands fell sharply, to about 1/6 per acre, and in 1845 Clendon complained (in a petition to Lord Stanley), that he was the loser, in capital and accumulated interest, to the tune of nearly £18,000.

In Mar 1840 Clendon was appointed magistrate, and he was a member of the Legislative Council (1841-44). After the destruction of Kororareka, he was made police magistrate at Bay of Islands in place of Thomas Beckham. His confidential reports to the Governor throw much light on the conduct of the war in the north (1845-46), the condition of the Natives, and the intrigues of the few disaffected Europeans. His nominal census of the Bay of Islands and Hokianga districts in 1846 is an interesting compilation. He was superseded as magistrate (Dec 1846) by the senior military officer, but was reappointed in Jun 1850 and held other offices (sub-treasurer, 1850; registrar of births, etc., 1854; and inspector of police, 1859). About the end of 1861, he removed to Herd's Point (Rawene) on the Hokianga, resigning his Bay offices, and becoming magistrate, inspector of customs, and registrar at Hokianga. He was superannuated in 1866 with a pension. He continued trading till the end of his life, but latterly his affairs went badly, mainly through giving too much credit. He died at Rawene, 24 Oct 1872.

N.Z. Archives, G. 1, B.R. 1 and 2; N.Z. Gaz.; Journals L.C. of N.Z.; G.B.O.P., 1842/569; U.S. Department of State (consular service); Clendon MSS.; Felton Mathew MSS.; P.R.O., Series C.O. 202 and 209; Carleton; McNab; Whaling; McNab, Hist. Rec.; Marsden, L. and J; Ramsden; Buick, Waitangi

Reference: Volume 1, page 98

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CLIFFORD, SIR CHARLES (1813-93) was born at Mount Vernon, near Liverpool, the son of George L. Clifford, and grandson of the Hon Thomas Clifford. Educated at Stonyhurst College, he came to New Zealand in the George Fyfe and at once set to work to clear his section near Porirua, on which he and Vavasour entertained their fellow passengers at a picnic before they went on to Nelson.

Having been gazetted a justice of the peace in 1844 and a member of the Legislative Council, Clifford went to Auckland to attend the sittings of that body. In 1845 he, in view of the unrest amongst the native tribes, took his part in the mobilisation of the militia and volunteers for the defence of the Port Nicholson settlement. With Vavasour and Weld he took up land in the lower valley of the Wairarapa and their sheep, driven round the rocks from Wellington, were actually the first to reach their station in the valley, though C. R. Bidwill reached the valley first and cut the track by which the others overtook him. Meanwhile Clifford was conducting a land agency in Wellington. His attention was attracted to pastoral land in the northern part of the South Island, and he made some explorations there which resulted in the partnership in 1846 taking up a large area of open country on lease. They at once brought a flock of merino sheep across and occupied what was afterwards known as Flaxbourne and Stonyhurst stations, on the borders of Canterbury and Marlborough. In 1850 they had 10,000 merino sheep thriving on the native grass and were so well satisfied with the outlook that they parted with their interests in the North Island and concentrated on their new station.

In 1847 Clifford married Mary Anne (who died in 1899), daughter of John Hercy, deputy lieutenant of Berkshire. He was now actively engaged in the agitation for self-government, and took part in the work in England, where he spent most of the years 1848-50. On his return the partners decided to dispose of their property at Wharekaka, in south Wairarapa. They were soon realising the highest prices in New Zealand for their rams bred in the South Island.

At the inauguration of the new constitution Clifford, although a Catholic, was returned at the head of the poll as representative for Wellington City in the Provincial Council. He was at once elected speaker of the Council, a position which he filled with credit until his voluntary retirement in 1857. He took a great interest in the development of provincial institutions and was a member of the education commission in 1854. In 1853 also he was elected to Parliament for the City of Wellington. When he took his seat at Auckland on the opening of Parliament he already had a reputation as a speaker. Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and others who desired him to be Speaker of the House feared that he might use his position to favour his own faith. Clifford, on the other hand, with his co-religionist Weld, was actuated by one thought only as regards religion. He wished to ensure, as Bishop Pompallier had done at Waitangi in 1840, merely that all religions should have equal freedom in the new colony; that there should be no suggestion of a state religion. He declined to give Wakefield any assurances and was eventually elected Speaker without opposition. Though he had refused to give any undertaking to get a Church of England clergyman to open with prayer, he had arranged that one of that denomination (the Rev J. F. Lloyd) should be in the vicinity at the moment when Parliament commenced its deliberations. Having been elected Speaker, he stated that he believed it would be the wish of members that they should open their meeting with some sort of prayer and he requested the sergeant-at-arms to go outside and bring in the first clergyman he could find. Lloyd soon made his appearance, and said a prayer. The House afterwards debated at length the manner of saying prayers and eventually referred it to a committee of two to recommend a procedure (Clifford and Weld being the committee). They recommended that the Speaker should read prayers at the opening of each sitting of Parliament, a course that has been followed to the present day.

In 1858 Clifford was knighted. He paid a visit to England in 1860 and, having decided to remain there, resigned his seat in Parliament and the Speakership. In England he was a director of several financial companies. On 16 Jul 1887 Clifford was created a baronet (of Flaxbourne). His death occurred on 27 Feb 1893.

Wellington P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; N.Z. Gaz.;

N.Z.P.D.; Burke; Acland; Bidwill; D.N.B.; Ward (P); Lovat; Rusden; Gisborne; Godley, Letters; Wellington Independent, 7 Jul 1847; Taranaki Herald, 3 Mar 1893.

Reference: Volume 1, page 98

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CLIFFORD, SIR CHARLES LEWIS (1885-1938), 3rd baronet, was the only son of Sir George (q.v.). He was educated at the Marist Brothers' school at Christchurch, St Patrick's College, Wellington, and Stonyhurst College, England. Being rejected for service with the New Zealanders in the war of 1914-18, he served with the Lancashire Yeomanry Hussars (as lieutenant), and afterwards with the Lancashire Fusiliers, being part of the time in Salonika. On returning to New Zealand he was mainly interested during his father's lifetime in yachting and shipping, but after his father's death he continued both the stud at Stonyhurst and Chokebore Lodge at Riccarton and raced with great success. With horses of his own breeding he was at the head of the winning list on six occasions. Some of his most successful horses were Fast Passage, Wild Chase, Cricket Bat and Fracas. H. and A. Cutts were his trainers throughout. Clifford was unmarried, and on his death (13 Sep 1938) was succeeded by his uncle, WALTER LOVELACE CLIFFORD (1853-), son of the first baronet.

N.Z. Racing Calendar. The Press, Sep 14, 1938.

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CLIFFORD, SIR GEORGE HUGH (1847-1930) 2nd baronet, was the eldest son of the first baronet (Sir Charles, q.v.). Educated at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, he was called to the bar in London and returned to New Zealand well equipped for public life, for which, however, he had no bent. He assumed the management of his father's estates, Flaxbourne and Stonyhurst, and took a keen interest in sheep breeding and in racing. About 1886 he commenced breeding at Stonyhurst halfbred Lincoln-Merinos, which soon achieved a high reputation, gaining prizes at many shows and becoming dispersed fairly widely over the type of country in which Stonyhurst was situated. He was chairman of the New Zealand Sheepbreeders' Association (South Island) from 1902 and president of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association (1911), and was one of the founders of the Canterbury Frozen Meat Co. (of which he was a director from 1901 and chairman from 1902). He was chairman also of the New Zealand Shipping Co. for a term (before the merger with the P. and O. Co.), of the Christchurch Press Co. and the Gas Co. (from 1908), Hayward Brothers, the Blackball Coal Co. and Booth Macdonald and Co.

In public life Clifford took little part beyond being chairman of the Waipara county council for some years. He was, however, very prominent in the government of racing. He was life member of the Canterbury Jockey Club and the Wellington and Auckland Racing Clubs, and for 34 years president of the New Zealand Racing Conference. During this time he introduced many reforms in the government of the sport and the conditions of those connected with it. Clifford first raced at Burnham Water, Wellington, at the age of 11. He saw much of the sport while in England and established his own racing stud at Stonyhurst in the early eighties with horses purchased from Henry Redwood. Tiger Tim and Cruchfield were two of his earliest successes. Amongst the animals which he purchased for stud purposes were Aurifera, Maligner and Clanranald, and he bred many horses of the highest records. In 1903-04 for the first time he was at the head of the list of winning owners for the season. He won all the leading races in the Dominion and most of them on several occasions. The Clanranald stock were most famous in their day, but up to his death Clifford allowed no diminution in the quality of his stud and raced with uninterrupted success. Winning Hit won the two Derbies and created a record for the mile and a quarter for Australia and New Zealand which has stood for many years. All of Clifford's trainers were of the Cutts family. Edward Cutts trained for more than thirty years, his sons H. and A. Cutts succeeding him.

Clifford married first (1880) Mary, daughter of Sir John Lawson. She having died in the same year, he married (1884) Janet (d. 1885), daughter of James Burnett (Nelson). He had one son. In 1891 he married Helen Frances, daughter of the Rev James Dennis. He died on 17 Apr 1930.

Burke, Peerage; N.Z. Racing Calendar; Acland; Chadwick; The Press, 19 Apr 1930 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 99

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COATES, DANDESON (1778-1846), the lay secretary of the Church Missionary Society, joined the committee of the Society in 1817 and from 1820 (on the retirement of the Rev E. H. Bickersteth) took up his residence in the Mission House. An able correspondent and a man of great business ability, he drew up the regulations for the control of the vast machinery of the Society, expounded the Society's point of view in controversy, and guarded it jealously against official church control. He became assistant-secretary on the retirement of the Rev Josiah Pratt in 1824, and lay secretary in 1830. From 1840, when the Rev William Jowett, the clerical secretary, retired, Coates was sole secretary. He had long been the ruling mind of the Society. He was against Bickersteth in the theological controversy of 1831, and was an uncompromising opponent of the various schemes to colonise New Zealand. On 27 Nov 1837 he wrote: "Only let New Zealand be spared from Colonisation, and the mission have its free and unrestricted course for half a century more, and the great political and moral problems will be solved." In evidence before the various parliamentary committees he adhered firmly to this view. Coates died on 23 Apr 1846.

G.B.O.P., 1838, et seq.; Stock.

Reference: Volume 1, page 99

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COATES, ISAAC (1839-1932) was born near Richmond, Yorkshire, educated there and brought up to farming. He came to Lyttelton in the Lancashire Witch in 1867 and moved to Auckland in 1868. He spent one year on the Thames goldfield before settling in Waikato, as one of the earliest purchasers of land near Hamilton. He took a number of important contracts for drainage, railways and other works and was engaged in flaxmilling, being interested in several mills. As a farmer he was one of the first to introduce agricultural machinery into the Waikato. Coates was a member of the first borough council in Hamilton and mayor of the town for five years to 1892. He also sat on the Waikato hospital board and charitable aid board and the Waikato county council and was chairman of the Kirikiriroa road board for three years. He died on 1 May 1932.

N.Z. Herald, 2 May 1932.

Reference: Volume 1, page 99

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COATES, SIR JAMES HUGH BUCHANAN (1851-1935) was born at Auckland, the son of James Coates (1815-54), who was born in Jamaica and came to New Zealand in July 1841. James Coates was gazetted sheriff on 3 May 1841 and appointed clerk to the Legislative Council. He married in 1841 Sarah Anne (1819-92), only daughter of G. H. Bendall, of Somersetshire, who arrived in the Chelydra from New South Wales. In 1846 Coates was appointed chief clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office, in 1853 clerk to the Auckland Provincial Council and in 1854 clerk to the House of Representatives, but he did not live to assume the last post.

The son James was educated at the Church of England Grammar School (under Kinder) and joined the Bank of New South Wales in 1868. On the establishment of the National Bank of New Zealand in 1873 he joined its staff, and in 1893 became general manager. The head office was then in Dunedin. After a visit to London Coates moved the headquarters to Wellington (1894). He retired on pension in 1914 and joined the London directorate. Coates was one of the Wellington commissioners for the visit to New Zealand of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901. In that year he was appointed by the London debenture holders of the Midland Railway Co. as their receiver in the settlement with the New Zealand government. A Liberal in politics, he frequently advised the Seddon and Ward administrations, and he was offered the post of president of the Bank of New Zealand under the legislation of the nineties. During the war of 1914-18 Coates rendered valuable service to New Zealand organisations in England. He was knighted in 1922. His death occurred on 11 Oct 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908-32; N.Z. Gaz., 1841-54; Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Scholefield, Hobson; N.Z. Herald and Evening Post, 11 Oct 1935; Otago Daily Times, 3 Jan 1922

Reference: Volume 1, page 99

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COCK, RICHARD (1851-1936) was born at New Plymouth, the son of Richard Cock (1820-85), and educated at Crompton's school. At an early age he was apprenticed for seven years as a chemist under Dr E. L. Humphries, who also managed a wine and spirit business. During this period (1864) he accompanied the 43rd Regiment into the field on active service. He commenced volunteering in 1868 and was a keen soldier throughout, being colour-sergeant to the left half-company at Parihaka (1881).

In 1875 he went into business as a wine and spirit merchant. For many years he took a leading part in local government. He was a borough councillor (1881-85, 1889-91) and was mayor (1903-06); a member of the harbour board (sometime chairman) and a sinking fund commissioner; a trustee of the New Plymouth Savings Bank from 1893 (chairman 1921-36); chairman of the hospital board; chairman of the school commissioners until their abolition; a director of the Taranaki Building Society from 1884 (chairman 1892-1936) and a founder of the Taranaki chamber of commerce. He was one of the promoters of the Crown Dairy Co., a director of the New Plymouth Sash and Door Co.; chairman of the Petroleum Co. in the eighties; one of the first directors of the Moturoa Freezing Co., and a director of several of the ironsand companies during the managership of E. M. Smith and D. Atkinson. He was president of the Industrial Exhibition (1904-05).

Cock was a prominent freemason and an officebearer of the M.U.I.O.O.F. He married (1876) Alice Maud, daughter of James Taylor (Wellington). He died on 28 May 1936.

Philpott; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Taranaki Herald, 28 May 1936.

Reference: Volume 1, page 99

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COCKAYNE, LEONARD (1855-1934) was born at Norton Lees, Derbyshire, the son of a merchant, and was educated at private schools, at Wesley College, Sheffield, and at Owens College, Manchester. He emigrated to Australia in 1876 and spent several years teaching. There he married (1881) Maria Maude Blakeley, of Harcourt, Victoria. In 1880 Cockayne came to New Zealand, and was employed for a year on the staff of the Tokomairiro Grammar School. Having a bent for botany and natural history, he became interested in New Zealand plant life, and when he took up farming in Canterbury, he devoted much attention to the cultivation of trees and shrubs and the reclamation of sand dunes. Between 1887 and 1903 he conducted a private experimental station for research in the flora of New Zealand, and made botanical explorations of various parts of the Dominion and the Antarctic and Chatham islands. From 1906 he was engaged by the Lands Department making reports on the reclamation of sand dunes, on Kapiti island, the Waipoua forest, Tongariro National Park, and Stewart island.

As early as 1903 Cockayne's work attracted the recognition of learned societies abroad. In that year he received the honorary doctorate of philosophy of Munich University. In 1905 he was elected honorary corresponding member of the Botanic Society of Edinburgh, in 1910 a fellow of the Linnaean Society, and in 1912 of the Royal Society. He received the Hector medal and prize for botany in 1912 and the Hutton medal in 1914; was president of the New Zealand Institute (1918-19) and an original fellow (1919); and the first honorary member of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (1923). Cockayne was a member of the royal commission on forestry (1913); of the Cawthron commission (1919); of the pastoral commission (1920); of the Kapiti island board and the Christchurch domain board, and a governor of the Cawthron Institute and of the New Zealand Institute.

In 1916 he was appointed to carry out researches regarding mountain pastures, and in the following year he investigated the causes of yellow leaf in flax. From 1922 he was engaged in an economic study of forests. His contributions to the study of ecology were recognised abroad by honorary membership of such bodies as the Plant-Geographical Society of Sweden (1927), the Botanical Society of America (1927) and the Forestry Society of Finland (1926). The Royal Society in 1928 awarded him the Darwin medal, the first to be awarded to a scientist in the Southern hemisphere. Cockayne received the Mueller medal from the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. He placed the city of Wellington under a debt of gratitude to him by the creation of the Otari plant reserve. In 1929 he was awarded the C.M.G. Cockayne's publications include: New Zealand Plants and their Story (1910); The Vegetation of New Zealand (1921); The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants (1923); numerous official reports, and about 120 shorter papers and memoirs on floristic, ecological and economic botany, experimental morphology of plants, evolution, plant distribution and life history. He collaborated with E. Phillips Turner in New Zealand Trees (1928).

Cockayne died on 8 Jul 1934 and was interred in the Otari reserve. His son, ALFRED HYDE COCKAYNE (1880-) became Director of Agriculture.

App. H.R., passim; Trans. N.Z. Inst.; Cockayne, op. cit.; The Dominion and Evening Post, 9 Jul 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 100

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COCKER, JAMES (1862-1935) was born at Calver, Devonshire, and educated there and at Hartley College, Manchester, and ordained in the Methodist ministry in 1890. He was nine years at Buxton works and one year at Ashton-under-Lyme Primitive Methodist church before coming to New Zealand (in 1890). He held many charges here but was notable for his work in the temperance movement and in journalism as editor of the N.Z. Primitive Methodist (1905-13), associate editor of the New Zealand Methodist Times (1915-19) and editor of the Vanguard. He was a member of licensing committees in four cities. Cocker published a number of books on Biblical and social topics. He married (1892) Sarah A. Holles (of Calver). His death occurred on 6 Mar 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932.

Reference: Volume 1, page 100

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COHEN, MARK (1849-1928) was born in London, came to Victoria with his parents at the age of seven, and was educated at Pope's and Mitchell's schools at Ballarat and at the Jewish school in Melbourne.

In 1863 he came to Otago, and was apprenticed to a signwriter and painter, but left this for a legal office, where he began to study law. In 1865 he joined the Otago Daily Times staff as a junior, and in 1866 went over to the Evening Star. Except for a short time on the Independent and the Sun in 1869, Cohen spent the rest of his life in association with the Star. He was in succession reporter, sub-editor and associate editor, and in 1893 became editor. A very capable journalist and forceful writer, he had also a knack of choosing brilliant men to write for the Star, notably M. J. S. Mackenzie, Rutherford Waddell, H. D. Bedford and P. W. Fairclough.

Cohen was a member of the Dunedin City Council (1888, 1890-93) and in 1891 contested the mayoralty against C. R. Chapman. He took a great interest in every class of education. For some years he was a member of the Union Street school committee, and he helped to organise the Dunedin and Suburban schools association, of which he was chairman. He was a member also of the technical classes association in Dunedin and of the Otago education board (from 1896, and chairman 1898-99). For some years he was honorary secretary of the Dunedin free public library, and he was one of the founders of the New Zealand Library Association. Cohen was also a founder (in 1881) of the Dunedin Free Kindergarten Association, of which he was elected a life member, and he helped to establish the Prince Edward convalescent home at Forbury.

He attended the World press congress in 1907 and the first Empire Press Union conference in 1909. In 1920 he was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member till his death (on 3 Mar 1928). Cohen married (1876) Sara, daughter of Woolf Isaacs.

N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 8 Jul 1928); Scholefield, Union Catalogue; Otago Daily Times and Evening Star, 5 Mar 1928 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 100

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COHEN, MAURICE (1862-1934) was born at Cooma, New South Wales, the son of Sigismund Cohen, and came to New Zealand with his parents as a child. He was educated partly at Christ's College and at the New Zealand University and commenced mercantile life in 1878 with Mason Struthers and Co., Christchurch. In 1881 he joined J. Nathan and Co., Wellington, and shortly afterwards was appointed manager of the Palmerston North branch. On the incorporation of the Manawatu Farmers' Cooperative Association, he was appointed general manager, and in 1895 he became manager in Palmerston North of the United Farmers' Cooperative Association. He retired in 1920.

Cohen was mayor of Palmerston North (1905-07), a member of the Wellington harbour board (1908-32), president of the Palmerston North chamber of commerce (1899) and of the Manawatu A. and P. association (1906). He was keenly interested in music. In Sydney he was a member of the Musical Union and in Palmerston he was for 20 years conductor of the Orchestral Society. Cohen was an advocate of the separation of Palmerston North from Wanganui in hospital administration. He was a prominent freemason and held office in many sports bodies. He died on 8 Jul 1934.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., i (P).

Reference: Volume 1, page 100

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COLBECK, WILLIAM HENRY (1829-1901) was born in Yorkshire, educated there and brought up to the woollen trade. Coming to New Zealand in 1877, he lived for seven years in the north of Auckland, where he purchased a large block of land in the Kaipara district and laid out the town of Batley with the intention of settling English immigrants upon it. He was M.H.R. for Marsden (1879-81) and was one of the four Auckland members who crossed the House to support the Hall ministry. In 1884 he settled in Auckland, becoming interested in many companies and the chamber of commerce, and being for a while president of the Bank of New Zealand and of the Auckland Club. He stood for Rodney in 1887 but was defeated. Colbeck died on 25 Jun 1901.

Saunders, ii; Auckland Star, 26 Jun 1901.

Reference: Volume 1, page 100

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COLEMAN, WILLIAM (1830-89) was born in County Waterford, Ireland; educated at the seminary of the Vincentian brothers in Cork and at Maynooth, and held several curacies in the diocese of Cloyne. At Ballymacada, County Cork, he was parish priest when Dr. Moran was appointed Bishop of Dunedin and he volunteered to come with him (1871). He was appointed vicar-general almost immediately, did much of the work of organisation and in 1874 visited Ireland to procure young priests and nuns of the teaching order. In 1876 he was appointed to charge of the Oamaru district and in 1882 became archdeacon of the diocese. He was later advanced to the dignity of a monsignor and domestic chaplain to the Pope. He died on 15 Dec 1889.

Otago Daily Times, 22 Jan 1890.

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLENSO, WILLIAM (1811-99) was born at Penzance, Cornwall, a son of Samuel May Colenso and first cousin of John William Colenso, Bishop of Natal. Educated privately in Penzance, he was apprenticed to printing and bookbinding there and afterwards worked as a compositor in London.

In 1833 the C.M.S. appealed for a mission press to be established in New Zealand. The S.P.C.K. responded, and Colenso was engaged as a catechist and printer. He landed at Paihia on 30 Dec 1834. Though lacking much of the requisite equipment, he produced on 17 Feb 1835 the first proofs of the first book printed in New Zealand, the epistles to the Ephesians and the Philippians (in Maori). In Dec 1837 he completed his new testament, an octavo volume in small pica type, of which 6,000 copies were printed. In Jan 1838 he accompanied W. Williams on a visit to the East Coast. When Captain Hobson arrived Colenso carried out most of the printing in connection with the treaty of Waitangi (of which he published in 1890 an authentic narrative based on his diary). From this time Colenso devoted himself to missionary work. He travelled a great deal in the north, the East Coast and Waikato in 1841-42, and in Oct 1843 sailed with Henry Williams for Port Nicholson. Landing at Castle Point, they walked overland to Hawke's Bay, where a site was chosen at Ngaruroro for a station to be opened by him.

Having completed two years at St John's College, Colenso was ordained deacon (Sep 1844) and four months later he took up his station. For some years he had charge of a very wide district, involving a great deal of travelling and affording opportunities of study in Maori language and lore and the natural sciences. He devoted much study to Maori arts, antiquities, myths and legends, and had a high reputation among scientists. In 1842 he published in the Tasmanian Journal of Science papers on New Zealand ferns and in 1843 a paper on fossil remains of the moa (discovered by W. Williams in 1838). In 1845 he traversed the Ruataniwha plains and travelled by inland Patea to Rangitikei. In 1844 he published in Tasmania an account of his explorations in 1841-42 and in 1845 a classification and description of some of the ferns he discovered. In 1847 he made a journey across the Ruahine range and thence by Onetapu and Roto-aira to the headwaters of the Moawhango. His authority on Maori subjects and the natural history of New Zealand was unquestioned. In 1851 (with Sir G. Grey) he founded the New Zealand Society for the Furtherance of Scientific Research, and in 1868 he was one of the most active members of the New Zealand Institute. He was a founder of the Hawke's Bay Philosophical Society (of which he was president) and a constant contributor to the transactions of the Institute. Abroad he was a fellow of the Linnaean Society and the Royal Society. In 1865 he wrote for the Dunedin Exhibition papers on the botany of New Zealand and the Maori race, and in 1871 a plea for Kereopa (Fiat Justitia); in 1888 Fifty Years Ago in New Zealand; in 1889 Ancient Tide-lore and Tales of the Sea; and in 1898 the first section of his Maori-English Lexicon, the dimensions of which have prohibited its continuation.

On the separation of Hawke's Bay from Wellington Colenso was elected to the Provincial Council for Napier Town (1859-67, 1871-75). He was acting-speaker for a while in 1871. In the Parliament of 1861 he represented Napier, but lost his seat to D. McLean (146 votes to 32). He was for many years inspector of schools for Hawke's Bay. He died on 10 Feb 1899. Colenso married Elizabeth (1821-1904), daughter of W. T. Fairburn.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Colenso, op. cit.; Buller; J. G Wilson; Dunedin Indust. Exhibition (1881) catalogue (containing a list of Colenso's publications 1835-40); Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 31, et pass; Dinwiddie; Hawkes Bay Herald, 11 Feb 1899; Evening Post, 7 Sep 1904; Daily Telegraph (Napier), 11 Feb 1899, 26 Nov 1924.

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLLIER, JAMES (1847-1925) was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, and educated at St Andrew's and Edinburgh University, but did not graduate. Herbert Spencer found him fully qualified to do the compilation and tabulation required in his Descriptive Sociology, and Collier appeared as collaborator in the third division of that work. In 1876 Spencer relieved him of the heavier and more mechanical portion of the work and employed him as his culture and powers suggested. He was a candidate for a professorship, but anxiety and extra work led to a breakdown in health late in 1876. In 1881 he was still fit for only an hour's work in a day.

Shortly afterwards he came to New Zealand for his health, and became private tutor in the family of Judge T. B. Gillies (q.v.).

In 1885 Collier was appointed parliamentary librarian, and four years later he published his bibliography, The Literature Relating to New Zealand, which set a standard and form for more important bibliographies since published. It is particularly rich in periodical references (especially German). He also published Sir George Grey: An Historical Biography (1909) and an account of The English Colony in New South Wales (1910) and The Pastoral Age in Australia (1911). He lived for 30 years in Australia and died on 21 Jun 1925.

Hocken, Bibliog.; H. Spencer, Autobiography (1904); David Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (1908); Collier, op. cit.; Josiah Roberts, Herbert Spencer (1904, chapter of reminiscences by Collier).

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLLINS, ANDREW (1850-1937) was born at Egham, near Windsor, England, and left school at the age of nine to earn a living bird-scaring. He was later apprenticed to a baker in London. In 1870 he came to Napier as steward in the Ballarat, and after another voyage in the Halcione (1872) settled in Wellington and worked at his trade. He helped to establish a bread bakers' union, four previous attempts having failed. This union first achieved permanence in 1888, and Collins was president for several years, during which the union entered into an agreement with the employers. He was secretary of the bakers' union for 45 years, and held office also in the sawmillers' union and the gardeners' union, and was president of the tailoresses' and pressers' union. He assisted to form the Wellington Trades and Labour Council (1888) and did much organising work throughout the colony. He was president of the Eight Hours demonstration committee for some years and was a director of the New Zealand Times, appointed to guard the interests of the workers. An ardent believer in trades unionism and conciliation, Collins was for 16 years a member of the conciliation board in Wellington. He retired from trades unionism in 1930 and died on 11 Nov 1937. He married (1874) Catherine L. Hutchison (Wellington).

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Evening Post, 12 Nov 1937.

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLLINS, ARTHUR SHUCKBURGH (1832-1911) was born in Devonshire and came to New Zealand in the Pekin (1849). In 1868 he was gazetted a justice of the peace and elected a member of the Nelson Provincial Council for Nelson (which he represented till 1872). He was a member of the executive in 1870. He represented Collingwood in Parliament (1868-73) and Nelson Suburbs North (1880-81).

Collins did much exploring in the province. In 1869, with A. Mackay, he crossed the Mount Arthur range to fix a feasible track to Karamea. In 1872 he blazed the track across the Rai saddle, which had been discovered by Mackay; and afterwards with provincial funds opened out a horse track. As chairman of the Wakapuaka road board he laid out the track from Wakapuaka to the Saddle and afterwards induced the General Government to construct the Rai road. In 1887 Collins returned to reside in Nelson. He was a governor of Nelson College (1880), a member of the Marlborough land board, chairman of the Kaikoura county council (1887) and a member of the Nelson diocesan synod and the general synod. He died on 27 Sep 1911.

Cycl. N.Z., v (p); The Colonist, 28 Sep 1911. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLLINS, JAMES FRANCIS (1833-1909) was born in Cavan, Ireland, the son of the Rev Dr Collins, dean of Killala. Educated for the army at the Royal school in Cavan, he entered the Provincial Bank of Ireland at Monaghan, and in 1853 left for Victoria. In the following year he entered the post office at Bendigo, and after mining for some years at Castlemaine, returned to Ireland and married. In 1859 he arrived in Canterbury and in 1860 he moved to New River, Southland, where he farmed till 1888. Collins represented Waianiwa in the Southland Provincial Council (1864-65) and was on various local bodies, including the road board. He was a promoter of the Southland Frozen Meat Co. and of the acclimatisation society. He died on 29 Jul 1909.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Southland Times, 30 Jul 1909.

Reference: Volume 1, page 101

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COLLINS, ROBERT JOSEPH (1848-1924) was born at Cavan, Ireland, the son of Captain Robert Collins, of the 57th regiment. Educated in Ireland, India and New Zealand, he became a clerk in the militia pay office at Taranaki in 1865. Five years later he was inspector of stores in the Public Works Department and, transferring to the Treasury, he became accountant in 1890. In 1903 he was assistant-secretary; 1906 Secretary and Paymaster-general; and in 1910 Controller and Auditor-general. At the age of 15 Collins joined the Taranaki militia and in 1899 he assumed command of the 1st battalion Wellington rifles. In 1896 he was appointed to the council of defence. He won the Taranaki rifle shooting championship in 1874 and 1875; was for many years president of the Wellington Rifle Association and was commandant of the New Zealand rifle team at the inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth (1901). He was chief executive officer of the Dominion Rifle Association from 1904 and commandant of the team which won the Kolapore cup at Bisley in that year. He received the long and efficient service medal (1893), the Imperial volunteer medal (1902), the I.S.O. (1909); and was created C.M.G. (1911).

Collins married (1875) Annie, daughter of Richard Cock (New Plymouth). He died on 1 Dec 1924.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Evening Post, 2 Dec 1924.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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COLLINS, WILLIAM WHITEHOUSE (1855-1923) was born at Harbourne, Staffordshire, with a strong radical inheritance from his father, who had been a Chartist prisoner. Educated at a private school, at Midland Institute and Mason College, Birmingham, he intended qualifying for the Baptist Ministry.

While studying in the science and art department at South Kensington, Collins became associated with the Secularists, and made the acquaintance of Charles Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant. Having obtained his diploma as a lecturer of the National Secular Society, he left for Sydney in 1885 under engagement to the Freethought Association. During five years there, lecturing and organising, and a similar period in Tasmania he obtained a wide knowledge of the colonies. In 1890 he settled in Christchurch, where he established the Lyceum and was leader of the Canterbury Freethought Association (afterwards the New Zealand Rationalist Association). In 1907 he established a Rationalist paper, The Examiner, which he carried on till ill-health compelled him to return to Sydney (1917).

In 1893 Collins was induced to contest a parliamentary seat for the City of Christchurch, which he won. He represented that electorate in 1893-96 and again 1899-1902. In 1896 he was narrowly defeated, but in 1899 he was reelected as senior member in the triple electorate. Having lost his seat in 1902, he contested Christchurch East in 1905. Collins married a daughter of E. Skinner, president of the Freethought Association in New South Wales. He died on 12 Apr 1923.

N.Z.P.D., 15 Jun 1923; H. H. Pearce (information); Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 Apr 1923. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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COLLINS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1853-1934) was born at Darjeeling, India, the son of J. G. Collins, M.D., I.M.S. Educated at Cheltenham College, England, and London University, he qualified at St George's Hospital, London (F.R.C.S. 1876, M.B. 1877). He played Rugby football, representing England for several years against Scotland and Ireland. After gaining experience in London, Collins came to New Zealand, and settled in Wellington. He was for 30 years honorary surgeon to the Wellington hospital; was interested in ambulance work, and held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the volunteer medical service. He was chairman of the residential nursery from its inception in 1920, and was five years chairman of council of the British Medical Association, and twice president (1904, 1916).

Collins was called to the Legislative Council in 1914, and was a member until his death (on 11 Aug 1934). He served in a hospital ship during the war of 1914-18 and was afterwards chairman of the New Zealand executive of the Red Cross Society, which he represented at conferences at Geneva (1926) and the Hague (1928). To him is due the Junior Red Cross movement, and he inaugurated a 'disaster fund' to be released immediately upon the occurrence of any national disaster in New Zealand. Collins was on the senate of the University of New Zealand (1904-30). He married Isabel Georgiana, daughter of David Warren (Melbourne).

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Studholme; Evening Post, 11 Aug 1934. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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COLQUHOUN, DANIEL (1849-1935) was born at Glasgow, Scotland, where he received his early education. He studied medicine at Charing Cross Hospital, London (M.R.C.S., England, 1877; M.D., M.R.C.P. 1880). He was afterwards assistant physician and one of the lecturers at this hospital and conducted a private practice until 1883, when he came to New Zealand. He practised with distinction in Dunedin for 40 years. In 1883 Colquhoun was appointed lecturer on the practice of medicine at Otago University, and later professor (F.R.C.S., London, 1907). He went to the war of 1914-18 with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (Lieut.-colonel; D.S.O.) and afterwards lived in retirement in England, where he acted as representative of the New Zealand Red Cross Society. Colquhoun died on 17 Feb 1935.

Studholme; Otago University Calendar; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 18 Feb 1935.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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COLVIN, JAMES (1844-1919) was born in County Donegal, educated there and emigrated to Victoria in 1861. He was engaged in goldmining at Creswick Creek and Daylesford, and in 1862 came to Otago, where he followed the rushes to Dunstan, Wakatipu and Wakamarina, eventually opening a store at the last-named place. He moved later as storekeeper to Waimea, Hokitika, Grey Valley, Addison's Flat and Westport (1872).

Colvin was a member of the Buller county council (1885-89), chairman of the Westport harbour board (1890), a member of the Nelson education and harbour boards and mayor of Westport (1898-1900). In 1899, as a supporter of Seddon, he defeated O'Regan for Buller, which he represented in Parliament till his death (on 29 Oct 1919). He was senior government whip in 1906, chairman of committees in 1910, and held office as Minister of Mines in the Mackenzie government (1912).

N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 30 Oct 1919); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Evening Post, 30 Oct.

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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CONGREVE, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS (1826-1860), 3rd baronet, was the son of the second baronet (who invented the Congreve rocket). He came to New Zealand in the Bernicia (1848), and a year or two later took up the Ugbrooke flats in Marlborough. His sheep becoming badly infected with scab, he abandoned his run (which was taken over by the Redwoods). Congreve was appointed a magistrate of the territory in New Munster (23 Apr 1849). A keen sportsman, he did not succeed on the land though he had a wide colonial experience. After his failure at Ugbrooke he moved to Canterbury, where he took up a run on the Rakaia. He was appointed inspector of sheep and registrar of brands under the provincial government in 1854, but relinquished the post in 1858. Congreve witnessed the purchase of the Kaiapoi block by W. J. W. Hamilton (q.v.) in 1857. He had a fund of information concerning the Ngai-Tahu. He was last heard of in New South Wales in 1860, when he was intending to settle in Fiji.

Canterbury Gaz. 1854-59; Mackay, ii, 22; Arnold; Acland; Debrett, 1880; Buick, Marlborough; Lyttelton Times, 10 Jun 1854.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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CONNELL, JOHN AITKEN (1841-91) was born in Ayrshire and educated in Glasgow, and arrived in Auckland in 1858. A few years later he went to Dunedin, where for 20 years he was in business as a land agent and surveyor. In partnership with T. Moodie, he carried out extensive contracts for the provincial government. In 1884 they sold the business to the Perpetual Trustees, Estate and Agency Co., in which he had an interest till 1887, when he returned to Auckland. Connell read papers on land tenure as early as 1876. In 1873 he published The Otago Waste Lands Act 1872 (with analytical index). In Auckland he founded the New Zealand Political Association (1887) and in that year contested the Eden parliamentary seat against Mitchelson. Connell died on 21 Aug 1891.

N.Z. Herald, 23, 26 Jul, 2, 3 Aug 1887, 22 Aug 1891; Otago Daily Times, 5 Jun 1876.

Reference: Volume 1, page 102

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CONNETT, JAMES BAXTER (1843-1919) was born at Exeter, Devon, educated at King's College there, and married (1864) Miss Lavinia Snell. He arrived in Queensland in 1865; managed a cattle run for two years and moved to Taranaki (1867), taking up land at Bell Block.

Connett took an immediate and prominent part in the affairs of the province. In 1872 he was elected to the Provincial Council for Grey and Bell, which he represented until the abolition. From 1872-74 he was honorary secretary of the Agricultural Society. He was a member of the harbour board for many years (1875-78, 1885-95, 1897-1917) and chairman (1902-17). He was chairman of the New Plymouth Cooperative Society (1891-1904), the Taranaki Freezing Co. (1895-1901), and the Taranaki Producers' Freezing Co. (1901-07); and during the same period was a director of the New Plymouth Investment and Loan Society (1882-1919) and chairman (1904-19); director of the New Plymouth Sash and Door Factory (1885-1907), the New Plymouth Gas Co. (1893-97), and the Stratford Bacon Co. (1898-1906). In local government he was chairman of the Waitara West road board (1883-84), a member of the Taranaki county council, chairman of the Bell Block school committee (1894-95), member of the Taranaki charitable aid board (1894-96), the New Plymouth borough council and the Taranaki land board (1902-11) and a member of the executive of the harbour boards association (1904-16). He contested the Grey and Bell seat in Parliament against F. A. Carrington.

Connett died on 29 Mar 1919 and his widow on 23 Jun 1926.

Taranaki P.C. Proc.; Taranaki Herald, 29 Mar 1919; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Parltry Record.

Reference: Volume 1, page 103

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CONNOLLY, JEREMIAH (1875-1935) was born in Geraldine and educated at the Hilton school. At the age of 18 he took charge of his father's farm. In 1902 he purchased the Raukapuka estate, which he sold in 1919, and purchased Langley estate, Rakaia. He was a member of the national efficiency board in the war of 1914-18, and of patriotic societies. After contesting Ellesmere (1925) and Mid-Canterbury (1928) he was elected to Parliament as an Independent Liberal in 1931, defeating D. Jones. Connolly died on 2 Oct 1935.

Reference: Volume 1, page 103

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CONOLLY, EDWARD TENNYSON (1822-1908) was the son of Dr John Conolly, an eminent authority on the treatment of the insane. Intended for the medical profession, he preferred law and, having passed some years in the office of a solicitor and parliamentary agent, he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1852. He practised for 13 years as a member of the Home Circuit and Sussex sessions.

In 1865 he came to New Zealand, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Picton. Taking an active interest in public affairs, Conolly was elected in 1867 to represent Picton in the Marlborough Provincial Council and remained a member until the provinces were abolished. In 1870-71 he was a member of the provincial executive. In 1881 he was elected to represent Picton in Parliament, and late in 1882 he was appointed Minister of Justice in the Whitaker administration, a post that he retained, with the addition of the attorney-generalship, when Atkinson reconstructed the ministry in 1883. From 1884 he was in opposition until he retired in 1887. In 1889 Conolly was appointed judge of the Supreme Court and stationed at Auckland. He retired in 1903 and died on Nov 8 1908.

Buick, Marlborough; Who's Who NZ., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 9 Sep 1889.

Reference: Volume 1, page 103

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COOK, CHARLES HENRY HERBERT (1844-1910), born in London, went to Australia as a boy, and after being taught privately, entered Melbourne University. Proceeding to St John's College, Cambridge, he took the mathematical tripos in 1872, and was elected a fellow of the College. In 1875 he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Canterbury College. He served on the university royal commission in 1879, and from 1884 to 1900 on the New Zealand University senate. He was a fellow of Christ's College, Christchurch, and a founder of the Christchurch Musical Union and the Canterbury Society of Arts. Retiring in 1908, Cook was created professor emeritus in 1909. After his death (in May 1910) the Cook memorial prize in mathematics was established.

Cycl. NZ, iii (p); Who's Who NZ, 1908; Hight and Candy.

Reference: Volume 1, page 103

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COOK, JAMES (1728-1779) was born at Cleveland, Yorkshire, the son of a day labourer of Marton. Mrs Mary Walker, the wife of a respectable yeoman, taught him a little reading and writing while he worked on their farm, watering stock and doing other tasks. When he was eight years old his father removed to Ayton as bailiff of Skottowe, and James continued his schooling at High Green, where he showed considerable aptitude at arithmetic and writing.

At 13 he was apprenticed to a grocer and haberdasher at Staithes, 10 miles from Whitby, and after 18 months there he was bound to John Walker, a coal and shipping owner of Whitby. He made several voyages in the Freelove and the Three Brothers, carrying coal in the North Sea and to Liverpool and Dublin. In 1749 Cook went to sea before the mast for three years, and in 1752 became mate of one of Walker's ships, the Friendship. On the outbreak of war with France in 1755 he entered as a volunteer seaman in H.M.S. Eagle, 60 guns, in which he was rated as master's mate a month later. In her he saw his first naval engagement (with the French Indiaman Duc d'Aquitaine, 50 guns, which was captured). In 1757 he was master of the Solebay, and a few months later of the Pembroke, in which he saw service again at the reduction of Louisburg in Canada by naval and military forces under Admiral Boscawen and Major-general Amherst. After that the fleet moved to the St Lawrence to harry the French forces in Canada. Cook wintered at the Ile aux Coudres, where he was engaged for many weeks in the boats of the fleet sounding and charting the waterway for the forthcoming operations. The excellence of his charts attracted the attention of his commander, and subsequently the senior officer, Lord Colville, appointed him master of the flagship Northumberland. Wintering in Halifax the following year, Cook spent some time studying mathematics and obtaining a sound knowledge of astronomical navigation. After carrying out a survey of Placentia harbour he was in 1763 appointed marine surveyor of the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, with command of the Grenville schooner. He held this position until 1767, and published his results as volumes of sailing directions which still retain a reputation for accuracy.

When in the following year the Admiralty prepared an expedition to observe the transit of Venus in the Pacific, Cook was given command, and raised to the rank of lieutenant. He sailed in the Endeavour (370 tons) on 26 Aug 1768, and arrived at Tahiti in Apr 1769 by way of Cape Horn. The transit was successfully observed in Jun. On the way home (on 7 Oct) New Zealand, which was believed to be part of the southern continent, was sighted. On 9 Oct Cook anchored at Turanganui. Six months were spent on the coasts of this country, which was for the first time circumnavigated, examined and charted with some approach to accuracy. Cook had several encounters with the Maori, whom he considered intelligent and comparatively civilized. Though he desired to make friends they were often hostile, and firearms had at times to be used to compel them to observe fairness in trading or to desist from aggression. Many points on the coast were named during this voyage (including Poverty Bay, Cape Kidnappers, and Cape Palliser) and the scientists, Joseph Banks and Dr Solander made valuable collections of new plants. On 15 Nov he took possession of Mercury Bay, and on 31 Jan 1770 of Queen Charlotte Sound, where he had careened his ship for cleaning. After circumnavigating the South Island, Cook made his departure from Cape Farewell on 31 Mar and proceeded to examine the north-east coast of Australia. After two months at Batavia, the Endeavour reached England by way of South Africa on 12 Jun 1771.

The success of the voyage and the importance of the discoveries being recognised, Cook was promoted to the rank of commander and given command of a new expedition for the exploration of the Pacific. This expedition, which sailed from Plymouth on 13 Apr 1772, consisted of two ships, the Resolution (460 tons) commanded by Cook, and the Adventure (330 tons) commanded by Tobias Furneaux, with a staff of competent astronomers, naturalists and artists. Proceeding by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and following a southerly route in the hope of sighting the southern continent, the Resolution arrived at New Zealand alone and anchored at Dusky Bay on 26 Mar 1773. On 18 May the two ships met in Queen Charlotte sound, where friendly relations with the Maori were established, provisions taken on board, and pigs and goats liberated. On 7 Jun the ships left. After a visit to Tahiti and the Friendly Islands, on which the position of numerous islands was noted or rectified, the two ships returned to New Zealand on 21 Oct. On 2 Nov Cook discovered the entrance of Port Nicholson and anchored off it, but did not enter. He spent some time in Ship Cove refitting and sailed on 25 Nov for the far south. He reached the latitude of 62° 10" south and explored many leagues of the Antarctic, afterwards sailing north to the New Hebrides and discovering New Caledonia. On 17 Oct 1774 he again saw mount Egmont. He overhauled his vessel in Ship Cove and, having waited in vain for the Adventure, he sailed on 10 Nov for England. Proceeding by way of Cape Horn, he discovered South Georgia and reached England on 29 Jul 1775, the Adventure having arrived more than a year earlier. She had had a fatal experience in Grass Cove (Wharehunga Bay), Queen Charlotte Sound, where a boat's crew was massacred and eaten.

Cook was promoted to captain and appointed to the Greenwich Hospital. He was given permission to publish his account of the voyage, which besides being important from the point of view of discoveries was remarkable for the high standard of health of the crew and the absence of scurvy. In the following year Cook was given command of a third expedition which was sent out to investigate the North West Passage. It consisted of the Resolution and the Discovery (commanded by Captain Charles Clerke). The expedition, with a large supply of livestock, sailed on 12 Jul 1776 and reached New Zealand by way of South Africa on 10 Feb 1777. Some of the animals were landed at Queen Charlotte Sound, and on 23 Feb Cook sailed for Tahiti (where the rest of the stock was landed). After visiting other Pacific islands they sailed to the west coast of North America, which was followed northward as far as Icy Cape, in Behring Strait. In Jan 1779 Cook anchored at Karakakoa Bay, Hawaii. There the natives, with whom he always tried to deal fairly, were friendly but dishonest, and in a scuffle which occurred as a result of thieving Cook was killed (on 14 Feb 1779). Portions of his body were given up by the natives and buried at sea. In Dec 1762 Cook married Miss Batts, of Barking, by whom he had six children, all of whom died fairly young.

Cook's life was written by Arthur Kitson (1907) and good articles appear in the Dictionary of National Biography and the Encyclopedia Britannica. The earliest Life, by Andrew Kippis (1778) is of little biographical value. Many editions of his voyages have been published, notably the narrative of the first voyage (edited by Hawkesworth, 1773); of the second voyage (1777); and the third voyage (1784). Cook's own journal of his first voyage, much garbled by Hawkesworth, was published by Wharton in 1893. The fullest bibliography, based on material in Australian libraries, was published by the Public Library of New South Wales in 1928. There is also a short critical bibliography by Maurice Holmes (1936). The most important portraits are by Nathaniel Dance (1776) now in Greenwich Hospital, and frequently reproduced, and by William Hodges.

D.N.B.; Encycl. Brit.; Kitson (op. cit.); Cycl. NZ, i; Hocken, Bibliog.

Reference: Volume 1, page 104

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COOKSON, ISAAC THOMAS (1817-81) was born in England. He came to Canterbury with the first settlers and established himself in business with William Bowler as merchants and shipping agents. He represented Lyttelton in the Provincial Council (1853-61) and City of Christchurch (1861-62). In 1860 he was elected to Parliament for Christchurch Country and in the following year for Kaiapoi (which he represented till 1863). He was the first president of the Canterbury Chamber of Commerce (1859). Cookson married Jannetta Maria (1812-54), daughter of Sir Matthew Ridley. He died in 1881.

Acland; Cycl. NZ, iii; The Press, 1 Dec 1900.

Reference: Volume 1, page 104

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COOLAHAN, HUGH (1800-72). Born at Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, Coolahan learned baking and carried on a successful business in his native town before emigrating. Arriving in Sydney at the end of 1840, he crossed to Auckland, spent a few months at Bay of Islands, but returned when Auckland was made the capital and conducted a successful bakery there for some years. He selected valuable city sections, including that on which some years later he erected the Waitemata Hotel. A man of untiring energy, shrewd common sense and high integrity, he was able to let his hotel to a tenant and was living in Parnell when the great fire in Queen Street (1866) destroyed most of his property and his financial prosperity. To retrieve his fortunes he moved to Thames (1867) and had built up a lucrative bakery when he died 25 Jun 1872.

Coolahan took an early interest in the politics of Auckland, to which he devoted much time. He was a zealous adherent of John Williamson, whom he supported throughout his provincial career. He was a member of the Provincial Council for Suburbs in 1857 and again 1859-61 and for Auckland West from 1864 until his resignation in Nov 1867.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Thames Advertiser, 28 Jun 1872.

Reference: Volume 1, page 104

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COOPER, GEORGE SISSON (1825-98) was born in Ireland, the son of George Cooper (of the controller's office, New South Wales, who was appointed collector in New Zealand 9 Feb 1840; and was treasurer and receiver-general to 1844). Cooper came to New Zealand with his father and was appointed a junior clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office (1841). Showing aptitude and capacity, he was appointed private secretary to Governor FitzRoy (1844) and to Grey (1846). In 1852 he succeeded McLean as inspector of police at New Plymouth and native officer. In Feb 1854 he became sub-commissioner for the purchase of native lands in Taranaki, and later in the year district commissioner for Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay in the land purchase department (constituted by McLean). For a short time he was magistrate at Waipukurau. In 1868 he was appointed under-secretary of the native department, and in 1869 of defence also. In 1870 Cooper was appointed Colonial Under-secretary. In 1892 he retired on pension. Cooper married (1858) Ellen Chaffers (1840-1928), daughter of Daniel Riddiford. He was a fine type of civil servant, who owed much to his first appointment under Dr Sinclair. He died on 16 Aug 1898. Cooper wrote an interesting journal of Grey's expedition overland from Auckland to Taranaki (1849-50).

N.Z. Gaz.; Cooper, op. cit.; Sinclair papers; App. H.R., 1867 A 15, 1A; Evening Post, 16 Aug 1898; Public Service Journal, 1892; N.Z. Times, 14 Apr 1892, 17 Aug 1898.

Portrait: Department of Internal Affairs.

Reference: Volume 1, page 104

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COOPER, ISAAC RHODES (?-1889) entered the army as an ensign in the 58th Regiment (1839) and became a captain (1851). He came to New South Wales with the regiment and remained there in charge of the mounted police when the headquarters came to Auckland under Colonel Wynyard (1845). He came to New Zealand in 1847, and was adjutant to the regiment until being promoted captain, when he sold his commission and engaged in farming at North Shore.

Cooper was M.P.C. for the Northern Division (1857-61 and 1865-69). In 1861 he stood for Parliament unsuccessfully, being defeated by Henderson and O'Neill. In 1868 he was gazetted major in the militia. The same year he moved in the Provincial Council to petition the Queen to resume control of the militia and volunteers in New Zealand. For a short time he held an official appointment at Thames. He died in Sydney on 6 Oct 1889.

Army List, 1840; Auckland Star, 4 Nov 1889.

Reference: Volume 1, page 104

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COOPER, SIR THEOPHILUS (1851-1925) was born in Newington, South London, the son of Theophilus Cooper (1813-92), who worked for London newspapers before coming to New Zealand with the Albertland settlers by the Gertrude (1863). Disliking the rough conditions in Albertland, his father moved to Auckland (1866) and was connected with the publishing departments of the Southern Cross and the New Zealand Herald. He was choirmaster of the Wellesley Street Baptist Church. The elder Cooper died on 22 Jun 1892.

His son was educated at a private school in London. After residing for two years at Port Albert, Kaipara (where he held a position on the composing staff of the Albertland Gazette) he removed to Auckland with his father and obtained employment as a compositor on the Southern Cross (1865). Four years later he entered the office of J. B. Russell as a law clerk. He soon rose to be accountant, but resigned to study law, serving his articles to Russell. He was admitted a barrister and solicitor on 20 Jun 1878. His employers then took him into partnership under the name of Russell, Devore and Cooper, the partnership subsisting until 1883 when Russell retired. Cooper was leading counsel for the Bank of New Zealand in the proceedings before the banking commission in 1897. He appeared (with Chapman and Harper) to oppose the Attorney-General's application to the Court of Appeal for the cancellation of the first appointment of Mr Justice Edwards (an appointment which the Privy Council held the Government had no power to make); and represented the Midland Railway Co. in the arbitration proceedings before the Hon. Edward Blake, M.P. He was for many years a member of the council of law reporting in New Zealand and of the council of the New Zealand Law Society. Cooper was a member of the Auckland education board (1883-1901) and did much useful work in this capacity; but lack of leisure compelled him to decline the chairmanship. He was a governor of Auckland College and Grammar School and for ten years deputy-inspector of lunatic asylums. For very many years he gave valuable assistance at Sunday afternoon services held in Auckland under the auspices of the Y.M.C.A. and in other ways contributed to the welfare of the city.

On 14 Feb 1901 Cooper was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court and president of the Arbitration Court. He presided over the Arbitration Court till Sep 1903, and thereafter assisted the Chief Justice in the Wellington judicial district. He retired from the bench in 1921 (in which year he was knighted) and lived at Eltham. His death occurred on 18 May 1925. Cooper married (1888) Bessie, daughter of A. A. Alexander (Auckland).

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Brett, Albertlanders; Butterworth's Fortnightly Notes, 28 May 1925 (p); N.Z. Herald, 23 Jun 1892, 19 May 1925.

Reference: Volume 1, page 105

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COOTE, HENRY JOSEPH (1819-67). Born in London on 9 Jun 1819, Coote entered the Royal Military College in 1834, and received his ensigncy in the 22nd Foot (1836) with which he proceeded to India. As a lieutenant he served under Sir Charles Napier in the conquest of Scinde and was his aide-de-camp on the desert expedition to Emaunghur. He was at the battle of Meanee (1843) and acted as engineer in forming the line at Hyderabad, where he was the first man to enter the enemy's position and captured the first colour. 'The intrepid Coote' (as Napier described him) was severely wounded while leading his men out of a nullah. Promoted captain in 1844, he returned to England suffering from his wounds. He exchanged in 1848 into the 28th and later into the 36th Regiment, with which he saw service in the Ionian islands (1849-51). In the insurrection in Cephalonia in command of a company of the reserve battalion he defeated the enemy three times, and was mentioned by Sir Henry Ward for his energy and gallantry. Returning to England, Coote came to New Zealand as brigade-major at Wellington, where he arrived by the Northfleet (1852). Promoted major, he returned to England and retired in 1859. Having decided to come to New Zealand he sought sanction of the War Office to raise and train a special force for bush service. The matter being delayed, he sailed for New Zealand and bought the Carleton run, near Oxford, Canterbury, where he spent two or three years. He then sold out (1864) and purchased a property near Masterton, where he built a homestead. His health again failed and he had to give up farming. Coote was called to the Legislative Council by Weld (Jul 1865). In his first session, moving the address-in-reply, he expressed constructive views on the amalgamation of the pakeha and Maori races. He died at Wellington on 25 Mar 1867. He married in 1844 Rhoda Carlton Holmes, of Leominster, Sussex.

N.Z.P.D., 28 Jul 1865; R. Cannon, Hist. Records of 36th Foot, 1853; Wellington Independent, 28 Mar 1867.

Reference: Volume 1, page 105

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COPLAND, JAMES (1837-1902) was born at Edinburgh and educated at the High School and University. He graduated M.A. in 1854, and Ph.D. at Heidelberg in 1858. He had meanwhile been attending the Theological Hall of the United Presbyterian Church and was licensed to preach in 1858. Intending to go to China as a medical missionary, he proceeded to Aberdeen University, where he graduated M.D. in 1864.

Then he came to New Zealand as surgeon in the E. P. Bouverie, was received by the presbytery of Dunedin, and in 1865 called to the pastoral charge of Lawrence, where he spent six years. He was the first settled minister on the Otago goldfields and besides his ecclesiastical duties he gave medical attention where necessary. In Lawrence he started in 1869 a church paper, The Evangelist (merged in The Presbyterian 1874). In 1871 Copland was called to North Dunedin, then just organised. There he spent 10 years, resigning in 1881 to practise medicine at Dunedin and from 1888 at Gore. He was a member of the Gore borough council and once mayor, and did duty also on the Gore school committee, the Southland education board and the charitable aid board. He was clerk of the Mataura presbytery from its inception, convenor of the Bible in schools committee and of the missions committee. Besides lecturing on social and religious topics he gave some of the earliest lectures in New Zealand on socialism. In the late seventies he published pamphlets on the doctrines of the French and German socialists. In 1874 he published in Edinburgh The Testimony Attested, and in 1885 The Origin and Spiritual Nature of Man (a rebuttal of Darwinian evolution). He wrote a great deal to the press.

Copland married, first, Miss Anderson, daughter of a city missionary, and, second, a daughter of Dr Gillies, Dunedin. He died on 9 Nov 1902.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Ross; Don; Chisholm; Fulton (P); Evening Star and Otago Daily Times, 10 Nov 1902.

Reference: Volume 1, page 105

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CORBETT, JOHN GLASFURD (1830-89) was a son of Maj-General Sir Stuart Corbett (of the Bengal army), and was educated for the East India service. He came to Taranaki in the late forties, bringing two English farm labourers to assist on his bush farm. After four years there he sold out and went to the Australian diggings, where he was employed bullock-driving, timber-felling, stock-riding and gold digging. He was about to join the expedition of Burke and Wills when the opportunity occurred of bringing a cargo of horses to Otago. While there hostilities broke out in Taranaki, and Corbett hastened there and volunteered. In 1861 he was commissioned as ensign, in 1862 was promoted lieutenant and in 1863 gained his company in the Military Settlers. He was present at Mahoetahi and other engagements. With eighty men he made a night attack on the right flank of the enemy position at Kaitake, which he captured and held throughout the engagement next day (25 Mar 1864). For this service he received the thanks of General Cameron, and was offered a recommendation for a commission in the army. Later, with the same men, he made another night march and turned the enemy's flank at Waikoukou, for which he received the thanks of General Chute. Corbett died on 16 Apr 1889.

Gudgeon (p); Cowan.

Reference: Volume 1, page 105

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CORFE, CHARLES CARTERET (1847-1935) was the son of the Rev. Arthur T. Corfe, M.A. (Oxford), principal of Elizabeth College, Guernsey. Educated at Elizabeth College, he was champion athlete and captain of the eleven (1865). He proceeded to Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. with distinction in mathematics (1870). Corfe had a brilliant athletic career, representing the University for three years in sprints and hurdles and weight-throwing and at cricket, and being president of the athletic club (1868-69).

After a year or two as a private tutor and master at Rossall School, Lancashire, Corfe was appointed mathematics master at Christ's College, Christchurch (1871). In the following year he was acting headmaster, and on the retirement of Archdeacon Harris he became head, a position he occupied with great success until 1888. Corfe was one of the founders of the United cricket club in Christchurch and captained the Canterbury eighteen against Jupp's English team (1877) and the Canterbury fifteen which defeated Australia. He was a founder of the Canterbury athletic club and competed in weight-throwing events. On retiring from the headmastership of the College in 1888 he proceeded to England.

In 1889 he came to Australia as headmaster of the Toowoomba Grammar School, and in 1907 was appointed headmaster of the Church of England Grammar School in Sydney. About 1913 he retired from teaching, but during the war of 1914-18 he relieved at Wanganui College. He died on 27 Jun 1935. Corfe married a daughter of Commander J. C. Evison (Tasmania). A son, ARTHUR CECIL CORFE, distinguished himself in the South African war and the war of 1914-18 (Lieut-col.; D.S.O.; Croix de Guerre). He was a member of the League of Nations commission for repatriation in Greece and Bulgaria.

Christ's Coll. List (p); Otago Daily Times, 28 Sep 1888; The Press, 28 Jun 1906.

Reference: Volume 1, page 105

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CORRIGAN, JAMES RANDALL (1865-1935) was born at Woodend, Canterbury, and at the age of 10 commenced working on a farm. He received some of his training at Longbeach. About 1895 he acquired a farm at Hawera, where he was a well-known breeder of pedigree Jersey cattle and the owner of a large dairy herd. Corrigan was a member of the Patea harbour board, chairman of the Hawera Dairy Co., the Winter Show, the West Coast Refrigerating Co. and the South Taranaki Shipping Co. He was chairman of the Farmers' Union and represented Patea in Parliament (1922-25). From 1926 to 1932 Corrigan was a member of the dairy control board. He was a keen judge of sheep dogs, owned many valuable animals, and was on the executive of the New Zealand Sheep Dog Association. He was also a breeder and owner of trotting horses. He died on 19 Mar 1935.

N.Z.P.D., 20 Mar 1935; Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Taranaki Herald, 19 Mar 1935. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COSTER, JOHN LEWIS (1838-86) was born at Exeter, Devon, the son of a medical practitioner; educated there and came to Sydney at the age of 16. There he entered into commercial life and showed a striking faculty for business. In 1859 he was sent by the Union Bank of Australia as its agent at Lyttelton, and he was shortly afterwards appointed manager of the branch at Christchurch. His enterprise, boldness and tact soon placed the business of the bank in Canterbury on a flourishing basis. In particular Coster negotiated important loans for the Provincial Council. He was also associated in the management of the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co., especially in their shipping department, and thus conceived the project of founding the New Zealand Shipping Co., which he successfully carried through (1873). He was chairman of directors from the commencement and in 1881 resigned from the Bank to accept the dual position of chairman and managing director. In 1883 he proceeded to England to inaugurate the new services of the company. On his return to the Colony in 1884 he was elected M.H.R. for Heathcote. Coster died on 17 Dec 1886.

Lyttelton Times, 18 Dec 1886. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COSTLEY, EDWARD (1794-1883) was born and brought up in Ireland and seems to have left for Australia in 1833. He apparently spent some time at Cape of Good Hope and Tasmania, and arrived at Bay of Islands in the early forties. Costley made careful investments in the early days of the colony, lived very frugally and never married. On his death (18 Apr 1883) he left a fortune of £135,000 for charities and public purposes in the city of Auckland.

N.Z. Herald, 19 Apr 1883.

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COWAN, CUTHBERT (1835-1927) was born at Ayr, Scotland, and educated at Ayr Academy and at Glasgow University. He joined the staff of the Union Bank of Scotland in his native town and afterwards spent several years in Glasgow. He came to New Zealand by the Burma in 1857 and, in partnership with Macandrew, purchased the Okaiterua run (Hokonui). Having disposed of this property, Cowan bought a farm of 2,400 acres (1876) on which he combined agriculture and breeding Romney sheep.

In 1863 he became a member of the Southland Provincial Council for Oreti, which he represented 1863-64 and 1866-67. He was a member of the executive in three administrations (1863-64). In 1869 he was elected to Parliament for Wallace, sitting for a few months. He contested the Hokonui seat in 1881; won in 1884 and held it until 1890. He was a consistent opponent of the Liberal party, and contested Awarua against Ward in 1896. A strenuous advocate of Southland rights, he strongly supported the legislation under which the government purchased the Waimea plains and other local railways. He also supported the revaluation of land act which saved many deferred payment settlers from abandoning their holdings. He was a member of the first Southland county council, and for many years of the land board.

Cowan took a great interest in refrigeration and was an original director and chairman of the Southland Frozen Meat Co. (1882-1922). He represented New Zealand at the intercolonial stock conference in Melbourne in 1889. He married (1869) a daughter of the Rev George Wallace (Dumfries). His death occurred on 4 Apr 1927.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Hansard, 24 Jun 1927; Southland Times, 17 May 1897. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COWELL, JOHN (1813-80) was a twine spinner by trade and was brought to New South Wales in the Saracen (1819) to join the New Zealand mission. He showed no enthusiasm, and only proceeded to his post at Rangihoua after many admonitions from Marsden. In 1823 Marsden removed him from the mission and took him and his family back to Sydney in the Dragon. He afterwards went as supercargo in trading vessels from Sydney, and made frequent journeys into the interior negotiating purchases of flax and other native produce. Marmon says he acted as interpreter for the captain of the Elizabeth when Te Rauparaha trapped Tamaiharanui (1829). He was friendly with the northern tribes in 1823-26 and was present when Hongi returned from his devastating expedition to the Waikato (1823). Travelling from Whangapoua (on the Hauraki gulf) to Mahurangi in 1832, Cowell saw no signs of life; the local tribes had fled from the wrath of Hongi. Seeing the chance of profit by supplying the Waikato with arms to resist Ngapuhi, Cowell settled for some years at Kawhia. He was there when Te Wherowhero and Kati returned from their expedition against Taranaki. Later Cowell resided at Awhitu, near Manukau. In 1869 he gave important evidence in the Orakei case. He was an accomplished Maori scholar and had a profound knowledge of Maori history and lore. He died on 12 Jul 1880.

Marsden, L. and J.; do. Lieutenants; N.Z. Herald, 16 Aug, 11 Dec 1880

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COWIE, WILLIAM GARDEN (1831-1902) was born in London, the son of Alexander Cowie, of Auchterless, Aberdeenshire. Educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he graduated B.A. in 1855, was a scholar of his College and was in the first class of the civil law tripos and the theological examination.

After holding curacies in Cambridge and Suffolk, he was appointed in 1857 chaplain to Sir Colin Campbell's army advancing to the siege of Lucknow. He crossed the Gumti with Outram's column, with which he remained until Lucknow fell, when he accompanied Sir Hope Grant's flying column, which defeated the enemy at Kursi. In 1858 he was present at the assault at Ruyah, the battle of Aligun and the capture of Bareilly. In 1863 he was chaplain to the Viceroy's camp, and after Lord Elgin's death he served with Sir Neville Chamberlain's column in Afghanistan. During the next three years he was resident and examining chaplain to Bishop Cotton of Calcutta, the metropolitan of India.

In 1867 he was presented to the rectory of St Mary's, Stafford, and on 29 Jun 1869 he was consecrated Bishop of Auckland by Archbishop Tait and others (including Selwyn, who had been entrusted with the task of selecting his own successor). Having married Eliza, daughter of Dr W. Webber (Moulton, Suffolk) he sailed for New Zealand, arriving early in 1870. During the 32 years of his episcopate the number of churches in the Auckland diocese increased from 28 to 85. Bishop Cowie visited every corner of the district and opened many churches in new settlements. He was practically the founder of the Sailors' Home, which was endowed by a large bequest made out of respect to Cowie himself (1883). The Institute for the Blind received much of his attention from 1889 and he crowned the work of Lady Martin when he opened the Women's Home in Auckland. He was a member of the New Zealand University senate from 1879 and of the Auckland University College council from 1883. In 1888 and 1897 Cowie attended the Lambeth conference. In 1895 he was elected by the general synod to be primate of New Zealand.

His publications include Notes on the Temples of Cashmere, A Visit to Norfolk Island and Our Last Year in New Zealand (1888). He died on 26 Jun 1902 and his widow on 18 Aug.

Cowie, op. cit.; Proc. of General Synod of N.Z. and Auckland Diocesan Synod, 1870-1902; Jacobs; Morton; N.Z. Herald, 30 Jun 1882, 27 Jun 1902

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COWLISHAW, WILLIAM PATTEN (1839-1903) was born in Sydney and educated there, graduating M.A. at the University of Sydney. He served his articles with Rowley, Holdsworth and Garrick, and was admitted to the bar in 1863. In the same year he came to Canterbury and entered into partnership with E. F. Harston, but in 1864 Garrick (q.v.) came into the partnership in place of Harston. They continued to practise together for many years, with the addition in 1883 of J. B. Fisher (q.v.). In 1865 Cowlishaw married Helen, daughter of John Bossley, Edensor Park, New South Wales.

Cowlishaw was the first solicitor to the board of governors of Canterbury College and was at different times solicitor to the education board, the City of Christchurch and the drainage board. He was a member of the Canterbury Provincial Council (for Avon 1865-66; for Heathcote 1870-74) and was provincial solicitor and a member of the executive (1864-66 and 1871-74). He was a fine debater and once contested the Stanmore seat in Parliament (against Pilliet). Cowlishaw was a director of the Christchurch Gas Co., the Press Co., and Ashby Bergh and Co., and some time chairman of Manning and Co. He died on 27 Mar 1903.

The Press, 28 Mar 1903.

Reference: Volume 1, page 106

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COX, ALFRED (1825-1911), was born at Clarendon, New South Wales, the son of William Cox, who came to the Mother Colony in 1788 as a captain in the 102nd Regiment, retired from the army and became a prosperous settler. Alfred received his education at the King's School at Parramatta. As a pupil he was present at the funeral of Samuel Marsden (1837). Cox records that he was taught music by Samuel Wallace, bandmaster of the 17th Regiment, and father of William Vincent Wallace (q.v.). At the first concert that he attended young Wallace played on both piano and violin. Cox became an accomplished musician. In 1844, with the consent of his guardians, he paid a visit to England and to improve his knowledge of farming he stayed on a farm in Northamptonshire. In Ireland he saw the intense distress of the peasantry during the potato famine (1846).

Returning to Melbourne (1847) Cox found many Tasmanians taking up the cheap runs offering in the Western District. On 26 Nov he married a daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Macpherson, of the 99th Regiment. Being now settled on the property in New South Wales, he made many trips out west. In 1854, at Newcastle, he met John Sidey, who was making large profits by shipping stock from Australia to New Zealand and selling to the owners of the new stations in Canterbury. Cox later met in Sydney one of the firm of Francis and Muter, from whom he purchased licenses to occupy two grazing runs, then unstocked. Getting together a quantity of stock, he took his passage in the Admiral Grenfell (1854), arranged temporary grazing near Christchurch and made another trip. He now had 3,000 sheep, 350 cattle and 40 or 50 horses. In company with Healey and W. Du Moulin he drove to the run, which he named Raukapuka, left Du Moulin in charge and returned to Australia, where he witnessed the first session of the General Assembly. It was three years before Cox saw his property again. In 1854 he was returned as having 826 sheep on 20,000 acres; three years later he had 2,600 on 60,000 acres.

In 1855 Cox and his family paid a visit to England and on returning to New Zealand he decided to stay in the colony. The homestead was built in 1860 at the foot of the Raukapuka bush. At the first stock show (1859) Cox won commendation for his fine-woolled sheep. Eventually he freeholded 1,500 acres at 10s an acre and, having made an excellent profit by fattening 2,000 merinos in time for the Otago diggings, he purchased another 2,000 acres at 42s 6d an acre.

As a public man the treatment meted out to the settlers of south Canterbury brought him into prominence. In 1862 he was elected for the Geraldine seat in the Provincial Council. Though he hated the idea of separation, it seemed to him the only way open to the Timaru settlers to get control of their own money. In 1863 he was elected to the General Assembly for Heathcote. In Feb 1864 he was elected a member and chairman of the first Geraldine road board. His parliamentary duties increasing, he resigned in 1865 from the Provincial Council and in 1866 was elected to the General Assembly for Timaru. In 1866 and 1867 he presented three petitions asking for self-government, and at length got a favourable recommendation from the House. In Sep 1867 he obtained the passage of a bill for the establishment of the Timaru and Gladstone board of works, and a month later he was elected a member of the first board.

Meanwhile Cox had become interested in the prospects of settlement in the North Island. During 1867 he paid a visit by way of Hawkes Bay to the native land in the interior. In 1869, having accomplished his main task in Parliament, he resigned the Timaru seat, and next year he sold a large portion of his property. During 1870-71 he was again in the Provincial Council as member for Papanui. In 1873, in company with James Williamson (Auckland), he visited Waikato to inspect a property which Williamson had purchased through the government. He invested a large amount in land in the Thames district which called for much outlay on draining, and he resided in the Waikato for the next seven years. In 1876-78 he was again in Parliament as member for Waipa. His land venture turned out a costly failure and in 1882 he sold out and returned to Christchurch, where he passed his remaining years. He contested the Geraldine seat in 1884.

In 1884 Cox published an interesting volume of Recollections and two years later a biographical dictionary entitled Men of Mark in New Zealand. Cox died in St Albans on 23 May 1911.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Hansard, pass.; Cox, op. cit.; Godley, Letters; Acland; Lyttelton Times, 24 May 1911; The Press, 11 Oct 1930 (P). Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 107

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CRAWFORD, GEORGE (1810-80) arrived in Wellington by the Bengal Merchant from Scotland (1840) and took employment first as clerk to J. Telford, merchant, at Petone. After serving Willis and Co. and Bethune and Hunter in the same capacity he went into partnership with A. Yule as merchants. Their premises on Customhouse quay were destroyed by fire (1856). Crawford was member of the Provincial Council for Wellington City (1861-69 and 1871-75). He took a keen interest in sports and the Basin Reserve, and was president of the Caledonian Society and a generous supporter of charities. Crawford was a good rifle shot and won many prizes. He married (1845) Miss Gosling. His death occurred on 21 Dec 1880.

Parltry Record; Ward; N.Z. Times, 22 Dec 1880.

Reference: Volume 1, page 107

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CRAWFORD, JAMES COUTTS (1817-89) came of a naval family and was the son of a captain in the Royal Navy, and the grandson of an admiral. He was sent to the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth (where he won the gold medal), and was posted to the Prince Regent, 120 guns (Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker). He saw service on both coasts of South America; in Spanish waters during the Carlist war, and in the Sapphire at Corfu (1836). Here he received the Royal Humane Society's medal for life saving. In 1837 he was promoted sub-lieutenant, but seeing no likelihood of further promotion resigned and came to Sydney in the Commandel (1838).

Crawford bought a herd of cattle and drove them overland from Braidwood to Adelaide. Late in 1839 he came to New Zealand in the schooner Success, landing at Titahi Bay and walking across to Port Nicholson. Chartering the cutter Harriett from the whaler Toms, he did some exploring in the northern bays of the South Island. While camped on the beach at Pito-one he bought from Henry Moreing five of the New Zealand Company's land orders, entitling him to five town acres and 500 country. He acquired a tract of land on Watts Peninsula, where he established the Glendavar cattle farm (north of Burnham lake). Some years later, in order to drain the lake, he had a tunnel 100 yards long cut through the hill to Evans Bay. This is said to have been the first tunnel made in New Zealand, and is still being used for sewerage and for oil pipelines. The name Miramar was given to the estate by Crawford's brother-in-law, Major McBarnett. After acquiring his land Crawford returned to Sydney by way of Bay of Islands, and brought back cattle. In that year (1840) he made an overland journey to Auckland, and then left for England by way of the Philippines and India.

In 1846 he returned to New Zealand and was present in H.M.S. Driver with Sir George Grey at the apprehension of Te Rauparaha. Next year he made a journey on foot with Clifford and Stafford to reconnoitre the Wairarapa, and was much struck by the remarkable sense of locality that Stafford possessed; the future premier readily recognised from the reverse side trees and natural features that they had passed on their outward journey. Later Crawford visited in H.M.S. Inflexible the settlements at Nelson and Taranaki. As a geologist he rendered great service both to the General Government and the province of Wellington. In 1861 he rode overland to the upper Wanganui to inspect the coal measures of the Tangarakau river. Next year he accompanied the Superintendent (Featherston) to Waitotara. He explored the Tararua range, portion of north Auckland, and finally (1864) the Waikato basin. In 1841 he started a flax dressing company in Wellington. He was a member of the Geological Society of Edinburgh and of the Imperial and Royal Geographical Society of Austria. He was president of the Wellington Philosophical Society and a governor of the New Zealand Institute, in whose transactions appear many papers recording his observations. In 1880 he published in London Recollections of Travel in New Zealand and Australia, and in 1883 The Reform of English Spelling.

Crawford was a member of the Legislative Council (1859-67), resigning on accepting the post of resident magistrate and sheriff at Wellington, which he held until 1882. He was a captain in the New Zealand militia and also in the Lanarkshire militia in Scotland. He married (1843) Sophia (d. 1852), daughter of Sir James W. D. Dundas, G.C.B. In 1857 he married Jessie (d. 1880), daughter of Alexander McBarnett, of Torridon and Attadale, Ross-shire, Scotland. Crawford died in England on 8 Apr 1889.

G.B.C., 1844/556; Col. Gent.; N.Z.P.D., 1859-67; Ward; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); E. J. Wakefield; Crawford, op. cit.; Wellington Independent, 8 Nov 1861; Evening Post, 5 Oct 1929 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 108

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CRAWFORD, WILLIAM FITZGERALD (1843-1927) was born at Templemore, Tipperary, Ireland. Educated in Ireland, he came to New Zealand in the Statesman (1863) and spent two years in the employ of Robert Cashman, gumdigging at Awhitu, and in a grocery establishment in Auckland which was furnishing provisions to the troops. Attracted to the West Coast goldfields, he was manager of stores at Hokitika and Ross. Then he visited the diggings at Terawhiti, worked on a reclamation contract in Wellington and on the survey in Wairarapa, and eventually moved to the Thames goldfields, where he was storeman to C. Petschler at Shortland. Crawford prospected at Ohinemuri and Waitekauri, struck gold on Hapu creek and engaged in sharebroking. He married about this time and was then employed by the Albert brewery in Auckland (1871) and storekeeping at Onehunga. In 1874 he went to Gisborne in the Pretty Jane with the engine for the South Pacific Oil Co., which was set up at Waiongaromia. In 1875 he took charge of the brewery at Gisborne and when a company was formed in 1895 he became manager. Crawford was the first mayor of Gisborne (1877-78) and was a member of the harbour board. He was a keen amateur photographer.

Cycl. NZ, ii; Gisborne Jubilee.

Reference: Volume 1, page 108

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CREYKE, ALFRED RICHARD (1828-93), a son of the vicar of Okeover, England, arrived in Canterbury in 1851. He took up land, including Racecourse Hill, and in 1853 took up an additional 15,000 acres. J.C. Watts Russell and Creyke worked these properties together, Creyke's homestead being on the Waimakariri. Shortly after 1860 he sold out and lived in Christchurch. He represented Avon in Parliament from 1861 till the middle of 1862, when he retired. Creyke married the widow of Watts Russell.

Acland; Cycl. N.Z., iii

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CREED, CHARLES (1812-79), who was born in Somersetshire, was a man of great physical strength and determination. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1837, was accepted for the mission field and sailed from Gravesend on 20 Sep 1838 with five others in the ship James. After touching at Hobart they reached Hokianga in Feb 1839.

Creed had two years' experience at Hokianga and Kaipara and then went with a mission party in the brig Triton to Taranaki. This landing on the beach at Ngamotu under the superintendence of Waterhouse (14 Jan 1841) is pictured in Baxter's famous print. They were the first resident missionaries in Taranaki and Mrs Creed was the first European woman to settle there. In Mar the missionaries met on the beach their fellow West-Countrymen of Cornwall and Devon coming to settle the province. Creed spent three years in charge of the Maori population between Cook Strait and Waikato. In 1844 the conference sent him to succeed Watkin (q.v.) in Otago, a charge which extended from Stewart Island in the south to Kaikoura. His supply of literature was in the Waikato dialect but, being a good Maori linguist, he was able to overcome the difficulty of the Ngai-Tahu variations. He was a tireless traveller, whether on foot, by canoe or on horseback. In Sep 1845 he tramped all over Banks Peninsula visiting Maori settlements; explored the site afterwards occupied by the city of Christchurch and returned by way of Lake Ellesmere and Temuka to Waikouaiti. He was the first white preacher of any denomination to hold a service on the site of Dunedin. In Feb 1846 Kettle (q.v.) arrived to carry out the survey, and a firm friendship sprang up between the two men. The infant son of Robert Park (q.v.), which was born at Akaroa, was baptised by Creed on 29 Oct, the first European child to be baptised at Dunedin. He also baptised the first white boy (John Anderson) and the first white girl (Elizabeth Kettle) born in Dunedin. He held a service in the immigration barracks on 13 Apr 1848, a few weeks after the arrival of the John Wickliffe. Dr Burns found him "an excellent devoted man," but Cargill resented his influence with the Anglicans and charged him with deserting his own flock and intruding upon the field of another pastor. Creed replied establishing his priority in the field and he continued his work until the arrival of the first Anglican minister (Rev J. A. Fenton) early in 1852. Creed's missionary work amongst the natives was much hampered by the extent of his circuit, and the lack of native teachers. On this account he entrusted the care of those at Otakou to Thomas Ferens, a Durham Methodist. In 1852 he was transferred to the North Island, where he was a colleague of Buller at Hutt (1854). He died in New South Wales on 19 Feb 1879.

Buller; Morley; Hocken, Otago; M. A. R. Pratt (information); G. Smales in N.Z. Herald, 6 Jan 1894.

Reference: Volume 1, page 108

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CREIGHTON, ROBERT JAMES (1835-93) was born in the north of Ireland and apprenticed to the printing trade in Belfast. He graduated to be a reporter and eventually to an editorial staff in Londonderry.

In 1861 he arrived in Auckland and in May 1862 joined with Scales and Tothill in the control of the Southern Cross, which they acquired from Brown and Campbell and turned into the first daily paper in the province, reducing the price from sixpence to threepence. Creighton succeeded McCabe as editor and by the withdrawal of Tothill (in 1863) and Scales (in 1867) he became sole proprietor. He was a vigorous writer and a sound political commentator, and the paper was very successful while the province prospered. During the Waikato war Creighton went into the field as a correspondent. He sent interesting despatches from all the fronts, including the East Coast and Gate Pa, and his brilliant descriptions of the fighting were copied by the London Times. Creighton was member of the Auckland Provincial Council for Newton (1865-69 and 1870-73) and was provincial secretary on two occasions (1868-69 and 1870). He was three times in Parliament (for Parnell 1865-66, Newton 1869-70, Eden 1871-75).

In 1868 Vogel purchased the Southern Cross and Creighton with some of his staff established the Auckland Free Press (May 1868), but it soon succumbed in the financial depression following the withdrawal of the troops from New Zealand. He then went to Dunedin where he managed and edited the Otago Guardian from its beginning (Jul 1873) till Oct 1874, when he became manager of the New Zealand Times, which had just absorbed the Independent. He later returned to Auckland to the editorial chair of the New Zealand Herald. Anxious to see more of the world, Creighton left for San Francisco, where he obtained an appointment on the Post and acted as American correspondent of the Otago Daily Times. He was mail agent for New Zealand in San Francisco and acted for the New Zealand government in various capacities. In 1880 he was instrumental in introducing Ligurian bees from California to New Zealand. For some time in the eighties he was in Honolulu, where he edited the Honolulu Commercial Advertiser. In 1891 Creighton visited New Zealand in connection with the mail services, and two years later he died in California (22 May 1893).

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. NZ., ii (p); Morton; NZ Herald, 28 Aug 1880, 26 May 1893; Otago Daily Times, 3 Oct 1874; Creighton on federation in Victorian Review, vol 5, p. 719.

Reference: Volume 1, page 108

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CREWES, JOHN (1847-1925) was born at Grampound, Cornwall, and educated in London for the Methodist ministry. As a young man he was closely associated with city missions. He came to Christchurch in 1879 to take charge of the Bible Christians, for whom he erected a church in High Street. He was greatly interested in prison-gate and other social work.

Crewes stood against Vogel for Christchurch North in 1884 and against R. M. Taylor for Sydenham in 1887. While in Christchurch he published and edited the Liberal Herald to support that party's social legislation. A sermon which he preached in 1889 on sweating in Christchurch aroused deep interest. About 1890 he moved to Wellington, where he engaged in preaching, lecturing and journalism. He was a justice of the peace and gave evidence before the police commission in 1898. He was also chairman of the conciliation board in Wellington. He founded the Zoological Society (1900) and was editor of the Zoo Standard. His death occurred on 30 Dec 1925.

App. H.R., 1898, H2; Saunders, ii; The Press, 18 Jun 1889; Evening Post, 30 Dec 1925.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CROKE, THOMAS WILLIAM (1824-1902) was born at Mallow, county Cork, and educated at the Charleville endowed school, at the Irish College in Paris and the college of Menin, Belgium, and the Irish College in Rome, where he won the gold and silver medals. In 1847 he graduated as doctor of divinity and was ordained. For nine years (1849-58) he was a missionary priest in the diocese of Cloyne.

An intensely human man, athletic himself and with an ardent interest in the sports and daily life of his people, Croke had a passionate enthusiasm for Irish nationalism. He held great hopes of something being achieved during the revolutionary movement in Europe in 1848 and he became a leading member of the party of organised opposition. When that hope failed he withdrew from the movement and stood aloof. He was president of St Colman's College, Fermoy (1858-65), and parish priest of Doneraile and chancellor of the diocese of Cloyne (1865-70). From that post he was consecrated as Bishop of Auckland (1870). He had only been four years in New Zealand when he was chosen as Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland.

Shortly after taking up his residence in the palace of Thurles, Croke was waited upon by Parnell, who implored him to give his countenance to the Irish Land League, round which the best brains of the Irish movement were now rallying. Stead says that Parnell, though a Protestant, valued so highly the influence of Croke that he threw himself on his knees before the Archbishop and begged his assent. Croke finally yielded and flung himself heart and soul into the League. He resisted firmly the no-rent manifesto, which he considered immoral and unjustifiable and shattered with his condemnation. He later proposed a great testimonial to Parnell, but it was banned by the Pope. Croke disapproved the plan of campaign which followed the rejection of the first home rule bill. After the fall of Parnell he again withdrew from the movement, waiting for the appearance of a leader around whom Irishmen could really unite. He believed that if a good land bill were passed which would make the Irish farmers independent their innate conservatism would bring to an end the demand for separation from England. Croke died on 22 Feb 1902.

D.N.B.; W. T. Stead in Reviews of Reviews, 1895; The Times, 23 Feb 1902.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CROKER, EDWARD (1821-92) was an officer of the 17th Regiment who served in Kashmir and other parts of India, attaining his brevet-majority. He was aide-de-camp to Lieut-general Sir John Littler, deputy-governor of Bengal, whose daughter Marion (then the wife of Major Ling, of the 4th Dragoons), he afterwards married. Selling his commission in 1858, Croker came to New Zealand and took up a farm at Tokomairiro in Otago. He was appointed commissioner of the Tuapeka goldfields (Oct 1861) and later warden at Lawrence. Retiring in 1867, he spent some years in Australia and eventually returned to England, where he died in 1892.

D.N.B. (Littler); Pyke; Otago Daily Times, 29 Jul 1878; N.Z. Herald, 4 Jul 1878.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CROMPTON, WILLIAM MORGAN (1811-86) was born in Birmingham, the son of a Brazil merchant, and was educated at Dr Carpenter's academy in Bristol when Dr James Martineau was on the staff. During a period of several years when he was teaching at a college in the north of France he accepted the Roman Catholic religion. In 1851 he came to Taranaki in the Lord William Bentinck (arriving in Jan 1852) and at once took up land at Omata, where he built his home. On the Taranaki Herald being established (Aug 1852) Crompton became editor, but he resigned after the ninth issue owing to a difference of opinion with the proprietors. During the war he served in the commissariat and his home and property were destroyed. He started a school in New Plymouth at which many of the children of leading colonists received their education.

Always actively interested in politics, Crompton was elected in Aug 1853 to represent Omata in the first Parliament (1853-55). He was a member of the Provincial Council for Omata from 1862 until the abolition and Speaker throughout; and on many occasions he acted as deputy for the Superintendent of the province. Crompton was an early justice of the peace and visiting justice and deputy-sheriff; a member and chairman of the New Plymouth town board, and a member of the land board, the cemetery board and court Waireka, A.O.F., and a trustee of the New Plymouth Savings Bank. On the passing of the education act in 1877 he became inspector of schools for Taranaki, a position he held with great efficiency until ill-health caused him to retire (1884). Crompton died on 27 Dec 1886.

N.Z.P.D., 9 Sep 1854; Taranaki P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Taranaki Herald, 4 Feb 1884, 28 Dec 1886.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CROSSLEY, OWEN THOMAS LLOYD (1860-1926) was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was curate of St John, Birkenhead (1888), vicar of Egremont (1892), and other parishes; lecturer at St Aidan's, Birkenhead (1900), archdeacon of Geelong (1904-11) and incumbent of All Saints, St Kilda (1905-11). In 1911 he was appointed Bishop of Auckland, a position which two years later he resigned to become chaplain to the Archbishop of Melbourne. In 1914 he was appointed rector of St Andrew's Major, Dinas Powis, Cardiff, where he died on 8 Mar 1926.

Who was Who; Crockford.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CROWTHER, WILLIAM (1834-1900) was born in Lancashire. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Australia and worked on the Victorian diggings, mining and contracting. About 1862 he came to Otago and had several teams carrying to the Dunstan fields. The war attracted him to Auckland, where he took up army contracts and imported horses from Otago and Australia for army purposes. After the war he purchased in Melbourne ten buses with which he initiated services in the vicinity of Auckland, and eventually established the Victoria stables in Wellesley street. Retiring with a competence after twelve years, he devoted his attention to public service. He was a member of the City Council (1878-94) and mayor (1891-92), a governor of the Auckland College and Grammar School and a member of the council of Auckland University College, the city schools committee, the charitable aid board and the sailors home. He was a member of the harbour board and for one term chairman. In 1893 Crowther was elected to Parliament for Auckland City, which he represented till his death (15 Mar 1900).

Russell; Morton, p. 21; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 16 Mar 1900; N.Z.P.D., 22 Jun 1900. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CRUISE, RICHARD ALEXANDER (1784-1832) belonged to a county Meath family. He received his commission as ensign in the 44th Foot (1804), was promoted lieutenant (1807), transferred to the 84th Foot (1808) and promoted captain (1819), and major (1823), retiring as lieut-colonel (1826). He served in the Peninsula and was wounded at the passage of the Nive (Basses Pyrénées) in 1813. In July 1819 Cruise sailed in H.M.S. Dromedary for New South Wales, with a guard of the 84th Regiment (including Ensign McCrea). He spent 10 months in New Zealand (Feb-Dec 1820) and published in 1823 one of the most important of the early works on the country and people, Journal of a Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand. Cruise died on 6 May 1832.

Family information from C. J. O'Keefe; Cruise, op. cit.; Thomson

Reference: Volume 1, page 109

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CULLING, THOMAS (1832-1901) was born in England and brought up to the printing trade. He came to Otago in the Ajax (1849) and was employed successively on the Otago News to Dec 1850, on the Lyttelton Times (1851-54), the Otago Witness and The Colonist, eventually retiring to go on the land in Taieri. He was chairman of the East Taieri road board, contested two provincial council elections and one parliamentary election. He then joined Coull brothers as printers and papermakers and eventually bought the Mataura paper mills. Culling was chairman of the Mataura town board for four years and first mayor. He died on 23 Mar 1901.

Otago Daily Times, 25 Mar 1901

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CURLING, EDWARD SPENCER (1815-68) was one of the earliest settlers in Hawke's Bay and was an original member of the Settlers' Association (1856) and of the A. and P. Association (1858). In 1859 he was elected to the Provincial Council for Te Aute, and he sat for that district to 1862 and for Waimarama (1863-66). He was a lieutenant of the Napier militia (1863). Curling died on 3 Jan 1868.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Hawkes Bay Herald, 4, 14, 21 Jan 1868.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CURLING, JOHN was sheep farming in Hawkes Bay in the early fifties. In 1856 he was gazetted a J.P. and in the same year was one of the original members of the Ahuriri Settlers' Association. In 1857 he was called to the Legislative Council, and on the same date was appointed resident magistrate at Napier. He presented in Parliament (20 Apr 1858) the petition of Hawkes Bay for separation from Wellington. Speaking on the New Provinces bill (16 Aug), he expressed the hope that the Superintendent of Hawkes Bay would sit in council and do away with ceremonial inasmuch as "a plain sheepfarmer, who might be superintendent, would object to ceremony." In Nov 1858 Curling was appointed receiver of land revenue for the district. He resigned from the Legislative Council in 1861. In 1863 he was appointed captain in the Napier militia (unattached from May 1864). He retired in 1869 and was afterwards for some years a schoolmaster.

Parlty Record; Cycl. NZ., vi

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CURTIS, GEORGE (1816-94) was born in Newington Common, Hackney, London, educated in the city and brought up to commercial life. For some years he was in business with his father and brothers in Hackney. In 1850 he came to New Zealand in the Pekin, landing at Wellington and walking overland to Wanganui with S. Percy Smith and others. Settling in New Plymouth, he engaged in business (with I. N. Watt) as importers and took up land at Omata. His homestead was destroyed in the war. As a member of the militia, in which he served for two years, Curtis was concerned in the construction and defence of the Omata stockade and took part in the fighting at Ratapihipihi and Waireka. He afterwards returned to his farm. Curtis first stood for the Provincial Council in 1855 and was a member (for Omata) in 1861-62, being part of the time provincial treasurer. He was a member of the first harbour board (1875). Curtis died on 9 Jun 1894. His sons, G. N. and H. B. CURTIS, were pioneers of Stratford (1877).

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz; Taranaki Herald 11 Jun 1894. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CURTIS, HERBERT EVELYN (1818-90) was born in England and came to New Zealand with his younger brother (O. Curtis, q.v.) in the Mohammed Shah (1853). She was burned off Tasmania and the passengers landed there. Curtis was the senior partner in a Nelson firm of merchants for many years. He was provincial auditor in the later period of the provinces, but did not enter the Council. In 1856 he was elected to Parliament, in which he represented Motueka and Massacre Bay (1856-60) and Motueka (1861-66). He then retired and his brother entered Parliament. Curtis died on 10 Aug 1890.

Saunders; Cycl. N.Z., 1890.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CURTIS, OSWALD (1821-1902) was the son of Stephen Curtis, a London merchant, and was educated at private schools and Hackney Grammar School, matriculating at the University of London. He went into commercial life and in 1853 came to New Zealand and entered into business at Nelson with his brother, H. E. Curtis (q.v.) as merchants.

Curtis was M.P.C. for Nelson (1857-67) and in 1866 he was elected to Parliament for the same constituency, which he represented till 1879. Early in 1867 the Superintendency of Nelson became vacant owing to the resignation of Saunders, and Curtis was elected to the position, which he held until the abolition of the provinces. In 1872 he was Postmaster-general and Commissioner of Customs for four weeks in the Stafford ministry. He had been a consistent opponent of Stafford in his earlier political life. Curtis retired from Parliament in 1879 and a few months later was appointed chairman of the royal commission on railways. He was afterwards a resident magistrate and acted on several commissions of inquiry, notably that in connection with the Dunedin gaol (1883). He was a governor of Nelson College (1874), a trustee of the Nelson Savings Bank, and a member of the New Zealand University senate (1870-87). He died on 1 Mar 1902.

Nelson P.C. Proc; Cycl. N.Z., V (p); Saunders; The Colonist, 3 Mar 1902, 11 Aug.

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CUTFIELD, GEORGE (1799-1879) was born at Deal and was a naval architect in the naval dockyard at Devonport. He was in charge of the expedition of the Plymouth Company in the William Bryan, which sailed from Plymouth Sound on 19 Nov 1840. After calling at Cloudy Bay and Port Nicholson they arrived off the Sugar Loaves on 30 Mar 1841. Cutfield's report to the directors (2 May 1841) shows that Carrington had already selected the site for the town. Cutfield took energetic measures to carry out his mission. While acting as storekeeper and immigration agent (until 1843) he was also a justice of the peace. In 1847 he endeavoured, with his brother-in-law (Henry King) to lease the Tataraimaka block, but being unsuccessful they farmed together at Brooklands.

In 1851 he was appointed to the Legislative Council of New Zealand and in 1853 he was elected to represent Grey and Bell in the Taranaki Provincial Council, in which he sat until the end of 1856. In 1853 also he was called to the new Legislative Council, from which he retired a few months later. Early in 1857 Cutfield was elected Superintendent of the province. During his term of office hostilities broke out over the Waitara purchase. Though warned by his executive (J. C. Richmond and T. King) against the grave results that were likely to ensue, he pledged the province to assist in carrying out the government's policy. On the completion of his term as Superintendent (Jul 1861) he withdrew from the election and allowed C. Brown to be returned for another term. In 1858 Cutfield was recalled to the Legislative Council and he was a member until his resignation in 1867. He assisted the government in obtaining the Tataraimaka block, upon which for many years he had a large cattle run. He acted as deputy-Superintendent in 1870. Cutfield did much to introduce English garden seeds into Taranaki. In later years he was a warm patron of the turf. He died on 22 Jan 1879.

Taranaki P.C. minutes; Taranaki Herald and Budget, 18 Dec 1926 (p); Taranaki News, 25 Jan 1879. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CUTHBERTSON, JOHN ROBERT (1834-82) was born in Glasgow, educated at the Academy and University there and entered commercial life. In 1854 he came to Melbourne and in 1860 to Southland, where he took up land at Waiau. In the following year he was joined by his brother, R. F. Cuthbertson (q.v.), with whom he carried on as sheepfarmers till 1876. In 1876 Cuthbertson became a member of the firm of Macrorie and Cuthbertson, auctioneers and land agents.

He was a member of the Southland Provincial Council, representing Longwood (1865-67) and Oreti (1867) and was a member of the executive in 1866, as secretary for works. He was deputy-superintendent on one occasion. The provincial finances being in a highly precarious condition, creditors sought to put the bailiffs into the offices, but Cuthbertson had the windows barricaded and eventually compounded by issuing land orders in settlement of the debts. He represented Invercargill in Parliament (1873-75). Cuthbertson was for some time editor of the Southland Times, for which he wrote with considerable effect. He died on 9 Oct 1882.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Southland P.C. Proc.; Southland Times, 10 Oct 1882.

Reference: Volume 1, page 110

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CUTHBERTSON, ROBERT FERGUSON (1840-1913) was born on the Clyde and educated at the Glasgow Academy and Edinburgh University. Trained as an accountant in Liverpool, he was engaged in business there till 1860, when he came to New Zealand and joined his brother sheepfarming in Southland.

After being almost ruined by the ravages of rabbits, he practised his profession in Invercargill, where he was a foundation member of the New Zealand Institute of Accountants. Cuthbertson was a member of the Southland Provincial Council for Waiau (1864-65 and 1868), and was in the executive in 1865. He was afterwards a member of the first Wallace county council, secretary of the Southland Agricultural and Pastoral Association, a visiting justice and agent for the public trustee. He married a daughter of Thomas Denniston (q.v.). He died on 1 Jun 1913.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. NZ., iv (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Ross; Southland Times, 2 Jun 1913.

Reference: Volume 1, page 111

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CUTTEN, WILLIAM HENRY (1822-83) was born in London. After receiving a good education he studied law, and in a few years received a post in the department of the commissioner of bankruptcy.

At the age of 26 Cutten emigrated to New Zealand in the John Wickliffe, and established himself as a merchant and auctioneer in Dunedin. In 1849 he was appointed emigration agent, and he was also a land claims commissioner. He took a prominent part in the Otago Settlers' Association, which worked for full self-government, and was one of the founders of the Mechanics' Institute in Dunedin. The first newspaper in the settlement, the Otago News, came to an end in Dec 1850. A group of business men financed the Otago Witness, which made its first appearance in Feb 1851. It was intended that they should take week about editing the journal, but before long Cutten was appointed editor at £1 a week. In Oct 1851 the proprietors presented the property to him. Soon afterwards the plant was transferred to Cutten's auction rooms, whence the paper issued for some years. On the outbreak of the diggings (1861) Cutten and his associates established the Otago Daily Times, and engaged Vogel as editor of both papers. B. L. Farjeon took charge of the mechanical side. Cutten found his temperament unsuited to the hurly-burly of journalism, and before long he parted with his interest in the company.

In the first Provincial Council he was one of the members for the City of Dunedin (1853-63). During most of that time he was a member of the executive, often as provincial treasurer, and he held from the General Government the post of commissioner of crown lands for the province. These combined offices caused embarrassment, and he had to choose between the service of the province and that of the Colony. A rule had been passed by the Provincial Council forbidding its members holding office under the General Government. Cutten retired from the Council and continued in the office of commissioner of crown lands until 1867, when it was combined with that of chief surveyor, and J. T. Thomson assumed the post.

Cutten was elected in 1853 as member for Dunedin Country district in Parliament. The long journeys to Auckland made it impossible for him to leave his business for so long, and he resigned in 1855. In that year he was elected a member of the Dunedin town board (which preceded the City Council). In 1863 Cutten tried again to enter Parliament, but was defeated for Dunedin and Suburbs by Reynolds and Vogel. Having resigned his General Government appointments, he was free in the early seventies to take public office, and he returned to the Provincial Council as member for Dunedin. He was for 18 months a member of Donald Reid's executive, and he foreshadowed the Liberal land measures of Rolleston by introducing resolutions in the Council providing for the system of land purchase by deferred payment. Having retired from the Council, Cutten in 1873 paid a visit of two years to the Old Country.

On returning he was again elected M.H.R. (for Taieri, which he represented from 1878-79). In 1881 he tried to get himself elected for Peninsula, but without success. He was a member of the Otago University council 1871-83.

Cutten married (1850) a daughter of Cargill. He died on 30 Jun 1883.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken; Arnold; Otago News, pass; Otago Daily Times, 1 Jul 1883, 4 Jul 1930 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 111

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