A DICTIONARY OF
NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
G. H. SCHOLEFIELD
WELLINGTON
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
NEW ZEALAND
1940
COPYRIGHT BY THE CROWN
Extracts of reasonable length may be made with suitable acknowledgment,
but for more extended use of material permission must be
sought from the Minister of Internal Affairs, Wellington
PRINTED AND BOUND IN NEW ZEALAND
BY WHITCOMBE AND TOMBS LTD WELLINGTON
INTRODUCTION
ON THE PRACTICE OF BIOGRAPHY IN NEW ZEALAND
THE PROJECT of publishing a national biography of New Zealand was first entertained by me about the year 1907. At that time I carried out fairly exhaustive research, with the rather limited sources then available, in order to arrive at some conclusions as to the social origins of the New Zealand people and the significance of the various racial elements. More than sixty years had then elapsed since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, which marked the advent of British sovereignty, and about thirty since the abolition of the provinces. There were still alive a few pioneers of the early years of the Colony who had a reliable recollection of events that occurred in the first period. There were also some survivors of the Provincial Councils in all the provinces, among whom I was indebted for information to such figures as Sir Charles Bowen, Sir Maurice O'Rorke, Sir J. Logan Campbell, J. D. Ormond, R. J. Seddon, Dr S. Hodgkinson, J. W. Barnicoat, R. H. J. Reeves, W. D. H. Baillie, A. P. Seymour and C. A. De Lautour. The results of this research were embodied in a series of articles which appeared early in 1907 in the New Zealand Times, the New Zea- land Herald, the Lyttelton Times and the Otago Daily Times.
PREVIOUS BIOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE
When I first became interested in the biographical aspect of New Zealand history the literature on the subject was limited in extent and indifferent in quality. Passing over the field chronologically, we find that S. E. Grimstone's The Southern Settlements of New Zealand (1847), contains a small section of official and military biography. Brett's New Zealand Almanac, published a generation later, pays some attention to the subject, the issues about 1879 containing extended biographies of leading public men, sometimes with portraits. In 1879 also appeared J. Henniker Heaton's Australasian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time, containing all the History of Australasia from 1542 to May 1879. This book of reference includes more or less reliable biographies of a few dozen New Zealanders. In 1884 appeared Alfred Cox's first volume of Recollections of Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand, which gives a good deal of biographical information about leading people whom Cox met in fifty years of life in the Colonies of New South Wales and New Zealand. Though Cox paid more attention to anecdote and character sketches than to historical exactitude, this volume marks the opening of a field of research in which he was not excelled for many years. In 1886 he published Men of Mark in New Zealand, in which he adopted the dictionary arrangement and went to greater trouble, by means of personal consultation, to collect biographical facts.
In the same year appeared the first edition of William Gisborne's New Zealand Rulers and Statesmen. Gisborne had a unique experience of New Zealand life, extending from the mid~forties to the time of his departure from the Colony in 1881. Well educated and intelligent, a shrewd observer of events and human motives, he stood judicially with one foot in public affairs and the other in official position, maintaining an attitude of critical detachment. Pember Reeves remarks that Gisborne's pen pictures of the great men of New Zealand 'are written with such undoubted fairness and personal knowledge, and in so workmanlike, albeit good-natured, a way, as to have a permanent interest.' In 1887 was pub- lished T. W. Gudgeon's The Defenders of New Zealand, which contains, besides a Maori historical account of the wars, biographical memoirs of colonists who distinguished themselves in the campaigns. Though lacking in method, and occasionally also in accuracy, this is a valuable contribution to the body of bio- graphical literature; and the portraits are comprehensive and useful.
In 1891 Sir Bernard Burke published A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry, commonly known (and here referred to) as Colonial Gentry. This is compiled on the pattern of the Peerage, setting out genealogies at length, regardless of the standing of the subjects in the community and paying little attention to other biographical facts. In 1892 Philip Mennell published in London The Dictionary of Australasian Biography (1855-1892). This also includes a number of New Zealanders, most of whom appear to have furnished the information themselves. It was largely relied upon for some decades afterwards, and to it are traceable many misstatements which have stubbornly retained their validity in later New Zealand history. Within five years of the appearance of Mennell there was published in New Zealand the first volume of a very pretentious work, The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, the publication of which was completed in six volumes between 1897 and 1907. Most of the life stories in this enormous work were inserted in consideration of a money payment according to the space occupied; and the great majority of them are based on information provided by the families or admirers. Nevertheless this cyclopedia has consider- able historical value.
The last volume of the Cyclopedia of New Zealand had just been published when, with the help of the late Emil Schwabe, I ventured upon the first edition of Who's Who in New Zealand (1908), of which later editions appeared in 1924 and 1932. The compilation of this work was entirely divorced from monetary profit. The sole basis of inclusion was the standing and significance of the subjects in the life of the Dominion; their service to their fellow men in public life, scholarship or character as distinguished from mere personal success in the acquisition of wealth. For this work also the main biographical facts were obtained from the persons themselves, but they were carefully checked by reliable sources. At that time the attitude of public men towards this type of publicity was rather more reticent than it is to-day, and as a consequence many were omitted whose services and unselfish labours deserved recognition. For the same reason, though I had the inestimable assistance of such eminent scholars as Sir Apirana Ngata, Sir James Carroll, Hone Heke, Peter Buck (Te Rangihiroa) and Sir Maui Pomare, it was not possible to include an adequate representation of Maori men and women.
In the field of collective biography in New Zealand it is impossible to overJook the invaluable work of L. G. D. Acland, who in 1930 published his first series of The Early Canterbury Runs. I am much indebted to Mr Acland for information generously and spontaneously furnished in response to many inquiries. Another volume of which free use has been made is Dr R. V. Fulton's Medical Practice in Otago and Southland in the Early Days (1922). W. H. Skinner did the same thing in a more modest way for the province of Taranaki. The official lists of some of the leading public schools in the Dominion furnish a good deal of biographical information, notably the Christ's College School List (1927), the Nelson College Old Boys' Register (1926) and the Otago High School Old Boys' Register (1907). Other publications which are useful in a limited field are Lord Ranfurly's New Zealand Roll of Honour, 1840-1902 (published in 1902); John Studholme's (N.Z.E.F.) Record of Personal Services during the War (published in 1928); J. Chadwick's Men of Mark in the World of Sport in New Zealand (1906); G. W. Russell's New Zealand Parliamentary Guide (1895); Alexander Don's Memories of the Golden Road (1936) and The Mew Zealand Parliamentary Record (1913; 2nd ed. 1925).
In individual biographies New Zealand is for obvious reasons not particularly rich, The Dominion market would be a smal} one even if all New Zealanders were interested in their history. Consequently few biographies have been written by those best qualified to write them, the New Zealand historians. Most of those that have been written are the result of family enthusiasm, and bear the defects of such an origin, being often unduly laudatory and excessively parochial, and generally deficient in historical content and method. Many biographies thus produced have spoiled the subject for the future historian and yet fail to do justice to the persons whose reputations they were designed to aggrandise. The most notable individual biographies are perhaps: Henry Williams (by Hugh Carleton); Sir George Grey (by Professor G. C. Henderson), not forgetting the fulsome panegyric of his intimate biographer, W. L. Rees, and James Collier's contributions; Sir Frederick Weld (by Lady Lovat); Professor Elder's contributions to the life of Samuel Marsden; Richard Garnett's Edward Gibbon Wakefield (beside which the notable life by his great granddaughter, Irma O'Connor, and A. J. Harrop's life deserve to be mentioned); H. W. Tucker's life of Bishop Selwyn; Scholefield's Governor Hobson; and the Hon. W. Downie Stewart's Sir Francis Dillon Bell. The last named is to be followed by a biography of William Rolleston and others, it is to be hoped, of like stature by Mr Stewart. Drummond's life of Seddon, though suffering from the defects of hurried publication, is the only biography yet published of that statesman. R. A. Loughnan's of Sir Joseph Ward is rather severely restricted to his political career.
PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK
On my return to New Zealand in 1920 from a long residence in Great Britain I resumed the study, bringing out in 1924 the second edition of Who's Who in New Zealand, and then entering upon a regular plan of work for the National Biography now published. The basic categories were prepared from authentic sources, and from year to year constantly revised and checked from reliable information. The first and second generation of New Zealanders having now passed away, it became evident that the published matter in the biographical sphere was quite inadequate. Very many men and women who had played a significant part in the history of the Colony and Dominion had died unheralded and unsung, or untruthfully praised in the press and on tombstones. Obviously a great deal of research would be required if the New Zealand Biography was to be full and. accurate. I accordingly commenced in 1929 a series of articles for publication in the daily press in the hope that this outline of the lives of some of the more prominent figures in the history of the provinces would lead to verification or correction of errors in advance of publication in the more permanent form now presented. Using the noms de plume 'Condor' and 'Annalist', I published in the years 1929-31 a long series of memoirs of the great figures in New Zealand provincial history. Of these 86 appeared in the Evening Post (Wellington), 39 in The Press (Christchurch) and 41 in the Otago Daily Times (Dunedin). These were followed in 1934 by a shorter series of biographies of men of more than provincial reputation, such as Weld, Sinclair, Forsaith, Bell, Sewell and the Richmonds, which were published in a number of leading newspapers. These series constituted the most important contribution to New Zealand biography so far published, and they are embodied in extenso in the present work. Their previous publication in newspapers served the dual purpose very effectively. It interested many in the great figures of the past; and it induced those already having some knowledge of the subject to point out inaccuracies and suggest additions. In subsequent years an interesting series of short biographies appeared in the New Zealand Railways Magazine by James Cowan, a student of Maori history, who had already published a number of brief memoirs of the personalities pictured in Lindauer's collection of Maori portraits in the Auckland Public Library.
The model on which most collective biographies have been based is, of course, the standard English Dictionary of National Biography, which was first projected in 1882 by the well known publisher G. M. Smith, of Smith, Elder and Co. It commenced publication in 1885 under the editorship of Sir Leslie Stephen, and was completed, as originally designed (under Sidney Lee) in 1900, when it amounted to 63 volumes. With the supplements published in 1908, it contained about 30,000 lives, or a proportion of one to 5,000 of the total number of people who attained the adult age of 24 years in the United Kingdom during the period of its history. The Dictionary of American Biographiy, which followed the same lines, was commenced in 1926, When it was completed, in 1937, it consisted of 21 volumes, the number of biographies being 14,000. The history of the United States being so much shorter than that of Great Britain, the number of biographies was relatively much less. The history of New Zealand is yet more limited in both dimensions, duration and population. It begins to all intents about 100 years ago, when the first trickle of organised European immigration arrived. In the work now published are included a certain number of Maori and of pakeha settlers who had disappeared from the stage before 1840. The preceding decades yield a few only of the Maori race, some explorers from Europe and outstanding figures in the fields of missionary and maritime endeavour. That the proportion of articles to our population is twice as large as in the case of the English Dictionary, and fourteen times as great as in the American work will, I hope, be used as a justification for the exclusion of well known names rather than as a ground for criticism that too many have been included.
THE BASIS OF SELECTION
As to the basis of selection of subjects for inclusion in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, I agree with the opinion expressed by Sir Humphrey Milford.* Discussing the Dictionary of American Biography, he remarks that whereas in the English case 'the distance of the historic past, with which they had in large part to deal, settled of itself the claims of many,' in America 'the editor had to see things in shorter perspective; had to be sensitive (though not too sensitive) to an historical sense inevitably acute and exigent.' He concludes that it was impossible for the Americans in the course of one hundred and fifty years of history to elaborate 'an orthodox hierarchy of merit.' How then can the New Zealand editor, at so much shorter range, be expected to achieve that feat with exactitude? Many of his subjects have died within his own lifetime; quite a number while the work was in the press.
* In The English Speaking World, XX, No. 3, March 1939. New Zealand Herald, 11 May 1889.
Dr Daniel Pollen, in a letter to Sir Bernard Burke on 4 May 1889, wrote a delightful little essay which expresses well the attitude of the conservative New Zealander of an earlier generation towards the publication of such personal information.} Having been invited to send information about himself to be pub- lished in Colonial Gentry, he replied:
"I feel obliged to decline ... because in my opinion any attempt now to eliminate a caste out of an ultra-democratic community such as ours in New Zealand is at least premature. Ido not know upon what basis you propose to build your temple of gentility, whether upon brains, or money or land or lineage. The general level of intelligence and conduct amongst our people is high, but no men of genius have as yet appeared ... Selection would be difficult. The general level of wealth is lower, what may be called the better class being the poorer. 'The exceptionally rich men are few, and of these some would necessarily be excluded on personal grounds from the ranks of gentility ... The number of persons who would be entitled by their possessions or condition to be ranked as landed gentry is so small that it would be absurd on that account to distinguish them as the colonial gentry of New Zealand.' [Pollen argues that lineage,] 'even when it has no other attribute than that of age, gives a prescriptive right to distinction ... and the native claim to consideration from that point of view ought not to be overlooked. You might find on inquiry that the number of Maoris who could fairly claim on account of land and lineage to be included in your sacred circle would be in excess of the number of Europeans who could do so. The Tawhiaos, the Nenes, the Taiaroas and others could, for example, proudly trace their unbroken descent through more than 80 generations of chiefs and warriors."
Pollen suggested that a roll of colonial gentry in such circumstances might not only be a subject of present ridicule, but might even be made an instrument of mischief, and he concluded:
"Our descendants will be better educated, more enlightened and wiser than ourselves; the aristoi will gradually be developed and recognised, and when their number is great enough for judicious record it is to be hoped that they will find a skilled historian as intelligent, accurate and enthusiastic as yourself."
The only comment upon this dictum that is called for by us is that lineage alone gives no prescriptive right to inclusion in such a National Biography as the one now offered to the public. Neither birth nor wealth in itself is a valid qualification. Significance in our national history, from whatever standpoint, is the sole consideration. Fortunately, Pollen did fill in Sir Bernard Burke's questionnaire, but only for the information of his descendants. I have been unable to obtain any personal data beyond what he inscribed there, and thus it happens that the Dictionary lacks certain salient facts about one of New Zealand's most interesting politicians and officials. We know from his remains elsewhere that he was a cultured, genial Irish gentleman, but I have been unable by the utmost diligence to ascertain where he gained his accomplishments and the degree of Doctor of Medicine with which he came to New Zealand in the early weeks of 1840.
A FACTUAL COMPILATION
When I entered seriously upon this compilation I envisaged a biographical reference book to which the ordinary reader and the student of New Zealand alike should be able to turn for information about any person who had significance in the history of the Dominion. The general reader might expect to find in such a gallery only those who have rendered some measure of public service which was recognisable either contemporaneously or by posterity. Some may question the inclusion, for instance, of James Mackenzie, the Highland reever, who spent only a few years in New Zealand and left it under a bond not to return. Yet did he not give his name to an interesting tract of new country in the South Island; and are not he and his dog almost legendary in the lore of the Dominion? The British work includes Dick Turpin, Wat Tyler and Titus Oates, and the editor frankly admits (in a survey in vol. Ixiii) that 'malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors.' Moreover, even some characters which are purely legendary, such as Robin Hood and Guy of Warwick, have been given a place in the English biography. To critics who might be disposed to complain that the space allotted to different men is not commensurate with their public service or their significance in the history of New Zealand I would reply simply that there has been no attempt to evaluate the personality and services of the subjects. Because our history is so close at hand and because so many still living were the friends or admirers of the actors in it, a purely factual approach has been adopted. If evaluation were attempted it would inevitably militate against the usefulness of the work, since quot homines, tot sententiae. Opinions at one time and on one subject may differ. Estimates of the significance of a man in the history of the country must inevitably change with the passage of the years; but the facts of his life, once they are accurately ascertained and recorded, cannot change.
In the desire for accuracy I have treated every source as suspect, adopting no information at all, no matter how enlightened the origin, without checking it by other standards. Sir Humphrey Milford (in the article already quoted) remarks: “The leaders of mankind have been treated on the whole well enough by biographers, but the minor figures, whether of politics, scholarship, literature, educa- tion or industry, are apt'to be overlooked in our hurried preoccupation with the giants.' On this point also we seem to have followed the practice of the British work, of which the later editor (Sidney Lee) says: 'Great pains have been bestowed on names of less widely acknowledged importance, and every endeavour has been made to maintain the level of information in the small as well as in the larger articles at the highest practicable standard of fullness and accuracy." I trust that readers of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography will recognise that a genuine effort has been made to rescue from oblivion figures which 'strutted and fretted their hour upon the stage' and then disappeared from public view. Many of the personalities included in the Dictionary may appear insignificant, particularly those whose activities were confined to the halls of some of the provincial councils, those quaint little parliaments round which the hopes and passions of the average New Zealander centred when each province was a world to itself and the brave little cutters and brigs beat for days or weeks from one of the 'little fishing villages' to another. Yet even these men were the leaders in their day and generation, chosen by their fellow men—though sometimes merely by 9 votes to 8—to represent them in their parliaments, provincial and general, and to help to fashion the future of the nation.
For the rest, it has been assumed that figures about whom much has been published are in no need of being voluminously described. Even in such cases the reader will find an adequate factual biography and a bibliography which will enable him, if he wishes, to prosecute his study. On the other hand, many persons of special interest have been dealt with as liberally as possible, notably such figures as William Stedman Aldis, G. M. Waterhouse, Andrew Sinclair, T. S. Forsaith, William Lane, Te Rauparaha, Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake, Gabriel Read, and J. B. Bradshaw. About all of these this research has brought to light much new information. In spite of these special efforts on behalf of the less known, it transpires that the longest memoirs in the work are those relating to Sir George Grey, Seddon, Vogel, Read, E. G. Wakefield, Te Waharoa, Ballance, Fox, Sir F. D. Bell, W. F. Massey, Sir J. G. Ward, Marsden, Sir E. Stafford, Te Kooti, Bracken and Te Wherowhero. In the British work Shakespeare, the Duke of Wellington, Francis Bacon, Oliver Cromwell and Queen Elizabeth (in that order) occupy the largest space.
It will be observed that certain persons have been included in the Dictionary who did not live in New Zealand (e.g. Samuel Marsden); others who stayed for only a short time (e.g. William Brown); some, like Hooker and Lyell and Darwin, who merely visited our shores; and even a few who were never in the country (Professor Owen). Yet they all impinged upon our history in such a manner as to justify at least a mention in this gallery. In cases where they rank amongst the great men of the Old Country and appear in the British Dictionary of National Biography, they are not treated at greater length than seems necessary for the benefit of readers who have not access to that work.
In the compilation of the Dictionary it was found necessary to approach relatives in a great many cases where adequate information was not available. It was disappointing to find, by many hundreds of such inquiries, how few families in New Zealand have preserved their records or know anything of the achievements of their pioneer parents and grandparents. Certain information was available in a limited number of cases from such sources as Debrett's Peerage and Burke's Peerage and Landed Gentry and the Colonial Gentry, but it is rather a disturbing reflection that so few of the family Bibles which were brought to the Colony by the pioneers a hundred years ago seem to be in existence today. Not many families, even of our most prominent colonists, were able to give reliable information to supplement what I already had. My acknowledgments to those who could are accordingly all the warmer. Though the beginnings of New Zealand history are so close to us I have treated with the greatest caution the frequent claims of relatives or biographers that such a one was the first to use a plough in such a district, the first to use a steam threshing machine, owned a certain invaluable section in the town of Dunedin or Auckland; or was the first white child born in a district. The individual student may think it worth while trying to decide such priorities. For the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography it has not seemed necessary even to record the claims.
Having passed this judgment upon the pakeha people of New Zealand, it is not invidious to comment on a cognate deficiency on the part of certain leading Maori families. The whakapapas, in so far as they have been handed down by memory, constitute a remarkably accurate 'peerage' or 'landed gentry' of the race. The accuracy with which they were transmitted from generation to generation, till the advent of writing and printing undermined this infallible medium, compels admiration. It would still be comparatively easy for a competent committee of Maori scholars to compile a full and accurate genealogy of the rangatira families. Less easy, however, is the task of the historian who tries dispassionately to record the events of the native era. Maori history is sadly distorted and vitiated by the highly developed tribalism and the intense rivalries of the generations that the Maori have spent in New Zealand. Perhaps there is no essential difference between the spirit which actuates the strongly patriotic writing of English history and the tribal pride which moves even the broadminded Maori to ignore, if possible, and to gloss over if not, the vicissitudes of their own tribes and chiefs. Though I was generously guided by Sir Apirana Ngata and other scholars through many pitfalls, I am still not confident that the Maori biographies are accurate. I can only claim that they constitute a considerable ad¥ance on any collected Maori biography hitherto published, and hope that while the material is still accessible from the old men and women and the tohungas, scholars of the Maori race will devote their attention to a comprehensive Maori biography.
The projector of the British Dictionary of National Biography (Mr G. M. Smith) realised from the first that "there was little or no prospect of a return of the capital that was needed to secure the completion of the work on a thoroughly adequate scale, and he ignored considerations of profit and loss in providing for it" The New Zealand Biography was entered upon purely as a private venture, of which all the vicissitudes of publishing and marketing would fall upon the author. When the National Historical Committee came into existence it appeared appropriate that the Dictionary should be one of the official Centennial publications, and I was thus relieved of the burden of making it a financial success and enabled to devote more time and thought to the work of writing and compilation. Thus more than 95 per cent of the biographies are my own.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I must record my appreciation of the suggestions of Dr J. C. Beaglehole, particularly in regard to the typographical production.
Others to whom thanks are due for information in response to a variety of ques- tions are the heads of several Government departments, notably the Under- Secretaries for Internal Affairs and Lands, the Secretary of the Army Department, and the Director-general of the Post and Telegraph Department, the Commis- sioner of Police, and the Registrar-general ; officials of various religious denomina- tions (notably the Rev M. A. Rugby Pratt, whose knowledge of the history of the Methodist Church is encyclopedic), Archdeacon W. J. Simkin (Auckland) and the Rev Father McKeefry (Auckland). I am indebted also to the librarians of all the leading libraries in New Zealand, the Mitchell Library (Sydney), the Public Libraries of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and South Africa, the British Museum, the Admiralty, the War Office, the India Office, the Royal Empire Society, and the Library of Congress (United States of America); to the Archivists of Canada (Sir Arthur Doughty) and South Africa (CG. Graham Botha) ; to officials of the Public Record Office, London, and the parliamentary librarians of all the States and the Commonwealth of Australia and the Provinces and Dom- inion of Canada.
Amongst private individuals to whom I owe thanks for assistance are Pro- fessors J. R. Elder, J. Hight and J. Rutherford, Sir Apirana Ngata, MP., J. Cowan, J. C. Andersen, and J. H. Grace; L. G. D. Acland (Canterbury), Dr F. A. Bett (Nelson), Dr W. E. Redman and A. D. McIntosh (Marlborough), W. H. Skinner (Taranaki), Russell Duncan (Napier), W. D. Lusty (Auckland), S. Muir (Gisborne), L. J. B. Chapple (Wanganui), W. Patterson (Otago Early Settlers' Association), J. W. Davidson, E. Ramsden (Sydney), G. L. Gabites, and B. D. Zohrab, M.A. I feel deeply grateful also to Miss J. Fitch, M.A. for faithful research in newspaper sources ; and to Miss M. B. Young for her capable co-operation in the preparation of manuscript and proofs. The services of the late H. E. M. Fildes (1875-1937), who for many years acted as a voluntary corrector of the press to all who ventured on historical publication in New Zealand, should not be forgotten.
CONTRIBUTORS
The following writers kindly contributed memoirs, which are signed with their initials:
| R.I.M.B | R. I. M. Burnett, M.A. |
| N.S.B. | Nina S. Brown, M.A. |
| J.B.C. | Professor J. B. Condliffe |
| E.D. | Eileen Duggan, M.A. |
| J.R. | Professor James Rutherford |
| J.D.P. | J.D. Pascoe, F.R.G.S. |
| M.A.R.P. | Rev M. A. Rugby Pratt |
| J.H.B.S. | J. H. B. Scholefield, LL.M. |
| C.R.H.T. | C. R. H. Taylor, M.A. |
| W.S.W. | W. S. Wauchop, M.A. |
NOTE ON THE SOURCES
The sources listed in the following bibliography are generally those which have been referred to in a number of articles ; sources which refer only to a single subject are included in the list at the end of the memoir.
The bibliography does not pretend to be exhaustive. It would be useless to list mere mentions of a name, or reproductions of matter from other sources which have been listed. Nor is it to be assumed that all the sources listed in any article have been found acceptable or used in the article. In every case an effort has been made to verify them, and hundreds of statements and dates which have been cur- rent for many years have been discarded or corrected.
Most of the authorities quoted are to be found in the General Assembly Library (where the work was done) or in the Alexander Turnbull Library, at Victoria University College, or in the Wellington Public Library; in the Public Library at Auckland ; the Hocken and the Dunedin Public Library ; the Canter- bury Public Library and Canterbury University College. The British papers relating to New Zealand (G.B.O.P.) are most strongly held in the General Assembly Library, but good collections are also to be found in the other institu- tions named. 'The New Zealand official papers are to be found fairly complete in most of the leading libraries in New Zealand. The papers of the Provincial Councils are almost complete in the General Assembly Library and the Welling- ton Public Library ; and most of the leading provincial libraries have the official papers of their own province. Where the Proceedings of a Council are referred to as ' minutes' they are to be found in manuscript in the New Zealand Archives. A union list of official papers relating to New Zealand, prepared by the General Assembly Library, was mimeographed in 1988.
The newspaper sources, which are of great importance, are to be found scattered in libraries and newspaper offices all over the Dominion. The Union Catalogue published by the General Assembly Library in 1938 shows where individual volumes and papers are to be found.
Most of the portraits listed are in books, and since some have been often reproduced considerable reserve has been used in listing them. Many of the por- traits which are listed as being in the General Assembly Library are also in the Alexander Turnbull Library, which has also a considerable collection of original portraits. Each of these libraries indexes its portraits. Fine portrait collections also exist in the Taranaki Historical Collection in New Plymouth, in the Auck- Jand and Wellington Public Libraries and in the Early Settlers' Hall in Dunedin.
G. H, SCHOLEFIELD
BIBLIOGRAPHY
| Ref | Full Source Reference | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|
| ACLAND | Acland, L. G. D. The Early Canterbury Runs | 1930 |
| ALEXANDER and CURRIE | Alexander, W. F. and Currie, A. E. (editors). New Zealand Verse | 1906 |
| — Treasury | — A Treasury of New Zealand verse (2nd edn. of above) | 1926 |
| ALPERS | Alpers, O. T. J. Jubilee Book of Canterbury Rhymes | 1900 |
| ANDERSEN | Andersen, J. C. Jubilee History of South Canterbury | 1916 |
| ANGAS | Angas, G. F. The New Zealanders Illustrated | 1847 |
| — Savage Life | — Savage Life and Scenes | 1847 |
| Annals N.Z. Lit. | Annals of New Zealand Literature (issued by New Zealand Authors' Week Committee) | 1936 |
| ANSON | Anson, F. A. The Piraki Log | 1910 |
| App. H.R. | Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1854 to date |
| App. L.C. | Appendices to the Journals of the Legislative Council | 1854-1914 |
| ARNOLD | Arnold, Thomas. Passiges in a Wandering Life | 1900 |
| Austral. Encycl. | Jose, A. W. and Carter, H. J. Illustrated Australian Encyclopedia | 1925 |
| AYSON | Ayson, T. (pseud. Genus) Story of Adventures and Experiences | 1987 |
| BAKER | Baker, John Holland. A Surveyor in New Zealand 1857-96 (edited by Noeline Baker) | 1925 |
| Barctay | Barclay, George. The Extinct Lodges of New Zealand | 1935 |
| Bartow | Barlow, Joan (ed.). Charles Darwin's Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle | 1933 |
| Barr, JAMES | Barr, James. The Old Identities . . . First Decade of Otago | 1879 |
| Barr, John | Barr, John. The City of Auckland, 1840-1920 | 1922 |
| — Art | — Auckland Art Gallery, including the Mackelvie Collection | 1925 |
| BARRY | Barry, William Jackson. Past and Present and Men of the Times | 1897 |
| Beattie | Beattie, H. Pioneer Recollections (1st series) 1909; (2nd series) 1911; Southern Pioneers (3rd series) | 1918 |
| Beauchamp | Beauchamp, Sir Harold. Reminiscences and Recollections | 1937 |
| Best | Best, Elsdon. Tuhoe, The Children of the Mist | 1925 |
| Bevan | Bevan, Thomas. Reminiscences of an Old Colonist | 1908 |
| Bidwill | Bidwill, W. E. and Woodhouse, Airini Elizabeth. Bidwill of Pihautea; the Life of Charles Robert Bidwill | 1927 |
| Bowen | Bowen, Sir G. F. Thirty Years of Colonial Government (speeches and despatches, edited by Stanley Lane Poole) | 1889 |
| Brett | Brett, H. White Wings (2 vols.) | 1924-28 |
| Brett Albertlanders | Brett, H., and Hook, Henry. The Albertlanders | 1927 |
| Broad | Broad, L. The Jubilee History of Nelson from 1842 1892 | 1892 |
| Brown | Brown, Alexander. The Early Settlement of the Tokomairiro Plain | 1906 |
| Buick First War | Buick, T. L. New Zealand's First War | 1926 |
| — Akaroa | — The French at Akaroa | 1928 |
| — Dinornis | — The Discovery of Dinornis | 1936 |
| — Manawatu | — Old Manawatu | 1903 |
| — Marlborough | — Old Marlborough | 1900 |
| — Moa | — The Mystery of the Moa | 1931 |
| — Old New Zealander | — An Old New Zealander, or Te Rauparaha, the Napoleon of the South | 1911 |
| — Waitangi | — The Treaty of Waitangi | 1914, 1933 |
| Buller | Buller, James. Forty Years in New Zealand | 1878 |
| Bunbury | Bunbury, Thomas. Reminiscences of a Veteran | 1861 |
| Burke Peerage | Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage | |
| — Landed Gentry | — Burke's Landed Gentry | |
| Butchers Young N.Z. | Butchers, A. G. Young New Zealand | 1929 |
| — Education | — Education in New Zealand | 1930 |
| Butt: Port. Notes | Butterworth's Fortnightly Notes | 1925-28 |
| Campbell | Campbell, Sir J. T. Poenamu; Sketches of the Early Days of New Zealand | 1881 |
| Cant. O.N. | Canterbury Old and New, 1850-1900 ; A Souvenir of the Jubilee | 1900 |
| Carter | Carter, C. R. The Life and Recollections of a New Zealand Colonist | 1866 |
| Cath. Encycl. | Catholic Encyclopedia | 1907-12 |
| Chadwick | Chadwick, J. Men of Mark in the World of Sport in New Zealand | 1906 |
| Chapple | Chapple, L. J. B. and Barton, Cranleigh. Early Missionary Work in Whanganui, 1840-50 | 1930 |
| Chisholm | Chisholm, J. Fifty Years Syne, A Jubilee Memorial of the Presbyterian Church of Otago | 1898 |
| Christie | Christie, John. History of Waikouaiti | 1927 |
| Christ's Coll. List | The School List of Christ's College from 1850 to 1935 (5th edition) | 1935 |
| Clarke | Clarke, G. Notes on Early Life in New Zealand | 1903 |
| Coleman | Coleman, John Noble. A Memoir of the Rev Richard Davis, for Thirty-nine Years a Missionary in New Zealand | 1865 |
| Col. Gent. | Burke, Bernard. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry (2 vols.) | 1891-95 |
| Condliffe | Condliffe, J. B. New Zealand in the Making | 1930 |
| Cooper | Cooper, G. S. Journal of an Expedition Overland from Auckland to Taranaki . . . 1849-50 | 1851 |
| Cowan Tapsell | Cowan, J. A Trader in Cannibal Land: The Life and Adventures of Captain Tapsell | 1935 |
| — Sketches | — Maori Biographies: Sketches of Old New Zealand [describing Lindauer's portraits] | 1901 |
| — Wars | — The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and Pioneering Period (2 vols.) | 1922-23 |
| — Pictures | — Pictures of Old New Zealand [an enlarged edition of Sketches] | 1930 |
| Cowie | Cowie, W. G. Our Last Year in New Zealand | 1888 |
| Cox | Cox, Alfred. Recollections: Australia, England, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand | 1884 |
| — Men of Mark | — Men of Mark of New Zealand | 1886 |
| Craig | Craig, J. J. Historical Record of Jubilee Reunion of Old Colonists (Auckland) | 1893 |
| Crawford | Crawford, J. C. Recollections of Travel in New Zealand and Australia | 1880 |
| Critchell and Raymond | Critchell, J. T. and Raymond, J. A History of the Frozen Meat Trade | 1912 |
| Crockford | Crockford's Clerical Directory (various editions) | |
| Cruise | Cruise, R. A. Journal of a Ten Months' Visit to New Zealand | 1823 |
| Curteis | Curteis, G. H. Bishop Selwyn, his life and work | 1889 |
| Cycl. N.Z. i | Cyclopedia of New Zealand, Vol. i, Wellington | 1897 |
| — ii | — Vol. ii, Auckland | 1902 |
| — iii | — Vol. iii, Canterbury | 1903 |
| — iv | — Vol. iv, Otago and Southland | 1905 |
| — v | — Vol. v, Nelson, Marlborough and Westland | 1906 |
| — vi | — Vol. vi, Taranaki, Hawkes Bay, etc. | 1908 |
| Darroch | Darroch, D. M. Shipbuilders of Rodney County | 1934 |
| Darwin | Darwin, Charles. Journal of Researches . . . H.M.S. Beagle | 1839, 1845 |
| Fox-Davies | Fox-Davies, A. C. Armorial Families | 1930 |
| Davis, C. O. | Davis, C. O. The Life and Times of Patuone | 1876 |
| Davis | Davis, J. K. History of St John's College, Tamaki, Auckland | 1911 |
| Deans | Pioneers of Canterbury: Deans Letters, 1840-54 | 1938 |
| Deans, Jane | Deans, Jane. Letters to My Grandchildren | 1923 |
| Debrett | Debrett's Peerage and Titles of Courtesy | (various edns.) |
| Des Voeux | Des Voeux, Sir William. My Colonial Service | 1903 |
| Dickson | Dickson, John. History of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand | 1899 |
| D. Am. B. | Dictionary of American Biography | 1926-37 |
| D.N.B. | Dictionary of National Biography | 1885-1937 |
| Dieffenbach | Dieffenbach, E. New Zealand and its Native Inhabitants | 1841 |
| Dilke | Dilke, Sir Charles W. Problems of Greater Britain | 1890 |
| Dillon Letters | Dillon, C. A. Letters in N.Z. Archives | 1848-51 |
| Dinwiddie | Dinwiddie, W. Old Hawkes Bay | 1925 |
| Dobson | Dobson, Arthur Dudley. Reminiscences of A. D. Dobson | 1930 |
| Don | Don, Alexander. Memories of the Golden Road | 1937 |
| Downes | Downes, T. W. Old Wanganui | 1915 |
| Drummond | Drummond, James. The Life and Work of Richard John Seddon | 1906 |
| Dumont d'Urville | Dumont d'Urville, J. S. C. Voyage au Pole Sud . . . 1837-40 | 1841 |
| Duncan | Duncan, R. J. Early Walks in New Zealand | 1918 |
| Egerton | Egerton, H. E. A Short History of British Colonial Policy | 1910 |
| Elder | Elder, J. R. See Marsden. | |
| Encycl. Brit. | Encyclopaedia Britannica. | |
| Featon | Featon, John. The Waikato War | 1923 |
| Fox | Fox, Sir William. The War in New Zealand | 1866 |
| Fulton | Fulton, Robert V. Medical Practice in Otago and Southland in the Early Days | 1922 |
| Garnett | Garnett, R. Edward Gibbon Wakefield | 1898 |
| Gascoyne | Gascoyne, F. J. W. Soldiering in New Zealand | 1918 |
| Gilkison | Gilkison, R. Early Days in Central Otago | 1930 |
| Gisborne | Gisborne, W. New Zealand Rulers and Statesmen | 1886, 2nd ed. 1897 |
| Gisborne Jubilee | Jubilee of the Civic Government, Borough of Gisborne and County of Cook, 1877-1927 | 1927 |
| Godley Letters | Godley, Charlotte. Letters from Early New Zealand | 1936 |
| Gorst | Gorst, Sir J. E. The Maori King | 1864 |
| — N.Z. Revisited | — New Zealand Revisited | 1908 |
| Gorton | Gorton, Edward. Some Home Truths re the Maori War 1863 to 1869 on the West Coast of New Zealand | 1901 |
| Grace | Grace, M. S. A Sketch of the New Zealand War | 1899 |
| Grace, T. S. | Grace, Rev T. S. A Pioneer Missionary Among the Maoris | 1928 |
| Grande | Grande, Julian. Constance Grande | 1925 |
| Gray | Gray, Arthur J. An Ulster Plantation | 1938 |
| G.B.O.P. | Great Britain: Official Papers (presented to House of Lords and House of Commons) | |
| Grey Jour. | Grey, Sir George. Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia, 1837-39 | 2 vols. 1841 |
| Grimstone | Grimstone, S. E. The Southern Settlements of New Zealand | 1847 |
| Gudgeon | Gudgeon, T. W. Defenders of New Zealand | 1887 |
| — Hist. | — History and Doings of the Maoris, 1820-40 | 1885 |
| Hay, Guthrie | Guthrie Hay, H. L. Annandale Past and Present, 1839-1900 | 1901 |
| Hammond | Hammond, T. G. The Story of Aotea | 1924 |
| Harrop Eng. and N.Z. | Harrop, A. J. England and New Zealand | 1926 |
| — Wakefield | T— he Amazing Career of Edward Gibbon Wakefield | 1928 |
| — Westland | — The Romance of Westland | 1923 |
| Hay | Hay, James. Reminiscences of Earliest Canterbury and its Settlers | 1915 |
| Henderson | Henderson, G. C. Sir George Grey | 1907 |
| Hight and Bamford | Hight, J., and Bamford, H. D. The Constitutional History and Law of New Zealand | 1914 |
| Hight and Candy | Hight, J., and Candy, A. M. F. Short History of the Canterbury College | 1927 |
| Hindmarsh | Hindmarsh, W. H. S. (pseud. Waratah). Tales of the Golden West | 1906 |
| Hist. Rec. Aust. | Historical Records of Australia | 1914-25 |
| HOCKEN | Hocken, T. M. A Bibliography of the Literature Relating to New Zealand | 1909 |
| — Otago | — Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago) | 1898 |
| HOCHSTETTER | Hochstetter, Ferdinand von. New Zealand; Its Geography, Geology and Natural History | 1867 |
| HOOKER | Hooker, Sir J. D. Handbook of the Flora of New Zealand | 1864, 1867, 1899 |
| HOW | How, F. D. Bishop John Selwyn; a Memoir | |
| HUBNER | Hubner, Baron J. A. von. Through the British Empire | 1886 |
| HUME | Hume, Hamilton. The Life of Edward John Eyre, late Governor of Jamaica | 1867 |
| INGRAM and WHEATLEY | Ingram, C. W. and Wheatley, P. O. Shipwrecks; New Zealand Disasters, 1795-1936 | 1936 |
| JACKSON | Jackson, Mrs J. Howard. Annals of a New Zealand Family | 1935 |
| JACOBS | Jacobs, Henry. Colonial Church Histories: New Zealand | 1887 |
| JACOBSON | Jacobson, H. C. Tales of Banks Peninsula 2nd ed. | 1893 |
| JELLICOE | Jellicoe, R. L. The New Zealand Company's Native Reserves | 1930 |
| Jewish Rev. | New Zealand Jewish Review and Communal Directory | 1931 |
| FESTING JONES | Festing Jones, Henry. Samuel Butler... A Memoir | 1919 |
| JOUBERT | Joubert, Jules. Shavings and Scrapes | 1890 |
| JOURDAIN | Jourdain, W. R. Land Legislation and Settlement in New Zealand | 1925 |
| ΚΕΙΤΗ | Keith, A. Berriedale. Responsible Government in the Dominions | 1912; 1928 |
| KENNEDY | Kennedy, A. New Zealand | 1873 |
| KING | King, P. P. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M. ships Adventure' and 'Beagle' between the years 1826 and 1836 | 1839 |
| LAMBERT | Lambert, T. The Story of Old Wairoa | 1925 |
| LARKWORTHY | Larkworthy, Falconer. Ninety One Years | 1924 |
| LAROUSSE | Nouveau Larousse Illustre | |
| LECKIE | Leckie, F. M. Early History of Wellington College | 1934 |
| LEYS | Leys, Thomas W., see Sherrin and Wallace | |
| LOVAT | Lovat, Lady Alice. The Life of Sir Frederick Weld | 1914 |
| LOYAU | Loyau, G. E. Representative Men of South Australia | 1883 |
| — Notables | — Notable South Australians | 1885 |
| MCCORMICK | McCormick, Dr R. Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas and Round the World | 1884 |
| MACDONALD, C. A. | Macdonald, C. A. Pages from the Past | 1933 |
| MACDONALD, GORDON | Macdonald, Gordon. The Highlanders of Waipu | 1928 |
| MCDONALD, K. C. | McDonald, K. C. History of Waitaki Boys' High School, 1883-1933 | 1934 |
| MACDONALD, SHEILA | Macdonald, Sheila. The Member for Mount Ida | 1938 |
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| MACKAY | Mackay, Alex. A Compendium of Official Documents relative to Native Affairs in the South Island | 2 vols. 1872-73 |
| MCKENZIE, G. M. | McKenzie, G. M. The History of Christchurch Cathedral | 1931 |
| MCKENZIE, N. R. | McKenzie, N. R. The Gael Fares Forth | 1935 |
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| MACMORRAN | Macmorran, G. Some Schools and Schoolmasters of Early Wellington | 1900 |
| McNAB Murihiku | McNab, R. Murihiku | 1909 |
| — Tasman | — From Tasman to Marsden | 1914 |
| — Whaling | — The Old Whaling Days | 1913 |
| — Hist. Rec. | — Historical Records of New Zealand 2 vols. | 1908-14 |
| MARAIS | Marais, J. S. The Colonisation of New Zealand | 1927 |
| MARJORIBANKS | Marjoribanks, Alexander. Travels in New Zealand | 1846 |
| MARKHAM | Markham, E. Recollections of New Zealand (MS. journal in Alexander Turnbull and General Assembly Libraries) | 1834 |
| MARSDEN, L. and J. | Letters and Journals of Samuel Marsden, 1765-1838 (edited by J. R. Elder) | 1932 |
| — Lieuts. | — Marsden's Lieutenants (edited by J. R. Elder) | 1934 |
| MARSHALL | Marshall, W. B. Personal Narrative of Two Visits to New Zealand in H.M.S. 'Alligator' | 1836 |
| MARTIN | Martin, Lady. Our Maoris | 1884 |
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| MENNELL | Mennell, P. The Dictionary of Australian Biography | 1892 |
| 1855-92 | ||
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| MILNE | Milne, James. The Romance of a Pro-Consul | 1899 |
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| MONTGOMERY | Montgomery, James. Journal of Voyages and Travels of the Rev Daniel Tyerman and George Bennett, Esq . . . 1821-9 | |
| MORLEY | Morley, W. History of Methodism in New Zealand | 1900 |
| MORTON | Morton, H. B. Recollections of Early New Zealand | 1925 |
| Moss | Moss, F. J. Through Atolls and Islands in the Great South Sea | 1889 |
| MUNDY | Mundy, G. C. Our Antipodes | 1852 |
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| Nelson Coll. Reg. | Nelson College Old Boys' Register | 1926 |
| N.Z.C. | New Zealand Company. Papers and printed reports in New Zealand Archives and Public Record Office, London | |
| N.Z. Chess Book, 1922 | The Book of the 30th and 31st Congresses (ed. F. K. Kelling) | 1922 |
| N.Z. Law Jour. | New Zealand Law Journal | 1928 to date |
| N.Z.P.D. | New Zealand Parliamentary Debates | 1854 to date |
| New Zealanders | The New Zealanders [Library of Entertaining Knowledge] | |
| NICHOLLS | Nicholls, J. H. Kerry. The King Country | 1830 |
| O'BYRNE | O'Byrne, W. R. Naval Biography 3 vols. | 1849-61 |
| O'CONNOR | O'Connor, Irma. Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Man Himself | 1928 |
| OLIVIER | Olivier, Lord. The Myth of Governor Eyre | 1933 |
| O.D.T. Diamond Jub. | The Otago Daily Times' Diamond Jubilee, 1861-1921 | 1921 |
| Otago H.S. Reg. | Otago High School Old Boys' Register (edited by T. D. Pearce and R. V. Fulton) | 1907 |
| Parltry Record | The New Zealand Parliamentary Record 1909, 1925 | 1924 |
| PAUL | Paul, J. T. The Pres of Otago and Southland | 1921 |
| — Trades Unionism | — Trades Unionism in Otago: Its Rise and Progress, 1881-1912 (Souvenir Catalogue of Industrial Exhibition) | 1912 |
| PLAYNE | Playne, Somerset. New Zealand: Its History, Commerce and Industrial Resources | 1912-13 |
| Polyn. Jour. | Journal of the Polynesian Society | 1892 to date |
| POMPALLIER | Pompallier, J. B. F. Early History of the Catholic Church in Oceania | 1888 |
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| Pratt | Pratt, M. A. D. Pioneering Days of Southern Maori- land | 1932 |
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| Ramsden | Ramsden, Eric of. Roll of Honour 1840-1902. Defenders of the Empire Resident in New Zealand | 1902 |
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| Reid | Reid, R. G. Rambles on the Golden Coast of the South Island of New Zealand | 1886 |
| Reid, Stuart | Reid, Stuart J. Life and Letters of the First Earl of Durham | 1906 |
| Riverton Rec. | Records of the Riverton and District | 1937 |
| Roberts | Roberts, W. H. S. Southland in 1856-57 | 1895 |
| Robertson | Robertson, D. Early History of the New Zealand Post Office | 1905 |
| Rossignol and Stewart | Rossignol, J. E. Le, and Stewart, W. D. State Socialism in New Zealand | 1910 |
| Ross, C. S. | Ross, C. S. Early Otago and Some of its Notable Men | 1907 |
| Ross, Lloyd | Ross, Lloyd. William Lane and the Australian Labour Movement | 1937 |
| Roy. Soc. N.Z. | Transactions of Royal Society of New Zealand 1935 to date | |
| Russell | Russell, G. W. New Zealand Parliamentary Guide Book | 1895 |
| Saunders | Saunders, Alfred. History of New Zealand | 2 vols. 1896-99 |
| Scholefield Hobson | Scholefield, G. H. Captain William Hobson, R.N., First Governor of New Zealand | 1934 |
| — N.Z. Evol. | — New Zealand in Evolution | 1909 |
| — Pacific | — The Pacific: Its Past and Future | 1920 |
| — Union Catalogue | — A Union Catalogue of Newspapers preserved in the Public Libraries | 1938 |
| — See also Who's Who N.Z. | ||
| Selwyn, Annals | Selwyn, C. J. and L. F. Annals of the Diocese of New Zealand | 1847 |
| Sherrin and Wallace | Sherrin, R. A. A. and Wallace, J. H. Early History of New Zealand. Edited by T. W. Leys. (Brett's Historical Series) | 1890 |
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| Silk | Silk, D. V. A History of Pahoi | 1923 |
| Sinclar Papers | Sinclair, Andrew, R.N. Manuscript letters and papers (in General Assembly Library) | 1818-61 |
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| — Wars | — Smith, S. P. Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 2nd ed. | 1910 |
| Smith, W. S. | Smith, W. Sidney. Outlines of the Women's Franchise Movement in New Zealand | 1905 |
| Southland B.H.S. Reg. | A Register of the Southland Boys' High School (com- piled by T. D. Pearce) | 1930 |
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| — Adventures | — Early Maoriland Adventures of J. W. Stack (edited by A. H. Reed) | 1935 |
| — More Adventures | — More Maoriland Adventures | 1936 |
| Stewart, Adela B. | Stewart, Adela B. My Simple Life in New Zealand | 1908 |
| Stewart, W. D. | Stewart, W. D. The Right Hon Sir Francis H. D. Bell: His Life and Times | 1937 |
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| Taylor | Taylor, Rev Richard. Te Ika a Maui: Past and Present of New Zealand | 1855 |
| — Past and Present | — Past and Present of New Zealand | 1867 |
| Thompson | Thompson, G. E. A Short History of the University of Otago (1869-1919) | 1921 |
| Thomson | Thomson, A. S. The Story of New Zealand | 1859 |
| Thomson, J. A. | James Allan Thomson. The Triers Aliens and Related Families | 1920 |
| The Times (London) | ||
| Trans. N.Z. Inst. | New Zealand Institute, Transactions and Proceedings | 1869-1934 |
| Travers | Travers, W. T. L. Some Chapters in the Life and Times of Te Rauparaha | 1872 |
| Tucker | Tucker, Rev W. H. Memoir of the Life and Episco-pate of George Augustus Selwyn, D.D. | 1879 |
| Waka Maori | Waka Maori (an official gazette and newspaper in Maori published by the Government of New Zealand from 1863 to 1885) | |
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| — New Zealand | — New Zealand after Fifty Years | 1889 |
| WAKELIN | Wakelin, Richard. History and Politics . . . 1851-1877 | 1877 |
| Waratah (See Hindmarsh) | ||
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| WILLIAMS, W. J. | Williams, W. J. Centenary Sketches of New Zealand Methodism | 1932 |
| WILLIAMS, W. L. | Williams, W. L. East Coast Historical Records | 1932 |
| WILLIAMS, W. T. | Williams, W. T. Pioneering in New Zealand (The Life of Archdeacon Samuel Williams) | 1929 |
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| WILSON, E. | Wilson, E. Wilson. Land Problems of the New Zealand Settlers of the Forties | 1936 |
| WILSON, J. G. | Wilson, Sir J. G. Early Rangitikei | 1914 |
| WILSON, John | Wilson, John. Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of Dunedin and South Otago | 1912 |
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GLOSSARY OF MAORI WORDS
| ariki | chief |
| aukati | boundary line; frontier |
| hakari | an entertainment or feast |
| hapu | a section of a tribe |
| Hauhau | the adherents of the Pai-marire doctrine |
| heke | a migration |
| hongi | to touch noses (in salute) |
| hui | an assembly |
| kainga | a living village |
| karakia | incantation (s) |
| korero | a speech, conference |
| kotahitanga | union |
| kuki | a slave |
| kupapa | friendly native rifleman |
| makutu | witchcraft; to bewitch |
| mana | prestige; authority |
| marae | a village square |
| matua | father; protector |
| mere | a short club for hand-to-hand fighting |
| mokihi | a raft |
| muru | plunder by way of punishment |
| ngautaringa | biting the ear (a ceremony) |
| niu | sacred flagstaff of the Hauhau |
| ope | a troop or company |
| pa | a fort or fortified village |
| pakeha | foreigner, a European |
| pakihi | sterile land (where fern root is dug) |
| Pai-marire | cult of the Hauhau, a religion devised by Te Ua Haumene |
| pouri | sad |
| rangatira | chief |
| Ra-tapu | holy day; Sabbath |
| raupo | a bullrush |
| ringatu | upraised hand; sign used by Hauhau to ward off bullets |
| take | a cause or pretext for war |
| takoha | tribute |
| tangi | obsequies; to weep |
| tapu | sacred |
| taua | war party; hostile expedition |
| toa | a warrior |
| tohunga | a priest |
| tokotoko | a walking stick |
| utu | payment for wrong; compensation or revenge |
| waiata | a song |
| whakapapa | lineage; family tree |
| whare | a house or hut |
ABBREVIATIONS
| AFC | Air Force Cross |
| AMLIEE | Associate Member Institution of Electrical Engineers |
| ARA | Associate of the Royal Academy |
| ARAM | Associate Royal Academy of Music |
| ARCM | Associate Royal College of Music |
| ARCO | Associate Royal College of Organists |
| ARIBA | Associate Royal Institute of British Architects |
| ARWS | Associate Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours |
| Assoc. MLCE | Associate Member Institution of Civil Engineers |
| BAg | Bachelor of Agriculture |
| BD | Bachelor of Divinity |
| CB | Companion of the Bath |
| CBE | Commander of Order of British Empire |
| CIE | Companion Order of Indian Empire |
| CMG | Companion of St Michael and St George |
| CMS | Church Missionary Society |
| CSI | Companion of Star of India |
| CVO | Companion Royal Victorian Order |
| DBE | Dame Commander Order of British Empire |
| DCL | Doctor of Civil Law |
| DCM | Distinguished Conduct Medal |
| DFC | Distinguished Flying Cross |
| DSC | Distinguished Service Cross |
| DSM | Distinguished Service Medal |
| DSO | Distinguished Service Order |
| FCS | Fellow of the Chemical Society |
| FES | Fellow of the Entomological Society |
| FGS | Fellow of the Geological Society |
| FIA | Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries |
| FLS | Fellow of the Linnaean Society |
| FRCP | Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London |
| FRCP Ed | Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, of Edinburgh |
| FRCPI | Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, of Ireland |
| FRCS | Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons |
| FRCS Ed | Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, of Edinburgh |
| FRCSI | Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, of Ireland |
| FRLBA | Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects |
| FRS | Fellow of the Royal Society |
| FRSA | Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts |
| FRSNZ | Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand |
| FSA | Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries |
| FZS | Fellow of the Zoological Society |
| GBE | Knight or Dame Grand Cross of British Empire |
| GCIE | Knight Grand Cross of Indian Empire |
| GCSI | Knight Grand Cross of Star of India |
| GCVO | Knight Grand Cross of Royal Victorian Order |
| HEICS | Honourable East India Company's Service |
| ICS | Indian Civil Service |
| IOGT | Independent Order of Good Templars |
| IOOF | Independent Order of Odd Fellows |
| ISO | Imperial Service Order |
| KB | Knight of the Bath |
| KBE | Knight Commander of the British Empire |
| KCIE | Knight Commander of the Indian Empire |
| KCMG | Knight Commander of St Michael and St George |
| KCSI | Knight Commander of the Star of India |
| KCVO | Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order |
| KG | Knight of the Garter |
| Kt | Knight Bachelor |
| LMS | London Missionary Society |
| LRAM | Licentiate Royal Academy of Music |
| LRCP | Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians |
| LRCPI | Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, Ireland |
| MBE | Member of British Empire Order |
| MC | Military Cross |
| MIEE | Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers |
| MLA | Member of the Legislative Assembly |
| MM | Military Medal |
| MRCVS | Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons |
| MUIOOF | Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows |
| MVO | Member of the Royal Victorian Order |
| NZC | New Zealand Cross ; New Zealand Constitution (Masonic) |
| NZEF | New Zealand Expeditionary Force |
| OBE | Officer of the British Empire Order |
| OM | Order of Merit |
| OSB | Order of St Benedict |
| (p) | Portrait |
| QC | Queen's Counsel |
| q.v. | Whom see |
| RAF | Royal Air Force |
| RBA | Royal Society of British Artists |
| RE | Royal Engineers |
| RM | Royal Marines |
| RSA | Royal Scottish Academician |
| SJ | Society of Jesus |
| SM | Society of Mary |
| SPCA | Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals |
| SPCK | Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge |
| SPG | Society of the Propagation of the Gospel |
| UAOD | United and Ancient Order of Druids |
| VC | Victoria Cross |
| VG | Vicar-general |
| WCTU | Women's Christian Temperance Union |
| WS | Writer to the Signet |
| YMCA | Young Men's Christian Association |
| YWCA | Young Women's Christian Association |