GAGE, DAVID RICHMOND (1868-1916) was the son of John Gage and the grandson of George Gage, who married Waana Pororua. He was related to the Ngati-Maniapoto chief Rewi. Educated at St Stephen's College, Auckland, he won a Makarini scholarship to Te Aute College, where he learned Rugby football and became a skilful player in almost any position in the field. He was associated with T. R. Ellison, with whom he played for many years. Proceeding in 1886 to Wellington, he joined the Poneke Club and played for the province against Stoddart's English team. In 1888 he was a member of the Maori team which toured England. He played in 68 of the 74 matches and distinguished himself in various positions, but mainly as half-back and full-back. Later he played for Auckland province, and he was a member of the New Zealand team which visited Australia (1893). He played for North Island against South (1894) and for New Zealand against Queensland (1896). Gage represented Wellington province in 36 matches, and Hawkes Bay and Auckland on a number of occasions. He captained both Wellington and New Zealand. He died on 12 Oct 1916.

N.Z. Rugby Annual, 1920; A. F. Wiren and W. T. Prentice (information); N.Z. Times, 13 Oct 1916.

Reference: Volume 1, page 159

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GALLAGHER, TIMOTHY (1840-88) was born at Cronadun, County Donegal, Ireland, and educated at Kilmacrenan. In 1863 he emigrated to Australia and joined the staff of St Patrick's College, Melbourne. In 1866 he came to New Zealand and opened a store at Charleston, with a branch at Addisons Flat. Later with his brothers he opened branches in Cronadun, Inangahua and Westport. In June 1868 he was elected M.H.R. for North Westland, being then one of the youngest members of the House. He resigned his seat in June 1870. On going to live at Reefton he was a member of the Inangahua county council. In 1870 Gallagher married Mary Frances, daughter of Charles Mullins, and with his brothers established a business in Westport. He was a justice of the peace, a member of the harbour board and chairman of the vigilance committee. Gallagher died on 24 Aug 1888.

N.Z. Tablet, 7 Sep 1888; Westport News, 28 Dec 1926. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 159

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GALLAHER, DAVID (1874-1917) was born at Belfast, Ireland, and came to New Zealand with his parents, who were members of G. Vesey Stewart's settlement near Tauranga. On leaving school he worked in Auckland, where he became a departmental foreman in a freezing establishment. He was a fine Rugby footballer and for some years captained the Auckland provincial team, notably in 1903 against England. In 1905-06 he captained the All Black team which toured England, winning 31 out of 32 matches. Gallaher was the greatest wing forward who ever appeared in New Zealand Rugby and was described by the Morning Post (London) as "a real artist in the novel position." He acted as sole selector for Auckland province for some years.

Gallaher served in a New Zealand contingent in the Boer War. In the war of 1914-18 he became a sergeant-major and died of wounds in France on 4 Oct 1917.

G.H. Dixon, Triumphant Tour of the New Zealand Footballers, 1906 (p); N.Z. Rugby Annual, 1920 (p); N.Z. Herald, 13 Oct 1917; Evening Post, 15 Oct.

Reference: Volume 1, page 159

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GARIN, ANTOINE MARIE (1810-89) was born at St Rambert, department of Loire, France, in the diocese of Belley. Showing early in life a strong disposition for a missionary career, he was ordained in 1834. In 1840 he joined the Marist Brothers and in June 1841 arrived at Bay of Islands and remained there for a few months. In 1843 he was at Kaipara and in 1845 returned to Kororareka, where he showed great bravery and devotion in attending to the wounded under fire in Heke's war. Altogether he spent 10 years as a missionary to the Maori, at the stations mentioned. In 1848 he was appointed to Otahuhu, Panmure and Howick, where he came into contact also with many Irish soldiers amongst the New Zealand Fencibles.

In 1850 Garin was sent as first parish priest to Nelson. There he established a private school, at which many Catholic boys were educated, including Archbishop Redwood. Diaries which he kept of his work and travels give an illuminating insight into the difficulties and the long foot journeys involved in the work of his parish, his steadfast industry and the simplicity of his character. Garin found the parish without any buildings of consequence and left it fully equipped with a fine church and presbytery, a convent and high school and boys' and girls' industrial schools. He was for some time on the central board of education, and on the committee of the Nelson Aid Society and he took part in all charitable movements. In 1884 Bishop Redwood conferred on Garin the rank of archpriest of Nelson. He died on 14 Apr 1889.

Pompallier, Fishers of Men (p); Marist Messenger, 1 Mar 1938; Nelson Evening Mail, 15 Aug 1889, 11 Dec 1926 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GARLAND, CHARLES HUGHLINGS (1857-1918) was born in London, a son of T. C. Garland (for 50 years lay agent of the Wesleyan Seamen's mission in London). Garland assisted his father in his work, and at 16 became a Methodist local preacher. He was a teacher in the Hale Street school, Poplar, and later undertook tutorial work. He was accepted for training for the ministry and studied at Headingley and Wandsworth Theological Colleges.

Garland was one of three clergy selected by the British Methodist conference to replace those drowned in the Tararua (1881) and he reached Wellington in Sep 1882. He began his New Zealand ministry at Northern Wairoa and was soon transferred to Christchurch. He was ordained (1884) and married (1885) Eleanor Jackson, of Tunbridge Wells, England. He was a man of rare gifts and a preacher of singular charm and power. At an early age his gifts brought him to the front rank and he filled many important positions. On five occasions he was a member of the Methodist general conference of Australasia and in 1914 sat on the board of missions. In 1891 he published a pamphlet Christianity and Secularism. In 1893 he delivered the official lecture at the Wesleyan conference in Dunedin on The Bearing of Higher Criticism on Leading Evangelical Doctrines. This made Garland the storm centre of a theological controversy. Pamphlets attacking his orthodoxy were published by the Rev David McNicoll and by William Shepherd Allen (q.v.), to which Garland convincingly replied in a pamphlet entitled The Authority of the Bible. In 1901 he was elected president of the Methodist conference; in 1911 he was acting editor of his church paper and in 1912 he was appointed principal of the Methodist Theological College in Auckland. He held this office until his death on 4 Nov 1918. During the great war Garland undertook the pastorate of the Mount Eden Church in addition to his principalship.

M.A.R.P.

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GARRICK, FRANCIS JAMES (1833-90) was born in Australia, his father having come out a year or two earlier to manage a flourmill. Educated at the Sydney College (where T. Peacock was a fellow pupil) he was articled to Andrew McCulloch, solicitor, and later with Robert Nicholls, and was admitted to the New South Wales bar. For some years he practised in Sydney in partnership with Rowley and Holdsworth and in 1863 he came to New Zealand, intending to practise in Nelson. Instead he joined Cowlishaw, who had studied with him, and thus established one of the most successful practices in Christchurch. J. B. Fisher became a partner in 1883. Garrick was a very successful pleader. He declined many invitations to enter politics, but represented Christchurch City in the Provincial Council (1866-69) and was in the executive (1866). Later he was provincial solicitor for some time (1875). In 1884 he was elected M.H.R. for St Albans, which he represented till 1887. Garrick married a daughter of John Jenkins Peacock (Sydney). He died on 7 Jun 1890.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; Cycl. NZ, iii (p); Arnold; Lyttelton Times, 9 Jun 1890.

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GARROW, JAMES MITCHELL ELLIS (1865-1935), who was born in Scotland, came to New Zealand as a boy with his parents. Educated at the Albany Street school, Dunedin, he taught for some time as a pupil teacher, and graduated at Otago University (B.A. 1897; LL.B. 1905). After some years in business he became registrar of Otago University and in 1911 was appointed professor of English and international law at Victoria University College. Garrow was the author of an annotated edition of the Crimes Act, and of standard text books on property. From 1916 to 1928 he served on the College council. Retiring in 1928, he was created professor emeritus, and he died on 7 Oct 1935.

Cycl. NZ., iv; Who's Who NZ., 1924, 1932; The Dominion, 8 Oct 1935 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GASCOIGNE, FREDERICK JOHN WILLIAM (1838-1926) was born at Cawnpore, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Manners Gascoigne, of the 8th Bengal Light Cavalry, H.E.I.C.S. (who served in both Sutlej campaigns and died in New Zealand in 1872).

Gascoigne was educated at Kumaon. He left India with his parents in 1852 in the ship Marlborough for Australia. At Melbourne, on the advice of John Tinline (q.v.) they took passage in the Belle Creole, arriving in Nelson in 1853. They settled on a farm at Paingatotara, Motueka. About 1856 Gascoigne junior became a cadet on the Hawke's Bay station of his mother's cousin Donald McLean (q.v.), and he remained there for three years. Returning to the South Island, he assisted in driving cattle from Marlborough to Otago and then spent two years on the goldfields at Collingwood and Motueka. In 1863 he was offered a commission in the Colonial Defence Force and joined a mounted unit in Hawke's Bay. On the outbreak of fighting with the disaffected Ngati-Porou (1865), he was ordered to Poverty Bay and served in the operations there, including Pakairomiromi, Pukemaire and Hungahunga-toroa (Aug-Oct). After the fight at Waerenga-a-hika he remained at Waiapu in command of the magistrate's guard. In 1867 he was engaged in the fighting at Wairoa and when the force was disbanded in the temporary lull his commission lapsed. On the return of Te Kooti from the Chatham Islands Gascoigne offered his services to Biggs and at great risk carried a despatch to Wairoa (Jul 1868). He was again commissioned to the force and stationed by Biggs at the fork of the Wairoa road, 20 miles from Gisborne, to watch for the return of the enemy from Urewera. Gascoigne urged that an old unused track should be watched but Biggs considered this unnecessary. It was by this route, however, that Te Kooti returned and massacred the settlers in the neighbourhood of Gisborne (including Biggs and his family). Gascoigne with great difficulty reached the opposite side of the river and, getting into Gisborne by boat, he at once assumed control, evacuated the women and summoned reinforcements. He took an active part in the operations under Whitmore in the Ruakituri valley and the actions of Patutahi and Makaretu. Reconnoitring the stronghold at Ngatapa he advised caution in attacking, and was prominent in the final assault in Jan 1869.

Being now recommissioned as captain (sub-inspector A.C.) Gascoigne proceeded to the West Coast and was present throughout the operations against Titokowaru, from Turangaika to the final action at Te Ngaere. Thence he went to Bay of Plenty and took part in the pursuit of Te Kooti into the Urewera. He was often mentioned in despatches and was recommended for the N.Z.C. As officer in charge at Ohinemutu he entertained the Duke of Edinburgh. He married in 1872, Marion, daughter of Henry Carr, and returned to his command at Tokaanu. He was successively stationed at Opepe, Tauranga, Tarawera and Rotorua, having charge of native labour constructing roads in the Taupo and Bay of Plenty region.

In 1880 Gascoigne was summoned to the disturbed area at Parihaka and during the operations in 1881 he was in charge of the prisoners and returning visiting natives to their tribes. He then returned to Rotorua and Waikato, where in 1882 he arranged the meeting of Bryce and Tawhiao at Ngaruawahia. Early in 1883, when a section of the King natives arrested Hursthouse and Newsham, he took strong measures to impress them, finally surrounding and arresting Te Mahuki and the whole of his force as they entered the town of Alexandra. Promoted major (1886), Gascoigne was put in command of the artillery at Wellington in 1887, but retrenched the following year and appointed sheriff at Auckland. In 1891 he became R.M. at the Chathams, where he did much for the social improvement of both native and pakeha people. He resigned in 1897 owing to ill-health and settled in Hawke's Bay, where he died (13 Dec 1926). (Gascoigne seems to have spelled his name Gascoyne after 1908.)

Cowan (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Gascoyne; Soldiering in New Zealand, 1916 (p); N.Z. Herald, 29 Sep 1888, 12 Jan 1889.

Reference: Volume 1, page 161

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GASCOIGNE, BAMBER (1829-69) belonged to an old Yorkshire family. He was living in Australia and had just married when he took service in the Military Settlers for Taranaki. Arriving by the Brilliant at New Plymouth (Feb 1864) he received a commission as ensign and was stationed with two other settlers at the redoubt at Pukearuhe, living in a cottage with his family of three. On 13 Feb 1869, when they were working on the farm, they were attacked by a party of Ngati-Maniapoto and all murdered. This was the final war episode on this Coast.

Cowan, ii, 295, 527; Wells, 281-2.

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GAUSTAD, CHRISTOPHER (1838-1927) was born at Trondhjem, Norway, his father being a sea captain. His early education he received at Molde. At the age of 22, while working in a printing office in Bergen, he became a devout Christian. He attended the mission school at Stavanger and, to prepare for the mission field, proceeded to Berlin, where he was studying languages at the time of the war with Denmark. Incidentally he visited the Danish prisoners of war at Spandau. In Berlin Gaustad became acquainted with a Norwegian student, Anne Gorina, of Ouli Nees. They sailed for India in the Hotspur from London and were married at Muzafferpur, Bengal (Dec 1865).

In 1870 Gaustad's health broke down in the Indian climate and they moved to Queensland, where he became pastor to the Scandinavian congregations, most of whom were making a difficult livelihood on their small farms. There he toiled for 10 years on a very low salary. In 1877 he became a naturalised British subject. In Aug 1880 they came to Palmerston North. Gaustad ministered for about 10 years to the Lutheran congregations in that town, visiting also the communities in Rangitikei and the Forty Mile Bush and making many arduous journeys to Woodville, Dannevirke, Norsewood, Makaretu, and Mauriceville. In 1889-90 he travelled in Europe, giving many lectures upon New Zealand in Norway, and preaching in the cathedral at Trondhjem on the 25th anniversary of the seamen's mission. While in Halcombe Gaustad printed, on a handpress which he acquired from an Anglican clergyman, several pamphlets on religious and social subjects. The most noteworthy of these (printed in 1889) was an interesting speculation into the future which he delivered as a public lecture in Linton's hall in 1888. He was well versed in British and European history and frequently, even in advanced age, held services in remote backblocks for the benefit of all denominations. Gaustad died at Urenui on 5 Feb 1927.

Manawatu Evening Standard, 20 Nov 1937; Miss A. J. Gaustad (information). Portrait: General Assembly Library.

Reference: Volume 1, page 161

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GAY, WILLIAM (1865-97) was born at Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland, his father being an engraver on copper plate for printing wall papers and calico cloths. Gay was educated in the board school at Alexandria, near Dumbarton, where he became a monitor at 14.

With an Orr Ewing scholarship he went to Glasgow University, where he found the study beyond his strength and his strict Calvinist upbringing shaken by doubts. This prevented him from fulfilling his father's ambition by entering the ministry. After being brought back from London he obtained a clerkship in Glasgow at 12s a week. Again he went to London and was starving when G. R. Sims sent him a pound and A. Moore found him some work. He suffered severe hardships. After trying to get employment at sea he sailed for New Zealand in the Dunedin, arriving in Otago in 1885. While purser's clerk in the Tarawera during a cruise to Milford he met Professor Morris, who employed him to write chapters for Picturesque Australasia (1886). After two years in the service of the Union Steamship Co. he went to Hawkes Bay, where he seems to have thrived until 1888, when he went to Victoria. He was appointed to the staff of Scotch College. The work was beyond his strength, but his meeting with the Rev Dr Strong had a vital influence upon his life and thought.

Gay wrote a good deal of verse, the first appearing in print in 1881. He was a profound student of metaphysics and Hegelianism. He was fascinated by pure poetry as he found it in isolated passages in Keats, Shelley, Shakespeare and Wordsworth. He projected a pronouncing dictionary of geographical names and a pamphlet on consumption (from which he suffered), and he wrote for the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science an essay on Walt Whitman in his relation to science and philosophy. Gay published Sonnets in 1896, The Commonwealth and the Empire and Christ on Olympus. His poetry was universal, not local, and dealt mainly with feelings and sympathies common to humanity. Gay was tutor at several homes in the Riverina and Melbourne, and in 1896 settled at Bendigo, where he died on 22 Dec 1897.

Complete Poetical Works (with biog. introd. by J Glen Oliphant), 1911; Bendigo Advertiser, 23 Dec 1897; The Press, 8 Jun 1907.

GEBBIE, JOHN (1822-50) was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, and came to New Zealand in the Aurora (1840). After spending three years at Wellington, he accepted the position of farm manager to John Deans (Riccarton), with whom he remained for some years. In 1845 he leased land at the head of Port Cooper and eventually settled at Gebbie's valley, establishing a dairy herd and supplying the Wellington market. He died in 1850.

His son, JOHN GEBBIE (1840-88) was born at Wellington. Besides improving his property he took a part in local government, being a member of the Akaroa county council, chairman of the Little River road board and school committee and a member of the licensing committee. He married a daughter of Moses Crier (Lyttelton). His death occurred on 19 Sep 1888.

Cant. O.N.; Deans; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Lyttelton Times, 21 Sep 1888.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEDDIS, JAMES McROBERTS (1856-1935) who was born in Belfast, Ireland, came to New Zealand in 1864 and settled in Auckland, where his father, John Stewart Geddis, established himself as a manufacturer. Entering journalism in 1869, he served on the New Zealand Herald (1869-78), the Dunedin Age (1878-79) and the Auckland Star (1879-88), and in 1888 was appointed to the Hansard staff. He contributed to the Picturesque Atlas of Australasia and Maori Wars and published a series of articles Summer Isles of Eden. With his brother, W. J. Geddis (q.v.), he established the St James Chronicle, and with W. Blomfield, purchased and conducted the Auckland Observer and in 1900 founded the New Zealand Free Lance in Wellington. He was president of the New Zealand Unitarian Association (1920-23) and of the Wellington Unitarian Association (1930); was chairman of directors of several companies and in 1926 was created an Officer d'Academie Francaise. Retiring from the Hansard staff, he became editor of the Free Lance until 1921. He died on 21 Sep 1935. In 1882 he married Hannah Elizabeth, daughter of J. B. Jackson, of Auckland.

Cycl. N.Z., i; Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; The Dominion, 23 Sep 1935.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEDDIS, WILLIAM JOHN (1860-1926) was born at Belfast, Ireland, and came to Auckland with his parents four years later. Educated in the public schools, he joined the Auckland Star at the age of 14 and was sub-editor at 28. In 1892 he resigned to join W. Blomfield in the purchase of The Observer, which they ran in partnership for many years, Geddis being editor. They established the New Zealand Free Lance in 1900 and the Waihi Daily Telegraph (1901). Geddis joined Henry Brett and T. W. Leys in the purchase of the Daily Telegraph (Napier), of which he was managing director till 1913, when he took up the same position with the New Zealand Times Co. In 1918 Geddis was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member till his death (on 1 May 1926). He married (1889) May, daughter of J. C. Morrin.

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Who's Who N.Z., 1924; N.Z. Times, 3 May 1926. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEORGE, EDEN (1863-1927) had a photographer's business in Christchurch, with a branch in Dunedin. He stood for a Christchurch parliamentary seat in 1891 (but was defeated by Sandford) and also contested a Dunedin seat. He was mayor of Christchurch in 1898 and advocated many improvements, including asphalting of the city streets. Having sold his business to Wrigglesworth and Binns, he went to Sydney, where he again established himself as a photographer, with a branch in Melbourne. In 1901 George defeated Sir James Graham (mayor of Sydney) for the Sydney-Belmore seat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and in 1904 he was returned for the Ashburnham seat. He retired in 1907. He stood again for Parliament in 1913, but was defeated by R. Meagher by a large majority. He was for a while a successful racing man. He died on 2 May 1927.

Information from the Librarian, New South Wales Parliament; Sydney Morning Herald, 25 Nov 1913, 4 May 1927; Labour Daily, 19 Mar 1927.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEORGE, JAMES (1813-78) was born at Woolwich, England, of Scots parents, with whom he emigrated to Tasmania in 1823, his father being engaged under the board of ordnance. George was apprenticed to a baker. In 1838 he went to South Australia and engaged in his trade, and in 1840 he came to New Zealand. He was in the ship Delhi off Coromandel when J. L. Campbell and his associates were there, and afterwards visited Waitemata and Waiheke. Eventually he lived in a tent on the site of Auckland. George engaged in his business in the town and made a competence. He was a member of the Auckland city board and represented Auckland West in the Provincial Council (1861-65). He died on 5 Jul 1878.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 6 July 1878.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEORGE, JOHN REES (1841-89) was the son of a solicitor and was born at Lewisham, London. He entered the office of a London tea merchant but, having mechanical tendencies, joined the firm of Kennards, railway contractors. At the age of 20 he was in charge of a contract in Portugal and in 1865 he came to New Zealand under engagement to the Wellington provincial government, for whom he carried out an extension of the Queen's wharf and constructed the patent slip and the Wanganui bridge. He was manager of the Patent Slip Co. and the first Wellington Gas Co. and managing director of the Wellington Trust and Loan Co. till his death (on 26 Jun 1889). George was a member of the Wellington City Council (1874-78) and of the harbour board (1889) and chairman of the chamber of commerce (1882).

N.Z. Times, 11 Jul 1889

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GEORGE, SEYMOUR THORNE (1851-1922) was the son of Lieut-colonel George Thorne George (of the 75th regiment and 4th Hussars). He was educated at Cheltenham College for the Royal Engineers, but owing to an accident at football abandoned his studies and entered the office of a civil engineer in London. In 1869, on the advice of Sir George Grey, a friend of his father, he came to New Zealand, and for some years managed Grey's estate at Kawau Island. In 1872 he married Annie Maria Matthews, niece of Grey.

In 1878 George was elected M.H.R. for Hokitika, and at the general election of 1879 he gained the Rodney seat, which he represented until 1884, being much of the time chief Liberal whip. He was mayor of Parnell for two years and unsuccessfully contested the seat in Parliament. In 1903 George was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member until his death (on 2 Jul 1922). He was a director of several Auckland companies, including the New Zealand Insurance Co. (chairman 1905-08, 1911-17), the Waihi Goldmining Co. (of which he was an original shareholder) and the Devonport Steam Ferry Co.

Parltry Record; N.Z. Herald, 3 Jul 1922. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GIBB, JAMES (1857-1935) was born at Aberdeen and educated at the Grammar School and University of Aberdeen and Edinburgh College. After spending two years in a bank he entered Divinity Hall, Edinburgh, but owing to indifferent health emigrated to Australia and continued his studies at Ormond College (from 1882). He was stationed at Footscray before his ordination, which took place in 1883, and three years later was inducted to First Church, Dunedin, where he ministered for 18 years.

Gibb took a prominent part in church organisations. He was one of the movers in the establishment of The Outlook and he initiated the formation of the council of churches in Dunedin, of which he was the first president (1899-1900). It was in recognition of his work in bringing about the union of the two Presbyterian churches in New Zealand that he received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen (1902). His sermons on the moral state of Dunedin created some sensation and led to the formation of the Dunedin Social Reform association (of which he was president in 1893-94). He was chairman of the union committee from 1895 to 1901 and, having been moderator of the synod of Otago in 1901, he was the first moderator of the United Church in the same year. He initiated the Bible-in-schools committee of the Church; was president of it (1901-06) and was president in 1903 of the Bible-in-schools Referendum league. He also presided for some years (1902-07) over the committee on the union of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational churches.

In 1903 Gibb received a call to St John's Church, Wellington. During a ministry of 23 years there he continued the activities which he had initiated in Dunedin and was also president of the Young Men's Bible Class movement in 1902. On a visit to Great Britain in 1920 to bring out missionaries for the Church in New Zealand he was impressed with the need for a universal peace movement and on his return he brought into existence the New Zealand branch of the League of Nations Union. Gibb took a leading part in establishing Presbyterian orphanages and Scots and Queen Margaret's Colleges in Wellington, of which he was chairman till 1933. After his retirement he raised special funds for theological scholarships and for a Maori mission girls' college. He married Jean, daughter of D. Smith (Aberdeen). His death occurred on 24 Oct 1935.

Dickson; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Dominion, 24 Oct 1935 (p); Otago Daily Times, 18 Jun, 9 Jul, 31 Sep 1890, 31 Oct 1893, 24 Oct 1935.

Reference: Volume 1, page 162

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GIBB, JOHN (1831-1909) was born at Cumbernauld, Stirlingshire, Scotland, and studied art under John Mackenzie, of Greenock. He exhibited in the exhibitions of the West of Scotland and Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts. In 1876 he came to New Zealand in the Merope and settled in Christchurch. Gibb was noted for his realistic treatment of water in his seascapes, and later did many notable landscapes of Canterbury and the West Coast. He was a prolific painter and exhibited for many years at the Canterbury Art Society and elsewhere in New Zealand. Examples of his work appear in most of the leading galleries in the Dominion and in Australia. A notable picture is his reproduction of Miss Townsend's scene of the landing of immigrants from the Cressy. Gibb died on 10 Sep 1909. (See his son, WILLIAM MENZIES GIBB.)

Bar, Art; The Press, 11 Sep 1909.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIBB, WILLIAM MENZIES (1859-1931) was born at Innellan, on the banks of the Clyde, the son of John Gibb, a Clydeside seascape painter. At the age of 15 he came with his parents to Canterbury. He had already begun his study of art under his father and at the Dunoon Academy and continued them in New Zealand. He went to Melbourne at the age of 17 to work in the National Gallery and exhibited there at the age of 18. On returning to Christchurch he rapidly gained a reputation as a landscape artist. His father was a foundation member of the Canterbury Art Society and the son exhibited there consistently until in 1914 his work was crowned by his election as president of the society. He was one of the most notable landscape painters of New Zealand and his works are hung in most of the public galleries, including four in Canterbury. Gibb did not go in for large canvases. He painted faithfully as he saw; his technique was dependable, and his brushwork and tonal shading were meticulous. He married (1890) Robina, daughter of Robert Menzies. He died on 26 Jul 1931.

The Press and Star-Sun, 27 Jul 1931.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIBBS, SAMUEL (1817-85) came to Canterbury in 1855 and a few years later moved to Otago, where he farmed a property at Taieri. He settled in Oamaru about 1860 and took a leading part in local government, being for many years a member of the borough council and three years mayor. He was a director of several companies. Gibbs died on 21 Dec 1885.

North Otago Times, 22 Dec 1885.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIBBS, WILLIAM (1819-97) was born in London, where he served his apprenticeship to a painter and glazier. He arrived in Nelson by the Duke of Bronte in 1852 and proceeded by schooner to Motupipi, Golden Bay, where he farmed until the first discovery of gold on his land (before the Otago discoveries). He then erected a store, built a wharf and commenced carrying by bullock team to the fields. At that time he owned most of the land upon which Collingwood was afterwards laid out. For some time he was resident magistrate and warden. He was member of the Provincial Council for Massacre Bay (1858-61), for Collingwood (1865-69) and for Golden Bay from 1869 until the abolition. Gibbs was a candidate for the superintendency in 1869. He contested the Collingwood seat in the House of Representatives against Collyns in 1871 (losing by three votes) and was elected in 1873, sitting for that constituency until 1881. He was again magistrate at Golden Bay until his retirement. Gibbs died on 7 Nov 1897.

Cycl. N.Z., v; The Colonist, 23 Nov 1897. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIBSON, JOHN, a Devonshire man believed to have been of Scots descent, came to Wellington in 1850 in the William Hyde. He had land in the city, but in a few years moved to Wanganui, where he became a well known settler and represented Wanganui in the Wellington Provincial Council (1854-56). He was distinguished by his outspoken opposition to Featherston and advocacy of the separation of Wanganui and Waitotara from Wellington province. Gibson was drowned at sea about 1869.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Parltry Record; Woon; Wanganui Chronicle, 12 Jan 1860.

GIBSON, MARY VICTORIA (1856-1928) was born at Lyttelton, the daughter of Captain F. D. Gibson, and was educated at Mrs Crosby's school, the Christchurch Girls' High School and Canterbury College (M.A. 1888). She first taught in primary schools, becoming head mistress of the girls' side of the East Christchurch school. In 1898 she was appointed principal of the Girls' High School, which expanded considerably during her term of office. She was responsible for the opening of the branch school at Avonside, the foundation of the Old Girls' association and the establishment of Acland residential hostel for country girls. Miss Gibson retired in 1928 and died on 2 Sep 1928.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Hight and Candy; The Press, 3 Sep 1928.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIFFORD, ALGERNON (1825-1909) was born in London, the son of Edward Gifford, architect. Educated at St John's College, London, he was ordained and went to Newfoundland in 1848. From there he moved to Forteau, Labrador, where he was missionary for a district 100 miles long on each side of the Strait of Belle Isle. After seven years there he returned to Portugal Cove, Newfoundland. In 1862 he came to New Zealand in the Zealandia and was appointed vicar of Oamaru, where he held his first services in a woolshed. Gifford retired in 1900, and died on 5 Jul 1909. He married (1851) Sarah Anne (d. 1913), daughter of William Evans, of Limerick, Ireland.

Cycl. NZ

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GIFFORD, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1819-94) was born in London, the son of Edward Gifford, architect, of the firm of Ashpitel, in whose office he also trained. He then devoted himself to the study of art in the Royal Academy schools, where he won the gold medal in his final year. In 1854 he went abroad. His interest was in genre, portrait studies and landscape. He had pictures hung in the Royal Academy in 1842, 1845, 1857, 1863, 1867 and 1870. His portrait of Bishop Selwyn is hung at Lichfield and that of Admiral Fairfax Moresby is reproduced as the frontispiece of Two Admirals. In 1877 Gifford came to New Zealand, residing first in Oamaru, where his brother was vicar. He lived successively at Auckland and Napier, and eventually returned to Oamaru, where he died on 8 Nov 1894. He painted many New Zealand landscapes, especially in Otago, South Canterbury and Auckland, exhibiting throughout a poetic quality in choice of subject and method of treatment. His output was hung regularly in the exhibitions of New Zealand. Several public collections contain specimens and the Auckland art gallery contains a canvas of the Auckland water front in 1887.

Family information; the Librarian, Royal Academy; Otago Daily Times, 12 Nov 1894.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GILES, JOSEPH (1832-1930) was born at Frome, Somersetshire, and educated there and in London. His medical studies were interrupted by the Crimean War, for which he enlisted and was stationed at the base at Scutari, where he met Florence Nightingale.

After returning to complete his studies at London Hospital (M.R.C.S.) he came to New Zealand in the Lord Ashley (1859) and took up land at Mauku, fattening stock for the market at Drury. He spent a few months at Gabriel's Gully, and then served as a surgeon with the 1st Waikato Regiment in the Waikato campaign and at Tauranga. He saw no fighting, but tended the wounded in both fields, especially after the fight at Te Papa (1864). He intended to practise in Auckland, but acted as editor of the New Zealander for some time. He moved to Nelson with the intention of practising, but again became involved in journalism as editor of the Examiner (while Hugh Lusk was absent in Sydney sitting his law examinations). He then became warden and resident magistrate at Westport and Reefton. After fifteen months as magistrate in Wanganui, he became Under-secretary for Lands, Mines and Emigration, but, disliking the office routine, he resumed duty as a magistrate (at Hokitika) and commissioner of crown lands (1885-86). In 1888 Giles was transferred to Auckland, and five years later he retired to resume farming at Mauku. He acted on several royal commissions, notably to inquire into the Dunedin Benevolent Institution (1882), the Rakaia railway accident (1899) and the Christchurch Hospital.

Giles was a fine classical scholar and at one time edited the Southern Cross magazine. In this and elsewhere he wrote many poems, a collection of which he published (1908). His diamond jubilee poem, Dies Memorabilis, was noteworthy. In later years he contributed much to the New Zealand Herald and other papers. Giles was a member of the senate of the New Zealand University (1882-99). He was a non-smoker and a strong advocate of temperance and no-license. He died on 9 Jun 1930.

Giles, op. cit.; Barclay; Otago Daily Times, 26 Jul 1882; Westport Times and Star, 28 Dec 1926 (p); N.Z. Herald, 10 Jun 1930.

Reference: Volume 1, page 163

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GILFILLAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1793-1863) was born at Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, the son of a captain in the 78th Highlanders. Educated there and at St Albans, England, he went to sea as a cabin boy and 18 months later entered the Royal Navy, in which he saw much active service in South America, China, the West Indies and India. He was wounded in boarding a French ship.

On retiring from the Navy, he settled in Edinburgh to study painting and surgery and a few years later was appointed drawing and painting master at the Andersonian College, Glasgow. During 15 years there he painted many pictures and illustrated books, including an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. He painted for the Duke of Buckingham and for Robert Burns's family. In 1826 Gilfillan married Sarah Murray and after her death in 1837 he married her cousin Mary Bridges.

Having decided to emigrate to New Zealand, he spent some months in London learning carpentry and engineering and in 1841 they sailed in the Mandarin to Port Nicholson. In 1842 they proceeded to Wanganui in the Catherine Johnstone and settled on their farm at Matarawa. Gilfillan built a house in Wanganui, where they lived till 1845. He took a prominent part in the affairs of the town and district and he made many pictures and portraits of well known residents. As the result of a disagreement between Midshipman Crozier, of H.M.S. Calliope, and a Ngati-Ruaka chief over the erection of a whare, the Gilfillan family was attacked at Matarawa on the night of 18 Apr 1847, Gilfillan being wounded and his wife and four children killed. At the end of the year the family left for Sydney, and in 1849 removed to Adelaide, where they spent nearly four years. Gilfillan was on the Victorian goldfields in 1852 and then obtained a position in the customs at Melbourne. There he exhibited regularly in the art exhibitions until his death, which occurred in 1863. Many of his pictures were used to illustrate books on New Zealand and some are in public galleries in Australia and New Zealand.

T. W. Downes, Old Whanganui, 241-289 (p); Mundy; Hocken, Bibliog; Tyrone Power; Wanganui Herald, 6 Jan 1888.

Reference: Volume 1, page 164

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GILFILLAN, JOHN ANDERSON (1821-75) was born at Torry, in the parish of Torryburn, Fifeshire, and educated at the Grammar School of Cullen, Banffshire. In 1837 he entered the office of Briggs, Thorburn, Acraman and Co., of Calcutta, and at the end of the year was transferred to the London office. His health suffered from overwork and he was advised to seek a better climate. He accordingly came to Wellington in the barque Victoria (1846). Having to arrange business matters before settling in Auckland, he returned home in H.M.S. Racehorse. In 1848 he came to Auckland in the Lalla Rookh, to join his brother Robert, who had preceded him in the Dart.

Gilfillan was gazetted a justice of the peace in 1852, and when the new constitution was brought into operation he was one of the first members elected to the Auckland Provincial Council (for Auckland Suburbs, Aug 1853). Early the following year he was a member of the provincial executive, and in May 1854 he was called to the Legislative Council, in which he sat till 1861, and again from 1862 to 1866. He remained a member of the Provincial Council for many years (representing Auckland Suburbs 1853-55, and Auckland West 1867-68) and was a member of the executive in 1854-55, in 1864 and in 1867-68. For some time he was provincial secretary under the superintendency of Williamson. In 1858 Gilfillan was appointed representative in Auckland of the Colman Steamship Co., of Hull, which established steam communication between Sydney and New Zealand (with the Airedale, Lord Ashley, Lord Worsley, Claud Hamilton and Prince Alfred). He was the first president of the Auckland chamber of commerce and for many years took an interest in the commercial advancement of the city. Gilfillan married (1852) Gertrude Anne Eliza (who died in 1885), daughter of Dr W. Davies, Colonial Surgeon. He died on 1 Feb 1875.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D.; Cycl. N.Z., ii.

Reference: Volume 1, page 164

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GILLIES, JOHN (1802-71) was born at Rothesay, in Bute, the son of a small crofter and handloom weaver. He received in his parish such an education as enabled him in 1820 to enter on his articles under Alexander Irvine, town clerk, sheriff and clerk of petty sessions at Rothesay, and comptroller of customs for the town and port.

His articles completed, he entered a merchant's office in Greenock, and in 1827 married Isabella, daughter of John Lillie (Glasgow, a descendant of Huguenot refugees). He soon went back to Rothesay as deputy town clerk and agent for the Greenock Bank. When the first municipal council was elected under the reform act of 1832, he was appointed town clerk of the burgh and clerk to the harbour trustees. He was also admitted (as procurator of the sheriff's court) as a notary public. In 1842 the Greenock Bank was amalgamated with the Western Bank of Scotland and Gillies became local agent for the larger institution. Next year Gillies prepared a bill to provide for the police of the burgh and to supply lighting and water, and he was sent to London to watch its passage through Parliament. A loyal and devout churchman, Gillies in 1830 was ordained as an elder of the Church of Scotland. At public meetings, at synod, at presbytery, and in assembly he threw himself heart and soul into the problem of the civil establishment of religion and education. Through him his native parish received some of the best men available for its schools. Deeply moved by the spectre of disruption in the Church, he stood by his minister and left the Established Church when the crash came. The seceding portion of the congregation, on his advice, roofed over as a church a large open space in the town which had been used as a cooperage. For the best part of 10 years thereafter Gillies represented his parish in the Free Church assemblies.

Then he was taken with the idea of migrating. His son, John Lillie Gillies, had already gone to Australia, and when the idea occurred to the father in 1851 he withheld it from his family, and called upon them to join in prolonged prayer for guidance. The whole day they thus addressed themselves. In the evening they discussed the problem, and, almost without dissent, adopted the momentous decision. With his mind at peace, Gillies set about making arrangements for his departure. At the age of 49, he sailed with his family in the Slains Castle. On arriving in Dunedin Gillies purchased a 10-acre section and house at Halfway Bush (where he lived for many years) and a farm at Tokomairiro, which was carried on by his sons. He went into partnership with John Hyde Harris (the only solicitor then practising in Dunedin) and was forthwith admitted a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court. He was soon fully involved in the public affairs of the province. In 1853 he was elected to the Provincial Council, for which he acted as clerk.

He was speaker in 1854-55. In 1857 Gillies was appointed by the General Government sheriff of Otago and resident magistrate, and from 1861 to 1870 he was registrar of births, deaths and marriages. Education had in him a champion fired with Scots zeal and with ideas far in advance of his time; as, for instance, when he advocated setting aside one-third of the Church estates for a university chair. One of the founders and an elder of Knox Church, he took a great interest also in the foundation of the strong church at Tokomairiro, to which he presented a bell. Gillies made himself chiefly responsible for the creation of the sustentation fund of the church; he was a strong advocate of missions to the Chinese and the Maori, and of the union of the Presbyterian Churches of New Zealand. He was a pillar of strength of the Sunday schools, the Otago Bible Society and the Young Men's Christian Association. He died on 24 Jul 1871.

(See J. L., R. and T. B. GILLIES, I. MCINDOE.) Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken; Otago Witness; Otago Daily Times, 27 Jul 1871, 28 Feb 1930 (p)

Reference: Volume 1, page 164

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GILLIES, JOHN LILLIE (1832-97) was born at Rothesay, Scotland, the son of John Gillies (q.v.), and educated at the parish school. In 1843 he went to Scougall's Academy.

In 1845 he joined the Western Bank of Scotland, and six years later sailed in the King William for Australia. In Victoria he went on a sheep and cattle run, visited the goldfields and thence passed to journalism. He joined the staff of the Geelong Advertiser (1854) and was accountant for some time. There he married and in 1855 he left in the Gil Blas for Otago, where his father and brothers were settled. Gillies took up a farm in Tokomairiro, and in 1861 went amongst the first to Gabriel's Gully. He had great influence with the diggers, and was closely associated with Gabriel Read (q.v.) in providing for their self-government and religious services.

In 1861 he was elected M.P.C. for Tokomairiro, which he represented to 1864. He was in the executive (1863-64) as provincial treasurer (under Dick), and showed great financial ability. In 1869 he was again in the Council for Tokomairiro, and he was in the executive (1869) as a non-official member (under Reid). In May 1871 he was returned for Port Chalmers and elected speaker. When Macandrew dissolved the Council (1873), as a protest against Reid being provincial secretary and a member of the General Government, Gillies opposed him for the superintendency, making an arduous campaign on horseback throughout the province. He was defeated (by 3,902 to 2,759), but regained his seat in the Council (for Milton) and also the speakership, which he held until the provinces were abolished. In 1873 he was elected to Parliament for Waikouaiti, but resigned in 1875 on accepting the position of secretary to the Otago harbour board.

Gillies was for some years editor of the Bruce Herald; was on the school committee at Tokomairiro and Union street, Dunedin; a member of the local committee for the New Zealand exhibition of 1865 and of the mining conference (1868). In 1869 he was chairman of the commission to draw up the basis of reunion of Otago and Southland, and in 1870 he reported to the Government on sludge channels on the goldfields. In 1873 he was on a commission (with J. P. Maitland and H. W. Robinson) to consider the complaints of Chinese residents at Wakatipu (1873). He was largely interested in the Table Hill Quartz Mining Co. Gillies died on 27 Sep 1897.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken, Otago; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vols ii, ix, x; Pyke (p); Evening Star, 27 Dec 1897; Otago Daily Times, 27 Jul 1871, 28 Sep 1897. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILLON, EDWARD THOMAS (1842-96) was born at Douglas, Isle of Man, of Irish parentage. He attended Forester's School there and came to New Zealand with his parents in the Maori (1851). Thereafter he received his education at his mother's school. He early showed literary tastes and contributed sketches to the Otago Witness, as a result of which he received an appointment on that paper. He reported the Provincial Council meetings and represented his paper at the opening of the goldfields.

When Vogel established the Otago Daily Times Gillon joined the staff as chief reporter, but a severe attack of fever compelled him to give up journalism for a while, and he became clerk of the court at Tokomairiro. There in 1864 he helped to found the Bruce Herald, which he left to establish the Bruce Standard. In 1867 he was appointed to the newly-established Hansard staff and clerk of private bills, filling in his leisure with special correspondence. He soon gave up his official duties and joined the Evening Post. In 1868 he won a government prize for an essay on land settlement. In 1872 he was appointed manager of the Press Association, but the business being disposed of to Holt and McCarthy, he rejoined the Post as editor. This he resigned to contest the Wellington Country seat, in which he was unsuccessful. For a time he edited and partly owned the Argus. In 1878 the Press Association was reformed, and he became manager, all the opposition was absorbed, and the United Press Association was the result. After managing this business successfully he resumed the editorship of the Post (1884).

Gillon was M.P.C. for Wellington City (1875-76) and about the same time was a member of the City Council. He was a powerful, trenchant writer with a lucid style, and for many years was one of the most influential journalists in the colony. He championed the rights of the press fearlessly. On one occasion he refused in the Supreme Court to divulge a source of information and a few years later he supported a member of his staff who refused to disclose the source of his information in a case of parliamentary privilege. He took an active part in founding the New Zealand Journalists' Association, of which he was president for three years. Gillon was a clever horseman, an enthusiastic volunteer and a good cricketer. He was one of the leading exponents of Shakespeare and represented in New Zealand the Dramatic Authors' Society and the J. C. Williamson Co.

As a freemason he helped to create the grand lodge of New Zealand, but firmly refused to be made grand master. He was eventually elected P.D.G.M. and was chairman of the central committee and president of the board of general purposes. He was twice married, his second wife (Isabella Jackson) dying in 1884. Gillon died on 19 Apr 1896. (See C. W. ADAMS)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Otago Daily Times Diamond Jubilee Souvenir; Evening Post, 20 Apr 1896; Research Lodge of Wellington, leaflet no 100, Feb 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILLOW, EDMUND (1837-1931) was born at St Nicholas, Isle of Thanet, and educated at King's School, Canterbury, and Edinburgh. Coming to New Zealand with a brother in the late fifties, they took up the Mararoa run, near Lake Manapouri, which they stocked with sheep from Australia (1858). They afterwards moved to the Narrows, Riverton.

Gillow represented Longwood in the Southland Provincial Council in 1864, and Aparima 1869-70. He then moved to Dunedin, and became interested in mining. Later he went to reside on the West Coast, where he became engineer to the Westport Coal Co. Retiring after many years' service, he remained consulting engineer until his death, which occurred on 11 Sep 1931.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times, 15 Sep 1931.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILMER, HAMILTON (1838-1919) was born at Broomfield, County Monaghan, Ireland, and educated there. In 1861 he came to Victoria and soon afterwards to the goldfields of Otago and the West Coast. With his brother he owned many hotels on the West Coast, which prospered during the heyday of Hokitika, Staffordstown and Greymouth. He paid one visit to Ireland, where he married Miss Hamilton. Returning to Greymouth, he moved in 1881 to Wellington, where he made investments in property and industrial enterprises and was director of many companies. He took little part in public life. For seven years he was a member of the Legislative Council (1907-14). His death occurred on 25 Jun 1919.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1919; N.Z. Times, 26 Jun 1919. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILMOUR, ROBERT (1831-1902) was the son of a Scottish farmer. He came to New Zealand in the late fifties, settling first at Auckland and then at Napier, where he was on the staff of the Herald. In 1863 he moved to Southland and took up a farm at Hokonui, but being of a literary turn of mind went to Invercargill and was appointed to the literary staff of the Southland Times. He shortly obtained an interest (with J. W. Bain) in the paper. Selling this, he entered into partnership with W. Craig in the Southland News, but again sold out and visited the Old Country, where he was in business (1873-79). On his return to Invercargill he acquired the interest of Chantrey Harris in the Times, becoming manager and director; revising editor (1886); editor (1888) and sole owner (1896). He was once president of the Southland hospital board and the Caledonian and Burns societies. Gilmour died on 24 Apr 1902.

Cycl. NZ., iv; Southland Times, 25 Apr 1902, 12 Nov 1912

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILRAY, THOMAS (1851-1920) was born in Lanarkshire and educated at the High School in Edinburgh, where he gained many prizes and was Carson medallist. At Edinburgh University he graduated M.A. with honours in classics and the rectorial prize, and he proceeded to Heidelberg and Berlin. He was three years assistant to Professor Masson at Edinburgh; three years master at the Watsonian College; head English master at Glasgow Academy; and six years professor of English at Dundee University.

In 1889 Gilray was appointed professor of English at Otago University, a position which he held till his death (in 1920). (Honorary LL.D. Edinburgh.) He was chairman of the professorial board (1907-10). A most successful teacher and lecturer, Gilray was keenly interested in Carlyle, and raised funds in New Zealand for the acquisition of Carlyle's house in Chelsea for a museum.

Cycl. NZ., iv (p); Who's Who NZ., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 4 Feb 1920.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GILRUTH, JOHN ANDERSON (1871-1937) was born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and educated at Arbroath and Dundee. He first studied law, but afterwards turned to veterinary science, which he studied in Glasgow and London. (M.R.C.V.S. 1891.) In 1893 he was appointed Government Veterinarian in New Zealand, in 1898 Chief Veterinarian and in 1901 Pathologist to the Health department. He was a member of the royal commission on public health (1900). In 1908 he was appointed professor of veterinary pathology at Melbourne University; in 1911 a member of a scientific commission to the Northern Territory; and from 1912-20 he was administrator of the Territory. Thereafter till his death (on 4 Feb 1937) he was Chief of the division of animal health for the Commonwealth Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; The Dominion, 6 Feb 1937.

Reference: Volume 1, page 165

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GISBORNE, WILLIAM (1825-98) was a son of Thomas John Gisborne, of Holme Hall, Bakewell, Derbyshire, and Sarah, the daughter of J.A. Krehmer, of St Petersburg. He was educated at Harrow, and at the age of 17 went to South Australia.

In 1847 he came to New Zealand; was appointed private secretary to the Lieutenant-governor of New Munster (9 Aug) and a few months later clerk to the executive. He then lived at the Hutt, and Thomas Arnold (q.v.) was much impressed by his qualities. In Sep 1848 he was appointed commissioner of crown lands for the province of New Ulster, and in 1850 a commissioner for the quieting of native titles. In 1852 he went to England on 18 months' leave of absence. On his return (1853) he was appointed Under-secretary for Lands; and in Jul 1856, on the inauguration of responsible government and the retirement of the old permanent officials, he succeeded Dr Sinclair (q.v.) as Under-secretary in the Colonial Secretary's office. In 1861 Gisborne married Caroline, daughter of Assistant-commissary-general Bridgen. He continued in his official position until 1869, when Fox appointed him to the Legislative Council and the ministry, with the portfolio of Colonial Secretary. Shortly afterwards he was appointed Commissioner for the Government Life Insurance office, which he administered until 1876.

While on a visit to Taranaki (1871), Gisborne was persuaded to accept nomination for the Egmont seat in Parliament, to which he was elected unopposed. The constituency thanked him for saving it the expense and trouble of an election. For a few weeks in 1870 he was Minister of Public Works. When the Fox Government was defeated (Sep 1872) Gisborne resigned his seat in Parliament in terms of the disqualification act. While he was absent in London in 1877 he was again returned to Parliament, by the electors of Totara (Westland), as a supporter of Grey; and during the last few weeks of the Grey administration (Jul-Oct 1879) he was Minister of Lands, Mines and Immigration. Shortly after his return to Parliament he succeeded his brother in the possession of several country homes in England, and in 1881 he went to reside there. In 1892, as heir of his cousin Sir Thomas W. Evans, he came into possession of Allestree Hall, Derby, where he lived for the remainder of his life, taking his part in the affairs of the county, of which he was a deputy-lieutenant, as well as being a magistrate for Herefordshire.

Gisborne devoted much of his later years to literature. He was a shrewd judge of character. Reeves says of his Rulers and Statesmen of New Zealand (first published in 1886) that it is written 'with such undoubted fairness and personal knowledge, and in so workmanlike, albeit good-natured, a way as to have a permanent interest.' In 1889 he published The Colony of New Zealand. As a public official Gisborne stood high at a time when the service was not strong, and he acted as chairman of the royal commission which endeavoured to devise a better system of promotion and pensions. He was a sound administrator with a good financial head and the aloof disposition of the statesman. Gisborne was for some years chairman of the governors of Wellington College. In 1886 he acted as one of the New Zealand commission for the Colonial and India Exhibition. While in New Zealand Gisborne delivered many thoughtful addresses on such topics as socialism (Mechanics' Institute, Auckland, 1852; Wellington 1871). He died on 7 Jan 1898.

Parltry Record; N.Z.P.D.; D.N.B.; Col. Gent.; App. H.R., pass; Leckie; Saunders; Reeves; Arnold; Mennell; Gisborne, op. cit.; The Times, 8 Jan 1898; N.Z. Herald, 25 Feb 1898. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 167

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GITTOS, WILLIAM (1829-1916) was born at Ingleton, Durham, and came to New Zealand with his father, Benjamin Gittos (1808-84), in the ship James, which reached Auckland by way of Hobart and Port Nicholson in 1840. The family lived for a time in tents on the site of Auckland before proceeding in the James to Bay of Islands and travelling overland to Hokianga. There his father started a farm. They suffered great privations and dangers during the early years of their residence, and on the outbreak of Heke's war were compelled at short notice to leave for Auckland in the Government brig Victoria.

William, now about 16, remained in the district and, with Maning (q.v.), saw something of the fighting, especially about Okaihau. He received some education in a night school established by his father for the benefit of his own children and those of neighbouring settlements; and soon acquired a fluent knowledge of the Maori language. For the Maori themselves he evinced a warm sympathy. Kindly and genial in disposition, he was genuinely interested in their welfare, not less on the temporal than on the spiritual side. He was particularly helpful in their dealings with the pakeha, and for some years supervised their leases, collected their rents and kept their accounts. Sports and games also he fostered with advice and encouragement. The Gittos family in 1857 established themselves in Auckland as leather merchants and developed tanning with native barks (such as the tanekaha and towhai). On the outbreak of war in 1863 they started a tannery at the Whau. William, on moving to Auckland, went into the building trade, and in 1853 he visited Melbourne to widen his experience. His health was not good and in a few years he returned to Auckland, where in 1856 he was admitted to the ministry of the Wesleyan Church and appointed to Kaipara to minister to Europeans and Maori. In the same year he married a daughter (1830-1906) of the Rev John Hobbs. She was born at Mangungu and in 1850 joined the staff of Wesley College at Auckland under Joseph Fletcher. Gittos's skill as a boatbuilder and bushman and his knowledge of medicine were of great value in his ministrations at Kaipara. In every settlement he established a Bible class, and Maori schools for boys and girls required constant supervision. When the Matilda Wattenbach arrived in 1862 with the first Nonconformist settlers to establish the Albertland settlement Gittos visited the immigrants and held an open-air service on their first day ashore. He so fully gained the confidence of the Maori tribes in the north that though war prisoners escaping from Kawau received every hospitality from the local tribes, they were unable to create any disaffection. At his suggestion the Government repatriated the Waikato prisoners. Gittos displayed tact, courage and judgment in his dealings with the Maori and was a wise counsellor for the Government.

In 1886 he withdrew from this service in impaired health and took up his residence in Ponsonby as superintendent of the Maori mission both north and south. In 1891 he moved to Waikato, where he was for three years in close touch with the King movement and gained the confidence of Tawhiao. In 1894 Gittos returned to live in Auckland, where he died on 26 May 1916.

Buller; Brett, Albertlanders (p); Morley; N.Z. Herald, 7 Aug 1884, 27 May 1916.

Reference: Volume 1, page 167

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GLASGOW, DAVID BOYLE, EARL OF (1833-1915) was the eldest son of Patrick Boyle (great grandson of the 2nd earl). Entering the Navy, he served in the Crimean war and the China war of 1857, retiring with the rank of captain. In 1890 he succeeded to the earldom on the death of his cousin and seven years later was created Baron Fairlie of Fairlie in the peerage of the United Kingdom. He married (1873) Dorothea Elizabeth Thomasina, daughter of Sir Edward Hunter Blair.

Glasgow was appointed Governor of New Zealand, in succession to Lord Onslow, in 1892, and assumed the office on 7 Jun. He found the country impatiently awaiting a solution of the constitutional difficulty which Lord Onslow had left to him. The Ballance Government, unable to force its legislation through the upper house (where it had only five supporters against 31 who were opposed to its policy) had asked Onslow to make 12 new appointments. Though the Colonial Office had already laid down that the governor should take the advice of the ministry in such a matter, Onslow objected. Glasgow inherited his reluctance. He argued that it was necessary to maintain the independence of the Legislative Council as a brake upon the lower house and that if legislation were consistently rejected by the Council the ministry could ask for a dissolution. He offered to appoint nine members, and when the Government declined to accept he suggested that it should resign. This Ballance refused to do, fully believing that when the matter was referred to the Colonial Office it would be decided in favour of the Government. Glasgow submitted the problem in a despatch of 22 Jun 1892. Lord Knutsford, the Colonial Secretary, replying by cable on 10 Aug, expressed the opinion that the Premier's request was reasonable inasmuch as, even if twelve members were appointed, the opposition would still have a strong majority in the Council. He added that the existence of the second chamber might be imperilled unless there was a more even balance between the parties. In a later message he advised the Governor to accept without hesitation the advice of ministers, to reopen the question and to waive his objections. Glasgow acted accordingly, and the twelve new members were appointed on 15 Oct. Keith remarks that since then there has been no serious difference between the two houses in New Zealand.

Glasgow completed his term of office in Feb 1897, being succeeded by Lord Ranfurly. Gisborne says that he was an excellent governor: urbane, frank, hospitable, with that combination of attractive qualities and knowledge of the world so often seen in naval officers, he has shown firmness and ability without political bias. He has taken a kindly interest, without reference to party politics, in all social institutions likely to promote the well-being of the colony. He retired with the respect and good wishes of all classes. Glasgow was president of the Institute of Naval Architects. He died on 13 Dec 1915. His daughter married Sir Charles Fergusson, who was Governor 1924-30.

GB.OP., H.C., 1893-94/198; N.Z.P.D.; Gisborne (p); Keith; D.N.B.; Burke; The Times, 14 Dec 1915.

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GLASS, ARTHUR GILPIN CANNING (1858-1928) was born at Devizes, in Wiltshire, and educated at St Anne's, Brixton. He was in offices for three years before coming to New Zealand in the Helen Denny at the age of 13. He was employed on sheep stations in Hawke's Bay for five years and then took up bush land at Broadwood, near Kaitaia. There he organised the first branch of the Farmers' Union (1899), under the chairmanship of T. W. P. Smith. Glass afterwards travelled widely through New Zealand forming branches, and completed the organisation in 1902. He then retired to his farm and later purchased a farm near Mercer. He died on 31 Aug 1928.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 1 Sep 1928.

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GLEDHILL, FRANCIS ULLATHORNE (1803-82) was a native of Halifax, Yorkshire, and saw a good deal of the political reform agitation in the north of England before coming to Taranaki by the Bella Marina in May 1844. He commenced business as merchant and auctioneer and manufacturing leather. When the constitution was inaugurated he was a candidate for the superintendency of Taranaki (Jul 1853), but was unsuccessful. He opposed state education on the ground that the settlers were well able to pay for the needs of their children. He was, however, elected to Parliament for New Plymouth (1853-55). He was a member of the Provincial Council (for New Plymouth 1857-65 and for Grey and Bell 1865-73); and represented Omata in Parliament (1865-66). Gledhill was also a member of the New Plymouth town board, of the first harbour board and of the mounted volunteers. He died on 2 Oct 1882.

Parlt. Record; Cycl. N.Z., vi; Taranaki Herald, 4 Oct 1882. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GLEN, ALICE ESTHER (1881-1940) was born at Christchurch, the daughter of Robert P. Glen, and educated at the Christchurch Girls' High School. While engaged in business she published her first book, Six Little New Zealanders (1917). From 1921-35 she was 'Lady Gay' of the Sun (Christchurch) which published the first children's supplement in a New Zealand newspaper. From 1935 till her death she was on the staff of the Press. Her publications included also Twinkles on the Mountain, Uncles Three at Kamahi (1926) and Robin of Maoriland. Miss Glen rendered valuable social service in Christchurch as founder of the Home Service Association and a member of committee of the Cholmondeley Memorial House. She died on 9 Feb 1940.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; The Press, 10 Feb 1940.

Reference: Volume 2, page 273

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GODFREY, EDWARD LEE, entered the British Army as ensign in the 20th Foot in 1809 and was promoted captain in the 73rd (1828), retiring on half pay 1830. From 1833 he served in the civil wars in Portugal and Spain. In 1839 he arrived in New South Wales with the intention of becoming a settler. He was a man of high principle and good judgment and became intimate with the officer commanding the forces (Sir M. O'Connell), by whom he was recommended to Governor Gipps for the post of land titles commissioner in New Zealand. To this he was appointed in Oct 1840. He was still engaged in his task when New Zealand became a separate colony and Hobson confirmed him in office as commissioner for land claims (3 Jul 1841).

G.B.O.P., 1845/108, 1845/131; Shortland, 9; Army Lists, 1810, 1829, 1831-33; Jellicoe; E. Wilson; Madden

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GODFREY, HENRY (1825-68) was a son of Dr Godfrey, of Oxford, an original selector of land in New Zealand and arrived in the Bernicia on 5 Nov 1848. He spent a number of years farming and milling in the Nelson district, being the first to make use of steam machinery there. He then settled in the Wairau and took a prominent part in the public life of the new province of Marlborough. In 1862 he entered the Provincial Council for Tuamarina, which he represented until the next general election, when he was returned for Upper Wairau. He remained a member until his death. Godfrey was twice a member of the executive (1863-64 and 1865-67) and on one occasion was deputy-superintendent of the province (1866). As a farmer he was efficient and progressive; in politics practical and well balanced. He died on 22 Aug 1868.

Marlborough Express, 23 Aug 1868.

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GODFREY, JOHN, an early Marlborough settler, came from Charlbury, Enstone, Oxfordshire. He built before 1855 the Wairau hotel at Renwick, which was a frequent rendezvous for political gatherings. He represented Upper Wairau in the Marlborough Provincial Council (1860-62), Picton (1862-65) and Tuamarina (1865-69). He was in the executive on three occasions between 1862 and 1865, and took a prominent part in the political crises of 1862. As a result of these he obtained several amendments of the law to the disadvantage of the land-owning party. Godfrey was a member of the first Picton borough council (1876).

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Buick, Marlborough.

Reference: Volume 1, page 168

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GODLEY, JOHN ROBERT (1814-61) was born in 1814, the eldest son of a landed proprietor at Killegar, county Leitrim, Ireland, his mother being a sister of Robert Daly, Bishop of Cashel. Godley went first to Ward's preparatory school at Iver, and then to Harrow. Here he won the Sayers scholarship (1831), but as he wished to go to Oxford he did not take it up. In 1832 he obtained a governor's scholarship for Oxford and was admitted to Christ Church. There he won the Fell scholarship, and in 1835 took a second class in classics for his B.A., which he gained in 1836.

He then studied for the bar, was duly called and held a brief or two; but his interest was rather in the principles than in the practice of law, and he studied deeply the science of politics. Not robust in health, Godley travelled a good deal in Europe and North America. His Letters from America (1844) attracted attention by their shrewd and understanding comments on men and things. In view of the difficulties of Ireland he devoted much study to the problem of colonisation, and put forward for official consideration a scheme under which over a million people should be emigrated from Ireland to Canada and settled in one district. The cost, estimated at £10,000,000, was to be met by a loan charged on the landed property of Ireland, and the interest paid out of income tax specially raised for the purpose. The scheme, though supported by a memorial largely signed by Irish landowners, was turned down as being too costly. Meanwhile the famine burst with full force upon the country, a million people died and more than a million fled to find better conditions in the United States. Godley in these times did his duty as a country gentleman, acting as required in the capacity of magistrate, grand juror, and poor law guardian. His observations on the poor law in Ireland show how deeply he was interested in his fellow-men. In that year he contested the county seat in Parliament as a Tory, but was unsuccessful, chiefly owing to the conviction of the Catholics that it would not do to have the county represented from Killegar. His liberal opinions, however, pleased them.

About this time Godley and Gibbon Wakefield were attracted to each other's schemes, and they were introduced, with results which were to be of great importance to Canterbury. Wakefield, who was scheming a Church of England settlement in New Zealand, saw that Godley, with his wealthy connections, his Oxford upbringing, and his known opinions on colonisation, would be a great asset. Accordingly, he persuaded him to take a leading part in it. The published correspondence shows that Godley spent much time elaborating the scheme; FitzGerald (in his prefatory memoir to Godley's speeches) says that he was actually the author. At any rate, suffering in health as he was, and faced with the absolute necessity of going to Italy or some other sunny climate, Godley agreed to be head and front of the expedition. In order that he could take part in the negotiations he became a director of the New Zealand Company and managing director of the Canterbury Association. Through him, many staunch supporters, by whose help the thing was eventually revived and carried through, were brought in. During the two years occupied in maturing the scheme Godley was a constant contributor to the Canterbury Papers and to the Morning Chronicle, the London paper which was most interested in colonial questions. The underlying principle of the proposal was that land sales would provide funds for the endowment of religion and education, twin ideals which specially appealed to the wealthy friends of the movement. In fact, it was the proposed 'Buller College' or 'Buller University' (named after the deceased Charles Buller) which fascinated several of them.

Warned by the advance of tuberculosis in his system that he must get out of England, Godley with his little family sailed in the Lady Nugent towards the end of 1849 to prepare the way for the settlers. The vessel anchored in Port Cooper on 14 Apr 1850. The harbour was much better than he had anticipated. Captain Thomas (q.v.), who had been sent down by the Company to prepare for the arrival of the colonists, had not only laid out the town of Lyttelton (where a dozen or so houses had been erected) but he had built houses for the surveyor and agent and for the accommodation of the immigrants and had run a jetty out into twelve feet of water. Godley rode over the hill with Thomas to visit the Deans family, who had settled on the plains long since, and incidentally he gave the name of Shakespeare to the river which they had already named after the Scotch Avon.

The funds available having all been expended, Godley stopped expenditure; but approved of what Thomas had done. Having some months on his hands, he proceeded to Wellington, where Grey was now in charge of the administration. There he remained until the end of the year, devoting much thought to the fight of the Settler's Constitutional Association against Grey's semi-nominated council and in favour of full representative government. Meanwhile, in England the prospects of the Canterbury Association were revived and carried through to success by the action of Lord Lyttelton in the spring of 1850 in accepting the chairmanship of the managing committee. Within a few months the first four ships were on the berth for Port Cooper. Godley returned to Lyttelton to welcome their arrival. Three ships cast anchor on 16 Dec. Thenceforward for about two years Godley was in all but name governor of the new colony. On the whole he administered his trust with sagacity and never-failing consideration for all with whom he had to do. Bold resolves had to be taken, as for instance when, rather than drive away from the province experienced Australian pastoralists who were willing to take up runs, he reversed the regulation regarding squatting. But in doing this he had a previous understanding with the Land Purchasers' Society that they would faithfully abide by the decision of the Association.

During 1851 Godley was troubled by the intention of the Canterbury Association in London to retain in its own hands the nomination of the managing committee in New Zealand. How deeply he felt on any form of absentee government he expressed to FitzGerald in these words: 'I would rather be governed by a Nero on the spot than by a board of angels in London, because we could, if the worst came to the worst, cut off Nero's head, but we could not get at the board in London at all.' He actually wrote to the Association during 1851 resigning on these grounds his position as its agent. The Association delayed accepting the resignation and took power, under the constitution which was then being framed, to transfer all its powers of government to the superintendent and provincial council of Canterbury. When the constitution of 1852 arrived in the Colony, Godley was requested to stand for the office of superintendent. He declined on the ground that he had made arrangements to be back in England in three years, and he sailed for Home on 22 Dec 1852.

Appointed to a commissionership of income tax in Ireland, he soon transferred to England, and on the remodelling of the War Office he was appointed head of the store department. He became assistant Secretary at War under Lords Panmure and Herbert and General Peel. In 1854 he was appointed agent in London for Canterbury, but this post he resigned in 1856 as being inconsistent with his official duties. In 1860 the recrudescence of his disease, which for years made speaking most painful, caused Godley to go to Italy for a change.

Returning to the War Office, he had much to do with the report in 1861 of the departmental committee on the military defence of the colonies, and he gave evidence before a parliamentary committee. The report had an important bearing on the subsequent policy of the British Government during the Maori war. Godley's opinions on the subject were stated in a speech which he made on his return from New Zealand in 1853: 'May I earnestly and solemnly impress the one great fundamental maxim of sound colonial policy-it is, to let your colonies alone; not chiefly because your interference will probably be an injudicious kind in this or that particular matter-still less because it will be costly and troublesome to yourselves-but because it tends to spoil, corrupt, and to degrade them; because they will never do anything, or be fit for anything great so long as their chief political business is to complain of you, to fight with you, and to lean upon you; so long as they consider you responsible for their welfare, and can look to you for assistance in their difficulties. I protest quite as much against subsidies and subscriptions as against vetoes and restraints; indeed more, for the poison is more subtle, and the chance of resistance less. I want you neither to subsidise their treasuries nor to support their clergy, nor to do their police duty with your soldiers, because they ought to do these things for themselves, and by your doing it all you contribute to making them effeminate, degenerate, and helpless. Do not be afraid to leave them to themselves; throw them into the water and they will swim.' Godley's career, which would inevitably have led to great distinction, was cut short. He died on 17 Nov 1861. Mrs Godley, who was a daughter of C. G. Wynne, of Voelas, Denbighshire, wrote an interesting series of letters from New Zealand in 1850 (published in 1936). She died in 1907. The eldest son, JOHN ARTHUR, (1847-1932) became Secretary of State for India and was raised to the peerage as Baron Kilbracken.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; D.N.B.; Cycl. N.Z., iii; N.Z.C. (Canterbury Association papers); FitzGerald, Selection from Writings and Speeches of J. R. Godley; Godley, op. cit. and Speeches; Reeves; Marais; A. Trollope, Australia and New Zealand, 1873; Cant. O.N.; Acland; Kilbracken; Woodhouse; The Press, 28 Oct 1861, 29 Jun 1862, 15 Dec 1900, 5 Jan 1907, 11 Apr 1908, 25 Jan 1930 (p)

Reference: Volume 1, page 169

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GOLDER, WILLIAM (1810-76) was born in Scotland. He came to New Zealand with his wife in the Bengal Merchant (1839). He wrote a good deal of verse and published New Zealand Minstrelsy (1852), The Pigeons' Parliament (1854), The New Zealand Survey and The Crystal Palace of 1851 (1867). Golder was a school teacher at Belmont and Korokoro schools from 1873 until his death (on 20 Jun 1876).

Hocken, Bibliog.; Wellington Educ. Board (information); N.Z. Spectator, 14 Jul 1852; N.Z. Times, 24 Dec 1876.

Reference: Volume 1, page 169

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GOLDIE, DAVID (1842-1926) was born in Hobart and educated at the Church of England school there. Arriving in Auckland in 1863, he followed his trade as a carpenter for some years; contracted for supplies to the troops, became manager for George Holdship, and in 1867 commenced in business as a timber merchant.

Goldie was a member of the Auckland Provincial Council (for Auckland West) from 1873 till the abolition. He was 15 years a member of the Auckland City Council and was mayor (1899-1901); a member of the harbour board, the charitable aid board, and the education board (10 years) and a sinking fund commissioner for the City Council and harbour board. A strong prohibitionist, he acted for many years on the licensing committee. In 1879 he defeated P. Dignan in the parliamentary election for Auckland West, which he represented till 1881, and again from 1887-90. He was elected for Newton in 1890, but resigned his seat the following year. He is said to have declined ministerial rank offered to him by Ballance.

Goldie was for 60 years superintendent of the Alexander Street Sunday school, and was a founder of the Auckland Sunday schools union. He was president of the Band of Hope and of two Christian Endeavour societies. He was president of the Primitive Methodist Church conference in 1885, and strenuously opposed the union with the Wesleyan church. He married (1866) a daughter of Charles Partington, and died on 8 Jun 1926.

A son, CHARLES FREDERICK GOLDIE (1870 - ) is a successful New Zealand artist, whose works appear in most of the public collections.

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Auckland Star, 27 Sep 1887; N.Z. Herald, 9 Jun 1926 (p)

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOLDSBRO', CHARLES FIELD (1828-83) was born at Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, and received his medical education in London, Paris and Edinburgh. (M.R.C.S., Eng.; L.S.A., 1856; L.R.C.P., Edin. 1860; F.R.C.S., 1878; M.B., Sydney, 1866; M.D., 1868.) He was house surgeon at Charing Cross hospital and medical officer to the General Post Office in London before coming to Auckland in the Rob Roy (1860). He was appointed coroner and surgeon to the militia, with which he served in the Waikato war (1863). Later he was president of the pensions board and of the Auckland Medical Society. Goldsbro' was an active freemason, being past-master of Lodge Waitemata. He died on 20 Dec 1883.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 21 Dec 1883; 14 Aug 1928.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOLD-SMITH, ERIC CHARLES (1848-1912) was born in Camberwell, London, the son of Captain Henry Gold-Smith, C.E. (who came to New Zealand in 1862 in command of No 5 company, 1st Waikato regiment). He was educated at the Boys High School at Highgate, London, and the Grammar School at Denmark Hill, and came to New Zealand in the Bosphorus (1864). Early in 1867 he joined the Volunteer engineers at Tauranga, and took part in the campaign against the Hauhau (being present at Te Irihanga and Whakamarama in 1867). Gold-Smith joined the survey in the Waikato in 1867 and in 1869 gained his license. In 1870 he was transferred to the government staff engaged on the triangulation of the North Island, and he was surveyor to the Tauranga district land court and district surveyor for the Bay of Plenty (1871-89). In 1897 he was appointed commissioner of crown lands for Hawkes Bay. He was promoted to Canterbury (1908) and Auckland (1909). Gold-Smith married (1873) a daughter of Charles Jepson Kensington (Auckland). He died on 13 Mar 1912.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Weston; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Cowan ii; Jourdain; Evening Post, 19 Mar 1912.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOLLAN, DONALD (1811-87) was born at Culloden, Inverness, and educated at Inverness and the Edinburgh Academy, being trained as an engineer and surveyor. In 1841 he came to the Colony under the New Zealand Company and in 1854 settled down in Hawkes Bay, where he experienced most of the vicissitudes of the pioneer. He took up the Maungatarata run and was a successful sheep farmer. Gollan represented Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay in the Wellington Provincial Council (1853) and Ahuriri (1857-59). He took part in the separation movement; was appointed a justice of the peace (1856); was on the first provincial roll (1857) and a founder of the A. and P. association (1858). In the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council he was member for Waimarama for a short period (1861). In 1864 he was a captain in the Napier militia. He married in 1859 the widow of Charles de Pelichet. She died shortly after the birth of their son. Gollan died on 14 Oct 1887.

His son, SPENCER HERBERT GOLLAN (1860-1934) was educated in Switzerland and at Cambridge University. An adept at all sports, he won the Diamond sculls at Henley and with George Towns and Tom Sullivan rowed from Oxford to Putney in a triple sculling boat in 13 hours 56 minutes. In New Zealand he had a stud and racing stable, his most successful horses being Tirailleur, Bonnie Scotland, Tirant d'Eau, Norton, Australian Star and Moifaa (which afterwards won the Grand National in England). Gollan married a daughter of James Farmer (q.v.).

Cycl. NZ, vi.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOODBEHERE, EDMUND (1854-1938) was born at Handsworth, England; educated at Stony Stratford and in 1880 came to New Zealand and settled at Feilding. He served at Parihaka with the Manchester Rifles. He was a borough councillor from 1888 and mayor on many occasions (1892, 1897-1904, 1910-13). He represented the borough on the Palmerston North hospital board (1892-1906) and was chairman (1899-1900); was president of the Feilding A. and P. association (1903); a member of the Oroua licensing committee (1897-1930) and chairman of the Lytton street school committee. He married a daughter of Major Liddle (Scots Greys), and died on 26 Jun 1938.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., i

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOODFELLOW, WILLIAM (1800-90) was born at Hawick, Scotland, and owned and operated a flourmill. He had a fairly large family when he was attracted by the colonising scheme of the New Zealand Company. Having purchased land from the Company, he sailed from Greenock in the Palmyra (1839) for Australia, Dr Logan Campbell being also a passenger. Goodfellow visited Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney, and then came to New Zealand. Unable to get possession of his land at Port Nicholson, he went to Auckland, travelling overland on foot. There he established a flourmill and bakery, and at the first land sale in 1841 purchased sections fronting on Queen and Wyndham streets. He also had a farm at Otara, and 2,000 acres later between Te Awamutu and Alexandra. Goodfellow was a founder of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Auckland and was associated with the Savings Bank and other financial undertakings. He represented Southern Division in the Provincial Council (1855-57, 1859-61). He died on 28 Jul 1890.

Family information; Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 29 Jul 1890.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GOODMAN, HENRY JOSEY, an early settler of Nelson, was one of the founders in 1857 of The Colonist, to the columns of which for many years he made humorous contributions. He was a grocer by trade and represented Nelson in the Provincial Council (1861-65).

Nelson P.C. Proc.; The Colonist Jubilee Souvenir.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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GORDON, JOHN (1829-1909) was born in Edinburgh, emigrated with his parents to Sydney (1838) and to Bay of Islands (1840), where his father had a Government post.

At the end of 1840 they moved to Auckland, purchasing a section in Waterloo Quadrant and a farm at Tamaki. Later they moved to Otahuhu. His father having died in 1853, Gordon farmed for a few years and then let the property and went into business as a commission agent in Otahuhu. He served in the Royal Cavalry Volunteers (1860-71) and was later captain of the Otahuhu Rifles (1871-82). He was chairman of the Auckland hospital board for some years; chairman of the Otahuhu road board; and member of the school committee (1878-82) and he inaugurated the borough council. He was a charter member of lodge St John, Otahuhu (S.C.) in 1866. From 1868-73 he represented Raglan in the Provincial Council. For 46 years (1859-1905) he represented Otahuhu on the diocesan synod. From 1865 he was secretary of the New Zealand Agricultural Association. Gordon moved to Auckland in 1887, and died there on 28 Jan 1909. He married Lucy, daughter of Dr Elmsly (Otahuhu).

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Barclay; Otahuhu Diamond Jubilee (1938); Auckland Star, 28 Jan 1909.

Reference: Volume 1, page 171

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GORDON, SIR ARTHUR HAMILTON, first Baron Stanmore (1829-1912) was born in London, the son of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen. Educated at Cambridge (where he graduated in 1851), he was president of the Union. He was private secretary to his father (1852-55) and Liberal member for Beverley (1854-57), and in 1858 went to the Ionian islands as private secretary to Gladstone, then Lord High Commissioner. He received the C.M.G. in 1859.

In 1861 Gordon was appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, and he published many of his experiences in a volume entitled Wilderness Journeys in New Brunswick 1866-70. He was appointed to Trinidad in 1866, and to Mauritius in 1871 and was the first governor of Fiji in 1875. Having inaugurated the government of the new colony, he was appointed in 1877 to the additional post of High Commissioner and Consul-general for the Western Pacific. In this capacity he did much to control the traffic in native labour and to cultivate good relations with the small kingdoms of the Pacific.

On 7 Aug 1880 Gordon was appointed Governor of New Zealand, still retaining his duties as High Commissioner. This was his first governorship under the responsible system and was marked by differences of opinion with his ministry, for which he was not entirely to blame. A dispute within the ministry as to the policy to be adopted towards Te Whiti had brought about the retirement of Bryce, and matters were moving along smoothly when after the session of 1881 Gordon left on an official visit to Fiji. A few days after his departure the ministry came to an important decision, reversing its native policy and adopting the strong hand towards Te Whiti. Bryce rejoined the cabinet. Volunteers were called out and an expedition mobilised for the arrest of the leaders at Parihaka. A credit of £100,000 was asked for the extraordinary expenditure. Hearing of these events when at Levuka (through his private secretary), Gordon hurriedly returned to New Zealand, landing in Auckland on the evening when the administrator (Prendergast) issued the proclamation giving the Maori leaders fourteen days to accept the Government's terms and appointing Bryce to the ministry. Not being a party to the measures that were being taken, Gordon called upon the Government for a statement of the reasons for its change of policy. Meanwhile, he felt that he must accept the advice of his ministers and approve their military measures, especially as he believed that 90 per cent. of the people of the Colony at the time would support the Government. A minority of intellectual and experienced people in New Zealand seemed to him to have doubts as to the methods of disposing of the confiscated lands, but his present advisers were responsible for the decision to enforce obedience and sincerely desired a conciliatory settlement of the long standing dispute. For his part, he could see no justification for the change in policy and complained of the discourtesy of the ministry towards himself. He believed there would be loss of life unless Te Whiti showed forbearance—which in the event he did. Nevertheless Gordon felt that he would be misusing his powers if he refused to sign the proclamation and called for new advisers. In his despatch of 3 Dec 1881 he says: 'For my part, the more attentively I study the West Coast question, and the better I become acquainted with its history, the more cause do I perceive for doubts as to the soundness of the popular view.' At the moment he wrote popular approval of the Government's action was being recorded at the polls in a general election.

Gordon's relations with the ministry thereafter were not pleasant. For some years after his departure (on 23 Jun 1882) he was engaged in a controversy with Bryce, through the medium of the Colonial Office, Bryce having complained, with obvious justification, of the part played by Gordon in regard to the libel upon him in Rusden's history of New Zealand. In 1883 Gordon assumed the government of Ceylon where, during the crisis caused by the failure of the Oriental Bank Corporation, he took strong action, against the advice of his council, in extending the guarantee of the Government to the note issue of the bank, thereby preventing much distress among the poorer classes and probable rioting.

Gordon retired from the colonial service in 1890 with a fine record as a conscientious administrator, who laid down lasting principles for dealing with a native race. His personal action as regards Bryce in the case referred to will hardly bear scrutiny. After his retirement he devoted himself to literary pursuits, publishing in 1893 a life of his father; in 1897 records of private and public life in Fiji; and in 1906 a memoir of Sydney Herbert, Lord Herbert of Lea. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1871; G.C.M.G. in 1878 and Baron Stanmore in 1893. Stanmore was an active member of House of Lords committees, was president of the Ceylon Association in London and chairman of the Bank of Mauritius. As a churchman he remained throughout life a member of the house of laymen of the province of Canterbury. He married (1865) Rachel Emily, daughter of Sir John Shaw-Lefevre. He was a personal friend of Charles Kingsley, Roundell Palmer and Samuel Wilberforce. He died on 30 Jan 1912.

N.Z.P.D., App. H.R., 1881 A8, 1882 A4, A5 A8, A8a, 1883 A4, 1884 sess ii, A5; 1888 A1, 1889 A1; Gisborne (p); Sir R. Stout (in Aust. Rev. of Rev., viii, 164-85); Des Voeux i; Rusden; Saunders; Gordon, op. cit.; Keith; Egerton; Scholefield, Pacific; The Times, 31 Jan 1912. Portrait: Government House, Wellington.

Reference: Volume 1, page 171

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GORE, JAMES (1834-1917) was born in Liverpool. In 1852 he arrived in Victoria and with his father entered into government contracts for roads and bridges. About 1861 he came to Otago and for some years did similar work and building. Gore was for some years from 1877 a member of the Dunedin City Council and was mayor in 1881-82. He was chairman of the first licensing committee in High ward, a member of the hospital and charitable aid board and of the drainage board, and he represented Dunedin South in Parliament (1884-87). Gore was grandmaster of freemasons (Scottish constitution). His death occurred on 23 Jul 1917.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1917; Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 24 Jul 1917.

Reference: Volume 1, page 171

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GORING, FORSTER YELVERTON (1846-1923) was born at Portumna, County Galway, the son of Forster Goring. Educated at Auckland Grammar School, he enlisted at the age of 16 as a private in the 1st Waikato Regiment and served in 1863 under Lyon at Wairoa. In Sep 1863 he was appointed ensign, and he was six months with Pitt's regiment at Otahuhu. After escorting Maori prisoners from Drury to Otahuhu, he occupied the church at Mauku. He was attached to the commissariat transport corps (1863-66) and then rejoined his own corps at Tauranga, and served under St John and Fraser in the Urewera. He displayed great coolness and judgment in the retreat at Te Ngutu-o-te Manu (where he saved wounded men under fire), and the reverse at Moturoa (Nov). On both occasions he commanded the rearguard. He was promoted major, and served continuously under Whitmore on both coasts (being present at Ngatapa and at Otautu, and eventually commanding the Waihi redoubt).

Goring was appointed inspector in 1874, and served with the Armed Constabulary in different districts until 1885, when he was appointed to command the New Zealand Artillery in Dunedin, and later in Auckland. He commanded the latter district (1891-97) and retired as a lieut-colonel, living thereafter in Hastings. Goring married (1880) Bertha, daughter of Major H. Dobie, Madras Army. He died on 17 Feb 1923.

Goring's father, FORSTER GORING (1810-93) was a son of Sir Charles Goring, 7th baronet. He held a commission as ensign in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards (1832-34); resigned from the army in the early fifties and arrived in Auckland about 1860. He was clerk to the executive 1862-89. Goring married (1839) the Hon Sydney Yelverton, daughter of Viscount Avonmore. He died on 10 Dec 1893. (See F. Y. GORING and W. W. JOHNSTON.)

Parltry Record; Gudgeon (p); Cowan, ii (p); Whitmore (p); Burke, Peerage; Hawkes Bay Herald, 19 Feb 1923.

Reference: Volume 1, page 171

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GORST, SIR JOHN ELDON (1835-1916) was born at Preston, Lancashire, the son of Edward Chaddock Gorst, and was educated at Preston Grammar School. He matriculated at St John's College (1857-60). He chose the bar as a profession, but took a position at Rossall school to be near his sick father.

On his father's death Gorst returned to London and decided to go to the colonies. He sailed for New Zealand in the Red Jacket and on the voyage became engaged to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev Lorenzo Moore (Christchurch). They were married in Australia, and reached New Zealand in May 1860. On arrival in Auckland Gorst found the Maori King movement a constant subject of discussion and he wrote some letters to the New Zealander sympathising with them and deprecating the use of force to crush a weaker race. He intended offering his services to Bishop Selwyn, but came under the strong influence of Sir George Grey, who had just returned as Governor, and he was soon appointed inspector of native and missionary schools in the Waikato, with which he was expected to combine the duties of an intelligence office. While he was procuring timber for erecting an industrial school, Selwyn made the mission school at Otawhao available, with a farm of 200 acres, upon which young men from the Waikato tribes could be trained and educated in reading, writing and arithmetic and at mechanical trades. Implicit obedience to orders was demanded of all pupils. A hospital with a house surgeon and an itinerant surgeon was also projected.

Gorst soon established friendly relations with Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa, Rewi, Te Heuheu and Tawhiao. Taking alarm at the progress being made, the King party published a Maori newspaper, the Hokioi, to propagate their views. Grey proposed publishing a rival paper, and Gorst accordingly issued from a special press at Te Awamutu Te Pihoihoi Mokemoke (the sparrow on the housetop). The reasoned replies of this newspaper offended the King natives, who complained of the 'bad mocking style' and Rewi threatened to sack the office. This was done by Aporo (on 24 Mar 1863), and the press and type were sent down the river to Te Ia. Rewi advised Grey to remove the magistrate, and promised a truce for three weeks. The King in council disapproved of Rewi's conduct, but on the advice of Wiremu Tamihana, Gorst decided to withdraw. The news from Taranaki of the occupation of Tataraimaka had further incensed the King leaders, and war seemed inevitable. Gorst accordingly left on 18 Apr 1863. On 11 Jul Grey issued a proclamation calling upon the natives to declare their loyalty and assist the troops. A few days later Gorst left for Australia, with F. D. Bell and Colonel Pitt, to recruit volunteers for the Waikato regiments.

Returning to England, Gorst was called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1865). He contested the Hastings seat in the Conservative interest in that year, and in 1866 was elected for Cambridge Borough. He soon attracted the attention of Disraeli, and when he lost his seat in 1868, he undertook to reorganise the party on a popular basis. Though its emphatic success in the elections of 1874 was largely due to Gorst's work, he was not given a place in the Conservative administration. In 1875 he took silk, and was again elected to Parliament (for Chatham). As a lawyer he gained considerable reputation. In the Parliament of 1880 he became associated with Lord Randolph Churchill (both having democratic tendencies), and later also with Drummond Wolff and Arthur Balfour, these four comprising a 'party' which put up effective criticism of the Government. He differed with Churchill in 1881 on the coercion bill, and on the leadership of the Conservative party.

When the control of the National Union of Conservative Associations was secured in 1884, Churchill made terms with Lord Salisbury without consulting Gorst, and the breach between them was widened by a difference over the franchise bill. When Churchill took office he obtained the Solicitor-generalship for Gorst who, however, would not accept an extension when the Government was reconstructed. He was appointed Under-secretary for India (1886). In 1884 he introduced Tawhiao to Lord Derby. In 1890 he was British plenipotentiary at a labour conference in Berlin; in 1891-92 Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and in 1895 vice-president of the Privy Council committee on education. He was genuinely interested in social reform. In 1902 Gorst retired on a pension. He retained his seat in the House of Commons, but when he declared himself a freetrader, against Chamberlain's tariff policy, he was rejected by Cambridge University, which he had represented since 1892.

Thereafter Gorst devoted himself to writing and speaking on social topics. His book, The Children of the Nation (1906), was a notable work. In 1906 Gorst revisited New Zealand. He surrendered his pension in 1909 to contest Preston as a Liberal.

Lady Gorst having died (1914), he married (1915) Ethel, daughter of Edward Johnson. His death occurred on 4 Apr 1916.

His son, Sir John Eldon Gorst (1861-1911), was British Agent and Consul-general in Egypt (1907-11).

D.N.B.; Gorst, The Maori King and New Zealand Revisited (p); Cowan (p); Rusden; Saunders; N.Z. Herald, 10 Sep 1884; The Times, 5 Apr 1916.

Reference: Volume 1, page 172

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GORTON, EDWARD (1838-1909) was the son of the rector of Badingham, Suffolk. He was educated at Marlborough College and got his ensigncy in the 29th Regiment (1855). He served in India and Burma (1857-59) and exchanged into the 57th, which he joined in Taranaki. He was aide-de-camp to General Cameron in the Waikato and distinguished himself at Katikara. He became a major in the New Zealand militia, commanding the Wellington and Wairarapa district, and was commended for his promptness in arming the Wairarapa settlers and preventing the spread of Hauhauism. Promoted lieut-colonel, Gorton was given command of Wanganui (1865-69) and had control also of the colonial commissariat and transport after the withdrawal of the British troops. He took the field in 1869 as quartermaster-general under Whitmore, and provisioned the troops on the march at the back of Egmont. Inspector-general of stores (1869), and of all government stores, civil and military (1871), he resigned in 1878 to enter into business with John Stevens as Stevens and Gorton, land and stock auctioneers, Feilding (later Gorton and Son). He was two years chairman of the Bulls town board and some time on the Rangitikei road board. Gorton married (1863) Nora Mary, daughter of John Stephenson Smith. He published (1901) Some Home Truths re the Maori War (1863-69).

Gorton, op. cit.; Wellington P.C. Proc., 1864; Cowan; Whitmore; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Gudgeon (p); N.Z. Times, 31 Dec 1909.

Reference: Volume 1, page 172

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GOULAND, HENRY GODFREY (1801-77) was born in London and in 1812 went to Cape of Good Hope with his parents. On the death of his father (1818) he entered the store of John Murray, and was in business in Cape Town for a few years. In 1823 he married Mary Ann Mackie (died 1827), and in 1826 he went to India, where he married (1832) Jessie Burn. In 1838 he was head assistant in the chief pay office and in 1840 was appointed assistant-registrar in the judicial department.

In 1841 Gouland bought two allotments in the Nelson colony, and in 1847 he left India and arrived in Wellington by the London. Crossing to Nelson in the ketch Supply, he met Fox, Wakefield and Domett and arranged about his land orders, withdrawing his money from the Nelson Bank on the day it closed (25 Oct 1847). Gouland selected at the Wairau, and in Apr 1848 got his stock from Sydney. He was gazetted a justice of the peace. On 25 Nov the Triumph passed up the Opawa river, the first vessel to cross the bar. Being unfortunate in his first season, and losing money in a London bank failure, Gouland gave up the run and accepted the post of sub-collector of customs at Port Victoria (Aug 1849). There he received the Godleys, Sir George and Lady Grey and the first settlers (Dec 1850). In 1851 he was transferred to Akaroa. In 1854 he was appointed provincial secretary and auditor, member of the executive and for a short time inspector of schools. As provincial secretary Gouland advocated the establishment of a windlass worked by bullocks at the top of the Bridle Track to assist traffic until such time as the province could afford to construct the tunnel.

Early in 1855 Gouland resigned and returned to Wairau where he was appointed magistrate. In 1857 he became magistrate at Collingwood for the new goldfields. In 1860 he was transferred to Lyttelton where in 1861 he was appointed immigration officer. In 1862 he married Caroline, daughter of David Johnston. In Aug he was elected M.P.C. for Tuamarina, and agreed to accept the speakership and provincial treasurership from Sinclair and Eyes. The constitutional struggle between Eyes and Baillie prevented him from entering upon either office. Meeting with losses from floods and thistles, he sold out in 1863 and bought sections on the Waimea road, Nelson. In 1865 Gouland visited England, returning in 1866. He died on 11 Nov 1877.

Canterbury Proc. and Gaz.; Marlborough Gaz.; Buick, Marlborough; personal information from W. E. Redman and A. D. McIntosh.

Reference: Volume 1, page 172

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GOULD, GEORGE (1823-89) was born at Hambleden, Oxfordshire. His parents gave him a sound education and an apprenticeship in commerce. Early in 1850 he married Hannah Lewis, and on 14 Jul they sailed in the barque Camilla, arriving in Wellington on 12 Dec. Having selected his section at the corner of Armagh and Colombo streets, Gould erected a building as a dwelling and general store. The facilities for transport from the port were primitive, and he often carried merchandise either over the bridle path or from the landing at Ferrymead. In 1855 Gould took Grosvenor Miles into partnership, and the business, under the style of Gould and Miles, was moved to premises in Colombo street. Owing to the insufficiency of silver currency in circulation, cardboard counters were improvised bearing the legend 'I.O.U. Gould and Miles.' Having the agency for Cookham boots, Gould in 1866 opened Cookham House as general outfitters on the opposite side of the street. He was now deeply engaged as a squatters' agent in Canterbury and a large shipper of wool to England. He also established a chemist's business as Gould and Co., which continued for years after he had retired. About 1875 he sold the retail business to his managers (Chisnall and Stewart taking over Cookham House), and devoted himself to the financial and export business. He had started with very little capital, but in less than 20 years he had amassed a considerable fortune. This he invested largely in city, suburban and country lands. During a wool slump several Mackenzie country stations fell into his hands, but he held them only until he could find a sale. In 1869, the Springfield estate, of about 16,000 acres in the Methven district, was offered for sale by Hill and Bray. Gould advertised for a manager, and appointed Duncan Cameron, thus establishing a long partnership which yielded a large fortune to Cameron, who after Gould's death bought the estate out for £65,000. Gould had a farm of 100 acres at the top of Colombo street, 250 acres on the Lincoln road (the site of Mount Magdala), and 1,000 acres at Springston. He imported shorthorns and Lincoln sheep from England, and in the sixties was a frequent prize-winner at the Canterbury shows.

Though debarred from public life by extreme deafness, Gould associated himself with nearly every movement for the advancement of the city. He was the second president of the Agricultural and Pastoral association (1869-74). He was president of the poultry association, the Union Rowing Club, and the horticultural society. He was an original shareholder and a director of the Christchurch Gas Co., the New Zealand Shipping Co., and many others. He was a member of the first Christchurch town board (1862); a commissioner of the domain board and of the board of education, and a governor of Canterbury College. He took a part in promoting building societies and insurance companies, and financially assisted many struggling clubs and societies. He advanced £1,000 in furtherance of a promise to subsidise pound for pound all public donations made to the funds of the Agricultural and Pastoral association.

Many pieces in the fine collection of statuary and pictures in the museum were presented by Gould, and the Y.M.C.A. and Working Men's Clubs received many gifts of money and books. Gould died on 28 Mar 1889.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Acland; Lyttelton Times, 17 Apr 1889; The Press, 29 Mar 1889, 25 Oct 1900 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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GOULD, HENRY GEORGE (1851-1914) was born at Wolverhampton, England, and educated at the Maidstone Grammar School. Arriving in Lyttelton by the Cardigan Castle (1873) he studied theology at Christ's College and was ordained (deacon, 1874; priest, 1877). He married (1878) a daughter of Thomas Cane (Christchurch). Gould was curate of Malvern (1874), vicar of Woodend (1878), of Leithfield (1878), Hokitika (1883), Lincoln (1888) and St Luke's, Oamaru (1890). In 1897 he was appointed archdeacon of Oamaru. In 1908 he became vicar of St Paul's Cathedral, Dunedin; in the following year canon, and in 1913 he was collated to the archdeaconry of Dunedin. He died on 27 Sep 1914.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 12 Oct 1914.

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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GOULTER, CYRUS (1825-91) belonged to Bath, in England, and was a surveyor by profession. He landed in Nelson from the Fifeshire (1842), was employed on the survey party for some years, but was temporarily absent when the affray occurred at Wairau. While on this duty he was impressed by the quality of the land and he soon acquired the Hawkesbury estate of 9,000 acres. Goulter took a prominent part in public life, being a member of the Marlborough Provincial Council throughout. He represented Upper Wairau (1860-62 and 1863-73) and was speaker of the council (1860-63 and 1865-75). He was provincial treasurer during a great part of the time and held office in the executive almost continuously, being provincial secretary at the end of the period (1876). Thereafter he was commissioner of crown lands until 1879, and was a member of the Wairau road board and other local bodies. Goulter married Anne, daughter of Henry Redwood, and died on 17 Feb 1891. His eldest son, CHARLES FRANCIS JOSEPH GOULTER (1854-1935) was concerned in the foundation of the famous merino studs on the Hawkesbury and Blairich estates. After perfecting merinos to suit New Zealand conditions, he turned his attention to Jersey cattle, purchasing his first pedigree stock in 1870. He afterwards devoted his attention to Clydesdale, thoroughbred and Shetland horses, English setter dogs and game fowls.

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Buick, Marlborough; Cycl. NZ, v; The Dominion, 18 Feb 1935.

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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GOURLEY, HUGH (1825-1906) was born at Ballynahinch, County Down, Ireland, where he was educated. As a young man he moved to Newtownards, and in 1852 he sailed for Australia in the Emigrant. He was a year in Melbourne and some time in Geelong and on the Ballarat diggings. Returning to Geelong later, he became a member of the town council.

In 1861 he crossed to New Zealand in the Spray and started with a party for the Otago goldfields. After working claims at Waitahuna, Wetherstones, Gabriel's Gully and Waipori, he returned to Dunedin, worked at his trade as a saddler and, having brought his family over, started in business. He ran a coach service between Dunedin and Port Chalmers and cabs in Dunedin, and in 1874 added funeral undertaking to his business.

Gourley was a borough councillor of St Kilda from 1881 and mayor for 13 years; chairman of the Otago harbour board (for 16 years), a city councillor (1885-95), mayor of Dunedin twice (1888-89, 1896-97), a member of the Otago dock trust (for 17 years), of the benevolent trustees (22 years); of the licensing committee and other bodies. He contested parliamentary seats in 1893 and 1897, and in 1899 was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member till 1906. Gourley married a daughter of John Johnston, of County Down. He died on 16 Dec 1906.

Cycl. NZ., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 5 Jul 1899, 17 Dec 1906.

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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GOVETT, HENRY (1819-1903) was the son of the vicar of Staines, Middlesex, and was educated at Sherborne school and Worcester College, Oxford, graduating B.A. (1841). He sailed for New Zealand in the Union, arriving at Auckland in Mar 1843 and engaged in farming at Tamaki.

In Mar 1845 he accompanied Bishop Selwyn to Waikanae in the Government brig. Hadfield being seriously ill, Selwyn ordained Govett deacon to enable him to take Hadfield's place as resident deacon. He rapidly acquired the Maori language and remained at Waikanae till Dec 1846 when, Hadfield having recovered, he proceeded in H.M.S. Driver to Auckland. There he was ordained priest (Feb 1847) and a week or two later he started to walk to New Plymouth and Otaki. In Apr, while in temporary charge at Wanganui, he intervened to prevent a war party from attacking the town. After a few weeks at New Plymouth after Bolland's death, he was married and settled down at Nelson as schoolmaster and clergyman. In Feb 1848 he was appointed to St Mary's, New Plymouth, of which he was incumbent for 50 years. In the Maori war he saw much service as chaplain to troops, and the churchyard of St Mary's was turned into a bullock yard for the transport.

In 1858 Govett was made first archdeacon of Taranaki. He resigned the charge of St Mary's in 1898 and the archdeaconry in 1903. His death occurred on 4 Oct 1903. Govett was a member of the Taranaki education board from 1878.

Selwyn, Annals; Taranaki Herald, 29 Jan 1884, 5 Oct 1903.

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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AUGUSTUS GRACE (1867-), who was educated at St John's College, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, has written a number of books on Maori life, including Tales of a Dying Race (1901) and Folk Tales of the Maori (1907).

App. H.R., 1865-66; Cowan; T. S. Grace; Annals N.Z. Lit.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRACE, LAWRENCE MARSHALL (1854-1934) was born at Auckland, the son of the Rev. T. S. Grace (q.v.), and educated at Pukawa and privately in Auckland and at the Church of England Grammar School there. He spent a year on the Thames goldfield and then farmed with a brother on the Waimarino plains. The pumice land proving unsuitable for sheep, he was articled to a solicitor and became an interpreter in the native land court. He married (1885) Kahui (who died 1929), daughter of Te Heuheu Tukino (q.v.), and sister of Te Heuheu Tukino, M.L.C. Grace represented Tauranga in Parliament (1885-87) and then joined the Native department. In 1894 he was appointed interpreter in Maori to the House of Representatives. He died on 10 Jan 1934.

Grace; The Dominion, 27 May 1929; N.Z. Herald, 11 Jan 1934. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 173

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GRACE, MORGAN STANISLAUS (1837-1903) was born at Clonmel, County Tipperary, the son of James Grace, of Sheffield, Queen's County. Educated at Stonyhurst College, he studied medicine at Dublin, Paris and Edinburgh, and qualified as M.D. in 1858 and L.R.C.S. in 1859. He then entered the army as an assistant staff surgeon and, coming to New Zealand at the outbreak of the Taranaki war, served throughout that and the Waikato campaign under Generals Pratt, Cameron and Whitmore. He had charge of a field hospital at Waitara and in 1865 he was appointed principal medical officer to the New Zealand forces. In the following year he withdrew from the army to engage in private practice in Wellington, but some time later he volunteered to assist Whitmore with his advice when engaged in the strenuous campaign on the West Coast. (C.M.G.) His account of the Maori war, published in 1899, is one of the most interesting and dispassionate contributions to the history of the period.

Grace practised for 30 years in Wellington, and during that time associated himself with many philanthropic movements and with the public life of the community. He was the first surgeon-general of the New Zealand volunteer forces (1887). In 1870 he was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member until his death. He moved the address-in-reply in his first session and again in 1890. In the latter year he was created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. He was for some years lessee of the Wellington tramways and for 30 years a member of the local board of the Australian Mutual Provident Society (being chairman for 10 years); and was a member of the senate of the University of New Zealand, 1871-1903.

Grace married in 1866 a daughter of the Hon John Johnston (q.v.). His death occurred on 19 Apr 1903.

(See F. G. DALZIELL.) N.Z.P.D., 30 Jun 1903; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Whitmore; Beaglehole; Cowan; Grace, op. cit.; Gudgeon; Lyttelton Times, Jun 1879; N.Z. Times, 20 Apr 1903. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRACE, THOMAS SAMUEL (1815-1879) was born at Liverpool, of a Huguenot family which was driven from France and settled in Cheshire. Educated at a grammar school, he went into business early, and at the age of 20 had to accept part of the responsibility of maintaining his family. At 24, when he was principal in the business, he offered his services to the Church Missionary Society, and in 1842 he approached the Rev Mr Barker (afterwards Bishop of Sydney), at whose suggestion he went to Cromer. Being married in 1845 to Agnes Fearon, he volunteered to go to New Zealand, but owing to the war then prevailing was advised to study at St Bees. He was ordained in 1848 and sailed for New Zealand in 1850 with his wife and two children.

Bishop Selwyn decided that Grace should be stationed at Taupo, and he proceeded thither, reconciled Te Heuheu and Te Herekiekie, and obtained from the former land for the mission station. Other duties taking him elsewhere, it was not until Apr 1855 that he took up his residence at Taupo. His influence was so successful that the next year Te Heuheu forbore to carry on a war against his enemies; instead he went down the Wanganui river with Grace to conclude a peace. Grace was convinced that the constant pressure of the pakeha on the Maori to sell their land was the cause of uneasiness and of the King movement; and that the natives in the Taupo country were in a state of armed neutrality in which peace was only preserved by the power of the Gospel. He was accused of having convened the King meeting at Pukawa in 1856. In fact, he refused to be present when he heard that the King was to be discussed. His teaching resulted in the Taupo people raising £500 during 1858-60 to buy sheep, yet at a meeting at Taupo in Apr 1861 it was decided to enter the war on the side of the King. Te Heuheu (Iwikau) alone restrained them. His death in Oct 1862 removed this restraint, and shortly afterwards Ngati Tuwharetoa warriors joined in the fighting in Waikato. Before 1863 was out the Graces abandoned their home and left Taupo. In Mar 1865 Grace was at Tauranga when Volkner was murdered by the Hauhau. Grace was held prisoner for a short time, but eventually escaped to the warship Eclipse. He showed great courage in reopening work in the disaffected country. In later years he visited Taupo on several occasions and spent some time at Matata. He once narrowly escaped capture by Te Kooti, and his house at Taupo was plundered by Hauhau.

In 1868 Grace proposed that native chiefs and clergy should be consulted in the management of mission lands. Appreciating the underlying motives of the King movement, though he had no part in it, Grace realised that the proposal for the appointment of a Maori bishop of the Church of England was likely to be acceptable to them. He discussed it favourably with the Hawke's Bay chief Karaitiana, but it seemed then that no suitable native was available. Grace's ministry amongst the Maori was eminently successful in face of many obstacles, and was marked by a sympathy with Maori aspirations which was not always found in missionaries. He died on 30 Apr 1879.

A son was Lawrence Marshall GRACE (1854-1934, q.v.). Another, THOMAS SAMUEL GRACE (1850-1918), was educated at the Grammar School in Auckland and the Theological College in Nelson, ordained in 1876 and became Archdeacon of Marlborough. A third, ALFRED

Cycl. NZ, vi (p); Grace, A Pioneer Missionary (p); Stock, History of the Church Missionary Society; N.Z. Herald, 3 May 1879.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, ANDREW (1843-1926) was born at East Kilbride, near Glasgow, and educated at the Glasgow High School and University. In 1864 he came to New Zealand as one of the representatives of the Glasgow Bank. He first visited Poverty Bay during the Hauhau rising, arriving at Gisborne on a business trip on the day after the massacre. He joined the cavalry corps in Napier and served throughout the campaign, being present at the fall of Ngatapa, in the Urewera and at the relief of Mohaka. In 1872 he established himself in business in Gisborne and became a leader of public affairs. He was a member of the borough council, chairman of the Cook county council (1879-80) and the first chairman of the harbour board. In 1887 he was elected M.H.R. for East Coast, which at that time extended as far as Tauranga, but resigned his seat in 1889. He was a director of the Poverty Bay Herald. Graham died on 17 Apr 1926.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Poverty Bay Herald, 5 Jan 1924. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, CHARLES CHRISTIE (1835-1915) was born at Cupar, Fifeshire, and educated at the Universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh. In 1855 he emigrated to Australia and with his brothers carried on a merchant's business in Melbourne. He then took up a sheep run on the Waitaki river and was elected in 1869 to represent Oamaru in Parliament. Moving to the North Island, he took up land in Rangitikei. He was elected to the Wellington Provincial Council as the representative of Rangitikei, and sat till the abolition, being part of the time chairman of committees.

Graham was a member of the Wellington education board, and secretary of this and the Wellington College board of governors. In 1878 he was appointed town clerk of Wellington, and five years later official assignee there. He was transferred to Dunedin in 1893 and died on 27 Dec 1915. He married Jemima Frances, daughter of Major-general T. Webster, governor of Mauritius. While town clerk of Wellington, Graham designed the City's coat of arms.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 28 Dec 1915.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, GEORGE (1812-1901) was born at Hove, Brighton, England. He belonged to the Grahams of the Border, his grandfather having been an interpreter between the Scots and the English. At the age of 19 he was appointed clerk of works in the board of ordnance (now the Royal Engineers). In 1835 he saw disturbed conditions in Ireland and in 1836 came to New South Wales. In 1840 he came to New Zealand, where he was engaged for some years on public works, roads and fortifications. In the Maori war he laid out the defensive works of Auckland and was instrumental in having the reserve of the Albert barracks enlarged. He advocated employing natives on public works and canals to connect the Waikato and Kaipara with Auckland.

Ordered on service to China, Graham suffered a nervous breakdown there and retired to settle at Mangere, where he farmed successfully. Elected soon after as M.H.R. for Newton, he represented it 1861-69. He was a consistent advocate for Maori rights, and during the Waikato war conferred with Wiremu Tamihana and succeeded in inducing him to make his submission to General Carey. Graham made a considerable fortune, and lived during his later years in England, where he died on 14 Feb 1901. (See W. A. GRAHAM.)

Cowan; App. H.R., 1864; Gudgeon; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 1 Mar 1901. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, GEORGE SAMUEL, was a son of Robert Graham (q.v.). He was in the Auckland Provincial Council as member for Northern Division (1861-63). Later he had landed interests in Piako, Upper Thames and Waikato and eventually became identified with the goldfields. He contested the Te Aroha seat in Parliament (1891).

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, JOHN (1819-89), a native of Westmoreland, arrived in Wellington in 1853, worked at his trade (house painting) for a few weeks and moved to Auckland, where he engaged in storekeeping and other occupations. He was M.P.C. for Newton (1868-69), and later relieving officer, with responsibility for the expenditure of provincial funds on charitable aid. He was a strong temperance advocate. Graham died on 6 Sep 1889.

N.Z. Herald, 9 Sep 1889.

Reference: Volume 1, page 174

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GRAHAM, JOHN (1843-1926) was born in Nelson and educated there. He was a member (1877-94) and chairman of the Nelson school committee, a member of the Nelson education board, a governor of Nelson College (1894) and a member of the council of Victoria College (1898-1912). For some years he was on the harbour board and the land board.

Graham was elected in 1893 to represent Nelson in the House of Representatives. He was a supporter of the Seddon government and retained his seat till 1911, when he retired voluntarily from politics. He was chairman of the banking inquiry committee in 1896 and in 1894 successfully opposed the Midland railway bill in so far as it proposed to abandon the obligations of the company to provide a railway to Nelson. Graham died on 7 Feb 1926.

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Cycl. N.Z., v (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Colonist, 8 Feb 1926. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 175

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GRAHAM, ROBERT (1820-85) was born near Glasgow, the son of a Lanark farmer who also owned coal mines. Educated in the parish school, he showed great mental ability, courage and determination. While acting as superintendent of a mine he had an accident in which he suffered severe injuries, as a result of which he changed his occupation and entered a warehouse.

Attracted to the colonies, Graham sailed in Jan 1842 in the Jane Gifford for New Zealand, arriving at Auckland on 9 Oct. He at once chartered the cutter Black Hawk and loaded her for Bay of Islands. At Kororareka he met his brother David with whom he started the business of R. and D. Graham. He soon afterwards purchased merchandise in Sydney and opened a store in Auckland. Owing to a threat of war at Bay of Islands, he chartered a schooner and removed the stock from there to Auckland, thus escaping the burning of the settlement.

In 1850 the brothers dissolved the partnership and Robert speculated in cargoes of potatoes for California, where he spent the next three years. On his return, he devoted his attention to improving his property at Ellerslie, importing cattle, sheep, deer, quail, etc., and breeding pedigree stock which won many prizes. He purchased, grassed and stocked Motutapu island; and brought into cultivation and stocked the Lamb Hill estate at Waiuku. Convinced of the healing qualities of its waters, he purchased the Waiwera block (1845), spent a large sum in developing it and eventually acquired his title from the Government. When the northern tribes threatened Auckland, his manager buried the furniture and left the estate. The place was leased for a term and afterwards Graham erected suitable accommodation for developing it as a health resort.

Graham was in Parliament for the Southern Division (1855-60); and for Franklin (1861-68). During the same period he was also in the Provincial Council (Southern Division 1855-57, Franklin 1865-69). Always interested in the Maori race, he moved in Parliament for the appointment of a native council of Europeans who should not be removable on a change of government. The plan was rejected. Favouring a strong native policy, Graham urged Gore-Browne to act when a quantity of gunpowder was stolen from Great Barrier and taken to Coromandel. He was one of the four Auckland members who unsuccessfully resisted the land compact of 1856; and he opposed strenuously the removal of the government to Wellington.

Graham showed distinguished courage and leadership at the wreck of the White Swan (29 Jun 1862), and personally found a suitable landing place and travelled overland to Wellington to get relief. Returning to Auckland in the Lord Worsley, he was again wrecked (on 1 Sep, at Te Namu, Taranaki), and his intervention with the hostile natives averted loss of property and probably of life. He saved £6,000 worth of gold dust which he carried until meeting the Superintendent and the officer commanding the forces.

In Dec 1862 Graham was elected Superintendent of Auckland (defeating Williamson). His term of office, which lasted to Sep 1865, was marked by the raising of a loan of half a million pounds and a vigorous programme of public works and buildings; the inauguration of a water supply to Auckland; the commencement of the railway to Drury, and the prospecting and purchase for the Government of the coal mines at Kawakawa. On the opening of the Thames goldfield, he acquired a large area of land by lease from the natives, laid out Grahamstown and constructed a steam tramline from Grahamstown to Tararu. In 1872 he revisited Scotland. He laid out and planted his estate at Ellerslie (which afterwards became the property of the Auckland Jockey Club), and acquired land at Ohinemutu on which he erected Lake House. In 1878 Graham settled a native feud at Maketu and received as a token of gratitude from the Arawa a large block of land at Taupo containing hot springs. This property (Wairakei) he was developing at the time of his death, which occurred on 26 May 1885.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z.P.D.; Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 27 May 1885. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 175

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GRAHAM, WILLIAM AUSTRALIA (1841-1916) was born in Auckland, a son of George Graham (q.v.). He was educated in Auckland and at Clewer House school, Windsor, and Hele's grammar school, Exeter, and returned to New Zealand in 1854. A surveyor by profession, he became closely acquainted with the Maori and acted as interpreter for General Carey in his negotiations with the King tribe. He represented Waikato in the Auckland Provincial Council (1873-75). In 1882 he settled at Hamilton, of which town he was mayor (1884-87). He obtained for the town an endowment of 120 unallotted acres, and was mainly responsible for the establishment of the Waikato hospital board. Graham married in 1872 a daughter of Walter Coombes. He died on 9 May 1916.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Featon, p 140; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Waikato Times, 10 May 1916.

Reference: Volume 1, page 175

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GRANT, JAMES GORDON STUART (1838-1902) was born at Granton, Elginshire, and educated at the parish school and later at Aberdeen Grammar School and at King's College and Marischal College in Aberdeen. He took the arts course of Edinburgh University at New College, and finished his education at St Andrew's University, where he studied the first principles of moral philosophy and political economy.

In 1855 Grant went to Melbourne and from there, at the invitation of W. H. Reynolds, he came to Otago (1855), believing that he would receive a post in the Otago High School. Instead he opened the Dunedin academy, had a school in Wellington for a short time and then engaged in lecturing and preaching. He established the Saturday Review (which ran 1864-68), and later the Delphic Oracle. In both journals he showed marked literary ability, but he was repeatedly at loggerheads with public men in the province. In 1864 he led a deputation of working men to the Provincial Council, and was arrested by order of the speaker and had to apologise; but a few months later, supported by the Foresters, he was elected to the Provincial Council for City of Dunedin at the top of the poll. In the Council (1865-67) Grant tried to have the Scottish thistle, as the national emblem, deleted from the thistle ordinance of the council. In 1867 he contested the superintendency against Macandrew, and in 1868 stood for the mayoralty of Dunedin against Birch. He contested the parliamentary seat in 1874, 1875, 1879 and 1884 and then retired. He died on 27 Feb 1902.

Otago P.C. Proc.; MacMorran; Hocken, Otago; Hocken, Bibliog.; McIndoe; Saturday Advertiser, Mar 1881; Otago Daily Times, 28 Feb 1902; Evening Star, 27 Feb 1902.

Reference: Volume 1, page 175

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GRAY, CHARLES MATTHEW (1853-1918) was born in Geelong, Victoria, and came to New Zealand in 1862, settling first in Dunedin. He was engaged in the soft goods business in Wanganui (1865-74) and saw active service in the later years of the Maori war (1868). In 1874 he moved to Christchurch, where 10 years later he established himself in a drapery business. In 1885 he was elected to the City Council, of which he was a member intermittently till 1912. In 1891 he was mayor of Christchurch and in 1904-05 of greater Christchurch. He was chairman of the fire brigade, of the hospital board (1898); of the tramways board (from 1916); and of the executive of the New Zealand International Exhibition (1904-05).

Gray defeated T. E. Taylor in 1905 and represented Christchurch North in the House of Representatives till 1908, when Taylor defeated him. A lifelong advocate of temperance, he regularly compiled statistics of the cost of the liquor traffic to New Zealand. He died on 11 Jun 1918.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Oct 1918; The Press, 12 Jun 1918; Lyttelton Times, 30 Apr 1883.

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, ERNEST (1833-95) arrived in New Zealand in 1853 and, with his brother Henry, took up the Coldstream run on the Rangitata river. He married a daughter of Colonel Macpherson, of New South Wales. He represented Waitangi in the Canterbury Provincial Council (1866-70) and was a member of the Legislative Council from 1867 until he retired from politics (1883). He then sold his run and purchased Hoon Hay, where he lived until his death.

Gray was much interested in agricultural matters, and was a successful breeder of longwoolled sheep. He was an active member of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral association and often acted as judge in the sheep classes. He died on 14 Jul 1895.

His brother, HENRY FRANCIS GRAY, who came to New Zealand with him and was a partner throughout, represented Riccarton in the Canterbury Provincial Council (1874-75).

Parlt. Record; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Acland; Lyttelton Times, 17 Jul 1895. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, JOHN, who held a commission in the 40th Regiment, came to New Zealand in the Sir George Seymour (1847) in command of a section of the Royal New Zealand Fencibles, to settle in the vicinity of Auckland. Gray was M.H.R. for the Southern Division (1853-55) and represented Newton in the Auckland Provincial Council (1868-69).

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, MOSES WILSON (1813-75) was born at Claremorris, county Mayo, Ireland, the son of John Gray and younger brother of Sir John Gray, sometime M.P. for Kilkenny and founder of the Freeman's Journal. His ancestors were Ulster Orangemen who moved to Connaught in the interests of Protestant ascendancy. He was educated at Cork and afterwards at Hazlewood, near Birmingham, under the father of Sir Rowland Hill. He then proceeded to Trinity College, Dublin (1829) where amongst distinguished contemporaries such as Mr Justice Willes, Dillon, Davis, Sir Edmund Barry, Isaac Butt and Dr Kenealy, he graduated B.A. (1835) and took honours and a scholarship. He entered at King's Inns 1834, and was called in 1845.

In 1835 Gray was appointed an assistant commissioner in the Poor Law Inquiry in Ireland, and in that duty he gained much experience in emigration. When the post terminated he went to the United States and was called to the bar. He was greatly interested in the settlement of the new frontier states, and after his return to Ireland he wrote a valuable pamphlet (1848) propounding a scheme for the relief of poverty in Ireland through the establishment of colonies in America by Irish landed proprietors. Gray came back from America in the middle of 1843 with promises of money and political support for Ireland. He took part in the management of the Freeman's Journal, of which he was for some time editor. In 1844 his brother James was convicted of treason (with the O'Connells), but the conviction was afterwards quashed.

Wilson Gray continued to read for the bar and was called as stated, but was temperamentally too timid for successful pleading. The brothers were leading figures at the conference of tenants in Dublin in 1850 to frame better land legislation, and the League of the North and South suffered a severe blow when, fearing excesses by the peasantry in the parishes, they withdrew their fund of political sagacity from the council. In 1856 Gray sold his interest in the Freeman and, with Charles Gavan Duffy, he went to Victoria. (According to the Victorian Law list, Gray was admitted there on 24 Dec 1851, being the third barrister on the roll.) Duffy was lionised, while Gray quietly haunted the courts, too diffident to make his way to a lucrative practice. For two years he reported the law courts for the Argus. He became interested in the eight-hour movement and the land question, and in 1858 was a prime mover in, and president of, the Victorian convention, which sat for some years at Melbourne, in a hotel opposite the House of Parliament. A demonstration organised by Gray led to the passing of a bill making it illegal to hold assemblies within 200 yards of the house of Parliament. The opposition organised against the land bill was successful.

Gray was defeated for the East Melbourne seat in Parliament in 1859, but in 1860 became member of the House of Assembly for Rodney. He was the forerunner of radical thought in Victoria and a notable opponent of the squatter interest. He declined Duffy's offer of the solicitor-generalship in 1857, and often voted against his colleagues. Though re-elected in 1862, he resigned his seat in the following year and moved to Dunedin, where he was admitted as a barrister of the Supreme Court. Gray never shone at the bar. He had a profound knowledge of legal principles and afterwards became an authority on the mining law of New Zealand, but he shunned the hurlyburly of the courts and modestly devilled for his friend G. E. Barton. He is said to have declined the dual office of provincial solicitor and crown prosecutor, but in Jun 1864 was appointed judge of the district court and resident magistrate on the goldfields. His decisions were consistently sound and were reprinted in the New Zealand Jurist as Gray's District Court Mining Decisions. Painstaking and conscientious to a degree, spartan in dress, he endured much hardship in arduous travelling. Nevertheless he declined a county court judgeship in Victoria and a puisne judgeship in New Zealand (1868) and wore out his frail health in the conscientious discharge of his role on the goldfields. Provision was made for a pension in 1875, but he did not live to enjoy the retirement. His death (at Lawrence on 4 Apr 1875) terminated what the Otago Daily Times described as "a blameless life [which was] one religious act of noble generosity." Gray was survived by his wife and a son, Wilson H. Gray, who had distinguished himself in the Federal army during the civil war in the United States.

Ross: Mennell: Kings Inns Library, Dublin; Burtchaell and Sadleir, Alumni Dublinenses; Otago Daily Times, 5, 12 Apr 1875; N.Z. Colonial Law Journ., pt 1; R. Stout, in Melbourne Review, vol vii, 1882, p 27-40. Portrait, by John Irvine, A.R.S.A., in Otago University.

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, SIR ALEXANDER (1860-1933) came of Scots pioneer stock, being the son of William Gray (q.v.), formerly of Aberdeen, and Mrs Catherine Geddes (Sutherland) Gray, who was born in Wick. Born in New Plymouth, he was educated at Wellington College and Grammar School (now Wellington College), being enrolled on the day it opened. At the age of 14 he entered the attorney-general's office as a cadet and two years later was articled to F. H. D. Ball, with whom he remained for five years. In 1881 he was admitted a barrister and solicitor, and moved to the Wairarapa, where he became junior partner in the firm of Beard and Gray (Greytown).

In 1886 Gray returned to Wellington and eventually founded the firm of which he remained head from 1892 until his death. For six years he was junior partner with Mr Campbell, and then practised in his own name (1892-1903). He was raised to the rank of King's Counsel in 1912. Gray was for many years president of the Wellington district law society and succeeded Sir Charles Skerrett as president of the New Zealand law society (of which he first became a vice-president in 1918). In that office he was prominent in the negotiations which resulted in the establishment of the solicitors' fidelity guarantee fund and was chairman of the committee of management of the fund. He was a member of the rules committee set up under an act of 1930, and presided at most of the legal conferences from 1928. He was noted for his cool, incisive mind, and his patient and persuasive manner. He was an ideal arbitrator and had particular success in this field.

Gray was knighted in Jan 1933. He married (1904) Mary, daughter of John Nelson, of Milton, Otago.

J.H.B.S.

Evening Post, 28, and Dominion, 29 Apr 1933.

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, WILLIAM (1817-73) was born in Scotland, educated there and spent 10 years in the post office at Aberdeen, rising from the position of stamper to that of chief clerk. In 1852 he emigrated with his family by the Simlah to New Zealand and entered into business in New Plymouth. For some years he conducted a school in Market Place and performed the duties of librarian to the Taranaki Book Club, which developed into the Mechanics' Institute. His shop was the rendezvous of politicians, theologians and literati. In 1854 Gray applied for the position of postmaster, and a year later, on the resignation of J. Stephenson Smith, a memorial was sent to the Government which resulted in his being appointed (Aug 1855). Three years later he was promoted to Nelson, where during the war he acted as government almoner towards the Taranaki refugees. He became secretary and inspector of post offices and in that capacity made several visits to San Francisco. He died there in Jun 1873.

Taranaki News, 28 Jun 1873; D. Robertson, Early History of the N.Z. Post Office (1905); Wells

Reference: Volume 1, page 176

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GRAY, WILLIAM (1844-1907) was born in Aberdeen, a son of William Gray (1817-73) and arrived in New Plymouth with his parents in 1852. He received his education at private schools there and entered the office of the Taranaki News in 1858. Later he went to the Nelson Examiner office, where he served until 1864. He then entered the chief post office at Dunedin as a junior clerk. In 1865 he became clerk in the dead letter office of the General Post Office and from 1866-68 was mail agent on the Panama steamers. Until 1870 he was mail agent on the Melbourne steamers, and then was appointed clerk in the secretary's branch of the General Post Office. He was promoted chief clerk in 1872; Secretary two years later and Secretary of the Post and Telegraph department on the amalgamation of the two branches in 1881. Gray held that position until his death on 22 Mar 1907. In his youth he was a prominent cricketer.

Evening Post and N.Z. Times, 23 Mar 1907.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREEN, GEORGE (1810-72) arrived in New Zealand from Sydney in 1838 and spent some months in the south, making purchases from Maori chiefs which included Centre Island, Stewart Island and bays on the mainland, an area at Catlins, and Quarantine Island in Otago harbour. Returning to Sydney, he prosecuted his claims with the Government of New South Wales without success and in 1858-59 visited New Zealand for the same purpose. From 1860 till his death (on 30 Aug 1872) he lived in Sydney. In 1870 a small grant of 5,000 acres was made to him.

App. L.C., 1868, p 31; Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily Times, 3 Sep 1872.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREEN, JAMES (1836-1905) was born in Middlesex, the son of a mechanic and would have followed the same trade as his father had he not decided to come to New Zealand. Arriving at Port Chalmers (1856) he went to Tokomairiro as an agricultural labourer and later took government contracts and worked on the diggings and as a carrier. In 1861 he settled at Blueskin and became a member of the general road board. In 1867 he was elected to the Provincial Council for North Harbour and he continued a member until the abolition (North Harbour 1867-70; Blueskin 1871-75). He was in the executive most of the year 1875. In 1876 he was elected to the Waikouaiti county council (of which he was chairman 1877-93). In 1878 he was elected to Parliament, in which he represented Port Chalmers (1878-79) and Waikouaiti (1882-84 and 1893-96). Commencing in 1868 he had a long experience of local body service, including the Otago education board (1878-96; three times chairman); school commissioners, waste lands board, hospital board, charitable aid board, benevolent trustees, hospital trustees and land board.

Otago Daily Times, 21 Aug 1905.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREEN, MATTHEW WOOD (1840-1914) was born in Manchester in 1840. Brought up in the doctrines of the Church of England to the age of 14, he associated much with the Wesleyans, and finally joined the Church of Christ. At the age of 18 he was preaching, and in 1862 he came to New Zealand with his family and spent five years preaching for the Church of Christ in Auckland. He was then for three years in Sydney and in 1869 accepted an invitation to the Swanston Street church, Melbourne, and founded a new church in North Melbourne. After a visit to England for his health Green worked in Dunedin (1878) for five years, erecting the fine tabernacle in Great King Street. He represented Dunedin East in Parliament (1881-84). He then spent 12 years in Adelaide, where he was secretary of the South Australian Alliance (1889), returned on a visit to Dunedin (1902) and had charge of the tabernacle for a year, and then resumed his post in Melbourne where he died on 29 Sep 1914. In later life he was an Anglo-Israelite.

Cycl. N.Z., iv.; Melbourne Argus, 30 Sep 1914. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREENFIELD, ALFRED (1829-1920) was born in Islington, London, the son of a solicitor, in whose office he was employed after completing his education at the Mordon Hill Academy. In 1851 he came to Nelson in the Clara and shortly afterwards, with Walter Long Wrey, drove a mob of horses from Nelson to Amuri for John Tinline. He was a cadet on a Stoke property and then became clerk in the Superintendent's office (1854). There he was employed throughout the provincial period, as clerk, provincial secretary and treasurer; M.P.C. for Nelson (1865-67), and a member of the executive in 1857, 1865 and 1865-75. He was also provincial auditor, commissioner of crown lands, agent for the south-western goldfields, judge of the assessment court, warden at Westport and Palmerston North and chairman of the wardens' conference, and a member of the education board and the hospital board. As chairman of the Nelson school commissioners he did much towards the foundation of the Nelson Girls' College. Greenfield was resident magistrate at Clyde and Thames, and acted on six royal commissions. He died on 31 May 1920.

Nelson P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Nelson Evening Mail 1 Jun 1920.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREENSILL, JOHN ABRAHAM ROBERTS (1840-1923) was born at Haulbowline Island, Cork, the son of Major Greensill, commissary of ordnance, and first cousin to Lord Roberts of Kandahar. Being intended for the army, he was educated at Carshalton military school preparatory to Woolwich. Owing to ill-health he came to Nelson in the Oriental (1856), but moved shortly afterwards to Marlborough and for some years worked at Erina and Marshlands, farmed at Arapawa and ran a successful merchant's business in Picton. In 1866 he was elected to the Provincial Council for Queen Charlotte Sound. He was a member of the Picton borough council and several times mayor of the borough. He was a director of the Marlborough Building Society and of the King Solomon Gold Mining Co. He married first (1866) Selina Rebecca, daughter of T. W. Downes; and second (1888) Rose (who died 24 Oct 1893), daughter of Mr Justice Conolly (q.v.). He was long associated with the Church of England as a lay reader. Greensill died on 6 Dec 1923.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Marlborough Express, 7 Dec 1923.

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREENSTREET, HERBERT EDWARD (1851-1936) joined the Worcester as a cadet in 1866, and two years later went to sea as a midshipman, serving through all ranks from able-bodied seaman to first mate in ships trading to the Far East and the Pacific. His first command was the ship Mataura, one of the first to be fitted with refrigerating machinery. In 1882 he collected 3,844 carcasses of mutton at the ports of New Zealand and delivered it successfully in London. The second voyage was less fortunate owing to a neighbouring vessel unloading bone dust while the holds were open. Greenstreet was soon afterwards appointed second mate in the steamer Aorangi, and in 1885 master of the Ruapehu. He became commodore of the New Zealand Shipping Co.'s fleet, and travelled about 2,500,000 miles at sea without mishap. In 1917 he retired from the service and his death occurred on 22 Mar 1936.

Critchel and Raymond (p); The Dominion

Reference: Volume 1, page 177

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GREENWOOD, GEORGE DEAN (1851-1932) was born at Haworth, Yorkshire, England, the son of George Oates Greenwood, and brother of Dr Harry Greenwood. Educated privately and at a public school at Reading, he learned farming in Leicestershire, where he hunted with the Quorn and Pytchley.

Three of his uncles, James, Joseph and Edward, had arrived in Canterbury from Australia in 1843, and taken up a property at Purau, on Banks Peninsula, in which his father also had an interest. In 1847 they sold it and bought more stock for their run at Motunau.

Greenwood went to California in the hope that he might find it suitable for sheep farming but, being disappointed, he returned to England. His father, being now the sole survivor of the partnership, had bought the Teviotdale estate in north Canterbury (1867), and in 1875 Greenwood paid a visit to New Zealand to inspect the property. He then studied the wool trade in Bradford and in 1878 took charge of Teviotdale. He was one of the first breeders to attempt the evolution of a type of sheep specially suited to New Zealand and by crossing the Leicester with the merino he produced the Corriedale, which gave superior wool and mutton.

Greenwood had a thorough knowledge of station management. He sold off much of Teviotdale, but bought other properties in Queensland and Argentina, with which he had great success. One noteworthy instance of his foresight was his conversion of a cattle property in Australia to sheep. He was one of the founders of the North Canterbury Freezing Co., of which he was for some years chairman.

In 1908 Greenwood took up racing with great success. He engaged R. J. Mason as trainer and bought such horses as Sunglow, Perle d'Or, Acrostic, Lady Wayward, Formden and Armlet. He had an extraordinary series of successes in New Zealand and Australia, including the Derby (12 times), the Jackson Plate (10), the C.J.C. Challenge stakes (10) and the Auckland (6), Middle Park Plate (6), the St Leger and the A.C. Gimcrack stakes. Greenwood married first a daughter of Robert Chapman (Springbank) and second Mrs Helene Cross. He died on 28 Aug 1932.

Cycl. NZ, iii; Who's Who NZ, 1932; The Press and The Lyttelton Times, 29 Aug 1932 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 178

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GREENWOOD, JOHN DANFORTH (1803-90) was born in England, where he was educated and graduated in medicine (M.R.C.S.). He practised at Mitcham, Surrey. In 1843 he came to New Zealand as surgeon of the Phoebe Dunbar and settled with his family at Motueka (Nelson), where he practised his profession. In 1849 he was nominated a member of the Legislative Council of New Munster, but resigned in 1850, feeling that his position was not compatible with independence. He was for some time editor of the Examiner and was the first inspector of schools in Nelson. Greenwood was an original trustee and governor of Nelson College and filled the position of principal (1863-64). In 1866 he was appointed sergeant-at-arms in the House of Representatives, a position he held for 11 years. He died on 15 Jun 1890.

Parlty Record; N.Z. Chess Book, 1922; N.Z. Spectator, 5, 30 Oct 1850; Otago Daily Times, 16 Oct 1925; The Colonist, 17 Jun 1890.

Reference: Volume 1, page 178

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GREENWOOD, JOSEPH, belonged to the 31st regiment and came to New Zealand in 1847 with a detachment of the New Zealand Fencibles, of which he was brigade-major. In 1850 he published in Auckland, in English and Maori, a narrative of A Journey to Taupo from Auckland. Greenwood represented the Pensioner Settlements in Parliament (1853-57) and in the Auckland Provincial Council from 1855-57, when he resigned both seats.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D., 1853-57; Hocken, Bibliog.

Reference: Volume 1, page 178

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GREENWOOD, ROBERT (1797-1889) was born in England and educated at Cambridge University, where he graduated. He engaged in mercantile life in London, where his father was connected with banking. In 1850 Greenwood came to New Zealand in the Poictiers, and shortly afterwards settled in Taranaki, taking up land at Tataraimaka. He represented Omata in the Provincial Council (1857-61). He had to withdraw to New Plymouth on the outbreak of the Maori war, and afterwards lived for most of his time with Captain Good at Urenui. He died on 14 Sep 1889. Greenwood was a successful athlete in his younger days, and even in advanced age frequently walked long distances.

Taranaki Herald, 26 Sep 1889. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 178

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GRESSON, HENRY BARNES (1809-1901) was born in County Meath, Ireland, the son of the Rev George Leslie Gresson, rector of Ardnurcher, Westmeath. To the age of 14 he was educated at home, and he then went for three years to a private school in Westmeath, from which he matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin. Having graduated B.A., Gresson entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the Irish bar in 1833. After gaining experience in London and Dublin, he practised for eight years as an equity barrister at the chancery bar in Dublin. During this time he collaborated with Burroughs in a treatise on equity pleading. In 1845 he married Anne (d. 1889), daughter of Andrew Beatty of Londonderry.

In 1854, having now a growing family, and being a strong churchman, Gresson became interested in the Canterbury colony, for which he sailed with his family in the ship Egmont, which carried reinforcements for the 58th and 65th regiments. He landed at Auckland on 24 Jun 1854 and arrived at Lyttelton on 23 Jul.

At first the family lived at Oxford terrace east, where Gresson commenced to practice. Later he moved to the corner of Worcester and Manchester streets. Three months after arriving in Canterbury he was appointed provincial solicitor and crown prosecutor for the province. As a member of the executive ex officio, Gresson participated in many governments under FitzGerald and Moorhouse. His leaders were: Hall (1854-55), Brittan (1855), Tancred (1855-57 and 1857-58), Packer, Bowen, and Cass (all in 1857). In 1855 he was appointed a J.P. for Canterbury.

In a rearrangement of judicial districts in 1857 Gresson was appointed a judge and given jurisdiction over the whole of the South Island. Hitherto Stephen had come down occasionally from Wellington to deliver the gaol, and there was very little civil business. The following extract from the dates of Gresson's first circuit gives an idea of the travelling he did, mostly on horseback: Wellington 11 Jan 1858; Nelson 20 Jan; Lyttelton, Feb; Dunedin 8 Mar. The journey from Nelson to Lyttelton, 230 miles, was a lonely one, but he had a good river horse and a competent Maori guide. From Christchurch to Dunedin he rode in company with Charles C. Bowen. Gresson's appointment to the bench entailed his resignation of all provincial offices. In the early sixties the sudden growth of population in Otago, consequent on the discovery of gold, called for the creation of a separate judicial district; and Gresson was relieved of the area south of the Waitaki by the appointment of Richmond as judge for Otago. Shortly afterwards a judicial district was established in Westland, and in Jan 1865, Gresson crossed the Alps to open the first court in Hokitika. Before long his district was restricted to Canterbury.

In 1874 a joint parliamentary committee decided on a rearrangement of the judiciary, under which Gresson would have to go to Nelson. There was a strong feeling amongst the judges that it tended to restrict the independence of the bench if Parliament had the power of moving judges from place to place. Gresson had no wish to leave Christchurch, for he had identified himself with the people and their ideals and about 1864 had purchased a country property near Woodend. He accordingly retired from the bench at the end of 1875, and in the following year paid a visit to England and Ireland. In 1877 he was granted the title of 'honourable'. On returning to New Zealand, Gresson indulged his taste for farming. He paid much attention to sheep and cattle breeding, importing many new animals (especially Leicester sheep) to improve his stock, and he was a successful competitor at agricultural and pastoral shows. The Canterbury show of 1862 (which resulted in the formation of the Agricultural and Pastoral association) was held in his paddock in Latimer Square. He was passionately fond of flowers also, and had fine gardens both at Woodend and Fendalton. About 1891 he sold his farm to Henry Gray, and two years later went to live in Fendalton, where he died on 31 Jan 1901.

Gresson always took a keen interest in education. Until he was appointed to the bench he was a fellow of Christ's College. He was an original member of the board of governors of Canterbury College (1873-76), and chairman in 1875. He was an early president of the Canterbury Philosophical Institute (1872). As a churchman he was a moving spirit in the erection of Christchurch Cathedral, and was for many years a member of the diocesan synod, and for a while chancellor of the diocese.

N.Z.P.D., 13 Aug 1861; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Gaz.; Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Cox; Wigram; The Press, 1 Feb 1901, 26 Jul 1930 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 178

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GREY, JAMES GRATTAN (1847-1931) was born in County Down, Ireland. On first coming to Australia he was on the parliamentary and literary staffs of the Argus, Age and Leader (in Melbourne). He came to New Zealand under a three years' engagement to the Lyttelton Times, of which he was chief reporter. He was for a while on the New Zealander (Auckland) which ceased publication in 1865, and was connected with the New Zealand Sun (Dunedin) as dramatic critic (1869). At this time he was correspondent of the French La Patrie.

After being some years in New Zealand Grey contributed interesting character sketches of our public men to the Leader. In 1879 he published in Wellington His Island Home, a description of Sir George Grey's home and the northern part of New Zealand. In 1883 he wrote pictures of travel for the Press (Christchurch) and in the early eighties sketches for the Evening Post on 'The New Zealander in Australia'. Grey was appointed to the staff of Hansard about 1875, and became chief reporter in 1896. His dismissal at the time of the Boer war was the occasion of much political controversy. He afterwards went to the United States and, returning to Australia, was editor of the Perth Record, the Perth Morning Herald and the North Coast Daily Times (Lismore). He died on 10 Jul 1931.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); App. H.R., 1900, H29, 1S; Evening Post, 10 Jul 1931; The Press, 17 Jul 1908.

Reference: Volume 1, page 179

🌳 Further sources

GREY, SIR GEORGE EDWARD (1812-98) was born at Lisbon on 14 Apr 1812, a few days after the death of his father, Lieut-colonel Grey, of the 30th Foot, at the battle of Badajoz. The family were a branch of the Greys of Groby, represented in the peerage by the Earl of Stamford. Grey was educated at Guildford, Surrey, and in 1826 entered Sandhurst, from which he gained his ensigncy in the 83rd Foot. (Ensign 1829; lieutenant 1833; captain 1836.) He served with his regiment at Glasgow and then for four years in Ireland. There he was deeply impressed by the condition of the working classes, and became imbued with ideas on land tenure which were expressed in his later political liberalism.

In 1833 Grey entered the senior department of the Royal Military College, from which he passed out in 1836 with a certificate from the governors showing that he had not only acquitted himself with the highest credit in the examinations but had 'extended his acquirements far beyond its limits into the highest branches of mathematical science' and showed 'a superior merit and talents.' This achievement gained him his captaincy. He was already losing interest in the army as a profession and being drawn towards exploring. In 1836, with Lieut. Lushington, of the 9th Foot, he proposed to the Colonial Office to undertake an exploration in western Australia to ascertain the existence or otherwise of a great river, or ocean inlet, north of the Swan river. The proposal was endorsed by Lord Glenelg and had the approval of the Royal Geographical Society. Accordingly, on 5 Jul 1837 the small expedition, with Grey in command, sailed from Plymouth in H.M.S. Beagle. On arrival at Capetown Grey hired the schooner Lynher, 150 tons, purchased 31 sheep, 19 goats and 6 dogs, and with a party of 12 men sailed on 29 Nov for Australia. They anchored in St George bay on 2 Dec, and Grey made a short preliminary expedition while the Lynher under Lushington went to Timor for ponies. Grey encountered great hardships and difficulties. He lost his dogs owing to the heat and, finding himself cut off from the schooner by a wide arm of the sea, swam to the other side, only to find himself surrounded by hostile natives. Naked and exhausted, he took advantage of the darkness to hide in a cave and was taken off the following morning by the Lynher. After recruiting his strength Grey made important journeys into the interior, passing round the end of the Macdonald range, discovering and naming Mount Lyall and the Glenelg river (4 Mar 1838), which he explored for a distance of 70 miles. He found vast tracts of fertile pasture land, upon which he rested and recuperated the strength of his surviving ponies - several had been lost in the rugged ravines of the river bed. Grey was severely wounded in the thigh in an engagement with natives, and on 4 Apr his party turned back. Exhausted by heat, hunger and rough travelling, they were picked up by the Lynher and Beagle on 15 Apr, and on the 27th they sailed for Mauritius to recover their strength. While there, Grey reported his explorations to England. On 21 Aug he sailed for the Swan river to consult with Sir James Stirling. While he was awaiting despatches from the Colonial Office, he made one or two minor expeditions.

On 17 Feb 1839, with a party of 11 white men, he sailed for Shark bay, taking three whaleboats in the hope that he would be able to explore the whole length of coast. On 25 Feb they landed on Bernier island, where they lost one of the whaleboats in a gale shortly afterwards. Grey and Dr Walker swam off and baled out the others to save them from swamping. On 5 Mar they discovered the Gascoyne river, and, returning to Bernier island, they found that their depot had been almost destroyed and most of their provisions were gone. It was imperative that they should reach civilisation as soon as possible. They accordingly set sail for the south. On reaching Gantheaume river both boats were upset in the breakers and it was necessary to continue the journey of 300 miles to Perth on foot. In the first week they covered only 70 miles. Provisions running short, Grey decided to divide the party, and he led the advance guard, consisting of himself and four others. On 11 Apr they crossed the Arrowsmith river. They suffered much from heat, hunger and thirst, and Grey was hampered by his wound. Struggling doggedly on, the others fell out and Grey, assisted by friendly blacks, staggered into Perth on 21 Apr. He had travelled the whole distance in three weeks. He lost no time in equipping a relief party by which the survivors were brought in.

While recuperating his strength and awaiting instructions from London, Grey devoted himself to the study of native dialects and customs, and with that object accepted the post of government resident at King George's sound (Aug 1839), where the duties were mainly connected with the natives. While there he married Eliza Lucy, daughter of his predecessor, Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir) R. W. Spencer, R.N. Despatches from the Colonial Office indicated that it did not favour a continuance of the explorations to the north-westward, so Grey concluded his service in western Australia and sailed for England from Adelaide (11 Apr 1840). On the voyage he prepared his memorandum for Lord John Russell on the best means of promoting the civilisation of the natives. Reaching England in Sep, he had not completed his book for publication when he was offered the governorship of South Australia.

He sold his captain's commission and sailed at once, reaching Adelaide on 14 May 1841.

Grey found the colony bankrupt, the town unduly large, and a great number of people receiving relief from public funds. He made drastic cuts in all forms of expenditure, encouraged bona fide squatting, and used the revenues so derived for road-making and surveys. Within three years the area under cultivation increased from 2,500 acres to 28,760 acres and the rural population from 6,121 to 11,259, with a corresponding shrinkage in that of Adelaide. Copper discoveries at Burra Burra helped to overcome the depression. Grey took the opportunity in South Australia of putting into effect some of his proposals for the civilisation of the natives. He extended the Queen's law to all within the colony, encouraged native education and, through the appointment of protectors, controlled the relations of settlers with the natives. In this service he stationed E. J. Eyre (q.v.) at a settlement called Moorundee, specially charged with guarding the welfare of blacks coming into contact with overlanders and squatters. As the result of his policy of firmness and justice, Grey was able to report in 1844 that the tribes on the Murray and Darling were perfectly amicable and well disposed. His methods were fully approved by the Colonial Office.

Intelligence from New Zealand, meanwhile, indicated that FitzRoy's administration was not successful. The Colonial Office, alarmed at the tension between natives and whites, turned naturally to Grey as the man most likely, in spite of his youth, to cope with the situation. Meanwhile Grey, hearing of the outbreak of hostilities at Bay of Islands, on his own responsibility loaded into a vessel which had called at Adelaide all the munitions he could spare for the use of the New Zealand Government. A few days later he received a despatch from the Colonial Office appointing him Lieutenant-governor of New Zealand, and instructing him to repair at once to that post. He landed at Auckland on 18 Nov 1845 and proceeded without delay to Bay of Islands. At Kororareka he found the military (consisting of about 670 of all ranks of the 58th and 99th Regiments) strengthening their position on the tip of the peninsula, while hostile natives were moving about freely on the opposite side of the bay.

He at once announced his intention of advancing against the enemy position. On the 28th he met in conference the friendly chiefs (led by Tamati Waka Nene, q.v.) whom he assured of the determination of the British Government to respect the Treaty of Waitangi and to forbid the alienation of native lands without the full consent of all concerned. He invited Heke and Kawiti to accept the terms of peace offered by FitzRoy. Kawiti was inclined to agree, but was overborne by the younger man. Grey accordingly lost no time in moving the troops towards the enemy positions. An ordinance was passed forbidding traffic in arms and ammunition. Friendly natives were enrolled under European officers; and a small force was despatched to hold Heke while Kawiti's stronghold at Ruapekapeka was invested by a force of 1,173 British and 450 native troops. The siege began on 31 Dec 1845, and on 10 Jan, the palisade having been sufficiently breached by the artillery, the pa was stormed and occupied. This broke the resistance of the enemy. Grey had been in the field throughout, he had directed the operations more or less over the heads of the naval and military leaders, and the decisive part he had played raised his prestige with the natives, who were flattered by the manner in which he deferred to the advice of Tamati Waka Nene. A few months later he exhibited the same combination of strategy, firmness and daring in the southern district. In the operations against Rangihaeata, Grey took the precaution of seizing Te Rauparaha and holding him prisoner on suspicion of aiding and abetting the rising. A few months later he was called upon (Apr 1847) to suppress a native outbreak in the Whanganui district, where some whites were murdered. The river was blockaded and the withholding of supplies of food and tobacco materially assisted to bring the hostile natives to terms, for which they sued on 21 Feb 1848. Grey had rapidly acquired great mana with the Maori. He had now a command of the language, had made many friends amongst the chiefs by rewards for loyalty, and gained their confidence by safeguarding their lands; by employing native labour on roads; by prohibiting the sale of arms and drink to natives; by establishing savings banks, and inaugurating a simpler form of native judicial institutions; by subsidising schools and hospitals and giving assistance in many forms of material improvement. He took a deep interest in Maori philology, literature and traditions, and made a valuable collection (which later he presented to the Auckland Public Library). Taking advantage of his leisure to study the land question, he condemned the alienation of native lands and denounced the land proclamations, which in his opinion favoured the speculator as against the genuine settler.

Throughout most of the latter part of 1846 and the whole of 1847 he devoted much attention to the proposed constitution (his views being set forth in important despatches of 7 Oct 1846 and 3 and 13 May 1847). Before the latter reached England the Colonial Secretary had sent his despatch of 1 Jun enclosing a copy of the proposed bill, and a few weeks later (7 Jul) the royal charter relating thereto. The royal charter Grey felt did not sufficiently safeguard Maori rights over land and, supported by the protest of Bishop Selwyn and the opinions of the Chief Justice (Martin) and the Attorney-general (Swainson), he suspended it indefinitely, stating his reasons to the British Government. On 1 Jan 1848 Grey assumed office as Governor-in-chief of New Zealand, and during that year he was knighted. The investiture took place on 18 Nov, Sir George being supported by two Maori esquires. He also had conferred upon him by Oxford University the honorary degree of D.C.L. The delays entailed in long-distance discussion with the Colonial Office of the proposed new constitution made the settlers impatient. A Constitutional Association was formed to demand representative government, and petitions were widely signed asking for the recall of the Governor. Grey made himself unpopular also with the missionaries, whom he accused of land-grabbing. Meanwhile, on behalf of the government he had bought the native interest in lands in the South Island which were required for the Otago and Canterbury settlements, and the first settlers had arrived and established themselves (1848 and 1850). Grey had a heavy correspondence in connection with these two colonies and the affairs of the New Zealand Company, which had to be provided for in the constitution owing to the surrender of its charters. The Canterbury Association negotiated with the British Government directly, and its supporters accused Grey of being hostile to it. The Godley letters and Grey's speeches in the Legislative Council bear on this. His treatment of Lieutenant-governor Eyre (q.v.) was used by his critics as an aggravation of his offence in suspending the constitution act, and appointments made by him to the nominated legislative council did nothing to appease their anger.

The Imperial Parliament had already passed the constitution act granting representative institutions to New Zealand when Grey's own Legislative Council enacted a provincial councils ordinance (Jul 1852). On 16 Jul Sir John Pakington wrote his despatch enclosing the new act. On 13 Sep Grey assumed the governorship under this measure. In Jan 1853 he proclaimed the provincial districts, and on 12 Aug he was able to inform the Secretary of State that the Act was in satisfactory operation. Certain delays occurred which served to confirm critics in the belief that Grey was unfavourable to representative government and did not wish to see it inaugurated. The first provincial councils were elected (in Auckland) on 4 Aug 1853, and the first session of a council (in Taranaki) commenced on 16 Sep. Grey left the colony on 31 Dec without seeing the General Assembly convened. In 1853 Grey, in company with Selwyn, visited many of the Pacific islands in the government brig Victoria. Finding the French in possession of New Caledonia, he warned the British Government of the dangers likely to arise in the future, and put forward a proposal for a federation of Pacific races under the aegis of New Zealand. As Premier (1878) he reverted to the dangers of the French occupation of the New Hebrides, and five years later he carried in Parliament a bill to enable New Zealand to establish federal relations with such Pacific peoples as might desire them. In the eighties he was consulted by Samoan chiefs as to their future. He published in 1885 a pamphlet on German colonisation and the Samoan negotiations.

Grey's new post was the governorship of Cape Colony, together with the high commissionership of South Africa. Arriving there early in 1854, he found conditions existing which seemed to resemble closely the state of native affairs in New Zealand, and within three weeks of his arrival he outlined his plan of campaign. His chief problem throughout was in connection with the eastern frontier, where the Basuto were at variance with their neighbours, the Dutch farmers of the Orange Free State. Grey's reputation as a native administrator had reached South Africa, and he lost no time in applying the same policy of firmness and justice, with a humane regard for the social welfare and education of the native. He established hospitals and schools, attached loyal chiefs to him by tactful consideration and rewards, and arrested troublesome ones. When whole tribes were threatened with extinction by famine, he found employment for 34,000 individuals with white employers throughout the colony. He proposed to protect the border districts by establishing a force of army pensioner settlers, and, this being impracticable, he settled in south Africa many members of the German legion which had been enlisted for the Crimea. Grey's relations with the Boer states were cordial and trustful, the Dutch people in South Africa having a great regard for his courage and resource. He broached at an early stage the desirability of all the European colonies in South Africa entering into a federal union. The troubles of Free State with the Kafirs promoted this movement. At the desire of the Free State, Grey mediated with the Basuto, and with great pertinacity followed Moshesh to his stronghold at Thaba Bosigo and obtained his signature to a treaty (1855). It was not well observed, and before long war broke out. When the Free State asked for help against the Basuto, Grey declined either to assist or to permit the enlistment of colonists in the forces of the republic, but after the defeat of the Boers he offered his services as a mediator and helped the Boers to conclude a new peace treaty (15 Oct 1858). Meanwhile he was in treaty with them with a view to forming a South African federation. Writing to the Colonial Secretary on 24 Jun, he expressed his firm conviction that 'nothing but a strong federal government, which unites within itself all European races in South Africa, can permanently maintain peace in this country and free Great Britain from constant anxiety for the peace of her possessions here.' To this Henry Labouchere explicitly declared that such federation was no part of the policy of the British Government. Grey was fearful of the two Boer Governments coming together and so forming an obstacle to future federation under the British flag, and he lost no opportunity of promoting his project. On his suggestion the Free State Volksraad passed resolutions favouring federation with the Cape Colony, and Grey submitted these to the Cape Parliament at its meeting in Mar 1859. Before Parliament had time to come to a decision he received a peremptory despatch from the Colonial Secretary ordering him to drop the federal scheme. When Lord Lytton discovered how far he had proceeded in face of the official ban he hastily recalled Grey from his post (4 Jun 1859). In the light of subsequent events Grey's vision would seem to have been sound, but (as Professor E. A. Walker says) he was years ahead of his time. To the regret of both Dutch and British settlers and of the natives whose welfare he had so jealously promoted, Grey left for England. Before he reached Home there was a change of government. The new administration reinstated him in his governorship, and he returned to South Africa, but he had instructions from the Duke of Newcastle not to persevere with his federal scheme. He understood that an appointment in Canada would follow at an early date, but events in New Zealand were again to turn his steps in this direction. Another incident of Grey's South African administration requires to be noticed. In 1857 he received a despatch from Lord Elphinstone informing him of the outbreak of mutiny amongst native troops in India, and suggesting that he might be able to assist. Grey acted with great promptitude and courage. Within three days he had collected all the available troops in Capetown and arranged for their transportation to India, together with £60,000 worth of specie and every horse that could be spared even from his own stables. The 93rd Regiment arrived from England at that moment en route to join the forces engaged in China. Grey insisted on diverting it to India, and so by a happy accident was able, in the words of Lord Malmesbury, 'probably to save India.' While South Africa was denuded of troops he astutely balanced the loyalties of the native peoples and preserved peace. Grey made a deep study of the languages and customs of the native races in South Africa, and here also he collected literature in ethnology and philology which at a later date he presented to the Cape Library. In his solicitude for the natives he employed Dr J. P. Fitzgerald (q.v.), who had co-operated with him in the establishment of native hospitals in New Zealand. He enlisted the services also of the French missionaries, and was a close friend of the missionary explorers Robert Moffat and David Livingstone.

When Grey set foot again in New Zealand (Oct 1861) he found a very unhappy conflict between the two races. The Taranaki war had been fought to a truce, but certainly not to a conclusion, and the northern tribes were gravely disaffected. Grey at once examined the evidence in the Waitara purchase and, with the concurrence of the ministry, decided that the transaction was invalid and should be reversed. He was under no misapprehension as to the extent of native disaffection, and adopted his usual energetic methods of coping with the problem. Every opportunity was seized of becoming personally acquainted with the tribes and making friends of the best chiefs; schools and roads were built, and a scheme of administration devised for the benefit of purely native districts. Theoretically the Governor no longer had full control over native administration, and Grey was not always in unison with his ministry, but on the whole they co-operated cordially enough, both desiring peace without more bloodshed. It was partly politics that prevented Fox and Grey from making permanent an understanding they had come to for the management of native affairs, making it appear that the Governor and Premier were at loggerheads. That this was not so is evident from Grey's despatch to the Duke of Newcastle (14 Jul 1862): "I am anxious to assure you that my responsible advisers have in all cases given me the most liberal and generous support, for which I shall always feel very grateful to them. Undoubtedly differences of opinion have on a few occasions arisen between us, but these have been made the subject of full and fair discussion and no difficulty has ever been found in following some course which I believe was quite satisfactory and conducive to the good of Her Majesty's Government." Meanwhile Newcastle was penning a despatch expressing his firm resolve that the Colonial Government should assume full responsibility for the conduct of native affairs. While these two despatches were on the water Fox brought on a debate on native policy. The object was merely to affirm the advisability of such an arrangement, but it was debated as a no-confidence resolution. The House was evenly divided; the Speaker gave his vote against the Government, and Fox went out of office. Within a short time Newcastle's despatch arrived, completely perplexing the new Government, which had taken office pledged to maintain Imperial control of native affairs. The agreement under which Fox and Grey had cooperated was then affirmed by the House (on 14 Aug 1862) in the following terms: "1. That ministers should, in conformity with the Royal Instructions, advise the Governor in Native affairs as well as in Colonial affairs whenever his Excellency desires to obtain such advice, and should also tender advice on all occasions of importance when they deem it their duty in the interests of the Colony to do so. 2. That ministers should at his Excellency's request undertake the administration of native affairs, reserving to his Excellency the decision in all matters of native policy. 3. That as the decision in all matters of native policy is with his Excellency, the advice of ministers shall not be held to bind the Colony to any liability, past or future, in connection with native affairs beyond the amount authorised, or to be authorised, by the House of Representatives."

While doing his utmost to avoid hostilities, Grey recognised the deep grievances of the inland tribes especially, and pushed ahead with roads from Auckland into the Waikato, believing that they might serve to prevent war; or, if war came, that they would enable him to prosecute it with vigour. Though he often sided with Maori against pakeha, his sympathies were strongly with the colonists in their dispute with the British Government over military assistance and the control of native affairs. When the Waikato war broke out in 1863 Grey was not caught unawares. He had already obtained reinforcements from Australia and Great Britain and India, and was able to begin the campaign with some thousands of men in the field. Once embarked on the undertaking, he determined to push the war to a successful conclusion as soon as possible, and was impatient of the deliberation shown by some of the British officers commanding in the field. His disputes with General Cameron were unseemly, but not altogether avoidable. Though disruptive of discipline and tending to widen the gap already evident between Grey and his superiors in Downing street, they did lead in the long run to a prompter conclusion of the war. When, for instance, Cameron declined, with the ample force at his command, to storm the native position at Weraroa (West Coast) Grey directed the attack with a force of Colonial soldiers and friendly natives and took the position with the loss of one man. His faith in the efficiency of the settlers was not misplaced, and it strengthened him in his correspondence with the Colonial Office. The tone which he employed in that correspondence was, however, not judicious, and it certainly helped to widen the estrangement. As a result, on 18 Jun 1867, when the war was entering on its most acute stage, Grey was informed that when his term as governor expired a successor would be appointed. The curtness and the peremptory tone of the despatch gave the impression that he was in disgrace, and the feeling prevailed in New Zealand that he had been sacrificed owing to his advocacy of the rights and point of view of the colonists. Sir George Bowen arrived to relieve him in Mar 1868, and Grey proceeded to London in some hope of having it out with the Colonial Secretary. The Manchester school of political thought was now in the ascendant, and Mr Gladstone received Grey with some cordiality, but without any assurance of further employment. It is not certain that Grey wished for this, though he subsequently complained of the manner in which he had been discarded. He paid a series of visits to English towns, and gave addresses on Colonial Affairs and Liberalism as they appeared to him. He was invited to stand for several seats in the House of Commons, but when he announced his candidature for Newark in the Liberal interest Gladstone made it clear that the Liberals did not want him officially. He stood as an independent, but on the representation of Gladstone he agreed to waive his right in favour of Sir Henry Storks, and he withdrew on the morning of the poll. Grey's platform at this time included a general denunciation of the Little England school and the views of Goldwin Smith; closer union with the colonies; state-aided emigration; the electoral ballot; reclamation of waste lands; and free education. In England during the period 1868-70 he spoke and wrote vigorously on these topics.

In 1871 Grey returned to New Zealand and took up his residence on his island home of Kawau, where for a time he lived contentedly with the obvious intention of devoting his time to study, collecting books and objects of interest in Polynesian art, and planting native and exotic shrubs in his beautiful gardens. In 1874 the question of the abolition of the provinces was assuming an acute character. In Auckland, which was still smarting under the added injustice of having been robbed of the seat of government, feeling ran so high that it was hopeless for any candidate to come forward whose loyalty to the provinces was in doubt. Throughout 1874 Auckland politicians looked expectantly towards Kawau for leadership. Events moved quickly in 1875. On the resignation of T. B. Gillies a vacancy occurred in Parliament for Auckland City West. A deputation was being arranged to wait on Grey at Kawau when John Williamson, the Superintendent of the province, died (16 Feb). A week later the deputation approached Grey and suggested that he should stand for both positions. He gave his consent, and on 24 Mar he was elected to the superintendency, and three days later to Parliament, in both cases without opposition. This was the first occasion in New Zealand on which he submitted himself to a popular vote.

In Parliament Grey made a noteworthy contribution to the hopeless struggle on the provincial issue. The outcome was already inevitable, and Grey was more concerned about the form of administration which would take the place of the provincial system. When Parliament was dissolved at the end of the year, the provincial issue was politically dead. Grey was returned unopposed for his Auckland seat (23 Dec). He was also opposing Vogel at Thames, and there too, he was successful (6 Jan 1876). The year 1876 saw the end of the provincial system, which had inaugurated the constitution in 1853. Grey, as Superintendent, was responsible for winding up the affairs of Auckland province. That question being out of the way, he gradually gathered about him a body of members of advanced views to whom the platform which he had adumbrated in England in 1868 appealed. These formed the nucleus of the future Liberal Party. On the defeat of Atkinson (13 Oct 1877) Grey formed a ministry having as his colleagues Larnach, Macandrew, Sheehan, J. T. Fisher and Whitmore. A few months later Ballance, Stout and J. N. Wilson came in. The Government policy included adult franchise, triennial parliaments, taxation of land values, the free breakfast table, compulsory purchase of large estates, leasehold tenure and the elective governorship. All of these (except the last) was to be carried into law within the next twenty years, but not by Grey. His ministry got into difficulties over the land tax and a commercial crisis. Ballance resigned after a personal disagreement, and Grey took into the cabinet Gisborne, J. W. Thomson and Swanson. He carried on for a few weeks after being defeated; then asked for a dissolution and appealed to the country.

Grey was elected unopposed for Thames, and made a strenuous campaign throughout the country. In the result the House was fairly equally divided, and the Governor sent for Sir John Hall. To enable Hall to take office, four Auckland members crossed the floor of the House to support him on the understanding that he would carry through certain of the Liberal party's reforms. Grey resigned on 8 Oct 1879. He was deposed from the leadership of his party for obvious reasons. He was not a successful premier, and he was a poor parliamentarian. It was charged against him that he gave his confidence to incompetents and quarrelled with his colleagues. He had certainly a disposition to play a lone hand, and was not an impressive financier. Before the defeat of his ministry, discontent was rife in the Liberal party. Earlier in 1879 a Young New Zealand Reform Party was formed, including in its membership 22 Liberal members of Parliament who agreed that the new organisation should be subsidiary to the Liberal Colonial Party. They included T. W. Hislop, R. J. Seddon, B. Harris, S. T. George, C. A. de Lautour, W. Barron, R. H. Reeves, F. J. Moss, E. Hamlin, R. C. Reid and J. C. Brown. Embittered by his deposition, which tended to accentuate the non-co-operative side of his character, Grey was a private member throughout the eighties and in the heyday of the Liberal party in the early nineties he intervened only as a critic. As an orator he was head and shoulders above the average of the members of Parliament, and he was revered by members of both parties and treated with great deference during the 15 years that he was still to be in Parliament.

In 1889 he succeeded, after many years' patience, in carrying into law the one-man-one vote principle, which he achieved by an amendment in Atkinson's representation bill. His health was now failing, and his retirement from Parliament seemed imminent. In 1888 he sold Kawau because of his advancing years, and at the dissolution of 1890 he retired from politics, comfortable in the belief that Ballance and his colleagues were on the threshold of office. They did, indeed, win at the polls, and within a few weeks formed the first Liberal ministry in New Zealand which had a sufficient backing to carry out its programme.

Grey was appointed to represent New Zealand at the Federal convention in Sydney, where he cut a striking figure. He carried a resolution in favour of the single manhood suffrage, but failed to get acceptance for his other hobby, the elective governor-general. His early views on federation were embodied in a dispatch of 30 Aug 1851, which he reprinted in 1891. The Journals of Parliament contain many official papers on this subject. Grey had no sooner returned to New Zealand than a deputation requested him to contest the Newton seat. He acceded, and was elected unopposed (Apr 1891), giving a general support to the Liberal Government. When Ballance died, Grey strongly advised Seddon to form a Government, and Seddon in after years publicly acknowledged his indebtedness to the advice and the leadership of Grey, much of whose electoral programme he and his colleagues embodied in legislation. In Dec 1893 Grey was again elected (for Auckland City).

In failing health he visited England in 1894, and a few months later he tendered his resignation (4 Jul 1895). In 1897 he was reconciled with his wife, from whom he had been estranged for many years. His death occurred in London on 20 Sep 1898 (two weeks after that of Lady Grey), and he was buried in St Paul's. In private life Grey was abstemious and simple, fond of art, literature and science, and passionately fond of children. His affection for the native race both in New Zealand and South Africa was genuine and warmly reciprocated. Of his public character Reeves makes a fine appraisal in the Dictionary of National Biography.

Grey's writings include: Vocabulary of the Aboriginal Language of Western Australia (1839); Vocab. of the Dialects of South Western Australia (1840); Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia 1837-39 (1841); Poems, Traditions and Chaunts of the Maoris (1853); Mythology and Traditions of the New Zealanders (1854); Polynesian Mythology and Ancient Traditional History of the New Zealand Race (1855); Ko nga Whakapepehamenga Whaakahuareka o nga Tipuna o Aotea-roa (1857; 2nd edn, 1885); and a multitude of pamphlets and reprints of speeches on political and scientific subjects. His celebrated reference to 'unborn generations' occurred in an address as president of the New Zealand Society at Wellington (26 Sep 1851) and the reference to 'unborn millions' in a speech at Wellington on 16 Aug 1879.

N.Z.P.D., pass; Auckland P.C. Proc., pass.; App. H.R. pass; GBOP, pass; Grey, op. cit; MS and ports. in Turnbull and Hocken Libraries; Col Gent.; Cooper; Rees (p); do. Sir Gilbert Leigh (1878); Henderson (p); Collier (p); Milne (p); Gisborne (p); Rusden; Reeves; Saunders (p); Cox; Mennell; D.N.B.; Stewart and Rossignol; Carter; Wakelin; Cowan; McKillop; Morton; Gudgeon (p); Godley, Letters; Condliffe; Gorton; Brett's Almanac, 1879 (p); Buick, First War; Fox; Harrop, England and N.Z., England and the Maori Wars; H. W. Farnall, Industrial Depression in N.Z. (1890); C. O. B. Davis, Maori Mementos (1855); J. Grey, His Island Home (1879); E. Wakefield, Stafford; Drummond; Scholefield, N.Z. Evol., and Pacific (1920); Egerton; Hight and Bamford; Shrimpton and Mulgan; E. A. Walker, Hist. of S Africa (1928); E. H. Brookes; Hist. of Native Policy in S. Africa (1927); C. W. de Kiewiet, Brit. Col. Policy and the S African Republics (1929); Sir Godfrey Lagden, The Basutos (1909); G.M. Theal, Hist. of S Africa, vol iv; N.Z. Herald, 1 Dec 1890 (p), 12 Nov 1898

Reference: Volume 1, page 179

🌳 Further sources

GRIFFIN, WILLIAM (1811-70), who is regarded as the father of the eight-hour labour movement in Auckland, was a painter by trade, and came to New Zealand in 1850, having seen much of the Chartist movement in Great Britain. At the first eight-hours meeting, which he convened in 1855, he asked the workers, so as not to cause inconvenience and loss, to give employers six months notice of their intention to reduce hours. He was a member of the Provincial Council for City of Auckland (1857-61). Signing himself 'Constitutionalist,' he was a constant contributor to the columns of the New Zealander and the Weekly Register, especially on social topics. Griffin took a great interest in the treatment of New Zealand flax, and on moving to the Thames goldfields, was interested in the Molly Bawn claim. He died on 13 Jul 1870.

Griffin was one of the promoters of the first land association in Auckland, and was on the committee of the Flax-hackle Benevolent association, formed in the seventies by public subscription to give employment by selling hackles.

N.Z. Herald, 11 Nov 1890 (p); Thames Advertiser, 14 Jul 1870.

Reference: Volume 1, page 183

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GRIGG, JOHN (1828-1901) was born at Bodbrane, Duloe, Cornwall. He spent his youth on his father's farm, being educated privately and at the naval college at Stoke.

On his father's death (1853) he sold the farm and sailed for Australia in the Blackwall, reaching Melbourne early in 1854. Disappointed in his search for a suitable locality for farming, he crossed to New Zealand and took up land at Otahuhu, where he cultivated potatoes on a large scale for the Australian market. This proving unprofitable, he contracted with the Government for the supply of hay to the troops in the Maori war. The contract was cancelled, and he bought up all the available hay, which he sold to the troops at an enhanced price. Grigg married (on 7 Jun 1855) Martha Maria (d. 1884), daughter of Henry Vercoe, of Mangere (formerly of Egloshayle, Cornwall). Continuing sheep and cattle farming, he visited the South Island in the early sixties and bought land in Southland which he sold at a profit. In 1864 he purchased the first portion of what was afterwards Longbeach station and, in partnership with his brother-in-law (T. Russell, q.v.) he increased the area until the station in 1871 aggregated about 30,000 acres of freehold land, much of it almost impassable bog. His brother Joseph managed the property until 1866, when John moved to Canterbury. For some years the family occupied a house at Avonbank, Christchurch. Taking advantage of the demand on the West Coast he sent four or five hundred sheep twice a month and 60 or 70 cattle across the Alps. Grigg set to work systematically draining the bog lands, most of which he gradually brought in for pasturage. (During the years 1873-75 William Massey, q.v., was one of his station hands.) The economic depression of the late seventies affected the partners, and in 1882 Russell withdrew, the separation being the occasion of a historic clearing sale of stock. Grigg retained 12,500 acres, which he now commenced to develop intensively as an agricultural property. As the land was reclaimed from bog a number of the employees took up farms, of which they obtained the freehold. Grigg bred the best strains of cattle and sheep for the changing trade. He was one of the first to ship refrigerated mutton and lamb, which he railed to Dunedin; and he was a leading spirit in the formation of the Canterbury Freezing Co., which erected the Belfast works. He was a provisional director and subsequently chairman of the company until shortly before his death. Grigg was an active member of the Canterbury A. and P. association, being a member of the committee in 1886, vice-president in 1892 and president the following year. He took many prizes at this and other shows. As an agriculturist he excelled. Making full use of machinery, he cropped as much as 5,000 acres in 1899. The yield per acre in 1901 averaged 50 bushels of wheat, 50 to 99 of oats, and 47 of barley.

Grigg took a leading part in local government, being chairman of the Ashburton county council for some years and also of the Longbeach road board and the school committee. A strong churchman, he was a member of the third Anglican general synod. In Aug 1884 he was elected to represent Wakanui in Parliament (defeating Ivess by 454 votes to 400). He took an active part in the debates of that year, but was unable to devote time to the office and retired (Jun 1885). He died on 5 Nov 1901.

His eldest son, JOHN CHARLES NATILE GRIGG (1861-1926) farmed the homestead block until his death. He married Alice, daughter of Prof. F. W. Hutton (q.v.).

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Col. Gent.; Cycl. NZ., iii; Philpott.

Reference: Volume 1, page 183

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GRIGG, JOHN (1838-1920) was born in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, and received a classical and scientific education. He was very fond of music and sang in the Handel festival at Crystal Palace in 1887. In 1863 he came to Auckland in the Annie Wilson, and five years later he became a resident of Thames. From 1878-88 he was a teacher of singing under the Auckland education board. In 1905 he became conductor of the Auckland Choral Society. Grigg took a great interest in astronomy. In 1874 he tried to observe the transit of Venus and in 1882 he succeeded. He then erected a private observatory (1884), where he discovered comets in 1902, 1903 and 1907. He succeeded in obtaining a photograph of the comet of 1901 which was recognised by the Royal Astronomical Society granting him a fellowship (1906). He was also awarded two medals by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. In 1911 he joined the expedition to Vavau to observe the eclipse of the sun. Grigg wrote and composed a number of songs, including 'My Own New Zealand Home.' He died on 20 Jun 1920.

N.Z. Herald, 26 Jun 1920.

Reference: Volume 2, page 273

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GRIMES, JOHN JOSEPH (1842-1915) was born at Bromley by Bow, Kent, and educated at the Marist Brothers' school which was established at St Anne's, Spitalfields Road, in 1855. It was the influence of this institution that induced him to enter the Church. For this purpose he studied at Bar-le-Duc, France, and in Ireland (for theology).

In 1867 Grimes was professed in the Society of Mary. Ordained at the age of 23 in the University Church in Dublin, Grimes was appointed professor of literature and classics in St Mary's College, Dundalk. In 1874 he left for New Orleans to take up a similar post, and he spent seven years at Jefferson College, of which he became rector. Having recovered from a severe attack of yellow fever incurred in parish ministration, he returned to Ireland and was asked to take charge of the missionary training college at Paignton, Devon. The church of the Marist foundation, on St Mary's Hill, was the first Roman Catholic place of worship opened in this part of the west country since the Reformation.

In 1887 Grimes was designated bishop of the newly created diocese of Christchurch, which had been separated from the large diocese of Wellington. He was consecrated to the post at St Anne's Church, London, and was the first bishop to be consecrated by Cardinal Vaughan. Sir Charles Clifford and Martin Kennedy were amongst those present. Sailing in Dec 1887, Grimes reached his diocese early in 1888. He at once formed a new church (St Mary's, Manchester Street) independent of the Cathedral and entered upon a long programme of consolidation and expansion of the church's institutions. Opening a convent of the Good Shepherd at Mount Magdala, he introduced the Sisters of Nazareth to Christchurch and soon afterwards the Sisters of Mercy, who were mainly interested in education. His diocese included the Chatham Islands, portion of Nelson and the whole of Westland as far south as Jacksons Bay, which he visited with considerable peril in the Jane Douglas (1901). While in search of health in Europe in 1890, Grimes was present at the beatification of the first Marist Martyr of Oceania (Peter Chanel). Having conceived in 1897 the intention of building a cathedral, he received great encouragement from the Pope, and carried the project through. The edifice was dedicated on 12 Feb 1905. Grimes re-established the Society of St Vincent de Paul, and established the Sacred Heart Association, the Mount Magdala Home and St Bede's College. He brought to Christchurch a community of nursing sisters of the Little Company of Mary, who were responsible for the creation of the Lewisham Hospital. A firm believer in confraternities, he established the Apostleship of Prayer and the Arch-Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament. On the occasion of his silver jubilee in 1912 he was enumerated amongst the domestic prelates of the Pope, proclaimed a noble, and joined with the number of those of whom both parents are of the order of count. He was made a knight commander of the Holy Sepulchre. He was a pleasant and vigorous preacher and a graceful writer. In secular life he was a governor of Canterbury College, a member of the Philosophical Institute and a vice-president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Grimes died on 15 Mar 1915.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Lyttelton Times, The Press, 16 Mar 1915; N.Z. Tablet, 18 Mar 1915 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 183

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GRIMMOND, JOSEPH (1843-1924) was born at Drogheda, Ireland, and educated in the Bluecoat school there. He qualified as an engineer, and in 1859 emigrated to Melbourne in the Eagle and went in search of fortune to the goldfields at Ballarat and Creswick Creek. Two years later he crossed to the diggings at Gabriel's Gully, whence he passed on in 1863 to Wakamarina and in 1865 to the West Coast. Grimmond had fair success on all of these fields. He erected mining plants at Ross and Reefton, and constructed and operated sawmills in both districts. Amongst the mining companies in which he invested with success were the Ross United (of which he was manager) and the Mont d'Or. With McKay and Davy he owned the Back Creek and Kanieri Lake water races.

Grimmond took a prominent part in politics. For 13 years he was mayor of Ross; and for many years a member and five years chairman of the Westland county council. He represented Westland in Parliament from 1887 until 1890 (when he was defeated by Seddon, whom he opposed without success in 1896). In 1918 he was called to the Legislative Council, of which he was a member to the time of his death on 27 Nov 1924. He married (1898) Margaret Isabel, daughter of Duncan Macfarlane, R.M.

N.Z.P.D., 26, 30 Jun 1925; Cycl. NZ. v (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908.

Reference: Volume 1, page 183

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GROSSMAN, EDITH HOWITT (1863-1931) née Searle, was born in Beechworth, Victoria, and was educated at the Invercargill Grammar School and the Christchurch Girls' High School. As a junior University scholar she entered Canterbury College in 1881. She won the Bowen prize (1882) and a senior scholarship, and graduated B.A. (1884) and M.A. (1885) with first class honours. Subsequently she taught at the Wellington Girls' College, and in 1897, before Victoria College was established, she began university tutorial classes with Dr Innes. She later took up journalism and civic work, and married Professor Joseph Penfound Grossman. Her publications include Angela, a Messenger (1890), In Revolt (1893), In Memoriam, Helen Macmillan Brown (1903), Life of Helen Macmillan Brown (1905), A Knight of the Holy Ghost (1907), The Heart of the Bush (1911) and numerous articles in English and overseas magazines. She was one of the first members of the Canterbury Women's Institute, and an original member of the London Lyceum Club. Mrs Grossman died in Auckland on 28 Feb 1931.

Hight and Candy; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Annals N.Z. Lit.; The Press, 7 Mar 1931.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GROVE, DANIEL, reported for Wellington provincial government on a prospecting expedition in Wairarapa. Moving to the Thames, he represented Thames Goldfields in the Auckland Provincial Council (1869-70). He was a strenuous advocate of improved mining laws and the creation of a mining board for the Thames. In 1872 he left Auckland province and continued mining surveys in the south.

Auckland and Wellington P.C. Proc.; Southern Cross, 30 Sep 1868.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GRUCHY, GEORGE (1825-88), an early settler in the Papakura valley, represented Franklin in the Auckland Provincial Council (1861-65). He afterwards returned to England and died in Jersey on 5 Dec 1888.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GRUNDY, WILLIAM THOMAS (1852-1938), who was born in Birmingham and educated at Saltley College, took up teaching and rose to be headmaster of St Philip's School, Birmingham. After two years in Australia he came to New Zealand in 1880, and spent nine years as headmaster of Masterton school. In 1889 he was appointed head of the Clyde Quay school, which position he held until he retired in 1917. Grundy served for eight years as secretary of the New Zealand Educational Institute and was responsible for introducing the teachers' appeal bill. He was chairman of the Wairarapa High School governors (1923). He died on 4 Oct 1938.

Cycl. NZ., i; The Dominion, 5 Oct 1938 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GUARD, JOHN, was born in England and brought up to the sea. A man of great size and strength, he made his way successfully amongst the rough whalers. About 1820 he reached Sydney, where he built a schooner of 66 tons, the Waterloo, for the trade between Port Jackson and Hobart. In 1823 he was sealing in New Zealand and in 1827, being carried accidentally into Tory Channel, he settled at Te Awaiti, where for some time he was successfully engaged in capturing whales passing through Cook Strait. He married Elizabeth Parker (1814-70, of Sydney).

The Waterloo having been wrecked at Waikanae and pillaged by the natives, Guard went to Sydney in the Harriet. On the return voyage she was wrecked at Te Namu (29 Apr 1834) and the whole of the ship's company were captured by the natives. Several were devoured, but Guard found his way to Moturoa and thence to Sydney, where he invoked the assistance of the Legislative Council. H.M.S. Alligator was detached to recover the captives. On 16 Sep she was off Te Namu and all of the survivors were eventually recovered. Violence, which now seems to have been unnecessary, was inflicted upon the natives, who had expected to receive utu for the return of the prisoners and were wantonly fired upon with severe loss.

Guard, who had planned a colony in New Zealand as early as 1828, moved to Kakapo (Port Underwood). In 1838 he piloted H.M.S. Pelorus on her examination of the Sounds. He accompanied Wakefield in the Tory for some time, acting as pilot on occasion.

Buick, Old New Zealander; C. A. Macdonald; E. J. Wakefield; Polyn. Jour., vol. 19, p. 101; Marshall.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GUDGEON, THOMAS WAYTH (1816-90) was born in England, where he was educated and served seven years in the property and income tax office, Somerset House. He had charge of the correspondence branch under the special commissioners and drew up a compendium for the conduct of the business of the office (1846).

In 1850 he came to New Zealand with his brothers in the Berkshire, and settled for 10 years as a bush farmer in Taranaki. About 1859 he moved to Wanganui with his family, and shortly afterwards the war broke out in the neighbourhood he had been living in. In 1864 he joined the Wanganui volunteer militia, and was appointed quartermaster and commissariat officer, with the rank of lieutenant. In 1869 he went to the Thames goldfields, where he spent 10 years. Moving in 1879 to Auckland, he was appointed registrar and record officer and spent the remainder of his life collecting historical matter and data concerning Maori customs and superstitions. He published in 1879 Reminiscences of the War in New Zealand; in 1885 The History and Doings of the Maoris from the Year 1820 to the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, and in 1887 The Defenders of New Zealand. Gudgeon died on 24 Aug 1890.

Gudgeon, op. cit.; N.Z. Herald, 26 Aug 1890. Portrait: Gudgeon.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GUDGEON, WALTER EDWARD (1842-1920) was a son of T. W. Gudgeon (q.v.), with whom he came to Taranaki in the Berkshire (1850). Educated at Beardsworth's school in New Plymouth, he joined the volunteers in 1859, and in 1860 moved with his family to Wanganui. He was serving as sergeant-major of the Wanganui Maori contingent. His commission as ensign in the Wanganui militia was granted in 1865 to reward his gallantry in disarming a body of natives at Arei-ahi and thus assisting to turn the position at Weraroa and to induce its capitulation (21 Jul). He was at the relief of Pipiriki, and commanded the advance guard at Okotuku (4 Jan 1866), for which he was promoted lieutenant. Throughout the Patea and Titokowaru's campaigns and in the pursuit of Te Kooti through the Urewera, he commanded the native contingent.

On the day of the disaster at Te Ngutu-o-te-Manu Gudgeon was left in charge of the camp. He was appointed to the Armed Constabulary when it was formed and at the conclusion of the war was appointed resident magistrate at Gisborne. He commanded a company at Parihaka (1881) and was left in command of the Constabulary at Manaia until 1885, when he was appointed major commanding the land forces at Wellington. He was acting Under-Secretary for Defence during the absence of Colonel Reader, and was then appointed commissioner of police and in 1897 a judge of the native land court.

In 1899 Gudgeon was sent to Rarotonga as Resident Commissioner to the Cook Islands (C.M.G. 1900). It was largely due to his influence that the chiefs agreed to cede their sovereignty, and he remained on afterwards as chief justice. He retired in 1909 and during the war of 1914-18 was a military censor. An excellent Maori scholar, Gudgeon contributed many papers to the Polynesian Journal and provided much of the material for his father's History and Traditions of the Maoris. He died on 5 Jan 1920.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Polyn. Jour., vol 29 (p); Gudgeon (p); Cowan (p); N.Z. Herald, 6 Jan 1920.

Reference: Volume 1, page 184

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GUINNESS, FRANCIS H V (1818-91) was born in Dublin, a son of the Rev Hosea Guinness, D.D., rector of St Werburgh's and chancellor of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. As a young man he went to India (1846) and thence to Australia, coming to New Zealand in the Tory (1852). He was sub-inspector of police in Canterbury (1858-62), and second-class inspector at Akaroa (1862-64). Retiring with that rank, he was appointed warden's clerk at Greymouth (1867) and receiver of gold revenue (1869). For 20 years he was warden and resident magistrate at Ahaura, and later warden at Collingwood and resident magistrate at Ashburton. While in Westland he represented Greymouth on the county council (1870-71). He died on 18 Jul 1891. (See A. R. GUINNESS)

Lyttelton Times and Grey River Argus, 20 Jul 1891.

Reference: Volume 1, page 185

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GUINNESS, SIR ARTHUR ROBERT (1846-1913) was born at Calcutta, India, the son of Francis Guinness (q.v.), and came to New Zealand with his parents in the Tory (1852). He was educated at Christ's College (1854-59) and articled to Edward Harston. When Harston disposed of his practice Guinness completed his articles with Garrick and Cowlishaw. He was admitted in 1867, and started to practise in Greymouth (with J. E. Warner; later with E. G. B. Moss, and finally, from 1884 with H. W. Kitchingham). Guinness sprang into prominence at once by his brilliant and persistent advocacy on behalf of the Fenian prisoners, for whom he was junior counsel (1868). He practised on the West Coast for 46 years, being a notary public from 1888. He married (1875) a daughter of James Westbrook (Launceston, Tasmania). Guinness was a good cricketer and was captain of the Westland representative XI (1876-88) and of the team that played against Lillywhite's English team (1877).

In 1873 he contested the Grey seat in Parliament against M. Kennedy and Woolcock. In the following year he was elected to represent the Paroa riding in the Westland Provincial Council, of which he was a member to the abolition, and on the executive in 1874. (Seddon represented Arahura during the same period.) In 1876 Guinness was elected to the first Grey county council (of which he was chairman for nine years and a member 1876-90). He was on the Greymouth borough council for one year; on the harbour board 1874-86, 1890-1913 (several times chairman); the school committee; and the High School governors (from 1892). He formed the deepsea harbour league, and was president of the Greymouth Trotting Club.

In 1884 Guinness again contested a parliamentary election, defeating Joseph Petrie for Grey, which he represented continuously till his death (on 10 Jun 1913). On two occasions only (1890 against W. H. Jones, and 1911 against P. C. Webb) did he have a close contest. He was chairman of committees (1893-1903) and Speaker from 1903 till his death. Originally a supporter of Grey, he was a Liberal throughout and took a prominent part in enacting the old age pensions law and other social legislation. He was a keen advocate of compulsory military training. In 1911 he was knighted. Guinness was a member of the Oddfellows, Druids and Foresters.

Parlty Record; Westland P.C. Proc.; Harrop, Westland; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Christ's Coll. List; Evening Post, Lyttelton Times, Grey River Argus, 11 Jun 1913. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 185

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GULLY, JOHN (1819-88) was born at Bath, of a family to which also belonged the prize fighter John Gully (1783-1863) and Sir William Court Gully, Q.C., Speaker of the House of Commons. Apprenticed to an iron founder, his taste for drawing led to his being transferred from the workshop to the drawing and designing department. He left at the end of his articles and joined the Savings Bank at Bath, and a little later his father's business in the city. While acting as accountant he took lessons in landscape painting. In his early twenties he married Jane Eyles, the widow of Joseph Moore, of Portsea.

Attracted by Hursthouse's book on New Zealand, Gully in 1852 sailed in the John Phillips with his wife and family, and took up land at Omata, Taranaki. He soon abandoned his attempt at farming in favour of clerical work in New Plymouth. In the Taranaki war he served with the volunteers, but, his health being unequal to the strain and exposure, he moved to Nelson and got employment as drawing master at the College. In 1863 he was appointed draughtsman and surveyor in the provincial service, under J. C. Richmond. He left the Survey department about 1878 and devoted the whole of his time thereafter to painting. While visiting Westland with the Superintendent (J. P. Robinson) they were capsized on the Buller bar and Robinson was drowned. Gully visited Victoria sketching, and on his return, with J. C. Richmond, spent a day or two in Milford Sound in fine sketching weather.

Many of Gully's works were purchased for Australian and New Zealand galleries and private collections. He exhibited in 1871 in the Royal Academy and for many years at the Society of British Water Colour Artists. All of his pictures sent to the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in 1886 were sold. In 1877 Henry Wise and Co. published a portfolio containing chromo-lithographs of some of his better known pictures of New Zealand scenery, with descriptions by Von Haast. Gully died on 1 Nov 1888.

G. Lincoln Lee, John Gully (1932), with list of his works; The Colonist, 2 Nov 1888. Portrait: Taranaki Historical collection.

Reference: Volume 1, page 185

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GUTHRIE, DAVID HENRY (1856-1927) was born at Abbeyleix, Queen's County, Ireland, and educated at the diocesan school there and at Kildare Street College, Dublin. He trained as a teacher, and after coming to New Zealand in 1876 was teaching under the Wellington education board for 20 years.

In 1881 he took up land in the Rangitikei district, which he farmed with success. He was a member of the Kiwitea county council, chairman of the Rangiwahia Dairy Co., and a member for 10 years of the Wanganui education board. Guthrie took a leading part in the New Zealand Farmers' Union, and in 1908 won the Oroua seat in Parliament, which he represented till the dissolution of 1925. He retired owing to ill-health and was called to the Legislative Council. He was a supporter of the Reform party and was elected whip in 1911. In 1918 he joined the National ministry as Minister of Lands, and he held that portfolio in the Massey ministry, with the addition of Railways (1922). In 1924 he resigned all departmental administration and remained without portfolio in the Bell and Coates ministries until his death (on 31 Mar 1927). Guthrie's chief task in the ministry was the settlement of returned soldiers upon the land.

N.Z.P.D., 1908-27; Who's Who N.Z., 1924; The Dominion, 1 Apr 1927 (p)

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 185

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GUYTON, WILLIAM, was born at Liverpool. He came to New Zealand in the Coromandel (Aug 1840) and entered into business with Ridgway and Earp in Wellington. In 1843 he was on the burgesses' roll of Wellington and, being elected at the head of the aldermen in that year, he became mayor on the death of Hunter. The ordinance under which the corporation was created having been disallowed by the Home Government, Guyton called a meeting of the aldermen on 4 Dec 1843 to wind up the affairs of the corporation. He was a trustee of the Pickwick Club (1840). Guyton was afterwards in business in Wanganui, where one of the main streets is named after him. He returned to England early.

N.Z.C. 31; Ward; The Dominion, 22 Aug 1930.

Reference: Volume 1, page 185

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GWYNNE, RICHARD (1827-83) was born at Rostrevor, County Down. He left Ireland in 1849 and travelled extensively in America. In 1853 he was in Australia, arriving in the Earl of Charlemont, which was wrecked on Barwon Head. Gwynne spent a year or two in Victoria as stockman and trading, and in 1854, in partnership with Benjamin Newell, he brought a consignment of horses to New Zealand. For some years they were in partnership as import merchants and introduced many valuable thoroughbred sires. Newell having died, Gwynne married his widow. In 1862 they visited England, and on returning took the Junction hotel at Newmarket. Gwynne moved to Waikato in 1874 and took the Hamilton hotel. He was a prominent figure in the district and a leader of its social institutions. For some years he was a member of the borough council and acting mayor. He died on 26 May 1883.

Waikato Times, 29 May 1883.

Reference: Volume 1, page 186

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GALLOWAY, THOMAS JAMES (1800-81) entered the army as an ensign in 1821 and rose to colonel of the 70th regiment in 1854. He saw service in the Jamaican insurrection (1831) and the Indian mutiny. He came to New Zealand in 1861 with his regiment. When he was promoted from this command he agreed, at the request of Sir George Grey and General Cameron, to accept the command of the Auckland militia and volunteers (Aug 1863), and he was major-general commanding the Colonial Forces till 1865. (Lieutenant-general 1871; general 1877; colonel 70th regiment 1874). Galloway died at Kilmeague, county Kildare, Ireland, on 15 Sep 1881. Galloway's redoubt was named after this officer.

Cowan; App. H.R., 1864-67; The Times, 22 Sep 1881.

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GALVIN, PATRICK (1847-1937) was born in County Thomond, Ireland, and at the age of 12 was apprenticed to the Clare Journal. In 1863 he moved to Nenagh, County Tipperary, but in 1866 emigrated to Victoria in the Black Ball. Finding his way to Bendigo, he took the place of Joseph Ivess (q.v.) on the Independent, and two years later spent some time on the Ballarat goldfields, without success. He then joined the Ballarat Star and eventually found employment in the Government printing office in Melbourne.

In 1874 Galvin came to Dunedin and two years later to Wellington, where he was successively compositor, publisher and sub-editor of the New Zealand Times and editor of the Mail. In 1880, with J. C. Yorke and J. B. Innes, he founded the Hawera Star. He was associated later with the Manawatu Daily Times and the Poverty Bay Herald and in 1888 went to the Melbourne exhibition as correspondent for several New Zealand newspapers. In 1889 Galvin was editor of the Yea Chronicle, and while there he promoted the Victoria Country Press Co. In 1896 he became editor and proprietor of the Hawera Morning Post, but shortly resigned and joined the Mines department. He became secretary of the rivers commission and of the mining commission. He was some years on the staff of the Government Statistician and a sessional clerk of the House of Representatives. Once more in journalism, Galvin was on the Evening Post and eventually became editor of the New Zealand Mines Record. He retired in 1918 and died on 11 Feb 1937.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; Hawera Star (jubilee issue); Evening Post, 11 Feb 1937.

Reference: Volume 1, page 160

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GOOD, THOMAS (1823-1907) was born at Aston Court, Worcestershire. His family was dispossessed for adhering to the King's side in the Civil War. Good received his education partly in England and partly in France, and settled down to country life. He was a skilful athlete (running, boxing and jumping), and a fine gentleman rider, having many successes on the turf both in England and in Taranaki. In 1850 he walked from Mokau to New Plymouth and back in an effort to lower the record of another walker ('Skinny Jim').

Good came to New Zealand with his uncle in the Louisa Campbell in 1845 and took up land in the Omata district, where he remained until the Maori war. In 1853 he bought a flock of sheep from Wanganui. In 1853, and again in 1863, he was for a few weeks a member of the Provincial Council for Omata, retiring in each case owing to native troubles. He planned the Omata stockade and began its construction. In the early part of the war he had command of friendly natives, but he resigned to accept a commission as captain in the Bush Rangers, with which he served throughout. He was present at Mahoetahi (1860), and received the medal and a grant of 400 acres at Urenui, where he farmed for the next fifteen years. He was in command of the northern outpost at the time of the murders at White Cliffs (1869). About 1875 he moved to Oeo, where he took up a large area of country and resided until about 1901, when he moved to Ramanui, Hawera. Good was a member of the Taranaki county council in the seventies. In 1880, during the Parihaka troubles, he was camped with his company at Oeo. He died on 19 May 1907.

Taranaki P.C. minutes; Victoria Hist. of Warwickshire, iii, 557; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Cowan's N.Z. Wars; Taranaki Herald, 21 May 1907. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 170

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