EARLE, AUGUSTUS (b. 1798) was an Englishman and was educated as an artist. Imbued from his youth with a love of travel, he persuaded the Admiralty to allow him in 1815 to live in his brother's gunboat on the Mediterranean station. There he witnessed the operations of Lord Exmouth against the Barbary States and afterwards, with the help of the Dey of Algiers, he made many sketches of the ruins of Carthage and other places. It was the middle of 1817 before he returned to England with many beautiful sketches of the Mediterranean.

In Mar 1818 he left for the United States, where he spent two years, then proceeded to South America, practising as an artist with considerable success for six months in Lima and working his way back to Rio in the hope of finding a passage to India. The brig in which he sailed was driven into Tristan d'Acunha where he had to remain some months before the Admiral Cockburn arrived, bound for Van Diemen's Land. Earle sketched with great profit in the Australian colonies and on 30 Oct 1827 landed in Hokianga from the Governor Macquarie. He spent six months sketching and studying the manners of the Maori people from his headquarters at Kororareka. By roundabout routes he found his way to Madras, where also he made sketches for use in Burford's panorama in Leicester Square, London. Eventually he reached England again in the trader Resource. His journals were published in 1832 as The Narrative of a Nine Months Residence in New Zealand. By this time Earle was again at sea as draughtsman in H.M. surveying ship Beagle. This brought him again to New Zealand and he made further sketches, some of which were reproduced in the New Zealand Association's portfolio in 1838.

Earle, op. cit. (biographical introduction); Hocken, Bibliog.

Reference: Volume 1, page 129

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EARNSHAW, WILLIAM (1852-1931) was born at Manchester, England, and educated there. He displayed considerable ability at school and was apprenticed to an engineering firm with which he was trained as an all-round mechanic. At the age of 21 he went to the United States, where he spent two years. After visiting Australia and New Zealand, Earnshaw settled in Christchurch (1878) and was employed at the Addington workshops. In 1881 he removed to Dunedin, where he was engaged as a brassfounder at Anderson and Morrison's.

In 1890 he was elected to the House of Representatives for Peninsula, being one of the first batch of labour members returned to Parliament. He represented that constituency for three years, and the City of Dunedin in the next Parliament, and was defeated in 1896 (under the triple-electorate system). In 1900 he stood for Wellington (unsuccessfully). Earnshaw then lived in Westland, where he was engaged in a beach dredging property at Gillespie's. He was afterwards employed by the Wellington harbour board. In 1913 he was called to the Legislative Council by the Massey government, and he remained a member till his death, on 29 Dec 1931.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Feb 1932; Otago Daily Times, 30 Dec 1931; Taranaki News, 10 Dec 1890.

Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 129

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EARP, GEORGE BUTLER, was in business in Liverpool before coming to New Zealand in the Martha Ridgway (1840) to establish branches of the firm of Guyton and Earp in Wellington and Wanganui. He was appointed to the Legislative Council by Governor Hobson and a magistrate of the territory (1841). He returned to England in 1842 and gave evidence before the select committee on New Zealand in 1844.

G.B.O.P., 1844/556; L.C. of NZ, 1842; Wellington Independent, 11 Jan 1861; N.Z. Herald, 2 Mar 1842, 1 Jun 1895.

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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EAST, ALFRED WILLIAM, an early Taranaki settler, was farming at Barrett Road. He was M.H.R. for Omata 1855-60 and member of the Provincial Council for the same constituency 1855-56. He resigned from Parliament on accepting a government appointment in 1860, and for many years was a mail agent between New Zealand, Australia and San Francisco.

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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ECCLES, ALFRED (1821-1904) was born at Kennington, Surrey, the son of John Henry Eccles, merchant, of Broad Street. His parents removing to Plymouth, he spent his early life there, but at the age of 10 was admitted as a pupil at Christ's Hospital, London, whose quaint dress he wore for the next three years and a half. There he developed a desire for the career of medicine, and on leaving school he apprenticed himself for five years to Samuel Millard, M.R.C.S., resident proprietor of the Whitchurch asylum for the insane, near Ross, Herefordshire. The five years that Eccles spent in the valley of the Wye and in Devonshire had a profound influence upon his artistic tastes.

Having completed his articles, Eccles entered St Bartholomew's Hospital (1842) and, according to Luther Holden (afterwards president of the Royal College of Surgeons), was 'one of the most distinguished students of his day.' In 1843, he took his degree as member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1844 gained the diploma of licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. He returned for a short time to Whitchurch, and then practised from chambers in London. By 1848 he had established himself also in practice at Tunbridge Wells. In 1848 he married Alice Elizabeth (d. 1852), daughter of T. S. Withington, of Dulwich. They travelled on the continent, and Eccles did research work in Malta and Egypt. Eccles did further post graduate work at St Bartholomew's and practised in London. He married (1853) Maria, daughter of Sir James Caleb Anderson, of Fermoy, County Cork. In 1858, Eccles was honoured by election to the fellowship of the Royal College. He had a prosperous practice in London and Tunbridge Wells when he decided (1861) to emigrate to New Zealand. He sailed as surgeon in the ship Chile on 31 Aug. Mrs Eccles died at sea.

Eccles was the first fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Otago, and he soon had a practice which took him far afield and paid handsomely. In 1864 he was appointed by the provincial government to a commission to recommend measures to improve the sanitation of the city. He acted as secretary to the commission, and next year was appointed a member of the Otago medical board. In less than a year after his arrival Eccles was an accepted leader in the public affairs of Dunedin. He was one of the leading promoters of the building of St Paul's Cathedral, and a chief organiser of the bazaar in 1862 at which a large portion of the money was obtained. The small industrial exhibition, which was a feature of the bazaar, was most popular, and Eccles conceived the idea of an industrial exhibition on a large scale, which would demonstrate the economic progress of the colony. In 1863 a preliminary committee was set up, and by Nov 1864 a fine block of buildings, which had cost the provincial government £18,000, was handed over to the regular commission. Here in Jan 1865, was opened the first New Zealand exhibition. Eccles was honorary secretary and the main driving force of the committee, and when the exhibition closed the committee voted that he be made a special award of a gold medal 'as a recognition of his indefatigable labours in originating and furthering the first New Zealand exhibition.' The exhibition building is now the administrative block of the Dunedin hospital.

A lifelong lover of art, Eccles assisted at the initiation of the Otago Fine Arts exhibition (1869). In the same year he was one of the founders—and a first vice-president with Arthur Beverly—of the Otago Institute.

In 1869 Eccles married Mary (d. 1886), daughter of John Jones and widow of Dr Henry Nelson. Two years later, to give his family an English education, he sailed for the Old Country and settled in Devonshire. Eccles died at Plymouth on 11 Mar 1904.

Hocken; Fulton; Otago Daily Times, 29 Aug 1930 (P).

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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EDGER, SAMUEL (1828-82) was born at Pixton, East Grinstead, Sussex, of devout and pious parents. He graduated B.A. at the University of London and entered the ministry of the Baptist Church, accepting charge of a congregation in Birmingham, and later at Kimbolton (Huntingdonshire) and Abingdon, Berkshire.

As early as 1850 Edger came to the conviction that sectarianism or denominationalism was a sin against the New Testament, and when the Albertland Special Settlement Association invited applications for a minister to accompany their emigrants (1861) he believed it would be an excellent opportunity for putting his convictions into practice. With his wife and family he sailed in the Matilda Wattenbach (Sep 1862). On arriving in Albertland, they encountered great difficulties, but, having anticipated farming, Edger had brought with him a party of agriculturists with whose help his farm was soon working on co-operative lines with every prospect of success. There was no church at Port Albert and he held unsectarian services both there and at Te Arai for several years, making provision for Church of England requirements as well as those of the Nonconformists. While in Port Albert he contributed regularly to the Gazette.

At the end of 1865, on the retirement of the Rev T. Hamer, Edger went to Auckland to supply his place for eight months. He returned to his post at Port Albert, but losing his house by fire (Aug 1866) he shortly afterwards moved into Auckland and for many years preached there, at first in the Parnell Hall and afterwards in the Oddfellows' hall and other places. Though holding forward views, his style of preaching was rather deep and scholarly for the ordinary church-goer. Edger was a prominent supporter of the temperance movement and had a deep interest in music and art, being a vice-president of the Auckland Choral Society and a committeeman of the Artists' Society. He died on 30 Sep 1882.

Two of his works, The Problem of Life (1884) and Autobiographical Notes and Lectures, were edited by his daughters, Mrs K. M. Evans (q.v.) and Lilian Edger. A son, Herbert

Cycl. NZ

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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FRANK EDGAR (1854-1909), was a judge of the Native Land Court and Under-Secretary for Native Affairs.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1932

Edgar op. cit. (p)

Brett, Albertlanders (p)

Auckland Star, 6 1882

Albertland Gazette

N.Z. Herald, 6 Sep 1884, 12, 19 Feb 1887

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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EDIE, JOHN (1856-1928) was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, and came to New Zealand with his parents a few years later. He was educated at Lawrence and in 1873 joined the Survey department. He commenced field work in the Catlins river district, where he surveyed the Tawanui bush before the railway was constructed.

In 1885 he became engineer to the Tuapeka county council, a position he held till 1919, when he resigned to contest the Bruce seat against J. Allen. He won the seat the following year at a by-election, and held it at the following election against A. S. Malcolm. Standing in 1925 as a supporter of the National Party, he was defeated by F. Waite.

Edie farmed for many years in Tuapeka and was interested in a goldmining claim at Island Block. He was a member of the Lawrence borough council and for one term mayor, and was a member of the domain board and an elder of the Presbyterian church. For some years he was captain of the Tuapeka Mounted Rifles. He died on 7 Jun 1928.

N.Z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; Otago Daily Times, 8 Jun 1928. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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EDWARDS, GEORGE (1798-1865) settled in Wellington about 1845. He was a member of the Provincial Council for Wellington City (1856-57). Edwards was a keen horticulturist and contributed to the gardeners' calendar. He died on 10 Nov 1865.

Wellington Independent, 11 Nov 1865.

Reference: Volume 1, page 130

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EDWARDS, NATHANIEL (1822-80) was born in England and arrived in New Zealand by the Slains Castle in 1845. He was for some time engaged on the government survey staff in the Awatere and also in managing a flaxmill. The failure of the mill threw him on his own resources and he took employment as accountant for Fell and Seymour. In 1857, with George Bennett, he acquired the business. The firm purchased a fleet of small steamers, with which they founded the Anchor line (1862). Edwards sold out to his partners in 1866, but soon re-entered business as general merchants in Christchurch in partnership with Bennett, Aiken and Connell. After four years there he retired with a competence and lived in Nelson.

Edwards took little part in public affairs and had no aspirations in political life. He represented Nelson in the Provincial Council (1868-69, and 1875-76), being a member of the executive in the last few months. He also represented Nelson City in Parliament (1869-70) and two years later was called to the Legislative Council, in which he sat until his death (on 15 Jul 1880).

Cycl. N.Z., v; The Colonist, 17 Jul 1880; N.Z. Times, 13 Aug 1880. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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EDWARDS, SIR WORLEY BASSETT (1850-1927) was born in London, the son of C. S. W. Edwards. He arrived at Port Chalmers in 1855 and received his education at the Boys' High School, Dunedin, where he gained special prizes for English essays (1864-65). In 1871 he returned to England to complete his education and spent three years travelling in Europe.

In 1874 Edwards was articled to Julius and O'Meagher, Oamaru, and, becoming a barrister in 1875, he joined W. S. Moorhouse in partnership. He practised in Wellington (1877-90), for the first eight years in partnership with Charles W. Cutten. He contested the Wellington South seat in 1881. In 1890 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court and native commissioner, but in 1892 he left the bench, his appointment being declared invalid by a decision of the Privy Council (14 Jul 1892) on the ground that the law provided for only five judges. The government intended to bring down legislation to legalise the appointment, but was defeated and the succeeding government refused to fulfil the promise. He accordingly retired to private practice until 1896, when he was again appointed a judge, and later became president of the Arbitration Court (1898-1900). He was created a knight bachelor in 1919, and retired from the bench as senior judge in 1920.

Edwards married in 1886 Mrs Cutten. He died on 2 Jun 1927.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Butterworth's Fortnightly Notes, 2 Jun 1927; Evening Post, 8 Jun 1927; N.Z. Graphic, 1 Oct 1892 (p)

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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EDWIN, ROBERT ATHERTON (1840-1911) was born in England. As a midshipman he served in the Albion before Sebastopol (1854); in the Elk at Canton, and in the Maori war. He joined the civil service in New Zealand in 1871, and in 1874 was appointed weather reporter and examiner of masters and mates. In 1907 he became the first director of the meteorological service. In that position, which he held until his retirement in 1907, he created the nucleus of the weather-forecasting service for the Dominion. Edwin married a daughter of Commissary-general Bridgen.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., i; N.Z. Times, 17 Jul 1911.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELAM, JOHN EDWARD (1823-88) was born at Leeds, England, educated there and qualified M.D. He had already made a competence at his profession when he came to New Zealand in the early sixties. He did not practise here but for 25 years he lived at West Tamaki. On his death (on 25 Jun 1888) Dr Elam left a legacy valued at about £6,500 for the establishment in Auckland of a school of art and design where pupils should be taught free of charge.

N.Z. Herald, 29 Jun 1888.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELIOTT, GEORGE ELIOT (1817-1901) came to New Zealand with his parents in 1840 from Sydney, and in Mar 1841 entered the civil service at Auckland as a clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office. In 1843 he became record clerk and in 1856 chief clerk. In Sep 1862 he was appointed Secretary to the General Post Office at Auckland. In 1863 Eliott was sent to Sydney to recruit volunteers for the military settlements in Auckland, a task which he accomplished with great credit. He moved to Wellington with the Government in 1864 and retired in 1873, going to live in England. In 1876 he returned to New Zealand and lived in Dunedin, where he took a great interest in church affairs (as a lay reader) and in local government (as a member of the Dunedin City Council). Eliott married first in 1841. His first wife having died (1883) he married in 1884 Mrs Levien (Nelson). He died on 17 Sep 1901.

Cycl. NZ

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELL, HENRY GEORGE (1862-1934) was born at Christchurch and educated at the West Christchurch school and a private school. He was a junior attendant at the Canterbury Museum and was then for a year or two on survey work and sheep stations and in wool scouring works. He served for three and a half years in the Armed Constabulary at Parihaka and elsewhere. For four years he was printing and stereotyping; for five years he was in a warehouse in Christchurch and finally with a manufacturing stationer.

Always interested in labour politics, Ell became a member of the Knights of Labour and of the Canterbury Liberal Association, and was three years secretary, and some time president of the Progressive Liberal Association. The last post he resigned to contest the Christchurch election, for which he was nominated by the Canterbury Women's Institute. He came fifth (with 4,705 votes). At the following election (1899) he was returned as the junior member for Christchurch City (with W. W. Collins and C. Lewis), and in 1902 he was second (with T. E. Taylor and Davey as his colleagues). He represented Christchurch South continuously from 1905-19. He was defeated in 1919 and at the three following elections. Ell was a strong prohibitionist and an advocate of state banking and the referendum with initiative. He was Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie cabinet (1912). After his retirement from Parliament he continued to take an interest in social movements and in beautifying. He was at different times a member of the Spreydon road board, the Addington school committee, the Canterbury College board of governors and the Canterbury Children's Aid Society. He married (1892) Adelaide Eleanor, daughter of Alfred Gee. His death occurred on 27 Jun 1934.

N.Z.P.D., 20 Jun 1934; Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); The Press and Christchurch Times, 28 Jun 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELLES, ANDREW JAMESON (1816-86) was the son of a Secession minister at Saltcoats, Scotland. Brought up to the sea, he traded to the West Indies and had his first command at the age of 21. Elles came to New Zealand as captain of the Philip Laing (1848) and subsequently made another voyage in that vessel. He then became owner and captain of the Pioneer, which he ran for some time in the coastal and intercolonial trade. In 1862 he married Clementina, daughter of the Rev Dr Burns (q.v.). In 1856 Elles was appointed sub-collector of customs at Invercargill, and he continued to hold that and other posts, including the receivership of land revenue (1858), and the collectorship (1861). He was commissioner of the waste lands board (1861) and resident magistrate for many years until retiring in 1880. He was a member of the Bluff harbour board. Elles died on 4 Sep 1886.

Roberts, Southland; Beattie, ii; Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily Times and Southland Times, 6 Sep 1886; Evening Star, 7 Sep 1886

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELLIOT, PETER (1817-83) was born at Marhamchurch, Cornwall, and came to Taranaki with his wife and family in the Amelia Thompson (1841). Taking up land near the town, he was the first to establish a dairy in New Plymouth to supply the town with milk and fresh butter. In 1843 he had a cart drawn by bullocks for farm purposes. A progressive farmer, he soon succeeded in making his land freehold.

Elliot represented Grey and Bell in the Provincial Council (1853-56, 1857-61, 1866-69 and 1873-75) and was a member of the executive for two years (1867-69). During the war in Taranaki he had sole charge of the commissariat transport department, which he administered with great success. He afterwards returned to his farm and eventually retired to live in New Plymouth, where he died on 16 Sep 1883, his wife having predeceased him on 24 Oct 1882.

Taranaki News, 22 Oct 1883. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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ELLIOTT, CHARLES (1811-76) with his brother James (1809-64) came to Nelson in the Mary Jane (1841), and in Mar 1842 established the Nelson Examiner, which was for many years a very influential paper. He was also interested in land, including the Upcott station, in the Awatere valley. He represented Wairau in the Nelson Provincial Council (1853-59), Amuri (1860-61) and Nelson (1863-64). He also sat in the Marlborough Council for part of the time (1860-61) as representative of Awatere. Elliott was a member of Parliament (for Waimea) from 1855-58. He was appointed immigration officer for Nelson in 1874. While controlling the Examiner Elliott published many of the earliest writings of Mrs Mary Muller (q.v.) advocating women's rights, and also a pamphlet on the subject (1869). He was the publisher and editor of the New Zealand Stud Book.

Cycl. N.Z., v, 83, 411 (p); W.S. Smith; The Colonist, 6 Jul 1876, and Jubilee Souvenir

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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ELLIOTT, JAMES KENNEDY (1845-1929) was born at Belfast and educated at the Belfast Academy and Queen's College (where he graduated B.A.). Ordained in the Presbyterian ministry in 1872, he was in charge of congregations at Randalstown and Magherafelt. He married Margaret (d. 1887), daughter of Robert Dickson; and on account of her health came to New Zealand in 1884 and took charge of St James's Church, Newtown.

With the permission of the Presbytery, Elliott arranged to hold his services in the Lyceum hall, in Tory street, and his Sunday school in the Mount Cook boys' school. He was an eloquent preacher, humorous, broadly tolerant and erudite, and before long his congregation decided upon the erection of the church in Kent terrace. He accordingly resigned St James's in 1886. His personal benevolence was widespread and he served for many years as member and chairman of the Wellington benevolent trustees and of the hospital and charitable aid board. He was moderator of the North Island Assembly of the church in the year before the merger with the south, which he did much to bring about.

On a visit to Ireland in 1912 Elliott had conferred upon him by the Royal College of Belfast the honorary degree of doctor of divinity. He was one of the first governors of Scots College. He died on 5 May 1929.

General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of NZ. reports; Dickson (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Dominion, 6 May 1929 (P).

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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ELLIS, HENRY (1828-79) was born at Bundoran, County Donegal, Ireland, and arrived in New Zealand from New South Wales in 1850. He was for some years in business (at first with his father) in Shortland Street, Auckland, as auctioneers and general merchants, and he erected the Ellis buildings.

Ellis was an eloquent, forceful speaker and a good writer. In 1869 he entered the contest for the Superintendency of Auckland, but retired in favour of Gillies. He represented Auckland East (1870-73) in the Provincial Council and was afterwards for some time an immigration agent for the province, being interested in the promotion of the Katikati settlement. About 1876 Ellis was accepted as a probationer for the Methodist ministry, and he held charges at Waimate, Timaru and Woodend. He died on 17 Jun 1879.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. NZ, ii (p); NZ Herald, 23 Jun 1879.

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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ELLISON, THOMAS RANGIWAHIA (1866-1904) was born at Otakou, the son of Daniel Ellison, and was descended from leaders of the Ngati-Awa tribe of Taranaki, and from Taiaroa and Hinewhareua, the sister of Karetai. He was educated at the Otakou native school, and at Te Aute College, where he matriculated. He studied law in the office of Brandon and Hislop (Wellington) and, having been admitted to the bar, commenced practice.

Ellison played Rugby football at Te Aute and on moving to Wellington he played for Poneke (from 1885). He represented Wellington province in 23 matches, the first time when he was only 16 years of age. He played against Stoddart's team in 1888, and was a member of the native team to England (1888-89). On this tour he scored 23 tries in matches in the United Kingdom, and 19 in Australia and New Zealand. In 1893 he captained the New Zealand team in Australia, which won nine out of ten matches. During his last few seasons Ellison captained the Wellington representative team. In 1894, owing to an injured knee, he retired. He was one of the finest forwards New Zealand ever produced. It was he who originated the position of wing forward by taking two forwards out of the scrum to protect his half back, who was being roughly handled. Ellison acted as selector for Wellington and New Zealand. He published in 1903 a book on the game, The Art of Rugby Football. Ellison took some interest in politics and three times contested the Southern Maori seat against Parata (1887, 1896 and 1899). He petitioned Parliament in 1901 asking for consideration of the claims of Ngati-Tahu, but without success at the time.

A. F. Wiren and E. P. Ellison (information).

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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ELMSLIE, JOHN (1831-1907) was born in Aberdeenshire, educated in the parish and at the grammar school and King's College and Aberdeen University, where he graduated M.A. in 1857. He was five years in charge of the Free Church at Kennethmont and in 1867 came to take charge of the Presbyterian Church at Wanganui. In 1876 he received a call to St Paul's, Christchurch, where he remained until failing health prompted his retirement (1903). In 1890 he received the D.D. of his University. He lectured for two years at Canterbury College in connection with the Students' Christian Union and was twice moderator of the General Assembly of the church. Elmslie married first a daughter of George Mitchell (Auchragathel, Aberdeenshire) and second Jean (1854-1936), daughter of John Anderson (Christchurch). He died on 21 Jul 1907 and his widow on 6 Mar 1936.

Cycl. N.Z., iii; The Press, 22 Jul 1907; 7 Mar 1936.

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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EMERSON, JOHN (1825-99) was born in Ireland, joined the Royal Irish Constabulary (1847), and was one of a special draft from that force for service in the Crimea. As a subaltern in the commissariat he distinguished himself at Sebastopol, where he was wounded. Returning to Ireland, he emigrated in 1857 to Australia, his discharge from the force certifying to his good conduct and personal bravery, to six awards for meritorious service and a badge for lifesaving. Joining the Victorian police, Emerson was for some years engaged in escort duty from the goldfields and in 1864 he came to New Zealand as a mounted constable. In 1865 he was a first-class sergeant in charge at Picton and he received the Humane Society's medal for saving life. In 1868 he was a first-class inspector, and he was afterwards successively in charge of various districts. In 1880 he stopped a serious Maori dispute at Rotorua; in 1891, with 24 men, he disarmed 400 Maori land disputants at Waipiro; in 1892 he assisted at the arrest of Mahuki and his followers at Te Kuiti; and in the dispute in the Urewera he commanded an armed force at Te Whaiti. He retired while in charge of Napier and East Coast. Emerson died on 3 Apr 1899.

Hawkes Bay Herald, 4 Apr 1899.

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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EMPSON, WALTER (1856-1934) was born in Northamptonshire, a son of the Rev Arthur Empson, vicar of Eydon, and was educated at Charterhouse School. Weak eyesight prevented his taking a commission in the army and he went to Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.

In 1877 he came to New Zealand and commenced farming at Rangitata. Shortly afterwards he gave up this occupation and spent some time travelling amongst the Pacific islands. In 1883 he was appointed second master at Wanganui Collegiate School and on the death of the headmaster (Dr Harvey) four years later he was appointed to succeed him. During his headmastership Empson greatly raised the standard of the school. To encourage self-reliance he developed the prefectorial system and appointed pupils as officers of the cadet companies instead of masters. The Collegian was also handed over to a committee of the boys, who selected the editor. Empson was the first to introduce in New Zealand the Scottish style of uniform for school boys, grey flannel shirt and blue shorts. When he retired after 21 years service as head he had trained over 1,000 boys in the school, and he left a firm tradition for the future by making the boys the judges and masters of their own actions. Empson died on 14 Jun 1934. He married (1885) Agnes Dyke, daughter of J. B. Acland (q.v.).

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Dominion, 16 Jun 1934.

Reference: Volume 1, page 132

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ENYS, JOHN DAVIES GILBERT (1837-1912) was born near Falmouth, Cornwall, where the family lived for many generations. He came to New Zealand in 1861 and took up Castle Hill station, Canterbury. For a short time also he owned Orari Gorge, which he sold back to the Tripps in 1864.

Enys was a keen naturalist and was the earliest authority in New Zealand on moths and butterflies. He represented Rakaia in the Provincial Council (1872-74), and in 1881 he contested the Coleridge seat in Parliament against D. Macmillan. Having inherited the family seat of Enys, in Cornwall, in 1890, he went to live there and died in 1912.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cox; Acland; Natural Hist. of Canterbury.

Reference: Volume 1, page 133

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EPALLE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1811-45), a French priest of the Society of Mary at Lyons, came to New Zealand in June 1839 in the schooner Reine de Paix. To acquire the Maori language he was appointed to Kororareka and the surrounding district. Early in 1840 a mission was established under him at Whangaroa.

In 1843 Bishop Pompallier appointed him pro-vicar to proceed to Rome. While he was in France in the following year the Holy See decided to establish a vicariate of Melanesia and Micronesia and the superior of the Society of Mary nominated Epalle, who pleaded against being selected for the post. Consecrated at Rome, he sailed from London early in 1845 with 13 missionaries. They landed at Isabella island, in the Solomons early in Dec, and Bishop Epalle was murdered by natives four days later (19 Dec 1845).

Catholic Cycl.; Larousse; Pompallier; Marist Year Book, 1927, 172 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 133

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ERRINGTON, WILLIAM (1832-94) was born at South Shields, Durham, and served his articles to engineering with Richardson and Co. In 1854 he emigrated to Australia and in the sixties was associated with a large foundry in Ballarat, which built one of the first locomotives (the Lady Barkly) and erected the principal mining plants on the field. About 1871 C. J. Stone and A. Dewar interviewed him regarding machinery for the Big pump at Thames. Errington prepared the plans, supplied the machinery, and came to Thames, where he managed the pump for some years. He was engaged by the Auckland Harbour Board to design the graving dock and superintend its construction; and he advised the City Council on its water supply and constructed the reservoir at Western Springs. Later he designed and constructed the Calliope dock. Errington died on 16 Dec 1894.

N.Z. Herald, 17 Dec 1894.

Reference: Volume 1, page 133

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ESCOTT, JAMES HENRY (1872-1916) was born at Orepuki, Southland, and educated there. Brought up on his father's farm, he moved to the North Island in 1890 and farmed at Woodville from 1896. In the Boer War he served in the 2nd New Zealand Contingent. Escott was a member of the Woodville County Council and secretary of the Agricultural and Pastoral Association and was a strong supporter of the temperance movement. He represented Pahiatua in Parliament (1911-16) as a supporter of the Reform party and was chairman of the A to L petitions committee. He died on 28 Jul 1916.

N.Z.P.D. and Evening Post, 28 Jul 1916. Portrait: Parliament House.

Reference: Volume 1, page 133

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EVANS, GEORGE SAMUEL (1800-68) was born at Streatley, Berkshire, the son of the rector, and the eldest of a very large family. (His parentage is not fully established, inasmuch as he was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1832 as the son of George Evans, of Stepney, gentleman.) Educated at the Merchant Taylors' School in London, he is said to have proceeded to Cambridge and to have taken high honours there in Sanskrit with a view to practising in India. He had a good knowledge of Latin and Greek. The next record is his appointment as headmaster of Mill Hill School, London (where he is recorded as an M.A. of Glasgow University and as having been ordained a minister in 1827-28). On leaving Mill Hill he entered at Lincoln's Inn (1832). He was called to the bar in 1837 and had a fair practice on the western circuit and at Bristol.

Evans was already interested in the New Zealand Association, and shared with E. G. Wakefield the expense of trying to get an empowering bill passed. He also gave hospitality to Te Aki (Jackey), the Maori youth whom Wakefield had befriended, and learned something of Maori from him. When Wakefield went to Canada with Durham, Evans took up the running. He was one of the deputation of three that waited on Dandeson Coates, and was told quite bluntly that, however respectable the New Zealand Association might be, the C.M.S. would resist the colonisation of New Zealand on any plan whatever. Evans was designated as judge for the New Zealand Company's first settlement and he sailed for New Zealand with his family in the Adelaide. The voyage was marked by bitter quarrels amongst the cabin passengers, culminating in an unnecessary call at Capetown to enable a series of duels to be fought. The disputants were bound over to keep the peace and the voyage was continued. Evans's part in the trouble was not a promising prelude to his duties as a judge in a new community. When the Adelaide arrived at Port Nicholson (7 Mar 1840) the town of Britannia was being laid out by the surveyors near Petone and Colonel Wakefield was absent in the north. It was already clear that the site chosen was not the best, and Evans took the lead in attempting to get the decision altered. Heated meetings of land purchasers were held and it was eventually decided to abandon Britannia and establish the town at Lambton.

Though he was not destined to be a judge, Evans occupied a semi-official commission as advocate for the Company and for the interests of the settlers. Under the provisional constitution, which the settlers agreed to before they left England, Wakefield was president of the council or committee through which they agreed to govern themselves, and Evans was the 'umpire,' whose function was that of dispensing law. Governor Hobson declared this constitution illegal, but the directors in England had already abandoned it. Nevertheless there was much that Evans was called upon to do for the settlers for which he was specially qualified. At a public meeting in Wellington on 1 Jul 1840, after British sovereignty was established throughout the North Island, he moved the address of loyalty to the Crown and advocated the claims of Wellington to be the capital. In Aug he was appointed (with Hanson and Moreing) to proceed to Sydney to lay before the Government of the Mother Country the claims of the New Zealand Company and its settlers, which were threatened by the land claims bill then before the Legislative Council. In the following year he led a deputation for a charter of incorporation. At the first court of quarter sessions in Wellington he voluntarily defended a Maori charged with theft. First he pleaded that the treaty of Waitangi, in which he did not believe, reserved to the chiefs the function of judging the offences of their own people. Then he claimed that half of the jury should be natives. In both demands he failed, but he got the native off with a week's imprisonment, whereas a European charged at the same sitting with a similar offence got three months. Evans represented the Company before the court of land claims, but withdrew owing to the hostility of the crown prosecutor. Later in 1842 he agreed to defend Rangihaeata on a charge of illegally burning buildings at Porirua. The Chief Justice discreetly declined to issue the warrant for his arrest.

When the news arrived of the affray at Wairau (Jun 1843) Evans, who was now on the commission of the peace, proceeded with his fellow magistrates to Cloudy Bay to take the depositions; and after attending public meetings in Port Nicholson proceeded to Auckland to lay before the acting-governor the whole of the circumstances. Evans returned to England shortly after this and spent some years there, writing for the press, doing a little legal work, renewing his acquaintance with Brougham and Dr Black, and demanding the recall of Governor FitzRoy.

In 1852 he again came to New Zealand in the Stag, but left a few months later for Victoria, where he was admitted to the bar in 1853 and was just in time to take part in the campaign for representative government. From 1855 to 1858 he edited the Herald and in 1856 he was member for Richmond in the first Legislative Council. He was Postmaster-General in the O'Shanassy Government (1856-59) and held the portfolio of Lands when Sir Gavan Duffy retired (Mar 1859). Defeated on seeking re-election with this portfolio, he was elected for Avoca. He was defeated at the election (1861) for Richmond, but was elected for Marlborough and in the third O'Shanassy Government (1861-63) he was again Postmaster-General. At the election in 1864 he failed to gain a seat and applied unsuccessfully for the pension granted to ex-ministers. While in Melbourne Evans contributed much to the press. He came back to New Zealand in ill-health in 1865 and died on 23 Sep 1868. Evans's first wife having died, he married Harriet Strother, widow of D. Riddiford. She died on 31 Mar 1866.

G.B.O.P., 1838/680, 1845/378; N.Z.P.D., 23 Sep 1868; N.Z.C.; Ward; Wakefield; Wakelin; Mennell; Wellington Independent, 24 Sep 1868; Melbourne Herald, 12 Oct 1908; Evening Post, 16 Jul 1927, 9 Sep 1929 (p).

EVANS, KATE MILLIGAN (1857-1935) was the daughter of the Rev Samuel Edger (q.v.) and came to New Zealand with her parents to the Albertland settlement (1862). Taking advantage of facilities offered by the headmaster of the Auckland Boys' College and Grammar School, she graduated B.A. in 1877 (the first woman in the British Empire to take that degree).

Being appointed to the staff of the Girls' High School in Christchurch, she proceeded to her M.A. at Canterbury College (1881), and two years later was appointed first principal of the Nelson Girls' College, which post she resigned shortly after her marriage to the Rev W. A. Evans (1890). She continued to coach students and for a while had a private school in Wellington. She was prominent in the Forward Movement, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (of which she was Dominion recording secretary 1913-28) and the League of Nations Union (some years Dominion secretary). Mrs Evans was also for a while editor of the White Ribbon. She died on 11 May 1935. With her sister (Lilian Edger) she edited two volumes of her father's works.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Brett, Albertlanders; Hight and Candy (p); N.Z. Herald, 28 Aug 1884; The Dominion, May 1935 (p), 19 Jul 1938.

Reference: Volume 1, page 134

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EVANS, WILLIAM ALBERT (1857-1921) was the son of James Evans, Llanelly, Wales. Educated at Ammanford Academy, Spring Hill College, Birmingham, and Cardiff University, he was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church and had charge of the Bridge End church, Glamorgan, and afterwards of the Ryan church in Bradford (1887).

While at Cardiff he studied biology and philosophy at the university. For the sake of his health he came to New Zealand in 1888 and was in temporary charge of the Moray Place Church in Dunedin. In 1889 he went to Nelson and there married (1890) Kate Milligan (Mrs Evans, q.v.).

In 1893 Evans relinquished his pulpit and settled in Wellington to carry on religious and philanthropic work under the style of the Forward Movement. The movement included many lectures on the lines of university extension classes in which Stout, A. R. Atkinson and Hogben assisted Evans and his wife. He initiated slum work and at the request of the Wellington charitable aid board inaugurated methods of administration which have since been continued. He advocated the foundation of a university college and when eventually Victoria College was established he was a member of the council (1898-1921) and chairman (1902-03). He was a member of the Wellington City Council, the technical education board and the benevolent trustees. The 'Forward' Movement having achieved its main object, Evans was again appointed to a church in Wellington. He died in 1921.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); The Dominion, 19 Aug 1938.

Reference: Volume 1, page 134

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EWART, JOHN (1858-1939) was born at Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and educated at Annan Academy and Edinburgh University. (M.B., Ch.M., 1880; M.D., 1885.) After holding several hospital appointments he became assistant at Aberdare. In 1887 he came to New Zealand, his family having settled in Nelson in 1885. He was at first superintendent of the Timaru hospital and in 1889 was appointed to the same position at Wellington Hospital, which he controlled until 1909. He then retired and entered into private practice as a surgeon in Wellington. Ewart married (1889) Grace, daughter of Richard Brandon (Kent). He died on 5 Aug 1939.

Evening Post, 5 Aug 1939 (p); The Dominion, 7 Aug.

Reference: Volume 1, page 134

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EWART, MARY (1840-1930) was born in Ireland, and trained at the Royal Hospital, Belfast, in every branch of the nursing profession. For 11 years she was nurse for St Ann's district in Belfast (1875-86). Resigning on account of ill-health, she came to New Zealand and in 1887 was appointed a charge nurse at Christchurch Hospital where in 1898 she became matron. In 1908 she retired to take up private nursing, and for some years before her death, on 22 Jul 1930, she had been living privately.

Cycl. N.Z., iii, (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1924; The Press, 23 Jul 1930; The Dominion, 28 Jul 1930.

Reference: Volume 1, page 134

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EYES, WILLIAM HENRY (1819-1907) was born in Liverpool and educated near Knutsford, Cheshire, after which he was in the office in Liverpool of Gladstone and Sergeantson, cotton brokers. He then sailed for Australia in the Bishop Heber, arriving early in 1839. In 1841 he made a four months' journey overland with cattle and horses to Melbourne, and then entered into partnership with Lord in a cattle station near Batemans Bay.

Shortly afterwards Eyes was induced by his cousin the Rev C. L. Reay to come to Nelson in the schooner Star of China (1845). For seven years he managed a station for George Duppa; was then manager of Richmond Brook and was for some years associated with Charles Empson in the Meadowbank station, which did not flourish. Eyes was member of the Provincial Council for Lower Wairau (1860-71). In 1862 he was illegally elected Superintendent and in 1865 he gained that post in due form, holding it for a little more than four years. While Superintendent he moved the seat of government from Picton to Blenheim. Thereafter he was on the executive from 1871 to 1873. Six years before the provinces were abolished he passed a resolution in the Council calling for their overthrow. Defeating Weld in a parliamentary election, Eyes was M.H.R. for Wairau (1861-71), resigning to become commissioner of lands for the province, a post which he held for two years. He was at different times resident magistrate, coroner, sheriff, receiver of land revenue and returning officer. He died on 12 Apr 1907.

Marlborough P.C. Minutes and Gaz.; Cycl. N.Z., v (p); Marlborough Express, 13 Apr 1907.

Reference: Volume 1, page 134

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EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901) was born at Hornsea, Yorkshire, the third son of the Rev A. W. Eyre and his wife Sarah, daughter of Dr Mapleton, of Bath. Educated at Thorp Arch, at Grantham, at Louth and at Sedbergh, Eyre was fond of handicrafts and fishing. He was disappointed in his hope of obtaining a commission in the army and consequently sailed for Australia at the age of 17 with £400 capital.

After obtaining a little experience as cadet on a station on the Hunter river, dealing and farming on his own account, Eyre conceived the idea of driving sheep overland, first to Port Phillip and then to South Australia. His first drive of 1,000 sheep and 600 cattle to Adelaide by way of the Murray river (1836) was hailed with delight in the latter colony. Early in 1838 he left the Port Phillip settlement for Adelaide in the hope of discovering a shorter route than that by the Murray river. From Mitchell's farthest point he followed the Wimmera in a north-west direction until it was lost in a swampy lake, to which he gave the name of Hindmarsh. Leaving the cattle, he went with two men in search of the Murray, but the loss of his horses compelled him to fall back on Hawdon's route by the Murray river. (See J. HAWDON) His next journey, northward from Adelaide (1839), took him as far as Mount Arden, within sight of Lake Torrens. In Aug 1839 Eyre started again westward from Port Lincoln with four men and two natives. With his company reduced to one black boy he penetrated as far as the border of South Australia. Then he journeyed east from the depot at Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's Gulf. Reaching Arden and Lake Torrens again, he retraced his steps. Convinced by these attempts that it was impracticable to take stock round the Bight, he then recommended exploring to the northward and raised two-thirds of the funds by public subscription. Going by sea to West Australia, he drove stock overland from Albany to Perth early in 1840. Returning to Adelaide, he started again on 18 Jun and proceeded to Mount Arden, hoping that the Flinders range would form a stepping stone into the interior. The limits of his two abortive attempts in this direction he distinguished by the names Mt Deception and Mt Hopeless. Finding his progress barred by a lake, he abandoned his northern search and sent the overseer to form a base at Streaky bay, whither he proceeded by sea. After advancing with one black boy round the Bight until grass and water failed, he tried again with the dray, lost three horses and returned to Fowler's bay.

While the cutter was going back for supplies, Eyre made another effort to advance on horseback, but returned to the bay on 20 Jan 1841. Then he formed the resolve (described by Favenc as 'foolish and inexcusable') to go on alone. On 31 Jan, with the overseer and three native boys, he started on a journey of 800 miles across the desert. After six days without water the horses knocked up. Eyre persisted, but the natives became discouraged, and when still 600 miles from the goal two of them shot the overseer and went off with guns, bread and water. Almost at the end of his resources, Eyre found the ship Mississippi at anchor in Thistle Cove (2 Jun). For 10 days he recuperated his strength prior to renewing the effort. Finally, he reached King George's Sound on 7 Jul, and was back in Adelaide on the 26th.

Eyre was then appointed resident magistrate on the Murray and protector of aborigines, a post he held until 1844. In 1843 he received the founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society in recognition of his explorations. Undismayed by his previous sufferings or by the criticism to which he was subjected, he offered twice in 1844 to lead an expedition from Moreton Bay (Queensland) to the new settlement at Port Essington (on the north coast), but Governor Gipps considered that Mitchell had a prior claim. Accordingly Eyre accompanied Sturt on the early part of his expedition from the Murray to Lake Victoria (1844). Eyre was distinguished for his humanity towards the blacks and his advocacy of their rights against an overbearing white population. It was in this connection that he came in contact with the Governor (George Grey, q.v.), whose good opinion he gained both by his intrepidity as an explorer and by his kind and judicious treatment of the natives.

Eyre returned to England in 1845, taking with him two blacks (with whom he was introduced to Queen Victoria). He now published the journals of his expeditions. The Colonial Office appreciated his services, and in 1846 Earl Grey appointed him to be one of the Lieutenant-governors in New Zealand under the new constitution, Grey being the Governor-in-chief. Eyre arrived in Auckland by the ship Pestonjee Bomanjee (10 Jul 1847) and conferred there with Grey, but did not take his oath of office. He arrived at Wellington, in his own province of New Munster, on 7 Aug, and forthwith proceeded to inspect the Wairarapa, which was just being brought into occupation. He took the oaths on 28 Jan 1848.

Evidence was soon forthcoming of a coolness between Grey and his lieutenant. It may have originated in a despatch which Eyre sent to the Colonial Office without reference to his superior. The difference was obvious when Eyre opposed Grey's provincial councils bill in the Legislative Council. Thereafter Grey would not allow him to exercise any real authority and lost no opportunity of belittling him in public. His action in residing in Wellington for eighteen months and thus rendering Eyre's commission dormant placed his subordinate in an absurd and intolerable position. They were temperaments which could not work well together. Grey was autocratic and overbearing. Eyre was impulsive, fussy and obstinate, and much too fond of writing. He was keenly interested in education and religion for the colonists and in the welfare of the natives. As occasion arose he did not fail to display his energy in action. When Wellington was shaken by a severe earthquake in 1848 he took prompt and effective steps to cope with the emergency, turning Government House into relief barracks for the injured and homeless and taking steps to prevent people from leaving the settlement.

In the purchase of Native lands in the South Island he was energetic and judicious. He made many little explorations, including a hazardous ascent of the South Island peak Tapuaenuku (9,460ft). Although one of the Maori guides met his death by losing his footing on the frozen slopes Eyre claimed to have reached the summit himself. After this mishap the natives refused to accompany him on his proposed journey to Canterbury. On 3 Apr 1850 Eyre was married at Auckland to Adelaide Fanny, daughter of Captain Ormond, R.N., and sister of J. D. Ormond (q.v.).

On the inauguration of the New Zealand constitution early in 1853 Eyre relinquished his post, and sailed from Wellington with his family (22 Apr), revisiting the Australian colonies on his way to England. After a year's leave he was appointed to the governorship of St Vincent, which he administered satisfactorily (1854-60). He was also for part of a year acting Governor-in-chief of the Leeward islands. He then returned to England and in 1862 was appointed by Newcastle as acting-governor of Jamaica. Darling, the Governor, did not return, and in 1864 Eyre was confirmed in the post.

Jamaica was suffering from severe economic depression due to the civil war in the United States. In spite of his sympathetic disposition towards native races, Eyre was soon at loggerheads with the native members of his Legislative Council. One of these, George William Gordon, a man of education and standing, was accused of complicity in a riot which broke out at Morant Bay on 11 Oct 1865 and became so serious as to call for the proclamation of martial law. The suppression of the rising was marked by excesses of a ferocious character.

Commissioners sent out to investigate found that while Eyre had shown praiseworthy skill, promptitude and vigour in suppressing the revolt, yet he had condoned acts of punishment and vengeance against persons (including Gordon) who were not even proved to be guilty. Some blacks were hanged without trial or even accusation and many dwellings were burned. Altogether 354 persons were executed by order of courts-martial; 50 were hanged or shot without trial, 25 were shot by Maroons assisting the Government forces, and 600 were flogged. The infliction of the death penalty was unnecessarily frequent; the floggings reckless and barbarous, the burnings wanton and cruel. Public opinion in England was shocked at the disclosures. John Stuart Mill, Huxley and Spencer associated themselves with a public demand that Eyre be brought to trial. Carlyle, Ruskin and Tennyson sided with the Jamaica committee in his defence. Eyre was recalled and succeeded by Sir Henry Storks, who had been chairman of the commission of inquiry. Together with General Nelson and other officers who had been associated with the courts-martial, he was brought to England for trial. The grand jury threw out the bills, but prosecutions from various sources did not cease until 1869.

Eyre went into a dignified retirement, and in 1872 Parliament paid the expenses he had incurred in his defence. In 1874 he received a pension, upon which he lived uneventfully until 30 Nov 1901, when his death occurred at Walreddon Manor, Tavistock. Eyre was ambitious and full of energy, but his abilities were not of a high order. He had courage to the extent of rashness, but was lacking in judgment and obstinately pushed forward to a goal when the fruits of success were not worthy of the effort expended. Lord Olivier remarks, with some grounds: 'The trouble with Eyre was that he was a morose introvert, self-centred, headstrong, unteachable; whose injustices and misdeeds might be absolved on a contrite plea of invincible ignorance, but could not possibly be condoned administratively by any statesman responsible for the proper staffing of a system of colonial government. His tragedy is that of Ajax mad, blindly slaughtering cattle and sheep in the conviction that they were malignant enemies.'

G.B.O.P.; New Munster Gaz.; N.Z. Gaz; Sinclair papers; D.N.B.; Buick, Marlborough; Eyre, op. cit.; Davis; Thomson; Godley, Letters; Favenc; Grey, Journals; Rusden; Saunders; Olivier (p); Gisborne; Wakelin; Hume (p); Mathieson, The Sugar Colonies and Governor Eyre; Sir Henry Taylor, Autobiography, vol. ii, chapter xix; N.Z. Herald, 7 Nov 1931; Evening Post, 8 Sep 1934 (p).

Reference: Volume 1, page 135

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HUNTLY JOHN HARRY ELIOTT, son of the above, was born in Auckland in 1843 and educated there. He joined the Colonial Secretary's department in 1858, became chief clerk in the Public Works department 1870, and in 1877 Under-Secretary for Lands and Immigration. He was Under-Secretary for Mines when he retired (1905). Subsequently he acted on several royal commissions. A son, Gordon Eliott, was M.P. for Oroua (1925-28).

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; D. Robertson, Early Hist. of N.Z. Post Office (1905); Otago Daily Times, 20 Mar 1883, 18 Sep 1901; N.Z. Herald, 5, 19 Nov, 17 Dec 1892.

Reference: Volume 1, page 131

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