ABBOTT, JOHN (1832-1901) was born at
Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire,
and educated at Halifax Place Academy, Not-
tingham. He joined the staff of the banking
house of Craddock and Middleton... Lough-
borough, and seven years later resigned to pur-
chase a printer's and stationer's business in
Loughborough. There he started the Lough-
borough News. Coming to New Zealand (1864)
he entered into partnership with F. L. Prime
2s grocers, but dissolved after six months and
bought large stocks of merchandise on his own
account. Later he became a business, mining
and financial agent. Abbott was interested in
many philanthropic movements and was the
originator and founder of the Jubilee Institute
for the Blind (1890). He died on 15 Jan 1901.

Cycl..N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 16 Jan 1901.

ABRAHAM, CHARLES JOHN (1814-1903)
wes born at Farnborough, Hampshire, and
was the son of Captain Thomas A. Abraham,
46th Regiment, then on the staff of the
Royal Military College. Educated first at Dr
Arnold's school at Laleham, he went to Eton
(where he played in the XI) and then as
a scholar to King's College, Cambridge (of
which Thackeray was provost). A fine classical
scholar, his Horace and Homer remained
with him throughout life. He graduated
BA. (1837) and M.A. (1840), and suc-
ceeded to a fellowship, which he held until
4850. Ordained deacon in 1838, he was curate
of Headley Downs for a while and then re
turned to Eton as an assistant master. While
there he became the close friend of G. A. Sd-
wyn (qv.). Abraham published in 1846 Ancient

and Modern HistOlY. In 1848-49, while still at
Eton, he was divinity lecturer at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor, and in the latter year he
published the Festival and Lenten Lectures,
delivered in that capacity. Having remained at
Eton long enough to assist in the carrying out
of important reforms in the school, Abraham at
last, in 1850, fulfilled a longstanding promise
by coming out to Auckland to accept the post
of chaplain and principal of St. John's College.
Thencefonvard he was intimately associated
with Bishop Selwyn in the work and organisa-
tion of the Church in New Zealand. In 1853
he was appointed archdeacon of Waitemata.
"When the see was subdivided Abraham was
nominated as the first Bishop of Wellington,
and he was consecrated at Lambeth in 1858
along with his friend Edmund Hobhouse (qv.),
who had been designated first Bishop of Nelson
In the new diocese Abraham took a firm stand
for justice for the Maori people in the war.
In 1870 he resigned the see to accept Selwyn's
invitation to be his assistant bishop at Lichfield
Two years later he was presented with the
prebendial stall of Bobenshall in Lichfield
Cathedral, and in 1876 Selwyn gave him a res-
dentiary canonry, which he held till 1890. He
was rector of Tatenhill, Staffordshire (1875-76)
and resided for the last few years of his life
with his son, Bishop C. T. Abraham (then vicar
of Bakewell). He died on 4 Feb 1903. Abraham
married in 1850 Caroline Harriet, daughter of
Sir Charles T. Palmer, of Wanlip Hall, Leices-
tershire; she died in 1877, leaving an only son
Abraham was a total abstainer and an advocate
of temperance. His work for Eton College is
commemorated by a marble slab and effigy in

 

-----------------------Page 17 End-----------------------

 

 

ACLAND

the college. The foundation of Sewyn Col-
lege, Cambridge, was due to the joint efforts of
Sir William Martin (qv.), Hobhouse and Abra-
ham.

D.N.B.; Davis (p); Tucker; Selwyn, Annals;

Jacobs; Maxwell Lyte, History of Eton.
ACLAND, JOHN BARTON ARUNDEL (1823-
1904), the first of the Aclands in New Zealand,
was a scion of an old Devonshire family, the
Dyke Aclands of Columb John. He was the
sixth son of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th bar-
‘onet Of Killerton. His ancestor's house at Col-
umb John was destroyed in the Cromwellian
wars, and the Parliament fined him £3,000.
Acland of Canterbury was born at Killerton,
educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, Ox-
ford. He graduated B.A. with honours in
mathematics (1845) and in due course took his
‘M.A. He proceeded to study law, was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn (1849) and entered
into practice in London. Dissatisfied with his
prospects at the bar, and not caring for London
life, he spent his vacations in Switzerland, Nor-
‘way, the Orkneys and Shetlands.

The Aclands had taken notice of the pro-
posed Canterbury settlement through C. G.
Tripp (q.v.), who in 1850 thought seriously of
joining the Canterbury Association. Acland
made the acquaintance of Godley, Fitzgerald,
Selwyn, and Sir George Grey and decided to
give up his practice and become a sheepfarmer
in New Zealand. He and Tripp took passage in
the Royal Stum"t, which sailed from London in
Oct 1854, and reached Lyttelton in the first
week of 1855. As soon as possible they made a
journey through north Canterbury as far as the
Conway river, visiting many stations. Acland
went as cadet to H. J. Tancred at Malvern
Hills, and Tripp to W. J. Burke at Halswell.
In Mar they went with Burke carrying stores by
bullock dray to his station on the Opihi; and
in the spring they set out to look for country
up the Rangitata and Ashburton rivers. In May
1856 they started their own station at Mount
Peal, and during the next three or four years
increased their holding to about 250,000 acres,
including Mount Peel, Mount Somers, Mount
Possession, and Orari Gorge. They were the
‘first runholders in Canterbury who conceived
that the hill country overlooking the plains
could be successfully stocked with sheep. As all
the lower country had already been taken up
they made extended explorations up the gorges

ACLAND

of the Rangitata, Ashburton, and Orari rivers,
and burned a good deal of country in prepara-
tion for their occupation. Mount Peel carried
4,100 sheep in 1857 and 2,700 the following
year. It was another ten years before the back
part of this station was stocked by Acland him-
self.

Acland and Tripp, coming from traditional
land-owning families in England, understood
the duty and the policy of encouraging their
employees to settle down and bring up their
families on the property. They built cottages
for the men and encouraged them to deal in
stock on their own account and to become |land-
owners, Acland in 1868 erected a stone church
at Mount Peel capable of seating 80 persons. In
1862 they dissolved the partnership. Acland
took the Mount Peel property of 100,000 acres
which he had named Holincote, after the
family seat in Somersetshire (1856). While pay-
ing close attention to his run, he aways found
time to do what one in his position regarded as
his public duty. He never stood for the Pro-
vincial Council, but he took a leading part in
the affairs of his own locality and of the colony.
On his suggestion the first agricultural show was
held (1859)... He wished it to be on his property
at Mount Peel, but the northern stockowners
objected to driving their animals so far, and
the meeting was held at Benjamin Moorhouse's-
station at the Rangitata.

Early in 1864 Acland was elected a member
of the Geraldine road board. Next year Weld,
wishing to have a representative of south Can-
terbury in the Legislative Council, nominated
Acland, and he remained an active member for
34 years until advancing age prompted him to
resign (1899). He was chairman of the Mount
Peel road board from its inception in 1870 until
1900. He was a fellow of Christ's College (1873-
78), a member of the board of governors of
Canterbury College, and of the senate of the
University of New Zealand, from which he reo
tired to visit England. (1877). He was one of
the founders of the Christchurch Club. Acland
was prominent in the councils of the Church of
England, of which he was aways a devout suP-
porter. As a licensed lay-reader he preached
regularly at Mount Peel and Peel Forest. He
was for many years a member of both the dio-
cesan and the general synod and was mainly
responsible for the erection of the church at
Fendalton

2

 

 

ADAM

Acland married (1860) Emily Weddell, eldest
daughter of Bishop Harper. He died on 18 May
1904 (see W. EMPSON).

Col. Gent.; Acland; Scbolefield in The Pl'eSS, 5
Jul 1980 (p); The Press, 19 May 1904.

ADAM, JAMES (1822-1908) was born in
Links street, Aberdeen, and received the usual
Scots schooling up to the age of 10. He was
then apprenticed to a rope-spinner. At 17 he
went to the south of England and worked for a
year on railway construction. He then had some
experience as a shipwright in Aberdeen. In his
twenties he was precentor of the Free West
Church. Adam tells in his book, Twenty-five
Yeal'S of an Emigrant's Life in New Zealand
(1876), how one evening when passing along
Belmont street he heard that Dr Burns and Dr
Aldcorn were to speak in the Free Church on
the Otago scheme. He went to the meeting and
heard them, and aftenvards had an interview
with the speakers and made some suggestions.
This produced a letter from the Edinburgh
office of the Otago Association offering him a
free passage to New Zealand on condition that
he remained in Otago for a certain period.
‘Adam sailed With his wife in the Philip Laing
(20 Nov 1847). Two days after the selection of
town lands in Dunedin Adam had granted to
him at £4 per annum the lease of a section at
the corner of High and Princes streets. There
was a fine clump of mapau trees on it, and
‘Adam lopped the branches of those that stood
in suitable positions and left them standing as
the corner posts of his house. The others were
used in the building, Native builders inserted
wands between the uprights 12 inches apart and
laced long swamp grass into them. At the sale
of town lands Adam's section was baught over
his. head. He worked at his trade as a ship-
wnght and boatbuilder; built a ship or two,
and planned a sawmill and flourmill for Valpy
im the Leth valley. He also acquired at Ander-
son's Bay a small farm, at which he worked in
his spare time. He was precentor and bell-
ringer at Fmt Church, the dual position yield-
ig a salary of £10 per annum. Adam owned a
small lighter, the Queen. He was pilot for the
upper harbour and in 1856 piloted the ship
Gzt Blas, 175 tons, to an anchorage within 400
yards of the Dunedin jetty, thus solving; the
problem of navigating the upper harbour. In
1855 he recovered from the harbour near Port
Chalmers the safe stolen in the robbery of tlle

ADAM

c.ustomhouse. Searching the bays from his
lighter he detected it, half submerged, and res
cued it with practically the whole of the £1,400
that it contained.

In 1853 Adam was elected to the first Otago
Provincial Council, being second on the poll.
During debates in the Provincial Council he
complained of the slow settlement of the pro-
vee, declaring that it would take 4,000 years
at the eXisting rate to occupy the whole of their
lands. The Council decided to open an office
in Edinburgh, and Adam was sent to take
charge of the work in Great Britain. James
Barr.remarks that she was well fitted by un-
weaned energy and ability to set forth in
graphic and forcible terms the benefits which
the working man might derive from emigration.
A great qualification he possessed, too, in being
able to speak from practi.cal experience and per-
sonal observatlOn, and m himself was a strik-
ing, though by no means uncommon or ex-
aggerated, example of the inducements which
the province held out to the intelligent, hard-
working and persevering among the working
classes’ A vote of £25,000 was provided and
‘Adam wes absent until Jun 1857. Two months
after his arrival in Scotland 220 emigrants were
ready to sail. He returned by the Jura with 304
fellow-passengers, making a total of 2,017 souls
who had sailed under his auspices in eight ships.
There were fears during 1858 that the supply
of labour would not easily be absorbed. At a
public dinner at which he was entertained on
his return Adam said he hoped to see Otago
raised from the sixth to the third position
amongst the provinces of New Zealand. Some
time later, at the invitation of Taieri facmecs,
he visited Auckland, where there was surplus
labour, to induce some of the men to move to
Otago. About 100 accepted his invitation.

Adam had represented the Eastern Division
of Dunedin in the Provincial Council in 1853.
On his return to Otago he was invited to go in-
to the Council again but, wishing to go on the
land, he sold his Anderson's Bay property to W.
H. Cutten (1859) and bought about seven
square miles in south Tokomairiro, where be-
fore long he was running 4,000 sheep. Two
thirds of the Jand was arable, but the discovery
of gold put agriculture out of the question; his
men went to the diggings and Adam spent long
hours m the saddle looking after his flock.
‘When gold was discovered on his own property

 

-----------------------Page 18 End-----------------------

 

 

ADAMS

at Adam's Flat 700 miners agreed to pay him a
royalty of 2/6 a week each to dig there, but the
payments were so irregular and the business so
troublesome that he was glad to exchange the
land with the government for twice the area
elsewhere. His homestead was at Bon Accord,
south Tokomairiro.

In various capacities Adam continued to do
public service. In 1863 he was road claims com-
missioner. After contesting the Tokomairiro
seat more than once he was again returned to
the Provincial Council (1864-67). He was twice
a member of the executive government (under
Paterson in 1864-65, and Miller in 1865-66). In
1873 he was again appointed emigration agent
for the provincial government and succeeded in
directing to Otago a large portion of the emi-
gration under the Vogel policy. In 1876 he pub-
lished the book already mentioned.

‘Adam married, first Margaret Milne (Aber-
deen), who died in 1856; and later Jessie Esson,
who died in 1914. He died on 27 Mar 1908.

Otago P.C. Proc; Hocken; Mcindoe; G. Brown;
Otago Witness, Il Oct 1858, 28 Mar 1898; Otago
Daily Times, 26 Mar 1908; Scholeidd in Otago
Daily Times, I1 Apr 1930 (p).

ADAMS, ALEXANDER SAMUEL (1861-1937)
was born at Taieri Mouth, his father, John
James Adams, having arrived in Otago in 1848.
Educated at’ the Stone school in Dunedin
(while Sir Robert Stout was a teacher there),
he decided at the age of seventeen to become a
lawyer and entered the office of his brother (J.
A. D. Adams). On passing his final examination
in 1883, he received the Canterbury Law Socie-
ty's honours certificate. Having been admitted,
he entered into a partnership with his brother
which lasted till 1910. In 1888 he successfully
conducted the Roche case, in which it was held
that a married woman could not hold a pub-
lican's license. His opponent was Stout, then
at the height of his fame at the bar. In 1919
‘Adams took his two sons into the firm. In 1920
he became crown solicitor in Dunedin (in
succession to W. C. Macgregor), and a few
months later he was appointed a judge of the
Supreme Court. Adams was deeply interested
in social movements, especially temperance. He
was president of the New Zealand Alliance and
of the Otago and Southland No-license Coun-
cil; of the Council of Churches (1903-04) and
of the Baptist Union (1905-06). He married

ADAMS

Margaret, daughter of John Boyd (Tapanui).
He died on 10 Sep 1937.
Who's Who n1z., 1908; The Press, I1 Sap 1907.

ADAMS, ARTHUR HENRY (1872-1936) was
born in Lawrence, the son of C. W. Adams
(qv.), educated at Wellington College, the
Otago Boys High School (1886-92) and Otago
University. He graduated B.A. in 1894 and
spent three years studying law but abandoned
it eagerly on being offered a position on the
literary staff of the Evening Post, then edited
by his uncle, E. T. Gillon (q.v.). During these
years he contributed original prose and verse
and he wrote the libretto of a Maori comic
opera, Tapu, which was produced with success
in Australia’ Adams then became associated
with J. C. Williamson as dramatic secretary and
devoted his spare time to writing plays and
pantomimes. In 1899 he published Maoriland
and Other Verses. On the outbreak of the
Boxer war in China he was appointed war cor-
respondent for the Sydney Morning Herald and
some New Zealand papers (1900-01). He was
invalided from China with enteric fever and
proceeded to England, where for the next few

years he was engaged in writing and freelance:

journalism. He published there a volume of
verse, The Naza,"ene 1902, and his first novel,
Tussock Land 1904. His earnings from litera
ture were, however, not adequate to maintain
him and he returned to New Zealand in 1905
and became associate editor of the New Zea-
land Times. His bright topical columns in that
paper were a feature of New Zealand journal-
ism. In 1906 Adams published London Streets
and in the same year returned to Sydney and
accepted a post on the Bulletin, for which he
eventually wrote the Red Page. He also worked
on the Lone Hand and was for a short time
editor of the Sydney Sun. In 1908 he married
Lilian Paton. Among his novels were Galahad
Jones 1910, A Touch of Fantasy 1912, Grocer
Greathea,"t 1915, and Honeymoon Dialogues
(published in 1911 under the pseudonym
‘James James.) He wrote many full-length
plays, including M,s. Pretty and the Premier,
whidl was successfully produced by Artliur
Bourchier in London. Among his latest work
was an autobiographical volume A Man's Life.
Much of Adams's verse was of a very high order,
notably the collections which he published
while in London. His prose was particularly

4

ADAMS

graceful, the product of an extremely selective
and sensitive mind, which showed little diminu-
tion in quality in spite of his great output.
Adams died on 4 Mar 1936.

Otago H.s. Reg.; Annals N.Z. Lit. (p); Adams,
op. cit; Evening Post, 5 Mar 1936 ; Sydney Morning
Herald, 5 Mar 1936.

ADAMS, CHARLES WILLIAM (1840-1918).
Born at Buckland, Tasmania, Adams was the
son of the Rev H. Cay Adams. He was edu-
cated at Campbelltown School, Tasmania, and
in 1859 entered the survey department of
Victoria as a cadet. Two years later he re
turned to Tasmania, and in 1862 left for New
Zealand, settling in practice in Dunedin as a
partner of W. H. Pilliet (q.v.). The partner-
ship being dissolved, Adams entered the sur-
vey department of the province of Otago. A
year or two later he went to Wellington and
entered the service there. In 1867 he was re-
moved to Otago, where he rose to the position
of chief surveyor in 1885. In 1897 he was
appointed chief surveyor and commissioner of
crown lands in Marlborough, which position
he held until his retirement in 1904, when he
went to live at Hutt. Adams was a man of
high scientific attainments and took a keen
pioneering interest in astronomy. He was ap-
poited m 1879 the first geodesical surveyor in
Wellington. In 1884 he observed the transit of
Venus and total eclipse of the sun. He was
for some years in charge of the Government
Observatory, which was then situated on Mount
Cook (Wellington), and collaborated by tele
graph with an observer in Sydney in the task
of ascertaining the true latitude of Wellington.
ThIS was finally established with an error of
only seventeen feet between the Sydney and
Wellington observations. Adams also discovered
an error in the position of a star according to
the Nautical Almanac and, the report being
verified by Important observatories elsewhere,
the position was duly corrected. In 1888 with
an officid party he surveyed the Sutherland
Falls, the height of which he calculated to be
1904 feet. He sowed garden seeds and planted
strawberries and raspberries in the Fiords. For
many years Adams edited the New Zealand
Surveyor, to which he contributed many articles.
He died on 29 Oct 1918 Adams married
Eleanor Sarah (who died on 11 Dec 1934),
Sister of E. T. Gillon (q.v.).

ADAMS.

MCHutcheson, Camp Life in New Zealand, p. 89;
Jourdain; Otago Daily Times, 27 Sep, 29 Oct 1888,
11 Jan 1892; Evening Post, 29 Oct 1918; The Dom-
inion, 18 Dec 1934,

ADAMS, HENRY was a prominent lawyer in
Nelson for many years. He was elected to the
first. Nelson Provincial Council. for Nelson,
which he represented from 1853- to 1873. As
provincial s6ticitor (then and for many years
later), he was a member of the executive in
4854 and again 1865-73, and was deputy-super-
intendent in 1869.

ADAMS, ROBERT ALBERT (1842-1904) was
born in the vale of Clwyd, ‘Wades, a son of the
Rev Edward Adams. Educated in Flintshire,
he was apprenticed to a draper in Liverpool.
In 1862 he emigrated to Melbourne, and in the
same year came to New Zealand. He was on
the Otago and Thames goldfields and took part
in the Waikato war (including Orakau) as a
private in the militia After the war he took
up land in Waikato, but soon spent a year or
two in Canterbury, and in 1868 again enlisted
(in the Armed Constabulary) for the war on
the West Coast. He was present at Nukumaru.
In 1874 Adams commenced a drapery business
in Patea, where he was for many years a leader
in local government. A member of the town
board, he was afterwards for six years mayor.
He was also on tlle scllOol committee (eight
years chairman), the Patea harbour board
(1877-78), Wanganui education board, hospital
and charitable aid board (some time chair-
man), and chairman of directors of the Hurley-
Vitle Dairy Co. In 1883 he married a daua-hter
of Daniel Smith o

C)d. NZ, vi.

ADAMS, THOMAS WILLIAM (1842-1919)
was born at Gravely, Huntingdonshire, and
educated at a private school in Cambridge and
aftenvards at tlle British and Foreign Normal
School, Borough Road, London. Coming to
Canterbury in 1862, he took up land at Green-
dale in 1865 which he farmed successfully for
many yeas At an early date he planted
shelter belts of trees, devoting much study to
ascertain the best varieties for the conditions.
In this way he created fine mixed plantations
and a collection of exotic trees and shrubs
which was then the largest in New Zealand.
His researches Witll regard to the Monterey

 

 

-----------------------Page 19 End-----------------------

 

 

 

ADAMS

pine (pinus radiata) constituted an important
advance in New Zealand forestry, establishing
this as a valuable timber tree for New Zealand.
In 1897 he became a member of the Philo-
sophical Institute of Canterbury. Many of his
papers on tree culture appeared in the Trans-
actions Of the New Zealand Institute, the jour-
nal of the Canterbury A. and P. Association,
and the report of the Australasian Association
for the Advancement of Science (1904). In
recognition of his services he was elected an
honorary member of the Royal British Arbori-
cultural Society and a life member of the New
Zealand Forestry League. Adams was a mem-
ber of the Courtenay road board (1875), of
the Greendale school committee for 35 years
(and its first chairman), and the North Canter-
bury education board from 1892. (chairman
1897-1905). He was for twenty years from 1896
a governor of Canterbury College, to which he
left 100 acres of planted land at Greendale, his
entire collection of trees and shrubs and the
sum of £2,000 as the nucleus of a forestry
school. He was a member of the Royal Com-
mission on Forestry (1913). He was a Baptist
and a temperance advocate. Adams died on |
Jun 1919. He married Miss Pannett.

Acland; Trans. N.Z. Jnst., vol. 51 (p); Who's
Who N.z., 1908; The Press, 2 Jun 1919.
ADAMS, WILLIAM (1811-84) was born at

Upton, Herefordshire, the son of Miles Adams,
a lawyer. In 1850 he came to Nelson in the
Eden, and shortly aftenvards went to Marl-
borough and took up the Redwood run in the
Avondale valley. A leader of the separation
movement, he was elected to the first Marl-
borough Provincial Council for Wairau Valley,
which he represented till 1862. Adams was the
first Superintendent of the province, but re-
signed the superintendency to accept the post
of commissioner of crown lands. He contin-
ued a member of the executive until Jan 1862
when, his salary having been reduced by the
opposition party in the Council, he resigned and
left the province to practise law in Nelson,
where he founded tile firm of Adams and King-
don. He represented Picton in Parliament
(1867-68). He retained his pastoral run on the
north bank of the Wairau river, where he died
in 1884 (see W. A. B. ADAMS).

Marlborough P.C. Minutes and Gaz; Cycl. N.z.
v (p); Buick, Marlborough

6

ADAMSON

ADAMS, WILLIAM ACTON BLAKEWAY
(1843-1924) was born at Wilden Manor, Wor-
cestershire, the eldest son of William Adams
(a.v.). Coming to Nelson in the Eden in 1850,
he was educated at Nelson College (1857-59).
In 1862 he was admitted a barrister and solici-
tor and he then went to England and studied
for two years at the Inner Temple. He married
a daughter of Dr T. R. Leadam, of London.
Returning to Nelson in 1869, Adams was junior
partner in his father's firm for some years.
Early in 1873 he was elected member of the
Provincial Council for Nelson City, and during
stormy debates in the Council he fought out the
question of responsible government against the
executive and the superintendent of the day.
He took a leading part in the Nelson and West
Coast railway league and drew up a scheme for
the construction of the line by means of land
grants, a plan adopted later in the case of the
Midland railway. In 1878 Adams purchased
from the Hon N. Edwards his share in the
Tarndale station, and some time later acquired
the balance of the property. In 1878 also he
entered Parliament as member for Nelson after
a hard fight with Col Pitt (q.v.). He was re
elected in 1879, but resigned in 1881 owing to
ill-health. Adams consistently supported the
Hall government.’ Mter a prolonged visit to
Europe he returned and took up his residence
in Christchurch (1883), practising in partner-
ship with T. |. Joynt and afterwards with Kip-
penberger. Here too, he became a member and
chairman of the Railway League. Adams added
considerably to his landed interests, acquiring
the Molesworth run, Hopefield and Woodbank
in Amuri, Island Farm and Salop Downs, and
finally Motunau. At one time he was shearing
75,000 sheep, but he suffered considerable losses,
through rabbits. Acton Adams died on 19 Jan
1924.

Parltry Record; Acland; Nelson Coll. O.£. Reg
Portrait: Parliament House.

ADAMSON, THOMAS (1847-1913) was born
and educated at Wanganui. At the age of 16
he joined the militia and he served in
the East Coast expeditionary force in 1865-66.
He was in the Wanganui Rangers in 1866, and
the Wanganui cavalry in 1868. An expert bush-
man who fought in the Maori manner, he was
associated with Keepa’s Wanganui contingent in
the fina chase of Titokowaru to Whakamara,

 

A'DEANE

and was awarded tlle New Zealand Cross. Adam-
son was then enrolled in tlle corps of guides
(1869). He was severely wounded at Ahikereru
on 7 May. After the war he farmed at Moa-
whango,

N.Z. Army records; Cowan (p); Cycl.N.Z.

A'DEANE, JOHN (1826-89) was born at Ash-
cott, Somersetshire, his father being an army
surgeon named Tucker. Educated at Grosvenor
College, Bath, he spent some years in the Taun-
ton branch of a banking house of which his
uncle was a director. He came to New Zealand
in 1855 with his only brother and for some
years they gained experience on Hawkes Bay
stations, chiefly in the Waipukurau district. He
then took up an extensive property which he
called Ashcott and converted into one of the
finest stations in the province. He contested the
Napier seat in Parliament (1861). In 1863 he
visited England, and while there changed his
name to A'Deane, and married a daughter of
Robert Deane Bayly, Kilcott, Gloucestershire.
He was in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council
for Waipukurau (1859-62). Mter his return
from England he represented Hampden (1867-
71), Te Aute (1871-75) and Ruataniwha (1875-
76). For most of this time he held some offioa
He was speaker from 1867 to 1871 ; was in the
executive in 1869, and was again speaker when
the provincial period was closing. A'Deane died
‘on 31 Aug 1889.

Cycl.N.Z., vi (p); London Gaz., 3 Nov 1865;
Hawkes Bay Gaz., 20 Feb 1866; N.z. Gaz., 13 Mar
1866.

1E AHU KARAMU' (or Hukiki te Ahu), a
chief of the Ngati-Raukawa, was an older
brother of Te Whatanui. When Te Rauparaha,
having undertaken the heke to Cook Strait, met
with difficulties there he appealed to Ngati-
Raukawa at Maungatautari to come to his help.
The first appeals failed, but at length Te Ahu
Karamu collected a taua of 120 and marched
southward. A progressive and successful leader
in these southern wars, he was so pleased with
the country that he returned for the rest of his
tribe. They were reluctant to move until he
ordered the young men to burn down the huts.
Te Ahu was joined by Whatanui and accom-
panied by Te Heubeu from Taupo. He par-
ticipated in the sale of Manawatu to Colonel
Wakefield (1840), and in 1842 he accompanied
GC. H. Kettle on his exploration of Manawatu

AITKEN

and Wairarapa. After Wairau Te Ahu fierdy
disagreed with Te Rauparaha and threatened
to lead his men back to Maungatautari. He
aftenvards lived at Ohau and suffered great
deprivation and disappointment over the land
disputes. In pre-pakeha days he was a cruel
and merciless warrior, and in tlle early pioneer
days he generally comported himself arrogantly
towards the“whites. His eldest son, Wahine-iti,
eagerly embraced Christianity. In 1843, when
not yet fourteen years old, he accompanied E.
J. Wakefield to Taranaki.

NZ.C. reports; E. J Wakefidd, Adventure;
Buick, M:anawatu; S P. Smith, Taranaki

TE AHURU (?-1824), a Ngati-Apa chief in the
early nineteenth century, was captured when
his people were defeated by the Rangitane at
Pohangina, but rescued in a later surprise
attack. Resenting the action of Whanganui in
preventing the Ngarauru coming to his aid, he
got help from the NgatiKahungunu and other
‘Wairarapa tribes and surprised the Whanganui
at the mouth of the river. He took several up-
river pas, sent back his prisoners to Rangitikei
and then turned on the Rangitane, who fled
through the Manawatu gorge. There was con-
siderable slaughter on both sides. Te Ahum
later joined with the Muaupoko and Rangi-
tane against the Ngati-Tu at vVaitotara, but was
defeated and retired. He was one of the first
chiefs to fall at Kapiti in the combined attack
on Te Rauparaha.

Downes; Buick, Old New Zealander:

AIKMAN, JOHN CAMPBELL came to Canter-
bury with his brothers in the first years of the
settlement and took up Mount Fourpeaks sta
tion in 1858, selling it a year or two later. They
had a wharf at Heathcote before the railway
was constructed and when freight was brought
by sea over the bar at Sumner. Aikman repre-
sented Heathcote in the Canterbury Provincial
Council (1863-65). He was aftenvards in busi-
ness in Christchurch as an auctioneer and was a
lieutenant in the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry.
His home was in Aikman’s road, which was
named after him.
Aciand.

AITKEN, JOHN GUTHRIE WOOD (1849-
1921) was the sou of a farmer at Park Kilchen-
zie, Kintyre, Argyllshire, and received his educa-
Don at Campbelltown Grammar School. Instead

-----------------------Page 20 End-----------------------

 

 

 

 

 

AKERSTEN

of becoming a farmer he entered the Glasgow
office of James Templeton, carpet manufactur-
ers, and was later connected with the London
branch for twelve years. There he met George
Wilson, with whom in 1882 he established a
business in Wellington, the firm being known
as Aitken, Wilson and Co., general merchants.
In 1900 Aitken was elected mayor of Welling-
ton and he held the position unopposed until
resigning in 1904. He was a member of the har-
bour board during the same period. In 1902 he
was elected to Parliament for Wellington City
and in 1905 for Wellington East. He retired in
1908 and in 1914 was called to the Legislative
Council, of which he remained a member until
his death (on 17 Aug 1921). He was a prom-
inent member of the Presbyterian Churcll, and
in 1917 was elected moderator of the General
Assembly of New Zealand. Aitken was chair-
man of directors of several important com-
panies, and took a great interest in education
and philanthropy. He was chairman of the
Wellington education board for some years and
of the Wellington College board of governors,
and was associated with the founding of the
Boys’ Institute and the activities of the Y.M.C.A.
Aitken was unmarried.

N.z.P.D., 22 Sep 1921; Cyel. N.Z., i; TVho's TVho

.Z., 1908; Evening Post, 17 Aug 1921; The Dom-
inion, 18 Aug. Portrait: Parliament House.

AKERSTEN, WILLIAM (1825-1905) was born
in England. He served his apprenticeship as
a shiprigger, then went to sea, gaining a mas-
ter's certificate; was a master rigger and steve-
dore in London and owned small vessds in
Australia. In 1855 he came to Nelson on be-
half of James Henty and Co., Melbourne, to
adjust the insurance on the damaged wool
cargo of the Aden. He subsequently bought the
schooner Maid of Alicante and brought goods
and passengers to Nelson. Having made some
study of civil engineering, he built the Napier
wharf at the port. He had a good business as
a ship chandler, stevedore and marine surveyor.
As superintendent of public works for the pro-
vince he designed many bridges and proposed
cutting through the Boulder Bank. Akersten
was a member of the board of works (1869),
of the borough council (1886-1903), and the
licensing committee. He was M.P.C. for Nelson
(1865-68), and stood for the superintendency in
1869 (Curtis 894, Akersten 374, Gibbs 293). He

ALDIS

arrested Bully Hayes at Croixelles on behalf of
the owners of his ship and brought him to
Nelson. Akersten died on 11 Mar 1905.
ParUry Record; Cyel. N.Z., v (p); Broad; The
Colonist, 13 Mar 1905 and JUbilee Souvenir.

ALDIS, WILLIAM STEADMAN (1839-1928)
was a son of the Rev John Aldis, a Baptist
minister, and was (according to The Times)
the doyen of a noted family of mathematicians,
including five high wranglers, among them the
inventor of the Aldis lens and unit sight.

Born in London, Aldis was educated at the
City of London School and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he entered in 1858 and was
senior wrangler of his year in 1861. The Times
says: ‘His success was indirectly of public im-
portance. No one could take a fellowship in
any college without signing a declaration that
he was a bona fide member of the Church of
England. For 13 years Trinity had failed to
secure a senior wrangler. In 1860 there was
Stirling, who was afterwards Lord Justice, but
he, being a United Presbyterian, refused to
sign the declaration. In 1861 Aldis made the
same refusal. This succession of brilliantachieve-
ments, coupled with the subsequent conspicu-
ous success of Aldis's two younger brothers, set
on foot an agitation which ended in the aboli-
tion of the religious tests at both Oxford and
Cambridge in 1871.

Aldis remained at Cambridge as a private
mathematical tutor for some years. In 1870
he was appointed professor of mathematics and
physical science at the new college at New-
castle-on-Tyne (now Armstrong College) and
he was principal of this institution when he
received the appointment as professor of mathe-
matics at Auckland University College. He mar-
ried (1863) Mary, daughter of the Rev William
Robinson, also a Baptist. Mr and Mrs Aldis
were leading advocates of the higher education
of women and drew up a petition for the
admission of women to examinations and de-
grees in the universities which was extensively
signed throughout the United Kingdom. ‘Fhe
outcome of this movement was that women
were allowed to compete in the Tripos exam-
inations on the same terms as men.

Aldis's connection with Auckland University
College terminated in 1894 as the result of a
difference with the council. He then returned

 

ALDRED

to England and spent some years at Oxford
employed as an examiner for the universities.
On his retirement he resided in Tenterden,
Kent, where he died on 7 Mar 1928. Aldis was
not only a man of very wide general know-
ledge, but he had a particularly lovable and
unselfish nature, and was greatly interested in
political and social movements. His books on
Solid Geometry and Optics were for many
years standard works.

Auckland Univ. Calendar; A. and M, Aldis (in-

formation); N.Z. Herald, 27 Nov 1893; The Times
(London), 13 Mar 1928.

ALDRED, JOHN (1818-94) was born at Stut-
ton, Suffolk, where he was qualifying for the
"Wesleyan ministry; he was ordained at Bristol
on 4 Sep 1839. Having been selected with
several others by the centenary conference at
Liverpool for missionary service in the South
Sees, he sailed in the brigantine Triton, 119
tons, accompanied by the Revs Buddle, Turton,
Smales and Buttle.

Arriving at Hokianga on 8 May 1840, Aldred,
with Buttle and Ironside, proceeded to their
station at Ahuahu, near Kawhia. Here he made
quick progress in mastering the Maori language.
Travelling on foot to the southern settlements
of Taranaki and Wanganui, the three mission-
aries fell in with a large number of prisoners
captured by the Waikato in recent raids upon
the Taranaki tribes. They secured the release
of many of them and accompanied them back
to tlleir homes in Taranaki. In return the
Maori tapued 100 acres of land for the purposes
of the mission. At Oeo Aldred narrowly escaped
evil consequences from having unwittingly used
for kindling purposes sacred wood from a wahi
tapu. Having reached Waitotara in three
months from Kawhia, they returned by foot in
three weeks and sailed shortly afterwards in the
Magnet for their southern stations. Aldred
reached Port Nicholson on 23 Dec 1840 and
took up his abode at the Te Aro pa as the first
resident Wesleyan minister in Wellington. On
46 Jun 1842 he sailed for the Chatham islands
in the schooner Blossom (which was wrecked
shortly after her arrival). He was the first
clergyman to visit these islands. The 600 Maori
to whom he ministered had come from Tara-
naki eight years earlier, having sold their guns
and potatoes to induce Captain Howard to give
them a passage in his brig. They found 300

9

ALEXANDER

Moriori, whom they enslaved. On 24 Feb 1843,
shortly before the Wairau affray, Aldred left
Wellington to take charge of a mission at Nel-
son. In 1849 he was appointed to the Hutt, but
before taking up his new post he visited Auck-
land. He remained at the Hutt until Mar 1854,
when he moved to Canterbury as the first resi-
dent Wesleyan minister in Christchurch. He
martied a daughter of the Rev Walter Lawry,
superintendent of the mission. After opening
the first Wesleyan chapel in Canterbury he
moved in 1859 to the Hutt, in 1862 to Welling-
ton, and in 1864 to Dunedin. While there he
travelled far and wide on the goldfields, and
while riding over the hills from Port Chalmers
to Dunedin met with an accident from the re-
sults of which he was compelled to retire from
regular service in 1867. Thereafter he did con-
nexional work for the remainder of his life and
took a keen interest in the British and Foreign
Bible society and tlle female refuge. He died
on 12 Jan 1894.

Morley (p); W. J ‘Villiams (p); Buller; M. A
R. Pratt (information); Lyttelton Times, 13 Jan
1894.

ALEXANDER, ALEXANDER (1820-73) was
one of the earliest agricultural and pastoral
settlers in Hawkes Bay and was on the com-
mission of the peace in 1858. He originally set-
tled in the Poraite district and was believed to
be the first settler to graze stock on the -Wha
rerangi hills. He was also a storekeeper and
trader and had an intimate knowledge of the
language and customs of the Maori, over whom
he exercised a considerable influence. Alex-
ander made an early journey from Napier to
Auckland to open up a mail route. He was an
advocate of separation, and when Hawkes Bay
became a province he was elected to the first
Provincial Council for Napier Country, which
he represented from 1860 to 1862. In 1861 he
was a member of the executive. Alexander died
‘on 25 Jul 1873.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Pmc.; TVaka Maori, 1873, p.
105; Hawkes Ba)’ Herald, 29 Jul 1873.

ALEXANDER, JAMES (1818-95) was born in
Scotland and came to New Zealand in the
MaTtha Ridgway (1840). He was for a little
while in the Wairarapa and then settled in
Wanganui as manager for W. B. Rhodes, for
whom he carried out several army contracts.
Later he undertook contracts with F. Y. Leth-

-----------------------Page 21 End-----------------------

 

 

ALLAN

bridge and D. Peat (with whom he was after-
wards in partnership for many years). Alexan-
der died on 15 Jul 1895.

Cycl. N.Z., i (P).
ALLAN, JAMES (1824-91) was born in Irvine,
Ayrshire, the son of John Allan (1791-1863) of
Belifield, Taieri. Brought up at Irvme,
he came to Nelson with his parents in
the New Zealand (1842) and in 1846 went to
Otago with a party which had contracted 10
survey a large block including the Clutha dis-
trict. Allan brought the plans to Dunedin early
in 1847 and shortly afterwards returned to Nel-
son, where his father had a small farm, and

rsuaded them all to go to Otago: They sailed
Fn'the schooner Emdy, 12 tons in Apr 1848,
accompanied by J. C. Smith (q.v.), who had a
quantity of merchandise, produce and bUIIding
material. Together Snuth and Allan started a
store and bakery. In 1851 Smith retired to go
on land at Hopehill, Taieri, which in tlle fol-
lowing year he transferred to Allan. A few years
later they were in partnership in a run near
Tokomairiro, and in 1855 made a journey to-
gether to Riverton for cattle, which they. drove
back. The run contained 13,000 acres, mclud-
ing Gabriel's Gully and the Woolshed. About
1860 Allan sold out to John Martin (q.v.) and
shortly afterwards the run was resumed for min-
ing purposes. Allan now devoted his attention
to the freehold at East Taieri, which he in-
creased eventually to 5,000 acres. He was a
successful farmer and breeder. In 1864 he was
captain of the East Taieri Rifles and a leading
marksman. In 1870 he was elected M.P.C. for
Taieri, which he represented to 1875. He was
a member of the Taieri county council, the
Grey road board and the school committee. Al-
lan married (1850) Jane, daughter of Richard
Sutcliffe (who arrived in the Ajax, 1849). He
died on 5 Jul 1891. (See G. M. THOMSON.)

Otago P.C. Proc; J. A. Thomson (p); James
Smith in Evening star, 23 Mar 1898; Otago WIt-
ness, 23 Mar 1898 (P); Otago Daily Times, 7 Jul
1891.

ALLEN, EDMUND GmLETT (1844-1909)
was born in Somersetshire, and arrived in New
Zealand in 1863 after having spent ten years in
Tasmania. Within a few years he became en-
gaged in railway contracts on the. Wellington-
Hutt and Waipukurau-Takapau hnes and the
line between Sawyer's Bay and the PurakanUI

ALLEN

tunnel, in Otago. When this contract was fin-
ished in 1875, Allen settled in port Chalmers,
where he was interested in stone work and
quarrying. For 10 years (1884-94) he was mayor
of Port Chalmers and in 1896 he was returned
to the House of Representatives as member for
Waikouaiti. He sat continuously ull 1908, re-
presenting Port Chalmers from 1902. He -had
the support of the Workers’ Political comnuttee
in 1902 and 1905. For many years Allen was
chairman of the dock trust, and he had a seat
‘on the harbour board. He was a strong advo-
cate of a modern dock at Port Chalmers capabl.e
of accommodating ocean-going steamers, and It
was largely due to his efforts that this end was
achjeved. He had a retiring disposition and
performed his public duties quietly and un-
ostentatiously. He died on 18 Dec 1909.

Hansard, 20 Dec 1909; Cycl. N.Z., iv (P); Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; Paul, Trades Unionism; Otago
Daily Times, 20 Dec 1909. portrait: Parliament
House.

ALLEN, GEORGE (1814-99) was born at Deal,
Kent, the son of a boatbuilder who took him
as a seven-year apprentice to his own trade. By
tllat time the South Australian Company was
attracting attention and he accepted an engage-
ment to build its boats and small craft.

In 1836 Allen left England in the brig Emma,
160 tons, which six months later cast anchor off
Kangaroo island. There they had to wait two
months for the arrival of the governor (Captam
Hindmarsh) in the last week of 1836. The ex-
pedition then proceeded to establish the colony
and layout the town of Adelaide: With a view
of returning to England, Allen Signed on as a
carpenter on a homeward-bound ship, which
was wrecked at the outset on Encounter island.
He tllen tried the Sarah and Elizabeth, but she
wes condemned, and he had to put in some
time at Hobart at his own trade. Havmg
worked his passage to Sydney he joined the
Orontes, but she too was wrecked (on the north
coast of Australia) and the castaways found
their way overland to Port Essington, where
H.M.S. Alligator lay. Allen was engaged to re-
pair tlle captain's gig and to do Jobs, and .then
found his way back to Sydney, about the nuddle
of 1839. He came to New Zealand in the Ade-
laide, visiting Bay of Islands and. Waitemata,
was back in Adelaide for Chnsunas, and
reached Deal towards the end of 1840. Having
received payment from the Admiralty for work

10

 

ALLEN

done for the AlligatOl', he married Jane Eliza
beth Paul and left for New Zealand in the
Katherine Sua?t Forbes (Feb 1841). He was
“then 26 years of age.

In the alarm of 1846 he had command of a
militia patrol on the outskirts of Wellington.
He worked at his own trade (boatbuilding)
with such success that he was able to retire in
1866, and bought a farm at Waiwetu. Having
now a competence, Allen was elected for Wel-
lington City to the Provincial Council (1861).
He was a member of the committee which de-
cided upon the position of the Queen's wharf,
and it was largely due to his insistence that the
durability of the piles was increased by copper-
ing. He was defeated at the election in 1865.
Allen was a member of the City Council (1876-
83 and 1887-88), and for a few months in 1879
he was mayor of the city. He also served on the
charitable aid board, and was a trustee and
treasurer of the hospital

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; Cycl. N.Z., i (p):
Evening Post, 30 Sep 1929.

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1806-76) seems to have
arrived in Wellington by the Exporter in 1842,
and was on the burgess roll in 1843 as an auc-
tioneer in Manners street. He was a member of,
the Wellington town board, and represented

the City in the Provincial Council (1856-61).

Allen was chairman of the small farms associa
tion (1855-58), and later manager of the land
on deferred payments society, and of the Wel-
lington Trust and Loan Co. He held a unique
position of esteem in political life, exercising
considerable influence even when not in office
or council. Allen died on 9 Jan 1876.
Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; Wellington In-
dependent, 21 Feb 1863; NZ. Spectator, 1854, pass.

ALLEN, WILLIAM SHEPHERD (1831-1915)
was born at Manchester, England, and educated
at Wadham College, Oxford, where he gradu-
ated M.A. He married a daughter of John
Candlish, M.P. for the borough of Sunderland.

In 1865 he was elected Liberal M.P. for New-
castle-under-Lyme, which he represented till
4886. Finding himself unable to agree with his
leaders on the question of Irish home rule, he
became a Unionist. In 1885 Allen visited New
Zealand, and a year or so later he acquired a
property in Piako, where Morrinsville now is
A staunch Methodist, he and his sons were local
preachers and he assisted in establishing Prince

n

ALLOM

Albert College in Auckland. In 1890 Allen was
elected to Parliament for Te Aroha, but un-
seated on petition. He again tried to gain a
seat (for Parnell), but without success. For
some years he was a member of the Piako
county council, from which he resigned on re-
turning to live in England, where he died on
15 Jan 1915. He was deputy-lieutenant for Staf-
fordshire.

His eldest son, WILLIAM Arten (1870-  )
represented Newcastle-under-Lyme in the
House of Commons in 1892-1900 and Stoke-on-
Trent 1931-35. He is a K.C. and was recorder
of Ludlow (1928-32). Another son, STEPHEN
Aten (1882- ) commanded the Auckland
regiment in the war of 1914-18 and was ad-
ministrator of Western Samoa (1928-30.
(D.S.a. 1918; C.M.G. 1919; K.B.E. 1933).

Studholme; Morley; W. J. Williams; Who's
Who NZ., 1932; The Times (London), 16 Jan
1915; N.Z. Herald, 19 Jan 1915.

ALLISON, JAMES (1817-67) graduated in
medicine at Edinburgh, and came to New Zee
land in 1840. He settled on a farm at Lamb
Hill, Wanganui, where he married Georgina,
daughter of J. A. Gilfillan. About 1848 he
moved to Wairau, where he had a falm. This
he sold out in 1855 and returned to Wanganui.
He did not practise medicine and being of a
retiring disposition, took little part in public
life; but he represented his district in the Wel-
lington Provincial Council for several years
(Wanganui and Rangitikei 1861-65; Rangitikei
1865-67). He was an ardent horticulturist. Al-
lison died at St Peter's, West Indies, on 30 May
1867 on his way to England.
Cycl. N.Z., 1; Wellington P.C. Pmc.; Woon.

ALLOM, ALBERT JAMBS (1825-1909) was
the son of Thomas Allom, the artist and archi-
tect who made the lithographic plates for Wake-
field's Adventure in New Zealand (1845). Born
and educated in London, Allom came to New
Zealand as a survey cadet in the Brougham
(which arrived at Wellington in Feb 1842). He
was employed in Manawatu, on the roads to
Porirua and Karori, and in the Hutt valley. In
1841 he was one of the preliminary survey party
sent to Otago in the schooner Carbon. The
staff being disbanded early next year, he settled
in Wairarapa in partnership with John Tully,
another cadet, leasing the Tauanui run from
the natives. Recalled to England on private

-----------------------Page 22 End-----------------------

 

 

ALLWRIGHT

affairs in 1848, Allom spent some time with Ed-
ward Gibbon Wakefield at Boulogne assisting
as amanuensis in producing The A,-t of Colon-
isation (published in 1849). He was associated
with Wakefield in the affairs of the Canterbury
settlement and with Frederick Young in the
shipping arrangements. Having seen the first
four ships off at Blackwall, he was soon after
appointed private secretary to Sir Dominic
Daly, lieut.-governor of Tobago, and a year later
he became colonial secretary in tllat island. He
took part in the defence arrangements in 1853
when relations with Russia became strained,
and was in England on leave when tlle Crimean
war broke out (1855). In 1856 he married
Eliza, daughter of G. W. Horn, of 'Winchfield,
Hampshire, and returned to his post in the
‘West Indies, which he had to resign in 1860
owing to ill-health. Being appointed general
manager and agent of the Great Barrier Land,
Harbour and Mining Co., he came to Auck-
land in the Mermaid (1861). The company
going into liquidation in 1867, he went to
Thames and held various appointments, includ-
ing those of clerk of the court, mining registrar
(1870) and receiver of gold revenue at Mackay-
town (1875). Retiring owing to tlle age limit
in 1886, he lived in Tasmania 1889-97, when he
returned to Auckland. Thereafter he took a
prominent part in public movements, including
the Auckland scenery preservation society
(1899). Allam died on 16 Feb 1909.

Gycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z Company reports; Thames
Jubilee; 11’ho’s Who N.Z., 1908; Roll of Honour,
‘Auckland Centennial

ALLWRIGHT, HARRY (1837-92) came to
New Zealand in the Cressy (1850), worked at
Lyttelton for a few years for his father (a
painter and glazier), on whose death he took
charge of the business. A member of the Lyttel-
ton municipal council (1868), he was on many
occasions on the borough council and was
mayor 1877. In 1879 he was elected M.H.R. for
Lyttelton, which he represented to 1887, de-
feating Murray-Aynsley and E. Richardson. He
was prominent in all sports bodies, president of
the yacht club and commodore of tlle regatta.
He was a member of the charitable aid board
and school committee. Allwright died on 18
Jul 1892.

Lyttelton Times, 19 Jul 1892 Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

AMBURY

ALPERS, OSCAR THORWALD JOHAN (1867-
1927) was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and
educated at Kelskov's grammar school there.
Coming to New Zealand in the Friedeburg with
his parents at the age of eight, he completed his
education at the Napier High School. In 1884
he entered upon his studies at Canterbury Col-
lege, where he graduated B.A. (1887) and M.A.
(1888), with first-class honours in languages and
literature and the John Tinline scholarship.

For three years Alpers was assistant to the
professor of English, J. Macmillan Brown
(q.v.), and he engaged in literary work for the
Christchurch papers, in dramatic productions
and in debating societies. He was some years
(from 1889) master at the Christchurch Boys)
High School, all the time increasing his salary
by journalism. In 1904 he graduated LL.B. and
was admitted to the bar. He practised for some
time in partnership with J. W. White, crown
prosecutor at Timaru, moved to Christchurch
in 1908, and in 1910 joined the firm of Garrick,
Cowlishaw and Co. In 1911 he married Natalie,
daughter of Henry Rose (Dunedin). In addi-
tion to journalistic work, Alpers wrote a good
deal in a better literary style, both to New Zea
land publications and to English reviews. As a
poet he had some standing. His jubilee ode,
written in 1900, struck a high note and he had
poems in College Rhymes (1923) and the
Jubilee Book Of Canterbury Verse (which he
edited in 1900). In 1902 he collaborated with
R. F. Irvine in The Progress Of New Zealand
in the Century, and before his death he com-
pleted a fine volume of personal reminiscences
(Cheerful Yesterdays, 1928).

In 1925 he was appointed to the supreme
court bench. During the war of 1914-18 Alpers
conducted a journal, the Red Cross Recol'd
(the profits of which were expended upon the
Rannerdale home for soldiers), and he was
chairman of a citizens’ committee interested in
a soldiers club. He died on 21 Nov 1927.

Alpers, op. cit. (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1924; N.Z.
Law Jam., 1927; Annals N.Z. Lit; The Dominion,
28 Nov 1927; The Press, 9 Feb 1925, 22, 28 Nov
1927; Lyttelton Times, 22 Nov 1927.

AMBURY, STEPHEN JAMES (1851-1929) was
born at Aston Ingham, Herefordshire, and came
to New Zealand in the British Empire (1880).
After farming at Cambridge, he started a milk
business in Auckland and commenced the
manufacture of butter. He was a pioneer of

12

TE ANAVA

butter exporting and factory manufacture. In
1885 he called a meeting of farmers at Mangere
and offered to erect a creamery if they would
supply the milk. He exported the first ton of
factory butter from Auckland (1899) and was
later associated with the Auckland Farmers
Freezing Co. of which he was an original
shareholder, and director and chairman (1914-
21). In public life Ambury was mayor of New-
ton (1887-90), and a member of tlle Auckland
hospital board. He was an officer of the Pitt
Street Methodist Church and chairman of the
probert Trust. On his death (23 Jul 1929) he
made substantial religious and philanthropic
bequests.
N.Z. Herald, 24 Jul, 3 Aug 1929.

TE ANAUA (also called Tu, and Hori Kingi)
was a prominent Whanganui chief in the early
part of the nineteenth century. He was head
chief of the Ngati-Ruaka and uncle of Keepa te
Rangihiwinui (q.v.). Te Pehi Turoa married
his sister, and with him and Paetahi planned
the attack on Te Rauparaha at Kapiti.

At the time of the invasion of Ngapuhi under
Tuwhare (1819-20) Te Anaua and his brother
were in command of the Whanganui and Ngati -
Hau at Purua when they were attacked by Tu-
whare, who had four muskets. Tuwhare's son
being captured, he gave a suit of armour as
ransom. Having lost two brothers killed by tlle
Amiowhenua expedition at Mangawere (1821),
Anaua followed up the expedition to Mangatoa,
two miles south of Koriniti, defeated it and
continued the chase as far as Taupo, inflicting
some losses on Waikato. He was aftenvards
called Hori Kingi. About 1828, with Pehi Tu-
ma, he attacked a strong position of Ngati-
Raukawa high up the river; defeated them and
returned to Whanganui with his taua of 400.
In the storming of Putikiwaranui (1829) Te
Anaua was spared by Te Whatanui on account
of his consideration for the Ngati-Raukawa. In
4832 he opposed the passage of the heke Tama.
te Vaua.

Te Anaua signed the treaty of Waitangi in
1840 and in the forties was an assessor at Putiki.
In the disturbances of that decade he was
taunted by the natives for taking up arms
against his own tribe. In 1848 he divided the
money received for the sale of 80,000 acres of
land. Donald McLean recommended him for a
pension of £20 as ‘the most tried, faithful and

 

ANDERSON

zealous supporter of the Government.’ This
was granted in 1859. At the conference at
Kohimarama (1860) Governor Gore Browne
gave Te Anaua a staff of honour from the
Queen and others to hand to his brother Ma-
wae, to Pehi Turoa and Aperahama Tipai.
Early in 1865 Te Anaua accompanied Grey to
‘Weraroa to summon the pa to surrender. When
the friendlies from W'hanganui refused to
march with General Chute on the inland route
to New Plymouth Te Anaua, at Featherston's
request, succeeded in persuading them (1866).
He died on 18 Sep 1868.

App. H.R., 1865-68; Cowan, Wars; Downes,
\hitmore.

ANDERSON, ARCHIBALD (1817-1910) was
born at Stirling, the son of John Anderson, who
owned fisheries. After getting a sound Scots
education Archibald helped his father in the
business. He had not turned 21 when tlle New
Zealand Company's agents came to Scotland
and, with the help of his father, he purchased
orders for one town acre in Port Nicholson and
400 acres of rural land

'\Vhen the Bengal Merchant sailed from tlle
Clyde (30 Oct 1839) Anderson was just 22. He
took with him a ploughman (Donald Drum-
mond). Reaching Port Nicholson on 21 Feb
1840, the Scotsmen found that the land was
not available; the surveyors were engaged dse-
where. Anderson allowed his married couple
to take work while he erected a raupo store at
Pipitea Point and invested his capital in a
business which for a year or two thrived. In
4842, in partnership with Andrew Rowan, he
erected a second store in Willis street, but
profits being low they invested in the purchase
of 20 cows and 500 Southdown sheep, which
they depastured on land near Terawhiti (leased
from Dr Evans). During the disturbances in
1845 the graziers abandoned the place and An-
derson left for Otago in the Scotia with John
Jones to prospect the country. He had married
(1844) Anna, daughter of Joseph Miller, a
trader from Sydney (formerly of Bromley,
Kent). Favourably impressed with Otago, he
took up grazing land and chartered two
schooners to convey his livestock-30 cows, two
horses and 500 ewes-to their new range. Rowan
remained in charge of the stock at Otago Heads
for 18 months, bringing in some income by
trafficking with whalers. When Anderson had

18

-----------------------Page 23 End-----------------------

 

 

 

 

ANDERSON

wound up his affairs in Wellington the part-
nership was dissolved, each partner taking half
of the stock. Rowan lost his life on a voyage
to Sydney. Anderson's son, John Crawford
(av.), was born at the Kaik two days before
the arrival of the John Wickliffe. Anderson
now moved to Blueskin, where he spent two
years, but owing to trouble with native dogs
moved his stock to the higher country about
Roslyn, and then to Saddle Hill, where he spent
eight years. During this time he had a store at
Wises corner and he acted as postmaster until
1849.

Having prospected south Otago before the
new settlers arrived, Anderson took up land at
Inch Clutha and Stirling, and in 1850 leased
the Molyneux run of 30,000 acres, upon which
he erected his homestead at Moir's Bush, Bar-
nego Flat. When the land was required for
settlement, he gave up the lease and purchased
the freehold of 2,000 acres between Balclutha
and Tuakitoto lake. He let small farms and
himself farmed 200 acres on Inch Clutha. The
Balmoral property he worked from 1858 until
4880. In his kitchen the first services in Inch
Clutha were held by the Rev W. Bannerman
(q.v.), and the first school. Anderson also held
the Beaumont run till 1860. At Inch Clutha he
operated a ferry for the benefit of the settlers ;
grew and ground his own wheat; he sledged
his family and supplies all the way from Dun-
edin, and shipped produce in his own boat
round the coast to Otago harbour. He was
early prominent in public life. In the Pro-
vincial Council he represented the Southern
District (1853-59). Generally he walked to
Dunedin to attend the meetings. He was
speaker of the Council in 1854 and a member
of the executive (1854-55).

His wife having died in 1860, Anderson re-
tired from public life, except for his interest
in the Inch Clutha church, of which he was an
elder and benefactor for many years. When it
was first built he gave a site of 25 acres. In
1880 he went to live at the Hermitage, Inch
Clutha, where he died on 13 Sep 1910.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken, Otago; Beattie; Otago
Witness, 9 Mar 1893; Schoteidd'in Otago Daily
Times, 23 Aug 1930 (p).

ANDERSON, GEORGE JAMES (1860-1935)
was born at Back Creek, Bendigo, Australia,
and came to New Zealand in 1862 with his
parents, who were attracted by the gold rush at

ANDERSON

Gabriel's Gully. He attended the Lawrence
school until the age of 14, when he began work
as a compositor's apprentice. In 1890 he mar-
ried Mary Annie, daughter of Edward Ball.

After experience on the mechanical side of
several newspapers, Anderson became business
manager of the Zvlataura Ensign, Gore, and in
1908 took control of the editorial department.
In the same year he was elected member of the
House of Representatives for Mataura (defeat-
ing a stlOng opponent), and he held this seat
continuously until he was defeated in 1928 (by
D. McDougall). Anderson was for some years
a member of the Gore High School board of
governors, and of the Southland education
board. In 1920 he accepted a portfolio (as Min-
ister of Internal Affairs) in the Massey Govern-
ment. Besides that office (which he held 1920-
21), he was Minister of Labour (1921-25), and
Minister of Marine in 1922. In the Coates
Government (1925-28) he was Minister of Lab-
our and of Mines, and was for a time Minister
of Pensions and of the Government Printing
and Publishing department. After his defeat
in 1928 he was called to the Legislative Coun-
cil (1929), of which he was a member till his
death (on 16 Dec 1935).

Iho’s Tho N.Z., 1982; Otago Daily Times, 17
Dec 193 (p).

ANDERSON, HENRY (1838-88) was born at
Glasgow, educated there and trained as an
analytical chemist. He was for a while a pupil
of Dr MacAdam. Before coming to New Zea
land (1858) he contributed a good deal to the
papers in Rothesay and made a voyage to China
with his brother (a sea captain). Anderson
spent two years with a sister in Rangitikei be
fore coming into contact with T. W. McKenzie
(q.v.), who appointed him in 1863 editor of
the Wellington Independent. He was a vigor-
ous and forceful writer and made his influence
felt in provincial politics. With C. Roe and
Ji and E. Bull he founded the Advertiser
(1869), which only lasted a year or two. He
was editor of this paper and later of the Even-
ing Post and the Chronicle, He married in
1864 a daughter of Henry Schultze (Welling-
ton). In 1869 he was elected M.P.C. for Wel-
lington, which he represented to 1871. He died
‘on 20 Jul 1888.

Ward; N.Z. Times, 14 May 1879, 21 ut 1888;
Evening Post, 20 Jul 1888.

14

ANDERSON

ANDERSON, JOHN (1820-97) was born at
Musselburgh, Scotland, and at an early age
moved with his parents into the city of Edin-
burgh, where he got; not without difficulty, the
usual education of an unendowed Scots boy.
Apprenticed to a blacksmith, he worked from
six in the morning until the same hour in the
evening. He attended evening classes at the
school of arts, and gained his diploma and
medal. For some time after the expiration of
his apprenticeship he worked in Edinburgh.
Then he went to Liverpool, and obtained em-
ployment in a large shipbuilding yard. In 1847
he married at Edinburgh Jane Gibson, and thus
came into touch with a Scots gentleman (Mr
Dalmahoy), who was prominent in the councils
of the Free Church. This friendship was a tang-
ible influence in his later life.

Anderson became interested in the Otago
settlement scheme of the Church. He did not
join the pioneers, but in the next few years
made up his mind to come to New Zealand,
and was accepted as a settler under the Church
of England association which was colonising
Canterbury. Anderson and his wife and their
eldest son sailed in the Sir GeOl'ge Seymour
Arriving at Lyttelton (Dec 1850) he walked
over the hills to call upon the Deans brothers
(qv.) at Riccarton. Encouraged by their confi-
dence, he decided to start in business at Christ-
church rather than at Lyttelton and promptly
set up his forge at 'The Bricks, the terminus
on the Avon of the waterway from Lyttelton.
There he was fully busy and occasionally in the
evening walked across the hills to Lyttelton and
carried back the bar iron required for the next
day's work. In 1852 Anderson purchased se-
tion No. 877 in Cashel street, and laid the
foundations of the Canterbury ironworks, with
his residence adjoining. The business grew
steadily, and in 1857 he imported engines, boil-
es, and furnace for the first foundry. He oper-
ated the first forge; built the first hoiler and
imported some of the first ploughs and harvest-
ing machines into the province. Anderson sent
his two eldest sons to Scotland to complete their
education at the Merchiston Castle school. The
eldest trained as a mechanical engineer and the
second as a civil engineer. The firm not only
made boilers, engines, bridges, dredges, viaducts,
flourmilling and flaxmilling machinery, but
actually undertook the construction of railways.
In 1885 they completed the Rakaia-Ashburton

15

ANDERSON

Forks branch. In 1887 they undertook a con-
tract for tlle line from Te Kuiti to the Mokau
river. Having in 1887 opened an engineering
shop in Lyttelton, in 1890 they launched the
steamer John Anderson for the Peninsula trade.
In the following year they did an important
repair job on the steamer Duke of Buckingham,
and later similar work on the Fifeshire and the
Tomoana. If 1900 they built the dredge John
Townley for the Gisborne harbour board. They
built bridges and viaducts in all parts of New
Zealand, including the Beaumont bridge over
the Clutha river, the Waiau bridge, many
bridges on the Midland railway, and several of
the North Island viaducts, including those at
Makatote and Mangatera.

While steadily building up his business, An-
derson was elected a member of the first town
board in Christchurch (1862) and five years
later, when Christchurch became a municipal-
ity, he was elected to the council, and presided
at the first meeting. In 1868 he succeeded to the
mayoral chair. When Anderson was about to
pay a visit to the United Kingdom in 1875 the
citizens of Christchurch presented him with a
sufficient sum of money to get his portrait
painted by a leading artist in Great Britain (A.
Glasgow). Just before leaving he cooOperated
with Reeves, Peacock, Gould, Coster, and others
in the flotation of the New Zealand Shipping
Co., of which he was a director almost to the
time of his death. He was an original share-
holder, and an early director of the Christ-
church Gas Co., an original director of the
Christchurch Press Co., and a director of the
Union Insurance Co. He was one of the first
members of the Lyttelton harbour board, first
chairman of the licensing committee, for some
time chairman of the chamber of commerce, and
a strong supporter of the Canterbury A. and P.
association. He was one of the founders of
the Mechanics’ Institute, which was eventually
merged in the Christchurch public Jibrary. An-
derson was instrumental with others in bringing
to the province its first Presbyterian minister
(tlle Rev Charles Fraser), and he was a trustee
of tlle property of the church. It was largely
due to his exertions that a high school was
established under the auspices of the church on
the Lincoln road.

Mrs Anderson died in Mar 1894, and Ander-
son on 30 Apr 1897. (See JoHN ELMSLIE).

His son, JOHN ANpERson (1850-1934), who

-----------------------Page 24 End-----------------------

ANDERSON

was educated at Merchiston Castle, became
chairman of directors of the firm. He was a
member of the Christchurch City Council (1923-
25) and many years a director of the New Zea-
land Shipping Co. and The Press Co., presi-
dent of the Agricultural and Pastoral assoéaUon
and a life member of the council of Canterbury
University College.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); The Press, 30 Apr 1897, 21
Dec 1925; Scholefidd in The P*ess, | Nov 1930 (p).

ANDERSON, JOHN CRAWFORD (1848-1930)
was born at Maori Kaik, Otago, the son of
Archibald Anderson (q.v.). Educated at Inch
Clutha school and Otago Boys’ High School
(1863-64), he worked on his father's farm and
as a carrier to the goldfields. At the age of 20
he leased 2,000 acres from his father. He was
engaged opening up an antimony mine in the
Lammerlaw range, but returned to farming and
shepherding in Marlborough. In 1883 he en-
tered into partnership with James Horn (qv.)
in a general store at Quartzville (Bannock-
burn). He contested the Bruce seat unsuccess-
fully against Donald Reid in 1885 and in 1887
(having sold his business and settled at Inch
Clutha) he stood as a Stout-Vogel candidate and
was successful. He retired in 1890 and devoted
his attention to his business as a stock and sta
tion agent in Oamaru. Returning to Stirling,
he contested the Bruce seat in 1899 against
James Allen. Anderson was a member of the
Clutha river board, the Otago land board (1911-
15), the Stirling school committee, and the
Anglican diocesan synod (1910-23), a life mem-
ber of the Clutha and Matau A. and P. society,
a director of the South Otago Freezing Co., and
of the Stirling dairy factory. He married (1893)
a daughter of Henry Hamilton (London). His
death occurred on 12 Nov 1930.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Otago ‘Witness, 18 Nov
4930 (P). Portrait: Parliament House.

ANDREW, JOHN CHAPMAN (1822-1907)
was the son of the Rev James Andrew, vicar of
Whitby. Educated at Sedbergh school and at
University College, Oxford, he graduated B.A.
in 1844 and M.A. in 1847 (with honours in
dassics and mathematics). In 1845 he was
elected a fellow and tutor of Lincoln College,
but resigned the fellowship on his marriage in
1856 to Emma, daughter of the Rev H. Fendall,
vicar of Crambe, Yorkshire. He was ordained

ANDREWS

deacon (1847) and priest (1848), and appointed
vicar of St Michael's, Oxford.

In 1856 Andrew emigrated to Canterbury in
the Westminster, and made some explorations
in the Mackenzie country and the Southern
Alps. In 1857 he leased the Otamatata run, on
the upper Waitaki, which he held till 1866,
when he moved to the North Island, purchas-
ing 18,200 acres at Castlepoint, upon which he
resided after his return from England (1869).
He gave the run the name .Ica,’ from his
initials as stencilled on his wool bales. Andrew
represented Wairarapa East in the Wellington
Provincial Council (1867-75) and Wairarapa in
Parliament (1871-77). He was chairman of the
‘Whareama road board, a member of the Castle-
point county council and of the first Wellington
education board. From 1876 to 1886 he was
headmaster of Nelson College, resigning his seat
in Parliament to attend to this duty. He was
‘one of the founders of the University of New
Zealand, and was a member of tlle senate
(1874-1907), and vice-chancellor (1885-1905).
While in Nelson he assisted to found the Nel-
son Philosophical Society. In 1880 he married
(secondly) Emily Sarah, daughter of John Mor-
gan (Hobart). About 1895 Andrew retired
from farming and resided thereafter at Otaki,
where he died on 7 Dec 1907.

Nelson Call. Reg.; Wellington P.C. Pmc.; Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; Col. Gent.; Cycl. N.z., i; Hocken,
Otago; John Wilson; J Park in Otago Daily
Times, 25, 26 Mar 1925; N.Z. Times, 9 Dec 1907.
Portrait: Parliament House.

ANDREWS, JOHN (1842-1932) was born in
Somersetshire, England, and came to New Zea
land in the Timandra. He was educated at a
private school and afterwards at a night.school
in New Plymouth, while he worked with his
father, an orchardist, at Hurdon. In the Tara-
naki war, after being several times rejected as
too young, he served under Atkinson. He was
present with the militia and volunteers at Wai-
reka, Huirangi and Te Arei and employed in:
the convoy of stores. Mter the war he went to
the South Island, visiting Gabriel's Gully and
finding employment at sawmilling in Canter-
bury and the West Coast. Having married
(1865) Emily Young (Aberdeen), he returned
to Taranaki and took up land at Huirangi,
where their child was baptised by Whiteley
(1866). Andrews's first earnings were invested

16

  

 

 

ANDREWS:

in the purchase of draught bullocks. He was
greatly interested in public affairs, being a mem-
ber of the road board and cemetery board at
Huirangi, the education board (1885), the
hospital board and the Taranaki county coun-
cil. He represented Grey and Bell in the Pro-
vincial Council (1873-75). Andrews died in Apr
1932.

Taranaki P.C. Minutes; Taranaki Herald, Apr
1962. Portraits: Taranaki Hist. Coll; General As
sembly Library,

ANDREWS, SAMUEL PAULL (1836-1916)
was born in Isle of Wight, educated at private
schools and leartred the trade of plasterer. For
ten years (1854-64) he was in Victoria, at first
mining. and later as owner of a threshing plant.
He then came to New Zealand, under contract
to the Union Bank of Australia to plaster their
buildings in Auckland, Nelson and  Christ-
church. He also plastered the Exhibition build-
ing in Dunedin (now part of the public hospi-
tal).

Settling in Christchurch, Andrews became a
member of the Provincial Council, representing
City of Christchurch (1872-75). He also repre-
sented Christchurch City in the House of
Representatives from 1879, but was defeated
for the North Christchurch seat in 1881. He
sat on the Christchurch City Council for three
years (1884-87). He was a prominent temper-
ance advocate for over 40 years. He took an
active part in establishing the Independent
Order of Good Templars, being at one time
chief templar, and he was interested in found-
ing the Sons of Temperance, of which he was
patriarch. For five years he was champion oars-
man of Christchurch, and later became vice
president of the Christchurch sports associa.
tion. Andrews married (1863) Elizabeth Ann,
daughter of B. Gahagan. Until his death on
18 Oct 1916, he was a stone-quarry owner and
contractor.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Jun 1917; Cycl. N.z., iii (p); Who's

Who N.z., 1908; Lyttelton Times, I] Sep 1879;
The Press, 19 Oct 1916. Portrait: Parliament
House.

ANGAS, GEORGE FRENCH: (1822-86) was
born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, the son of George
Fife Angas (1789-1879), who was associated
with the South Australian Land Co., and
whose information of the designs of the French
(in Dec 1838) hastened the action of the Col-

APATU.

onial Office in gaining possession of New Zea
land. Educated at Tavistock for business, his
tastes were artistic, and he studied lithography
and anatomical drawing. Going to South Aus-
tralia in 1843, he accompanied Governor Grey
on some of his explorations, making sketches
and drawings. He came to New Zealand in
1844, and made many pictures in the North
Island, notab(y about the Taupo district, which
he used for his great work, The New Zealanders
Illustrated (published in London in 1847), and
Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New
Zealand (1847). Angas spent two years in
South Africa doing similar work. He was secre-
tary of the Australian Museum in Sydney from
1853, and returned to England in 1861, where
he died on 8 Oct 1886

Austral. Encycl.; Angas, op. cit.; Loyau; Hodder,
George Fife Angas, 1891

TE AO, TE PUKE (1834-86) a chief of Ngati-
Raukawa, came early under missionary influ-
ence and was a capable, efficient sheep farmer
at Otaki. He was M.H.R. for the Western
Maori from 1884 till his death (on 23 Oct
1886).

His relative, ROPATA Te Ao, who was the son
of Te Aotuta-hanga and Te Raute, represented
the Western Maori in Parliament from 1894-
96. He was an elder of the Ngati-Raukawa
and also belonged to Otaki. He died on 23
Apr 1908.

Cowan and Pomare, Legends of the Maori; S
P. Smith, Wars; Te Korimako, 15 Dec 1886; N.Z
Herald, 23 Aug 1884.

APATU, PAORA (?-1875), a Wairoa chief, the
son of Te Apatu, was descended from Kahu-
ngunu and Ruatapuwahine. When Pomare at-
tacked the Ngati-Kahungunu in Kaimango pa
(1818-19) the defenders stole the Ngapuhi
canoes, in which Te Apatu put to sea to escape
the vengeance of the northern taua. He was
drowned on the Wairoa bar in 1854. Paora
Apatu and Kopu (q.v.) in 1866 sold the land
on which Wairoa stands. He stood out against
the Hauhau invasion and strengthened his pa
as soon as the emissaries entered the district.
In the campaign against Te Kooti, Apatu and
‘Whanga led their contingents in the pursuit
from Wairoa (Jul 1868). They were present at
Whiunore's first assault at Makaretu, though
too late to take part. Apatu had not much in-

7

 

-----------------------Page 25 End-----------------------

 

ARATAPU

fluence and could muster only 25 men to

accompany the friendlies in the '‘Vaikaremoana

expedition (1870). He died in Oct 1875.
Lambert; Cowan

ARATAPU, RUKA (2-1904), an East Coast
chief and one of the lieutenants of Ropata
Wahawaha, first distinguished himself at the
siege of Ngatapa in 1868. With Ropata and a
small force he pursued the Hauhau close up
to their defences and fought them muzzle to
muzzle across the first wall. Climbing a tree,
he fired again and again at the defenders, ignor-
ing Ropata's orders to come down. He was also
in the second attack on the stronghold. In
4870-71, with the rank of lieutenant, he served
under Ropata and Porter in the long pursuit
of Te Kooti. On | Sep 1871 he was prominent
in the fight at Maungapohatu, where he and
Lieutenant Large commanded the right centre
party of 20. All but eight of the defenders were
captured, Te Kooti having escaped down a cliff
at the first alarm. Large and Aratapu were then
left in garrison in the Opokere pa. Later they
held the new military post at Hinau-Piwai,
Maungapohatu, until Nov 1871, when all forces
were withdrawn. His father was of the Ngali-
Maniapoto tribe (King Country) and: his
mother of Ngati-Porou. He married Harata
Parata, of the Ngati-Ira sub-tribe of Ngati-
Porou, and his wife accompanied him on some
of the campaigns in which he took part. After
peace was re-established Ruka. was engaged in
trade and at one time kept a hotel near Port
Awanui. He died at Gisborne on 13 Feb 1904.

Lambert; Cowan, Wars; do. Sketches (p); Sir
Apirana Ngata (information).

ARKWRIGHT, FRANCIS (1846-1915) was born
at Church Mayfield, Staffordshire, the son of
the Rev Godfrey H. Arkwright, of Sutton Scars-
dale, and great-great-grandson of Sir Richard
Arkwright, the inventor. He was educated at
Eton and held a commission for some time in
the 100th Regiment (Royal Canadians). He
was a J.P. for Warwickshire and the North
riding of Yorkshire, and lord of the manor of
Churchover, Warwick. In 1874 he was elected
MP. for East Derbyshire, which he continued
to represent as a Conservative until 1880. He
then came to New Zealand and took up a

property near Marton, which he called Over-
ton.

ARMSTRONG

Arkwright took an interest in New Zealand
politics and stood for Rangitikei on two occa
sions as a supporter of Seddon rather than as
a Liberal. In 1887 he was defeated by R. C.
Bruce and John Stevens, and in 1890 by D. H.
MacArthur. At the nomination in 1887 he
protested against the ‘meaningless sham of
nomination at the hustings: which he said had
been abolished in England 20 years earlier, and
he refused to address the electors first as reo
quired by the alphabetical order usually ob-
served. Called to the Legislative Council in
1895, Arkwright moved the address-in-reply in
the following session. He was a staunch sup-
porter of Liberal legislation and made one of
his best speeches in support of the old age
pensions bill, warning members that though
they might throw such a measure out again and
again they would eventually be compelled to
pass it. He was reappointed to the Council in
4902, and resigned four years later on going to
reside in England. He died at Bournemouth
on! Mar 1915.

Arkwright married first (1868) Louisa, daugh-
ter of Henry J. Milbanke, and second (1875)
Evelyn Addington, daughter of Viscount Sd-
mouth. As a freemason he was the founder
and first master of lodge Marton-Ruapehu
(1885) and was grand master of the Wellington
district (E.C.) from 1893-1900. During this
period articles of recognition were made be-
tween the grand lodge of New Zealand and the
united grand lodge of England. An accom-
plished French scholar, Arkwright made a
translation of the memoirs of the Due de St
Simon which was published after his death. He
once hunted a pack of harriers in Derbyshire;
was a keen fisherman and a first-rate shot with
both gun and rifle.

Hansard, 13 Dec 1897; A. E. Currie (informa.
tion); N.Z. Chess Book, 1922. .

ARMSTRONG, GEORGE (1822-1905) was born
at St Johns, Nova Scotia. He first visited Banks
Peninsula in command of a trading brig, and
left his ship, the Phoenix, at Hawkes Bay in
1846. While in command of the ‘Wellington
schooner Edward Stanley, engaged in carrying
stores for the troops at Wanganui, he was
courtmartialled for taking his vessel to the res-
cue of a settler who was attacked by natives.
Armstrong married Miss Cummerfield (Foxton)
and settled in Akaroa, taking the Bruce hotel.
Returning from a visit with his family to

18

 

ARMSTRONG

America, he bought tlle schooner Mary Louisa
at Sydney and traded between Wellington and
Akaroa. He bought land at German Bay, and
established the Mount Vernon homestead, after-
wards acquiring other land from the Govern-
ment. Armstrong represented Akaroa in tile
provincial Council (1861-62) and Wainui
(1862). Early in 1866 he was elected to Par-
liament for the same constituency, which he
represented till 1870. He died in i905

His son, GEORGE ARMSTRONG (1853-1932) was
first elected in 1879 to the Akaroa borough
council, on which he served for fifty years (for
nearly 30 years of which he was mayor). He
represented the borough on the North Canter-
bury hospital board and the Banks Peninsula

power board, and was chairman of the Akaroa:

High School and a member of the Wainui road
board. In 1879 he married Mary, daughter of
Captain Robert Gray (Nelson). His death
occurred on 6 Nov 1932.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; J Hay; Akaroa Mail, 8
Nov 1932; L)'ttelton Times, 7 Nov 1932.

ARMSTRONG, HENRY represented Wallace-
town in the Southland Provincial Council in
1864; New River (1864-67), and Invercargill
(1867-69). He was a member of the executive
for almost the whole of that period and in
1868 was deputy-superintendent for J. P. Tay-
lor.

Southland P.C. Proc.

ARMSTRONG, JOHN PHILIP (1828-1906) was
born in Wexford, Ireland, and trained as a
chemist in Dublin, where he qualified as a den-
tist. In 1848 he went to America, returning to
Ireland in 1850, and emigrating almost at once
to Victoria, where he spent ten years on tile
goldfields practising as a dentist. The gold dis-
coveries at Gabriel's Gully attracted him to New
Zealand and he established himself in Dunedin
in 1861. He represented Mount Ida in the Pro-
vincial Council (1871-73 and 1875). Armstrong
was a prominent freemason (a founder of lodge
Dunedin) and was keenly interested in crema-
tion. He published in the Otago Daily Times
his reminiscences of The Adventw'es of an Irish
Pilgrim. His death occurred on II Feb 1906.

Gycl. N.Z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 26 Feb
1906.

ARNEY, SIR GEORGE ALFRED (1810-83) was
born at Salisbury, England, in 1810, the seventh

ARNEY

and youngest son of William Amey, of The
Close, and Maria Charlotte, daughter of
Thomas G. White, of Kew. His father was a
lawyer with a good practice and steward of
several large landed estates. Educated at Win-
chester and at Brasenose College, Oxford, Arney
excelled in classics. He graduated B.A. in 1832
and M.A. the following year. He was admitted
to Lincoln'(Inn in 1829 and was called to the
bar at Easter Term 1837. For some years he
went the Western circuit and attained a lead-
ing position at the bar. In 1835 he married
Harriett (d. 1842), daughter of Captain Thomas
Parr, R.N.

After practising for more than twenty years,
and being recorder of ‘Vinchester, Arney was
appointed on 2 Sep 1857 to be Chief Justice of
New Zealand, on the recommendation of Mr
Justice Coleridge. When he arrived at Auck-
land early in 1858 by the Gertrude, he was the
only judge in the colony. Arney was an able
lawyer, absolutely impartial, a man of great re-
finement and a Christian gentleman; modern
in his outlook, gentle almost to timidity; a
lover of the classics and art. Under him the
New Zealand courts led the way in the fusion of
law and equity. Immediately on his arrival in
New Zealand he was called to the Legislative
Council. He intervened in debate rarely, but
aways with a sense of conviction and earnest-
ness. In his first session he protested against the
Government's expecting the Council to come
to a decision without sufficient information, and
objected to ‘holding a position something be-
tween a registration officer and a printer's devil’
(6 Jul 1858). He spoke chiefly on legal meas-
ures, of which in those days there were many,
and on 13 Aug 1861 persuaded the Council to
reaffirm a resolution of 1856 that judges of the
supreme court should not be removable except
by Her Majesty or on an address from both
houses of Parliament, and that judges should
be appointed only on the recommendation of
a judge of the superior court in England. One
of his most noteworthy speeches in Parliament
was delivered on 30 Aug 1860 in a debate on
the Maori war. In a dignified and impassioned
plea for social justice to the Maori he declared;
“| should hold the entire province of Taranaki
hardly worth the cost of one year's contest:

In 1862 Arney was knighted. He was absent
from the Council for two consecutive sessions,
and early in 1866 he resigned his seat. In 1873
he was for a few months administrator of the

19

-----------------------Page 26 End-----------------------

 

ARNOLD

government. On 31 Mar 1875 he retired on a
pension, and on the eve of his departure for
England he received a flattering testimonial of
esteem from the citizens of Auckland and from
the Provincial Council. Sir George on return-
ing to England lived chiefly at Torquay, and
continued to take a lively interest in colonial
matters. By the death in 1879 of his brother,
Colonel Arney (who was in New Zealand with
the 58th Regiment), Arney inherited consider-
able property. He died on 7 Apr 1883, and was
buried in Salisbury Cathedral.

N.Z.P.D.; Cycl. NZ., ii (p); App. H.R., 1874,

‘A5; University Registry, Oxford; Morton; N.Z.
Herald, 31 Aug 1865, 11 Apr 1883. Portrait: Gen-
eral Assembly Library.
ARNOLD, JAMES FREDERICK (1859-1929)
was born at St Peter's Port, Guernsey, the son
of Julius Arnold, a lawyer, with whom he came
to New Zealand in 1864. In 1875 he was ap-
prenticed as a clicker in the bootmaking in-
dustry in Christchurch. There he remained till
1882, when he took an engagement with Sa-
good, Son and Ewen, in Dunedin:

In Christchurch Arnold was an active mem-
ber of friendly societies, including the LO.G.T.
and the A.O.F. In 1890 the bootmakers’ union
agreed to admit clickers to membership, and
Arnold attended the first federal conference at
Wellington. In 1891 he distinguished himself
as a debater in a conference with employers,
and for some years thereafter he presided at
such meetings. In 1896 he conducted the boot-
makers’ disputes before the conciliation board
and in the Arbitration Court subsequently he
successfully raised the question of jurisdiction.
In 1898 Arnold was elected president of the
union, which he represented for a time on the
Workers’ Political committee and the trades and
labour council. Elected to Parliament in 1899
as one of the representatives of Dunedin City,
he sat continuously (for Dunedin City 1899-
1905, Dunedin South 1905-08, Dunedin Central
1908-II), until he was defeated by Sir Charles
Statham. For some years he was chairman of
the labour bills committee. Arnold was a mem-
ber of the Mornington school committee, and
the school committees’ association; of the Morn-
ington borough council (for six years); and of
the executive of the Dunedin technical classes
association. For some years before his death (on
10 Jul 1929) he was officer in charge of the
labour bureau at Timaru. He married (1884)
Isabella Lawden.

20

ASHCROFT

N.Z.P.D., 30 Jul 1929; Cycl. N.Z,, iv; Otago Daily
Times, 11 Jul 1929.

ARNOLD, THOMAS (1823-1900), a son of Dr
Arnold, of Rugby, was born at Laleham, Mid-
dlesex, when his father was rector there. Edu-
cated at ‘Winchester and Rugby, he was a con-
temporary of Thomas Hughes and at University
College, Oxford, of Clough, Jowett and Shairp.
He graduated in 1845 and commenced to read
law, but accepted a post in the Colonial Office
(1847). In 1848 he came to New Zealand in the
John Wickliffe, expecting to take up land pur-
chased by his father from the New Zealand
Company. He exchanged his father's sections
at Makara for land on the Porima road, but
the trustees forbade the exchange. On the ad-
vice of Domett he started a school in Nelson,
but was soon attracted to Tasmania by the offer
of a position as inspector of schools (1849).
His book, Passages in a Wandering Life, pub-
lished in’ 1900, gives interesting sidelights on
New Zealand society in the forties. Becoming
a follower of the Oxford Movement, Arnold
left Tasmania for England in 1856 and joined
the Roman Catholic church. He was professor
of English literature at the Roman Catholic
University in Dublin. There he wrote his
Manual of English Literature, Historical and
Critical. He followed Cardinal Newman to
Edgbaston, teaching at the Birmingham Ora-
tory School. In 1882 he was elected a fellow
of the Royal University of Ireland, and ap-
pointed professor of English in University Col-
lege, St Stephen's Green. Arnold brought out
editions of many English classics. He died on
12 Nov 1900. His eldest daughter was the
novelist, Mrs Humphrey Ward.

D.N.B.; Hocken, Bibliog.; D. Cowie in NZ. Rail-
ways Magazine, Jan 1937.

ASHCROFT, JAMES (1834-1911) was born
and educated in London, and for fourteen years
worked in the mercantile firm of Redfern,
Alexander and Co. He came to New Zealand
in the Kensington (1862) and after a year with
Peacock and Co., Christchurch, he was eleven
years in business as a grain and produce mer-
chant in Oamaru. He represented the town in
the Otago Provincial Council (1869-70). For
five years he was with Cargill and Co. and the
National Mortgage Co., in Dunedin, and he
then joined the Otago Daily Times, which he
edited (1878-83). Appointed officid assignee,

 

ASHWELL

he was stationed in Dunedin for nine years,
and in Wellington until he retired (1908)
Over 3,000 bankruptcies came under his super-
vision. A member of the Church of England,
Ashcroft was closaly associated with the Sun-
day school movement, and was a member of the
diocesan synod of Otago. His publications in-
clude a collection of Fugitive Poems on local
topics, and two short pampWets on Ritualism
and Auriferous Resources of Otago and South-
land. He died on 23 May 1911.

Cycl. NZ, 1; Who's Tho N.Z., 1908; Paul; Ash
croft, op. cit.; Otago Daily Times, 23 May 1911.

ASHWELL, BENJAMIN YATES (1810-83).
a frail youth, joined the Church Mission-
ary Society at the age of 21, spent two years
in the training institution at Islington and then
proceeded as a lay missionary to Sierra Leone
(1833). The climate reacted unfavourably on
his frail physique and higWy strung tempera-
ment, and he was shortly ordered back to
England, on the advice of Kissling (q.v.).

In 1835, with his wife, he sailed for New
Zealand, arriving on 23. Dec. His fellow mis-
sionaries did not appreciate Ashwell's mer-
curial temperament, and he was not considered
a likely missionary to have a separate charge.
On his own invitation he took up his residence
amongst the lawless community at Russell,
where he ministered not without success. When
he joined the Rev R. Maunsell (qv) at Wai-
kato Heads his temperament provoked hos-
tility, and it was a year before the natives
would build him a separate house. When he
was at length given a station at Taupiri, five
miles north of Ngaruawahia, his courage, zeal,
enterprise and self-sacrifice, and unremitting
sympathy for the Maori yielded results beyond
all expectations. Impetuous and eccentric, he
held a privileged position amongst the Maoris.
He could say and do as he wished, and even
persuaded Maori parents to entrust their chil-
dren as boarders to the care of himsdf and
Mrs Ashwell. In 1839 he chose a site at Te
Awamutu for a mission station, and later in
the year opened the mission at Otawhao (Jul
1839). He had immediate success with the
Ngati-Ruru tribe, converting to Christianity
the chief Mokorou (as Riwai) and inducing a
section of the tribe to establish a Christian pa.
In 1841 Ashwell was succeeded by Morgan (who
had been for six years on the vVaihou at Mata-
mata and at Rotorua). Ordained deacon (1848),

2t

ATK.INSON

he was admitted to priest's orders at St Paul's,
Auckland, on 22 May 1853. Ashwell later
maintained a mission at Kaitotehe, opposite
Taupiri, until the outbreak of the war com-
pelled him to retire to Auckland (1863). He
was one of the few who could return to their
stations aftenvards, but he devoted most of his
later years to service at the Auckland hospital,
the gaol and the old men's refuge, and to the
welfare of Maori lads attending St Stephen's
school. Ashwell died at Auckland on 29 Sep
1883.

Gorst; Morton; W. Williams; Sherrin and Wal-

lace (p); Davis; Southern Cross, 22 Apr 1867; N.Z.
Herald, 3 Oct 1883.
ATKINSON, ARTHUR RICHMOND (1863-
1935) was born in New Plymouth, the only
son of A. S Atkinson (q.v.), and nephew of
Sir Harry Atkinson. He attended Nelson Col-
lege (1870-78) where he won the Newcombe
Scholarship (1874) and was head of the school
(1878). He went to Clifton College (Eng-
land) with a scholarship, and in 1882 entered
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he won
the open classical scholarship. In 1887 he was
awarded his B.A. degree. He was called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn in the same year and re-
turned to New Zealand.

After serving his apprenticeship in law offices
in Nelson and Dunedin, and acting as secre
tary to his uncle (Mr Justice Richmond) for a
year, Atkinson began to practise in Wellington
with C. B. Morison, and later on his own a
count. He sat in the House of Representatives
as member for South Wellington (1899-1902).
He was an active critic of the Liberal Govern-
ment and questioned the policy of sending
troops to South Africa, thus losing his seat. For
some years he served on the Wellington City
Council and on the Victoria College council
(1912-33). He was a prominent member of the
New Zealand Alliance, being president for a
term (1920-22). A writer of distinction, Atkin-
son was also a journalist. He was a regular con-
tributor to the Evening Post for more than 25
years, and to the Round Table, and he was New
Zealand correspondent of the Morning Post
(1907-11) and of The Times (I9II-21). He
died on 26 Mar 1935.

Atkinson married first (1900) a daughter of
Professor T. Kirk. She died in 1921. In 1923
he married Emma Maud Banfield (1869-1931)
who was born in South ‘Vales, educated at a

-----------------------Page 27 End-----------------------

 

ATKINSON

convent in Bruges and trained as a nurse at
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. She was
superintendent of the Philadelphia Polydinic
Hespital, U.S.A. (1895-1910), served (1914-15)
with a British Red Cross unit in France, was
appointed matron of tlle Lord Derby war
hospital at Warrington, and in 1918 matron
of the British war hospital at Rouen. (R.R.C.
1919).

N.Z.P.D., 27 Mar 1935; Nelson Coli. a.B. Reg.;
Who's Tho N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; The Dominion,
27 Mar 1985 (p); Evening Post, 24 Sep 1931, 26
Mar 1936.

ATKINSON, ARTHUR SAMUEL (1833-1902)
was born in the north of England and educated
at Blackheath. He came to New Zealand Witl
his brother, H. A. Atkinson (qv.) in 1853 in
the Sir Edward Paget and settled in the neigh-
bourhood of New Plymouth. During the war
of 1860 he served in the Taranaki volunteers
under his brother, and when peace came he
became editor and part proprietor of the
Taranaki Herald. He was a member of the
Provincial Council for Grey and Bell (1864-69)
and of Parliament for Omata (1866-68), resign-
ing for private reasons. He had, in fact, de-
cided to prosecute his law studies, and for this
purpose went to Nelson as secretary to Mr
Justice Richmond. There he finished his legal
education, was admitted (1871), and soon after
joined the firm of Fell and Atkinson. He prac-
tised there until his death (on 10 Dec 1902).
Atkinson was a leading member of the Nelson
Philosophical Society. (See A. R. ATKINSON).

Taranaki P.C. Proc. and Ga:.; Parltry Record;
Gycl. NZ, v; Valls. Portrait: Parliament House.

ATKINSON, SIR HARRY ALBERT (1831-92)
was born at Broxton, Cheshire, on | Nov 1831,
the son of John Atkinson, an architect and
engineer. While he was a child his fatller
removed to Hunvorth, Durham, and then to
Frindsbury, Kent, where the boy was brought
up. He went to the Rochester School and to
Blackheath, leaving in 1850 to pursue an in-
tensive course of reading in history, public
administration, theology and colonial affairs
An elder brother, William Atkinson (1826-
74), had gone earlier to New Zealand and
recommended his younger brothers to follow.
Their father had independent views on educa-
tion, and when his boys contemplated emi-
grating to New Zealand with their friends the

2

ATKINSON

Richmonds, he had them taught useful trades,
such as carpentry, tinsmithing, bootmaking and
blacksmithiBg. Harry and Artimr sailed with
tlle Richmonds in the Slo Edwal'd Paget, whidl
reached Auckland in May 1853. Chartering a
14-ton Cutter, the Three Bmthers, they reached
New Plymouth in Aug. Atkinson declined an
offer of employment with a bootmaker in the
town, and joined his relatives, who were farm-
ing small sections on the Carrington road.
Their eight farms now aggregated 1,000 acres.
Atkinson built his homestead, which he called
Hunvorth, of timber sawn by himself, and
spent strenuous years felling and dearing,
fencing and ploughing. Though suffering from
asthma, he did not spare himself, and had the
satisfaction of creating a pleasant home (which
is still standing) in picturesque surroundings.
In 1856 he married Amelia Jane Skinner,
daughter of a banker in Rochester.

Before they had been long in Taranaki the
native question began to assume an alarming
aspect. From being enthusiastic and industrious
farmers, on cordial terms with the pakeha, the
Maori became divided over land disputes, in
which the pakehas inevitably were involved.
Acting on the advice of Major Lloyd (qv.),
who foresaw that sooner or later they must
come into conflict with tlleir Maori neighbours,
the settlers commenced military training under
his orders. Atkinson in May 1857 was elected
to tlle Taranaki Provincial Council (for Grey
and Bell), and was already marked out as a
leader amongst the men of action in the pro-
vince. Towards the end of 1858 the Taranaki
Rifle Volunteer company was formed, and he
was elected to hold a commission. Punctual,
resourceful, prudent, and a master of bush-
craft, he was given command of No. 2 com-
pany as soon as the war began. His volunteers
speedily gained the upper hand in numerous
skirmishes and running engagements with the
natives. They were first under fire at the battle
of Waireka (28 Mar 1860) where they behaved
with great steadiness and intrepidity, holding
the advanced position above the Waireka
stream, and withdrawing to Ornata at nightfall
in good order with their dead and wounded.
In Aug, while leading a force of volunteers
and militia to bring in the property and live-
stock from threatened homesteads, Atkinson
ran into a sharp engagement with a marauding
party of natives. At the attack on Mahoetahi
(6 Nov) he demanded a post of honour in the

ATKINSON

attack for his volunteers, who were smarting
under the criticisms of the general. They a
cordingly formed the first line of the attack
with the 65th regiment, and acquitted them-
sdves with great distinction. They were also
present at the engagements of Kaihihi and
Matarikoriko. During this campaign most of
the farms were raided by the Maori and many
homesteads were burned. Atkinson's was set
on fire but escaped destruction.

In Jun 1861 Atkinson was elected un-
opposed to represent Grey and Bell in Parlia-
ment, and he readied Auckland on the day
after the defeat of the Stafford Government.
On the outbreak of the new war in 1863 At-
kinson's great experience in the fied was
utilised in command of the Forest Rangers,
formed in Jul 1863 with an effective strength
of 150. At Allen’s Hill, Potokou (10 Oct) the
Rangers doubled for a distance of four miles
to support the regtilars. In Mar 1864 they dis
tinguished themselves at Kaitake. On 6 Apr at
Ahuahu they rescued the killed and wounded
after the regulars had suffered a reverse, and
at the end of the month they took part in the
skirmishes at Sentry Hill. In Sep they were
present at successful operations at Manutahi
and Mataitawa. Atkinson was frequently men-
tioned in despatches; received the thanks of
the Government and was promoted major.
Colonel Warre described him as +a first-rate
guerilla leader:

During these years Atkinson had been tluice
deputy-superintendent of the province, but in
Feb 1864 he withdrew from provincial politics.
While all the volunteers under his command
received land grants from the Government, At-
kinson alone of the officers received none. When
Weld took office, in Nov 1864, pledged to a
policy of self-reliance in the conduct of the
war, he chose Atkinson as being eminently
fitted by character and experience to inaugurate
the policy as Defence Minister. During the
year Atkinson accompanied the expedition
Which established Brassey at Pipiriki in tlle
teeth of the Hauhau invasion of the Whanga-
nui district (May 1865). A few months later
the Weld ministry resigned office and Atkinson,
seeing no hope of keeping Stafford out of
office, withdrew at the dissolution (Jan 1866)
to devote his attention to his own affairs. His
wife died on 22 Jun 1865 (aged 33). When
Sir John Richardson resigned the town of New
Plymoutll seat early in 1867 Atkinson was

23

ATKINSON

elected unopposed (29 Apr). He signalised his
return to the House by moving a series of
resolutions on tlle militia and volunteer sys
tem, and later in the session he brought in a
bill to amend the volunteer act of 1865. He
considered the British troops should be sent
away at once and a militia should be trained
for home defence. Atkinson's authority on mili-
tary matter!and native affairs now stood very
high. His speech on native affairs in the session
of 1868 is noteworthy. As a leader in the field
he could not yet be dispensed with, and when
the reverse at Te Ngutu-o-teManu created a
crisis in the conduct of the war against Titoko-
waru in the west and Te Kooti in the east
Haultain (the Defence Minister) considered
Atkinson and Whitmore equally qualified for
the post of commander-in-chief. The fact that
Atkinson intended to pay a visit to Great

Britain decided the matter. He left the colony
in 1868.

‘When he returned to New Zealand by the
Halciane in 1871 the colonial troops under
Whitmore had suppressed the enemy in the
west and driven Te Kooti finally into the bush.
Taking advantage of a vacancy for the Egmont
seat, Atkinson defeated Moorhouse (5 Oct
1872) and thus regained the floor of the House.
He took a new interest also in provincial mat-
ters in the early seventies. As a settler in a
small province impoverished by war, he real-
ised that it had little hope of a prosperous
future, and as early as 1867 he had favoured a
permissive measure to allow the small provinces
to unite with their larger neighbours. He was
even prepared to do away with all the pro-
vinces if he could see a practicable scheme of
local government. Six years later, with the
abolition question well advanced, he contested
the superintendency of Taranaki against Car-
rington and Brown, promising that if elected
he would sit in council and administer the
office of superintendent without the help of a
paid secretary. Carrington was elected on 10
Nov 1873 (Carrington 324 votes; Atkinson 276;
Brown 172). A fortnight later Atkinson was
elected to the Council at the top of the poll
for his old Grey and Bell constituency (25
Nov). In May 1874 he became provincial secre-
tary, but on accepting Vogel's invitation to join
the ministry (Sep 1874) he relinquished his
provincial post. Voge departed at once for
England, and as Pollen was in the Legislative

-----------------------Page 28 End-----------------------

ATKINSON

Council Atkinson became the virtual leader of
the Government. He was thus burdened not
only with the Treasury but with the very oner-
ous task of piloting through Parliament the
bills for the abolition of the provinces and
contingent legislation to inaugurate the new
centralised system (notably the financial ar-
rangements, the counties, the roads and bridges
and the harbours bills). He was in those days
at the zenith of his power; his reputation high
and his health as yet unimpaired by the strain
to which it was subjected. Beginning with no
special knowledge of finance, he mastered the
subject by sheer energy and determination. In
his first financial statement Atkinson astounded
the House by his grip of finance and his
thorough knowledge of accounts, and during
the next 16 years his reputation survived not
only the criticism of an astute opposition, but
also the vicissitudes of a severe depression and
drastic retrenchment. Gisborne comments on
the remarkable political development of Atkin-
son at this period, due mainly to his saf-
reliance, his great moral courage and un-
bounded faith in his own powers. He had
more than average ability, great tenacity of
purpose, audacity and untiring energy.
Administering the Treasury with little inter-
mission for 10 years, Atkinson was the main-
spring of the Government in its various com-
binations. When Pollen became Premier (Jul
1875) Atkinson openly assumed the office of
Treasurer. He continued under Vogel, and
from Sep 1876 to Oct 1877 in his own ministry.
From 1876 to 1884 he was (except for a short
interval) continuously Colonial Treasurer. At-
kinson was still at the Treasury in the Hall
ministry (1879) and he continued when the
cabinet was reformed under Whitaker (1882).
It was in this latter period that he brought for-
ward, in the form of resolutions in the House
(10 Jul 1882), a proposal for national insur-
ance based on the scheme of the Rev William
Lewery Blackley (of Hampshire). The resolu-
tions, which affirmed that provision should be
made by national insurance against sickness
and pauperism, were roundly denounced by
Sir George Grey as a blow at Christianity, and
the House received them coldly. In spite of
the condemnation of a political committee in
his own electorate and of the warm hostility
of the friendly societies, he persevered with his
campaign, even after he had again become

24

ATKINSON

Premier in 1883. When he returned to office
as Premier in 1887 it was to a bleak vista of
lean years ahead, with inevitable economies
and retrenchments which forbade him enter-
taining new obligations in social service; and
it was left to a Liberal administration a decade
later to put old age pensions on the statute
book. Though Atkinson was definitely a social
reformer, the stern demands of budget-making
were paramount; he was forced to the bitter
alternative of cutting down expenditure when
the country was in its greatest need.

Atkinson's health was now steadily declining.
In 1889 he paid a visit to Tasmania, but re
turned without improvement. At the elections
in Dec 1890 his Government was defeated.
Unable to bear up longer under the heavy
burden of political leadership, even in opposi-
tion, he resigned from the House and was
appointed Speaker of the Legislative Council.
In 1891 he visited Australia as one of the New
Zealand delegates to the Federal Conference.
He took an active part in the debates and
warmly supported Grey in the effort to get
introduced into the federation proposals a
plebiscite on the one-man-one-vote principle.
It was defeated by 21 votes to eight. When he
returned to New Zealand it was obviously
merely to await the end, which came dramatic-
ally at the commencement of the session of
1892. When the Legislative Council adjourned
after paying tribute to members who had died
(Whitaker one of them), Atkinson retired to
his own room with the Hons R. Oliver and
G. B. Mortis. To a remark about his own
health he replied: ‘I may look well, but |
have my marching orders. | may die at any
moment,’ He collapsed shortly afterwards and
died peacefully (28 Jun 1892).

There is good warrant for the statement of
James Collier that Atkinson was at heart a
socidist. Under a stern exterior, and driven
by circumstances to scan jealously every shilling
of public expenditure, he nevertheless kept
himself abreast of modern thought in the social
sphere and was amenable to suggestion from
advanced thinkers. The influence of James
Hinton, if it is really appreciable, was un-
doubtedly less than that of Henry George, in-
terpreted to him probably by F. W. Frankland
(qv.). Atkinson in his early ministerial days
was a staunch freeholder, and in 1879 abolished
Ballance’s land tax in favour of a property tax.

 

AUBERT

On the other hand, he was later a strong
advocate of Rolleston's perpetual leasing sys
tem as regards crown lands in preference to
the sale of the freehold. His advocacy of
national insurance over a period of three years
was admitted even by his critics to be sincere.
He aso favoured the adoption of the Hare
system of voting for the representation of min-
orities. Collier says that in 1886 Atkinson
declared his belief that some day all under-
takings then in private hands would be taken
over by the state. He was an advocate also of
temperance, and at a temperance meeting in
‘Wellington (1 Feb 1884) expressed the opinion
that in social questions of this sort they would
do little until women had more direct influence.
On the liquor question they should have a
vote on the same footing as men and they
should not be confined to this question. Atkin-
son never enjoyed popularity. He was abrupt
in speech; rather stern in demeanour; relent-
less in criticism. He had none of the arts which
make for political popularity; but he had an
insatiable capacity for work, great power of
concentration and a mastery of detail which,
even lacking readiness and gracefulness of
speech, gave him superiority in debate.

As a freemason Atkinson became district
grand master in Wellington under the English
constitution in 1886. Though in sympathy with
the formation of the New Zealand constitution
he felt bound at first, as the representative of
the grand master in England (the Prince of
Wales), to abstain from promoting the separa-
tion, and he advised Lord Onslow against
accepting the position of grand master.

Parltry Record; Taranaki P.C. minutes aud
Gaz.; N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 10 Jul 1882, 29 Jul
1892); information from Henry Smetham (Strood,
Kent), Misses M. and E. Richmond, and H. T. At-
kinson; James Collier in The Press, 13 Nov 1909;
Ethne Tosswill (unpublished thesis) ; Gudgeon (p);
Rusden; Saunders (p); Gisborne (p); Cowan; M.
S Grace; Nineteenth Century, 1878, p. 834; NZ.
Herald, 31 Mar 1886, 29 Jan 1892 (p); NZ
Graphic, 2, 9 Jul 1892 (p); Lyttelton Times, 21
Mar 1883; Taranaki Herald, 2 Feb, 15 Mar, 9 Jul
1884, 30 Sep 1874.

  

AUBERT, MARY JOSEPH (1835-1926) was
born near Lyons, France, and was educated at
the Benedictine abbey of La Rochette, alter-
wards studying chemistry and medicine at
Lyons. She served as a nursing sister during

AUBREY

the Crimean war arid with four others came to
New Zealand with Bishop Pompallier in 1861
Not being members of any religious order, they
stayed at first with the Sisters of Mercy in Auck-
land, studying the language and attending at
the orphanage for Maori girls.

In 1871, the orphanage having been closed
Mother Aubert moved to Hawkes Bay to attend
the poor afd sick (principally Maori), oper-
ating from the mission house at Meanee. There
she became noted for her spirit of self-sacrifice
and tireless energy and for her researches into
the curative properties of native herbs, the
dfects of which she had many opportunities of
testing and observing.. In 1883 she moved to
Hiruharama, on the Wanganui river, where she
established homes for foundlings and incurables
in 1890. In 1885 she published a manual of
Maori conversation. While there also she
founded the order of the Daughters of Our
Lady of Compassion. Beginning with six ss
ters under Mother Aubert, it gradually ex-
panded into a strong order working in dis-
tressed by-paths of society, and was formally
acknowledged and established by the Pope
during Mother Aubert's visit to Rome about
1914.

Moving to Wellington in 1899, Mother Au-
bert commenced district nursing and in 1900
established the home for incurables in Buckle
street, to which was added in 1904 a home for
children. In 1908 she opened the Home of
Compassion at Island Bay for the care of ds-
eased and affiicted children. A home was also
established at Auckland, all being free of debt
at the time of her death (1 Oct 1926). Mother
Aubert, during an absence from New Zealand
of some years (1913-20), served in the nursing
service in Italy during the Great War.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; The Dominion, 19 Jun
1925; Evening Post, 2 Oct 1926 (P).

AUBREY, HARCOURT RICHARD (1818-96)
was the son of Colonel H. AUbrey, of the Life
Guards. As a young man he travelled widely
in Europe, and in 1840 he came to New Zea-
land in the London as a survey assistant. He
was attached to the party under Carrington
which chose the site for the New Plymouth
settlement (1841). In 1848 he was appointed
sub-collector of customs at Hokianga, and in
1856 magistrate and collector at Whangarei and
Kaipara. Retiring in 1880, he died on 30 May

2

-----------------------Page 29 End-----------------------

 

AUSTIN

1896. Aubrey wrote some interesting diaries of
survey work. (See R. THOMPSON.)

Civil service records; Seffern; Auckland Star, 1
Jun 1896.

AUSTIN, SAMUEL (1829-1903) was born in
Ireland and arrived in New Zealand with the
65th regiment in 1846. After serving through
the war he took his discharge as a sergeant in
1859. He was a sergeant serving with the 'Wa
nganui native contingent in the West Coast
campaign and was present at vVeraroa pa and
Opotiki (1865). At the capture of the Putahi
pa (on 7 Jan 1866) he ran to the rescue of
Lieut-colonel McDonnell, who was severely
wounded, supported him during most of the
action and carried him off the field under heavy
fire. His conduct was witnessed by General
Chute, and he was thanked publicly and recom-
mended for the New Zealand Cross, which was
duly awarded. Again at Keteonetea (17 Oct),
when Captain ‘William McDonnell was severely
wounded and his men had fallen back on the
main body, Austin came to the rescue and
carried off McDonnell, who was on the point
of being tomahawked. Austin was present also
at Otapawa and Pungarehu (1866), Otautu
and Porere (1869). He took his discharge (as
quartermaster-sergeant) in 1870 and died at
Wanganui (on 25 Jan 1903).

N.Z. Anny records; Gudgeon; Auckland Weekly
News, 27 Oct 1899 (p).

TE AWAITAIA, WIREMU NAERA (?1796-
1866) of Ngati-Mahanga, was a leading chief
of the Waikato confederation and a close ally
of Te Wherowhero (q.v.). Born at Waipa, he
was the son of Te Kata and Pare-hina. When
quite a young man he showed his prowess in
the field by leading a taua which drove Ngati-
Koata off their lands in revenge for the death
of the daughter of Te Wehi. Te Awaitaia then
occupied their land at Whaingaroa, making his
pa at the foot of a woody headland. When
Ngapuhi came to Kawhia to make war on Te
Rauparaha, Te Awaitaia took part in the fight-
ing. After the peace at Matakitaki in 1822 he
led a taua of 370 men against Taranaki. In
one of the engagements he had a desperate
single combat with the great chief Raparapa,
whom he killed. He also accompanied Waikato
south in 1831, and took a leading part in the
battle at Pukerangiora, from which 340 prison-
ers were brought back.

TE AWAITAIA

During a later campaign to Taranaki to
obtain utu, Te Awaitaia was persuaded by a
missionary to abandon fighting. He was one
of the first converts, being baptised by the Rev
J. Wallis at Whaingaroa about 1834, and taking
the name of Wiremu Naera (William Naylor).
Hearing of this event, Te Wherowhero
lamented: +1 have lost my right ann.’ Thence-
forward Awaitaia was a firm friend of the
pakeha, a zealous Christian with an unblem-
ished character. He discarded eight of his nine
wives; built the first church at Raglan and,
with the help of Paul Muriwhenua, gained tlle
release of Taranaki slaves held by the northern
tribes. He journeyed to Taranaki to introduce
the gospd, at once intervened to stop tribal
fighting and musket warfare, and interposed
in the fighting between Waikato and Ngati-
Ruanui at Te Ruaki. He endeavoured to make
peace at Kuititanga (1839) and is said to have
proposed to Ngati-Awa that they should return
to their lands in north Taranaki. While at
Patoka in 1841 he tried to stop the hostilities
between the Ngati-Tuwharetoa and \Viremu
Kingi Matakatea. At the King meeting at
Rangiriri (1857) Awaitaia objected to the move-
ment and the flag but in speaking with the
Governor at Auckland, he insisted on a separate
nationality for the Maori

When the Taranaki war broke out (1860)
Te Awaitaia armed his people in defence of
the settlers at Raglan. Taunted by the King
natives and challenged to cross the Maunga-
tawhiri, he replied disdainfully that he was the
descendant of Muriwhenua, 'who was a con-
stant eater of men in the olden time.’ In 1862
he wished to make a road from Kawhia to the
Waipa, which the King leaders strongly op-
posed. A small force of the 12th regiment
reinforced him at Raglan and the settlers were
not molested. On the outbreak of the Waikato
war he offered his help to the Government to
defend Auckland if necessary, and gave valu-
able assistance to the British forces by cutting
a road through the bush from his lands at
Raglan to the Waipa.

Te Awaitaia died at Raglan on 27 Apr 1866
and was succeeded by his nephew (Ketaraka
Naera). Handsome, dignified and courteous,
Awaitaia was a brave warrior, a sagacious coun-
sellor and a faithful ally. His influence was less
wide than that of Te Wherowhero.

Cowan, Sketches (P), and Wars; Gorst; Morley;

26

 

TE AWE AWE

S P. Smith, Taranaki; Angas (P); Waka Maluri, 5
May 1866.

TE AWE AWE, PEETI (? 1820-84), a chief of
Rangitane, was the Sn of Te Awe Awe, who
was chief of the Raewera pa when Te Rau-
paraha came south from Taranaki and was
saved from the massacre of Rangitane (by
Ngati-Awa and Ngati-Toa) through the inter-
vention of Tungia, who thus showed his grati-
tude for the saving of his own life by Te Awe
Awe at Hotuiti (1823). Te Awe Awe sought
revenge against the assailants and, returning
almost immediately with a taua of Rangitane
and Muaupoko, he killed 60 of the Ngati-Toa.
Peeti Te Awe Awe was born about 1820. He
took a leading part in demanding the Horo-
whenua district for Rangitane and Muaupoko
in 1866, and in 1871 uttered a noteworthy
curse against Te Whatanui. He died on 1 Jun
4884. A monument to him is in the Square
at Palmerston North.

Buick, Ma71awatu; Bevan; J. G. Wilson.

AYLMER, WILLIAM JOSIAH (1802-83), born
at Donaded Castle, county Kildare, Ireland, was
the son of Sir Fenton Aylmer, 7th baronet. He
was educated at the old college at Armagh and
at Durham, and graduated M.A. at Dublin
University. He was ordained to the ministry of
the United Church of England and Ireland and
shortly afterwards appointed to the family liv-
ing at his native parish, where he was incum-
bent for 24 years. In 1830 he married Elizabeth
Frances, daughter of the Rev Henry Lambert.
During the famine of 1848 he endeared him-
self to people of all denominations by the fear-
less and self-sacrificing manner in which he de-
voted himself to relieving the suffering. His
noble service was generously remembered when
Aylmer resigned the living to proceed to New
Zealand. Arriving in Canterbury by the Lady
Nugent at the end of 1851 Aylmer was at once
appointed incumbent of Akaroa (where he
selected his 50 acres of land). The parish then
included the whole of Banks Peninsula. Aylmer
was elected to represent Akaroa in the first
Provincial Council (1853) but was unable to

AYSON

attend regularly and resigned (Nov 1855). He
retired from the ministry in 1872, and there-
after lived quietly a a country gentleman.
Aylmer took a keen interest in local matters and
rendered great service to the Akaroa library,
doraain and horticultural society. He died on
9 Aug 1883.

His son, Jysriv JOHN AYLMER (1832-85), was
born at Doitaded, Kildare, Ireland, and before
coming to New Zealand was a cadet on the
public works survey staff in the west of Ireland.
In Canterbury he assisted J. C. Boys in survey-
ing lands in Banks Peninsula. In 1853 he took
up Witll S. Perceval the Hororata run and in
1861 took up a run on the Mataura river. In
1864 he was appointed warden on the goldfields,
residing at Queenstown. Later he was warden
and resident magistrate at Ross, and from 1872
magistrate at Akaroa. There he died on 10 Jan
1885.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; Burke, Peerage; Cyct
N.Z.; Lyttelton Times, 10 Aug 1883, 11 Jan 1885.

AYSON, ALEXANDER (1814-95) was born at
Glenshee, Perthshire. As a youth he joined the
Gordon Highlanders and received his education
in the regimental school. When his father
bought him out of the army he entered the
Normal school in Edinburgh, working in his
spare time to make money for fees. Qualifying
a a teacher either in English or in Gaelic, he
became master of an English school at Lossie-
mouth. On the disruption he took the side of
the Free Church and was appointed to its
SdIOO! at Urquhart. He was selected in 1856 as
one of the first school teachers for the Otago
colony and, being appointed to Tokomairiro
school, he remained there 10 years. He then
farmed at Warepa. When some of the family
were able to earn a living he rejoined the teach-
ing service, taking charge of the school at
Tuturau (1871). In 1873 he went to Waihola
Gorge and in 1879 to Southbridge, where he
remained till his retirement (1883). He died on
7 Oct 1895.

Ayson (p); Schotefietd, Tokolllairiro H.S., 1856
1981 (p); Otago Daily Times, 9 Oct 1895.

-----------------------Page 30 End-----------------------

 

 

B

 

BACOT, JOHN THOMAS WATSON (1821-
88) was born in England, the son of an army
surgeon who served in the Peninsula with the
4st Foot Guards. He graduated in medicine
(M.R.C.S., Eng., 1843) and was appointed as
sistant surgeon to the 39th regiment in 1844
(Staff 1847; 2nd class surgeon 1852). During
this time he served in India. Bacot came to
New Zealand with the Fencibles and settled at
Howick. He was elected one of the Pensioners
Settlements representatives in Parliament and
obtained leave from his commanding officer
(Colonel Kenny, M.L.C.) to attend the session.
This was the basis of a question of privilege
raised by Carleton (16 May 1854). Bacot was
an independent, outspoken member, and took
a stand in Parliament which he well knew
would lose him his seat. He was defeated at
the general election (26 Oct 1855). In 1862
Bacot was posted to the 89th regiment, with
which he again served in India. (Surg-major
1864; staff 1865; half-pay, with honorary rank
of deputy inspector-general 1870). He died on
10 Oct 1880. Bacot was the author of The
Bahamas; a Sketch (1869) and contributed
many articles to the Medical Times and Gazette.

N.Z.P.D., 16 May 1854; War Office records.

BAGNALL, LEMUEL JOHN (1844-1917) was
the son of the Hon George Bagnall (1818-89),
of New Glasgow, Prince Edward island, Canada,
and came with his father to Auckland in 1864.
He engaged in the timber trade at the Thames,
and with his brothers purchased a sawmill on
the Waihou river (1878) which they operated
till 1912. Bagnall represented Thames in the
Auckland Provincial Council (1873-75), and
was a member of the Thames harbour board:
a member and chairman of the county council
and 6f the Auckland education board. and a

member of the land board. Removing in 1903
to Auckland, he became a member of the City
Council forthwith, and remained so till 1910,
when he was elected mayor. He served on the
hospital board; on the Auckland district con-
tiliation board (of which he was chairman)
and on the Auckland licensing committee, the
Grammar School board of governors and the
Auckland University College council. Amongst
the companies of which he was director were
the Kauri Timber Co. (chairman), the New
Zealand Insurance, Milne and Choyce (chair:
man), and the Auckland Farmers’ Freezing Co.
Bagnall died’ on 30 Apr 1917.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. .Z., ii; N.Z. Her-
ald, 1 May 1917.

BAGSHAW, JOHN CHARLES, (1820-99) was
educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, gradu-
ating M.A., and was ordained priest (1846). He
came to New Zealand in 1856 as headmaster of
Nelson College, which position he held till 1858.
He had an austere disposition and was a strict
disciplinarian. Bagshaw attended the first
general synod (1859), and at that and other
synods he had strong differences of opinion with
Bishop Sdwyn. He returned to England and
was presented with a living by Sdwyn. In 1876
he became vicar of Osbournby, Folkingham,
Lincolnshire, where he died in May 1899.
Nelson Coli. Register; Crockett; Jacobs.

BAIGENT, EDWARD (1812-92) was born at
‘Wendlesham, Sussex, and was brought up as a
mechanic, but afterwards took to farming. He
came to Nelson by the Clifford (1842) and
started farming at Wakefield. There in 1846
he erected a Hourmill with machinery which
he had brought from England. Some years
later he disposed of the mill and took to saw-

 

BAIGENT

milling, in which he was engaged for the rest
of his life. Baigent represented Waimea South
in the Nelson Provincial Council for the whole
of the provincial period (1853-76), being a
private member throughout. In 1867 he was
elected to Parliament for Waimea, which he
represented on two occasions (1867-70 and 1876-
79). He was a member also of the Waimea road
board and other local bodies. Baigent died on
9 Nov 1892.

Cycl. N.Z,, iv.

BAIGENT, HENRY (1844-1929) was born at
Wakefield, Nelson, the son of Edward Baigent
(qv.). Educated there, he joined his father in
the sawmilling and timber business. In 1865
he moved from Wakefield to Nelson. He was
a member of the Nelson City Council from 1893,
and was mayor in 1901-04 and again in 1905-06.
He was chairman of the hospital board and the
Permanent Building Society, and a member of
various other organisations. He died on 31 Aug
1929.

Cycl. N.z., v; Who's Who N.Z,, 1924; Nelson
Evening Mail, 2 Sep 1929.

BAILLIE, WILLIAM DOUGLAS HALL (1827-
1922) was born at New Brunswick, Canada, of
a very old Scottish family which had been
domiciled in Ireland for many years. Educated
at the Royal Military college at Woolwich, he
was commissioned at the age of 19 as an en-
sign in the 24th foot, with which he served for
six years in India under Sir Hugh Gough and
Sir Colin Campbell. He was present at tlle
battle of Chillianwallah. Returning to England
in 1853, he was promoted captain and ap-
pointed commandant at Chichester. He re-
signed from the army to come to New Zealand
in the Oriental (1857) and settled in Marl-
borough. He had a run of 5,000 acres on the
Wairau, which he disposed of after a few years
and settled at Para, near Picton. Baillie main-
tained his interest in military matters in New
Zealand and was for some years colonel com-
manding the Marlborough forces. In 1881 he
took part in the expedition to Parihaka.

He took a keen interest in local government.
In 1860 he was elected to the Provincial Coun-
cil, in which he represented Wairau Valley
(1860-65) and Tuamarina (1869-76). He was

BAIN

the second Superintendent of the prO\ince
(1861-63), his term being one of the most
stormy in the very troubled provincial history
of Marlborough. After being defeated for the
superintendency in 1863 he was elected
speaker, holding that position for two years.
He was several times a member of the execu-
tive between, 1863 and 1865, and deputy.
superintendent in the latter year. His firm con-
trol of affairs and conciliatory manner were of
considerable service. He was called in 1861 to
tlle Legislative Council, of which he was a
member till his death (25 Feb 1922), and for
23 years chairman of committees. He was the
last life member of the Council. Baillie was
for 20 years a member of the Marlborough
education board. He married (1854) Hannah
Maria Ann, daughter of Major Greensill, com-
missary of ordnance.

Marlborough P.C. Minutes and Gaz; Parltry
Record; N.zP.D., 29 Jun 1922; Col. Gent.; Cycl
N.Z., v (p); Marlborough Express, 27 Feb 1922.
Portrait: Parliament House.

BAIN, JAMES WALKER (1841-99) was born
in Edinburgh and educated at the Free Church
Normal School there. He trained as a com-
positor with Constables and Oliver and Boyd,
and after coming to New Zealand in the Jura
(1858) he was employed for two years in Auck-
land. In 1861 he established (with Smallfield)
the Southland News and Foveaux Straits Her-
ald, which a few years later they sold. Bain
paid a visit to Scotland, and on his return to
Southland in 1868 he again acquired a partner-
ship in the News and aftenvards in the South-
land Times, which he held until it was pur-
chased by a company. In 1883 Bain was elected
to the Invercargill borough council and in the
following year he was mayor. He was president
of the Southland Building society from its in-
ception in 1869 for 30 years; a director of the
board of the Scottish and New Zealand Invest-
ment Co. from 1876 (chairman from 1890),
president of the chamber of commerce, and a
member (and at times chairman) of the High
School board of governors, the education board
and the hospital board. He was also an Otago
school commissioner. In 1879 Bain was elected
to Parliament for Invercargill, defeating Feld-
wick by two votes. Defeated by Feldwick at
the next election (1881), he contested both

2

 

-----------------------Page 31 End-----------------------

BAIN

Awarua and Invercargill at later elections, but
without success. He died on 29 Sep 1899.
Cyel. N.Z., iv; Southland Times, 12 Nov 1912, 30

Sep 1899, 23 Jan 1931; Lyttelton Times, 12 Sep
1879. Portrait: Parliament House.

BAIN, JOHN WATSON (1822-67) was born
in Scotland. After holding responsible positions
in the London publishing houses of Smith
Elder and Co., and Spalding and Hodge, he
came to New Zealand in the Lalla Rookh in
1849 and commenced business in Auckland as
a general merchant and commission agent. He
was afterwards Lloyd's agent in Auckland and
at times officiated as consul for the United
States and for Hawaii. Bain was elected to the
first Auckland Provincial Council for Auckland
Suburbs, which he represented during 1853-55.
He was again in the Council, for Auckland
East, from 1865-67. He was 12 years a justice
of the peace and two years chairman of the
Auckland city board. He died on 3 Dec 1867.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; London Gaz, 11 Mar 1851
Southern Cross, 4 Dec 1867.

BAKER, CHARLES (1804-75) left England in
Jun 1827 and joined the C.M.S. mission at Bay
of Islands on Jan 1828. In 1830 he was sta
tioned at Kerikeri, when it was decided that
he should accompany Clarke in opening a new
station at Waimate. He was afterwards sta
tioned at Paihia, Waikare, Tolaga Bay and
Tauranga. Retiring to Auckland in 1865, he
died there on 6 Feb 1875.

His son, CHARLES BAKER (1828-65), who was
stationed with the Rev R. Taylor at Putiki and
studied for the church, was twelve years in the
Native Secretary's department and was after-
wards resident magistrate at Waiapu, Hawkes
Bay and Tauranga.

N.2. Herald, 7 Feb 1875; Wellington Indepen-
dent, 7 Oct 1865.

BAKER, LOUISA ALICE (nee Dawson). For
some years Mrs Baker contributed to the Otago
Tvitness under tlle pen name of ‘Alice: In
4894 she went to London to publish her first
novel, A Daughtel’ of the King, which was fol-
lowed in steady succession by 15 others, includ-
ing The Majesty of Man (1895), Jn Golden
Shackles (1896) and Wheat in the Ear (1898).

Who was Who; Annals N.Z. Lit.; N.Z. Herald, 7
Jun 1902

30

BAKER

BAKER, RICHARD (1810-54) was the son of
the coroner of Middlesex. As a young man he
took part in the civil war in Portugal and was
present at the operations before San.tarem. He
received the first and second class orders of the
Tower and Sword. Participating thereafter in
the war in Spain (with the rank of major), he
was awarded the order of St Ferdinand of the
first class. Baker joined the New Zealand Com-
pany's expedition in the Aurora, arriving in
Wellington in 1840. Deans describes him as a
gentlemanly young man for whom he acted as
second in duels. As the magistrate appointed
under the settlers’ provisional constitution in
1840, Baker presided at the trial of Captain
Pearson, of the Integrity, which was held to be
illegal and which led to the disbandment of the
council. Baker had to proceed to Sydney to
defend himself in an action brought by Pearson
for damages for fase imprisonment. He was a
major of volunteers when the Wellington set-
tlers enrolled for defence after the Wairau
affair, and held the same rank in the Thorndon
militia at the time of the disturbances in 1845.
He married (1840) Miss J. E. Morgan, and died
on 22 Dec 1854. (See W. M. BANNATYNE)

E. d. Wakefidd; Grimstone; 'Ward; Beauchamp;
Deans; Buick, Waitangi.

BAKER, SHIRLEY WALDEMAR (1836-1903)
a son of the Rev George Baker, a Church of
England clergyman, was born in London, and
educated for the ministry. Emigrating to Aus
tralia, he joined the Wesleyan church, and in
4860 was sent to Tonga by the Australian
"Vesleyan conference. There he laboured for
20 years, for 10 years of which he was leader.
He resigned to become adviser to King George
of Tonga. As Premier, Baker did much to pro-
mote the liberty of the people; he compiled a
code of laws; constructed roads and public
buildings; formulated a constitution (1875)
with a legislative assembly of hereditary chiefs
and representatives of the people, and made
education free and compulsory. Trouble ha,ing
arisen between the Church and the Government,
he established the Free Church of Tonga. Baker
succeeded in getting Tonga acknowledged by
England, Germany and the United States as an
independent kingdom, but his administration
was not acceptable to all parties, and an at-
tempt was made to assassinate him. In 1890

 

BAKEWELL

he was deported by the High Commissioner for
the Western Pacific. For some years he lived in
Auckland in retirement, but later returned to
Tonga and carried on religious work until his
death on 10 Nov 1903.

Mennell; Beatrice Shirley Baker, Memoirs of the
Rev Dr Shirley Waldemar Baker; N.Z. Herald, 2
Dec 1903.

BAKEWELL, ROBERT HALL (1831-1908) was
born in Manchester, the son of a Congregational
minister. On completing his surgical course at
Guy's Hospital, London, he took his M.D. de-
gree at St Andrews University. He later became
a member of the Royal College of Surgeons
(England), and L.SA. (London). In 1852 he
joined the Army Medical Corps and spent two
years in the Crimea during the war, from which
he was invalided. For the following five years
he served as medical officer in Trinidad. After
practising in London for a few months he came
to New Zealand in 1873, where he practised
in Dunedin, Ross and Hokitika before settling
in Auckland (1888). In the South African war
(1899-1901) he served as medical officer to a
New Zealand contingent. Bakewell was a fre-
quent contributor to the medical press and was
the New Zealand correspondent of one of the
American medical journals. He wrote on the
female franchise question in New Zealand and
in 1894 carried on in English reviews a contro-
versy with Mrs H. Fawcett. He died on 26
Dec 1908.

His son, FREDERICK Hastan BAKEWELL (1858-
1935), was a graduate of the New Zealand Uni-
versity (M.A., 1896) and a prominent educa-
tionist. He was senior inspector of schools for
some years and a member of the senate of the
University of New Zealand, the Council of
Education and the Victoria College council

Cye!. N.Z., ii; Fulton (p); Who's Who j.z.,
1908, 1932; N.Z. Herald, 9 Jun 1894; N.Z. Graphic,
26 Sep 1891 ; Auckland Star, 28 Dec 1908.

BALDEY, ALFRED (1836-1924) was born at
Brighton, Sussex, and educated at tlle Brother-
hood Hall Grammar School, Steyning. At the
age of 16 he went to Australia and tried his
luck on the Victorian goldfields, where he was
present at the Eureka stockade. In 1861 he
came to Otago and took up land at Ryal Bush,
Southland, where he farmed for many years.

BALDWIN,

He was a member of the Southland land board,
the hospital board (seven years), the Southland
county council (17 years), the Bluff harbour
board (14 years), the Otago school commissioners
and the Southland education board (26 years),
being chairman of each for some time. In
1879 Baldey contested the Riverton seat as a
supporter of Grey. He was called to the Legis
lative Council in 1903 and remained a member
till 1917. Later he lived in Wellington. Baldey
married (1861) a daughter of James Laing
(Waianiwa). He died on 20 Aug 1924.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Hansard, 28 Aug 1924;
Evening Post, 21, 29 Aug 1924. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

BALDWIN, WILLIAM (1838-1917) was tlle
son of Henry Baldwin, of Bandon, county
Cork, and received his commission in the 19th
regiment, with which he served in the Indian
mutiny. Coming to Otago in 1860, he took up
a run at Teviot. He was gazetted a magistrate
in 1860 and when gold was discovered at
Gabriel's Gully he was appointed commissioner
at vVaitahuna (1 Oct 1861) and warden. and
resident magistrate (22 Nov 1862). In 1863 he
martied Janet, daughter of the Hon A. Buch-
anan. He was elected to the Otago Provincial
Council for the Goldfields (1863-64) and was
on the executive in 1863. At tlle same time he
was returned to Parliament for the Goldfields
District, which he represented till 1865. He
then resigned and represented Manuherikia
(1866-67). While in the Provincial Council
Bald'lin was chairman of a committee which
recommended that the number of miners’ mem-
bers be increased by two and tllat business men
and miners who had held a miner's right for
nine months should be entitled to the vote. He
afterwards gave up his runs in Otago and be-
came a travelling commissioner for the Govern-
ment Life Insurance department. In 1873 he
established the Otago Guardian, which he con-
trolled till 1875. In 1890 he acquired an in-
terest in tlle New Zealand Times and Mail,
which he sold to a company in 1893. He was a
director of the Dunedin City Tramways Co.
Baldwin died on 30 Jul 1917. His daughter
married (1883) the Hon Edmund W. Parker,
son of Lord Macclesfield.

Otago P.C. Proc; Pyke; Col.
Otago.

Gent.; Hocken,

-----------------------Page 32 End-----------------------

BALFOUR

BALFOUR, JAMES MELVILLE (1831-69), the
son of the Rev Lewis Balfour, D.D., of Colin-
ton, and cousin of Robert Louis Stevenson, was
born in Edinburgh and educated at the Edin-
burgh High School. He studied engineering,
was a pupil. of his brother-in-law, Stevenson,
tte lighthouse builder, and had a wide experi-
ence in Great Britain, mainly in marine engin-
eering. In 1863 he came to New Zealand under
a three years engagement to the Otago Pro-
vincial Government. Amongst the works he
carried out there were the survey of the Moly-
neux bar and "Wikawa harbour, plans for the
lighthouses at Dog island and Taiaroa heads,
for the Dunedin waterworks and the graving
dock at Port Chalmers. He was appointed in
1867 marine engineer for the Colony and in
this capacity designed the lighthouses at Fare-
well Spit and Cape Campbell, carried out a
marine survey of the coast of Taranaki and
planned the harbour works at Timaru. He was
drowned on 18 Dec 1869 while landing at
Oamaru to attend the funeral of the railway
engineer Thomas Paterson (q.v.), who was
drowned in the Kakanui river. Balfour married
Christina, daughter of George Simson, RSA.

Otago PLC; Proc, 186467; App. H.R. 1867-6
Cant. O.N.; MS journal in Turnbull Library.

BALL, THOMAS (1809-97) was born at Brigg,
Lincolnshire, educated there and qualified as a
chemist. He had acquired a competence when
he emigrated to New Zealand with his family
in the ship Victoria, with 200 immigrants, most
of whom settled on 40-acre sections at Mango-
nui (1861). Ball had taken an active interést
in local and general politics in England and
received an address from the citizens of Brigg
when he left there (1859). He represented
Mangonui in the Auckland Provincial Council
(1861-72), and was a member of the executive
(1862). Resigning his seat in 1872, he was
succeeded by WILLIAM THOMAS BALL, who sat
till the abolition of the provinces (1873-76)
Thomas Ball represented the district also in the
House of Representatives (1866-70). He was a
strong advocate of popUlar education and in
4869 moved a resolution, which was carried
without debate, calling for the introduction of
a progressive system of public schools. He re-
tired from Parliament in 1870, but his efforts
were recognised by Fitzherbert in the debate of

BALLANCE

1871, when his object was advanced a step to-
wards the education act of 1877. Ball settled
at Onehunga about 1880. He was a staunch
Congregationalist and a justice of the peace.
He died on 25 Dec 1897.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Macmorran; N.z. Herald,
28 Dec 1897. Portrait: Parliament House.

BALLANCE, JOHN (1839-93) was born at
Glenavy, county Antrim, Ireland, on 27 Mar
1839, his fatller being Samuel Ballance, a far-
mer, and his mother Mary McNiece, a Quaker.
The Ballances settled in Ireland in Cromwell's
time and his grandfather, John, was wounded
in fighting in the village during the rising of
1798. Ballance was educated in the local
national school and was brought up on the
farm until the age of 14, when he was appren-
ticed to an ironmonger in Belfast.

His departure four years later to Birmingham
to take up a post in the same trade was the
turning point in his life. He now travelled
widely in England and studied deeply at the
evening classes of the Midlands Institute; at-
tended many of the political meetings for which
Birmingham was then famous, and as a member
of the literaty society (of which he was secre-
tary) took a prominent part in the debates and
was a successful chess player. His main athletic
exercise at this time was boxing. In 1865, when
26 years of age, Ballance came to New Zealand,
crossing from Melbourne in the Albion. While
in Australia he made contacts in the belief that
he would be able to enter into some sort of
business in his new home, and purchased
jewellery and other goods with which he stocked
a small shop in Taupo Quay, Wanganui. He
also took up a small piece of land. He soon
found time on his hands which he employed
congenially in writing to the local newspapers
(the Chmnicle and the Wanganui Times, both
bi-weeklies). By this means, and by becoming
a member of the Wanganui Literary society
(1866), he aired his views, which were distinctly
liberal.

The shop did not flourish and Ballance
joined a partner in starting a brewery; but new
avenues of activity soon opened up. Discon-
tented with participating in journalism only as
a free lance, he gathered a small amount of
capital and credit, purchased from John Martin
the plant of a newspaper which had closed

32

 

BALLANCE

down, and announced his intention of starting
a new journal in Wanganui. On 4 Jun 1867
the Wanganui Herald made its appearance as
a penny evening paper. The first partnership
did not last long and Ballance then took in as
a practical printer A. D. Willis (q.v.), who had
been with the Chmnicle.

The Maori war on the West Coast was now
a serious factor in the prosperity of Wanganui
and Ballance helped to found the Wanganui
Cavalry, of which he was a member. The ser-
vies of this corps were accepted on 25 Jul
1868, and it was called out for active service
on 30 Nov, two days before the date of Ba-
lance's cornetcy. His comments on military
policy in the columns of the Herald, in which
he described the calling-out of the corps as a
senseless scare, brought him into conflict with
the military authorities, and he was put under
arrest by Colonel Gorton and ordered for court-
martial. At this stage Ballance recognised his
efror, made a due apology and returned to
duty, but his commission was cancelled. He
served in the fidd at Weraroa (where he was
one of Whitmore's escort), Wairoa and Nuku-
maru, and for his courageous conduct at Nuku-
mam was promoted corporal

After the war the Herald lost a good deal of
money and Ballance paid out his partner,
thereafter running the paper himself. He first
exsayed to enter politics in 1873, when he stood
for the Egmont constituency, but retired in
favour of Harry Atkinson, who was thus able
to defeat Moorhouse. Two years later he
entered upon parliainentary life, defeating W.
H. Watt and W. Hutchison for the Rangitikei
seat. At the outset he was a supporter of At-
kinson, with whom he was at one on the pro-
vincial question. He strongly advocated the
abolition of the provinces and proposed a s/s-
tem of municipalities elected on a special fran-
chise. In 1876 he was re-elected (defeating
James Bull). In the ensuing Parliament Bal-
lance found himself drawn towards the Liberal
party of the future. He met Grey and Stout
and became immediate friends with them, par-
ticularly Stout. He supported Vogel on the
abolition of the provinces, but did not come
into close association with him. His decision
2 to party allegiance was finaly made in 1877,
when he wrote to Atkinson stating that he was
withdrawing his support from the Government

BALLANCE

on account of its native land policy, which he
considered was enriching the few at the expense
of the natives and the Colony. He then defin-
itely threw in his lot with Grey, separating from
Atkinson and his colleague Bryce. Public life
was now making demands on his time and he
found it necessary to appoint an editor to look
after the paper during his absence in Welling-
ton. He accordingly took in John Notman as
a partner, thus freeing himself for work that
was becoming daily more urgent. He was chair-
man of the Wanganui harbour board.

When Parliament met in 1877 the Atkinson
Government was defeated and Grey took office.
Ballance was not in the ministry, but he was
obviously a coming man. A fluent and thought-
ful speaker, a vigorous debater with a pleasing,
courteous personality, he was a tower of
strength to Grey's Government. On 12 Jan
1878 he was sworn in as Commissioner of Cus
toms and Minister of Education, and on 18 Apr
he became also Commissioner of Stamp Duties.
Then on 12 Jul, when Larnach left for Eng-
land, he took office as Colonial Treasurer. In
his first financial statement he embodied one
of the leading planks of Liberal policy, the
tax on unimproved values. In Jul 1879, before
Parliament met, Ballance and Grey had a
serious personal disagreement arising (it is be-
lieved) from a criticism of Grey in Ballance's
paper. As a result Ballance resigned (30 Jan
1879). The difference was not a serious one,
and Grey offered to apologise, but Ballance
refused to withdraw his resignation, feeling that
he could only remain in the cabinet by the
hmniliation of his leader, to which he would
not consent. Thus at a critical period of its
history the new Liberal party was robbed of
the services of one of its most able administra-
tors, for Grey himself was hopelessly inept at de-
partmental management. It was a serious blow
to Grey. With financial troubles growing daily,
cabinet discontent rife and native disaffection
threatening, he was called upon to administer
the Treasury. The land tax was replaced by a
property tax.

At the general election Ballance stood as a
Liberal for Wanganui and was returned, with
Bryce as his colleague (Bryce 560; Ballance
547; Fox 501). His personal victory was not a
satisfactory one, inasmuch as Fox's defeat was
due mainly to the opposition of the Roman

33

-----------------------Page 33 End-----------------------

 

BALLANCE

Catholics. The liberal Government being de-
feated and practically disbanded by the de-
thronement of the leader, the fortunes of the
party were guarded in the next Parliament
mainly by Macandrew, Montgomery and Bal-
lance. Meanwhile the native crisis had come to
a head, and Hall, after trying to avoid it and
jettisoning Bryce, had to accept his policy. The
expedition to Parihaka resulted in Te Whiti
(q.v.) being put beyond the power of making
further trouble. In the flush of this event the
Government went to the country. Bryce was
the hero of the hour. Ballance had the mis-
fortune to be opposed in a single electorate
by W. H. Watt, who defeated him by four
votes only. Freed of Parliamentary duties, he
devoted more attention to the newspaper, of
which he was now editor and manager and sole
proprietor. In Oct 1882 he floated the busi-
ness into a company.

At the general election of 1884 Ballance was
returned at the head of the poll, defeating
Hutchison and Watt. He took the portfolios of
Native Minister and Minister of Defence in the
Stout-Vogel cabinet, which held office for only
a fortnight. When it came back again (in Sep)
Ballance was entrusted with these same offices
and also with lands and immigration, and he
entered with vigour upon perhaps the most
constructive period of his departmental admin-
istration. The country was in the depth of a
depression which had already defied the in-
genuity of several administrations. Ballance
approached it from the angle of a new land
policy which would put unemployed men on
land as peasant farmers, with perpetual leases
granted by the crown and organised in state
aided village settlements. Towards the natives.
despondent still after the wars and sullenly
opposed ‘to the advance of settlement in the
centre of the North Island, he adopted a policy
of conciliation which extended even to such
men as Te Kooti and Te Rerenga, Tawhiao
and Rewi. He visited most of them at their
homes, and soon felt justified in disbanding the
Armed Constabulary and installing civil police
in Maori districts. The setting aside as a
national park of 60,000 acres, including Tonga-
riro and Ruapehu, symbolised the better under-
standing- which his sympathetic policy produced.
From the defence point of view, with the Rus-
sian war scare as an incentive, he stimulated the

  

BALLANCE

patriotism of the people to promote volunteer-
ing and show a vigorous sdlf-reliance.

The Government was defeated on its financial
proposals in 1887, and Ballance now became
the leader of the liberals in opposition, though
this position was not formally recognised until
1889. Atkinson, struggling manfully -with the
depression, could not stem the tide of un-
popularity which ran inevitably against the
cautious budgeteer. Ballance was confident of
the superiority of his political programme and
threw himself with energy into the election
campaign in 1890. The rising Labour party,
whicll had become conscious in the maritime
strike, threw in its lot with the liberals, and
the electors on 18 Dec gave their verdict against
the Government in power. Instead of resigning
or at once calling Parliament, the defeated
ministry proposed to carry on until the normal
time for the session, and recommended the
appointment of six new members to the Legis-
lative Council. The Liberal leaders protested
to Governor Onslow against the appointments,
but he replied that it was already done and
that he was responsible only to the Secretary
of State. Parliament did meet, however, on 23
Jan 1891. The election of W. J. Steward (the
Liberal nominee) as Speaker showed that Bal-
lance had 37 followers and Atkinson only 30.
Atkinson, whose health was failing, had al-
ready accepted the speakership of the Legis-
lative Council. Mitchelson accordingly an-
nounced that the Government had resigned and
on 24 Jan Ballance was sworn in with the fol-
lowing ministry: Sir Patrick Buckley, Attorney-
general, Colonial Secretary and Postmaster-
general; William Pember Reeves, Minister of
Education and Justice; R. J. Seddon, Minister
of Public Works, Mines and Marine; John
McKenzie, Lands and Agriculture, and J. G.
Ward (without portfolio). Cadman came in a
few days later to take charge of Stamp Duties,
Native Affairs and Justice; Ward became Post-
master-general, and a month or two later Car-
roll was appointed as the representative of the
native race. Ballance and Buckley were the
only ministers with previous experience. Be-
fore coming into office as Premier, Ballance
had made a sound contribution to the social
legislation of New Zealand. He had assisted in
widening the suffrage so that eve!) man now
had a vote. He had promoted village settle

BALLANCE

ments, under which already 1,000 families had
been placed on the land; and he had concili-
ated the King natives. He now gathered around
him, in spite of the territorial restrictions, men
who were as anxious as he to implement the
programme of advanced liberalism of which
they had spoken to the electors and to unite
the rising Labour party with the liberals under
one banner. The property tax was abolished
and replaced by a land and income tax with a
graduated land tax.

In the first session of the new Government
laws were passed prohibiting the payment of
wages other than in money, changing the sys-
tem of taxation, and inaugurating inspection
of factories. This was the first instalment of a
series of acts demanded by Labour to ameli-
orate the lot of the working classes. A labour
department was established (under Reeves),
which in the next 20 years was to effect radical
improvements in the conditions and hours of
factory labour and the relations between master
and man. Land settlement was provided for
in the next session in a measure which created
three tenures-lease in perpetuity, occupation
with right of purchase, and the optional
method; and an act was passed authorising the
Government to purchase lands from private
owners for subdivision. The existence of an
opposition majority in the Legislative Council
menaced the passage of liberal measures. Bal-
lance in his first session amended the law to
replace life membership of the Council by a
term of seven years, but the appointments made
by Atkinson on thé eve of his resignation
created a majority which could not be overcome
by normal process. When opposition to the
new Government persisted, Ballance asked the
Governor to make 12 new appointments.
Onslow refused. Instead of resigning for a fresh
appeal to tlle country, Ballance had the matter
referred to the Secretary of State, who ruled
that the Governor must accept the advice of his
ministry. Accordingly, in Oct 1892, 12 mem-
bers were appointed to the Legislative Council
whose liberal opinions ensured that the policy
of the Government would no longer meet with
unreasonable obstruction in the upper chamber.
On another point, the pardon of criminals,
Ballance got a ruling from the Colonial Office
that the Governor must act on the advice of
his ministers. His relations with Onslow were

BALLANCE

somewhat strained during these controversies,
in which Onslow frankly espoused the view of
the opposition. Nevertheless Ballance, with in-
nate courtesy and consideration, took steps to
see that there should be no demonstration in
the House which might hurt his Excellency's
feelings.

Progressive. ill-health and the heavy strain of
administrative duties and constitutional contro-
versies were taking toll of Ballance's energies,
and during the session of 1892 he was on
several occasions unfit to take his place in the
House. On such occasions Seddon, with his
fine parliamentary knowledge, became the
deputy-leader. When the new members were
appointed to the Council Ballance’s life work
was practically finished. He was not to meet
Parliament again. He returned to Wellington
in view of the session of 1893, but was obvi-
ously a dying man and the end came on 27
Apr 1893.

Ballance did not see tlle fruition of the
Liberal programme which he had envisaged for
so many years, but he saw the Liberal party
established in office with such safeguards as
were likely to enable it to implement its inten-
tions. In a peculiar sense he was the heir and
successor of the ambitions of Grey. The high
humanitarian ideals of that leader Ballance
adopted with quiet enthusiasm, and promoted
with the practical commonsense of the trained
politician. Quiet, amiable and simple, but solid
and well-informed, he disarmed many of his
opponents by his courtesy and consideration.
Gisborne remarks upon his gentleness of man-
ner and its sweetening influence upon the more
robust and less considerate members of his
Government. Stout says that he had a magnetic
power of attaching men to himself. He was
tender to human suffering. When serving in
the Wanganui Cavalry he burst into tears at
tlle sight of some Maori women who had been
killed in a whare during the fighting.

Throughout life Ballance played chess regu-
larly, finding in the game a relief from the
anxieties of public life. He started a chess club
in Wanganui, promoted the Wanganui and
Rangitikei Building society (1869), and a lodge
of the American oddfellows, of which the public
library was an offshoot. He was a keen lover
of Shakespeare and possessed several editions
of his works, and always took a part in literary

35

-----------------------Page 34 End-----------------------

 

BALLANCE

and debating societies. I'vledicine and astronomy
were two of his favourite studies. He was fond
of animals, took an interest in poultry-raising
and gardening, and at one time owned some
useful racehorses (including Fishhook).

Of Ballance’s political and philosophical
views Stout says that he followed at first Cob-
den and Bright, both of whom he had heard
speek, and his budget speech of 1878 was un-
mistakably of the Manchester school; but later
his views grew more advanced. ‘As the years
wore on he began to see that the laissez faire
policy was not the last word spoken on political
science. He gradually drifted away from the
orthodox political economists, becoming more
radical and what is termed socialistic, following
in this way the lead of such men as Toynbee,
Sedgwick, Marshall, Ingram and others ... He
recognised, however, that a politician must
be a practical man and not deal with theories
only and he sometimes got impatient with some
Liberals for continually talking of theories with-
out having any practical suggestions to carry
them out. He approached many questions as
a merchant would, dealing keenly and in a
business way with bankers and others who had
business transactions with the Government, and
making a bargain with all the shrewdness of a
business man: In his early years he spoke sd-
dom in the House, but later he became more
vehement in his utterance and more rapid,
sometimes speaking ‘like a perfect tornado:

Originally a strict adherent of the Church of
England, Ballance had rather evangelical ten-
dencies and in English politics he was an
Orangeman and conservative. His mother was
a Quakeress who, in America, would have been
considered a Hicksite or even a Unitarian.
Ballance went farther even than this. Associa
tion in Birmingham with the Presbyterian
Y.M.C.A. changed his views on life, and Stout
considered that he became eventually an agnos-
tic, but ‘reverent withal and never intruding
his religious views on anyone:

Ballance married first (1863) Fanny, a sister
of H. S Taylor (Wanganui). She died in 1868,
and he married in 1870 Ellen, daughter of
David Anderson (Wellington), formerly of
county Down. They had no children, but
adopted two nieces of Mrs Ballance. Mrs Bal-
lance took a keen interest in women's move-
ments and was a vice-president of the Women’s

BALNEAVIS

Progressive society. She died on 14 Jun 1935.
N.Z.P.D.; App. H.R, notably 1891-92; N.Z. Chess
Book, 1922; Gudgeon (p); Brett's Almanac, 1879:
Gorton; Saunders (p): Reeves; Condliffe: Schole-
field, NZ. Evol.; Hight and Bamford; N.Z. Graphic,
23 Jul 1892 (p) ; Woman To-day, Jul 1937; N.Z.
Times, Lyttelton Times, Evening Post and Wanga
nui Chronicle, 28 Apr 1893; Wanganui Herald,
pass.; NZ. Herald, 6, 7 Feb 1885, 18 Dec 1891 ; Sir
R. Stout in Austr. Reviews of Reviews, ii, 1893;
James Collier in The Press, 31 Dec 1910; Auckland
Star, 27 Sep 1887. Portrait: By Tennyson Cole in
Parliament House.
BALNEAVIS, HENRY COLIN (1818-76). Born
at Ghent, Belgium, Balneavis was a younger son
of Lieut-general Henry Balneavis, C.M.G., K.H.,
who commanded the 65th Regiment in the
Peninsular war and was afterwards commandant
and Governor of Malta. In recognition of his
services the son was granted his first commission
in the 5Sth Regiment without purchase in 1838.
He rose to be captain and adjutant of the
battalion.

Balneavis arrived in New Zealand (Apr 1845)
in command of the light company, and the
whole of his military life thereafter was in this
country. He was present at minor actions in
Heke's war and also at Ohaeawai and Ruapeka-
peka. At the last-named, while commanding the
advanced picket, he reported the evacuation of
the pa during the night, but Despard distrusted
the intelligence. Balneavis led a patrol of the
58th in pursuit of the murderers of the Gilfil-
lans at Wanganui (1847). When the 58th left
New Zealand in 1858, having completed 20
years service, he retired as captain, took up his
military grant of land at Maraetai and for some
years was a settler. When the war broke out in
Waikato Balneavis organised the Waikato
militia, whose high efficiency was mainly due to
him. He attained the rank of lieut-colonel in
Feb 1862. He served for a while in the Wa-
nganui district. He was keenly interested in
fortifications, and constructed for a military col-
lege in Great Britain an exact model of Rua-
pekapeka. For his services in New Zealand Bal-
neavis received the military good service medal
and the New Zealand war medal.

After retiring from active sevice he was
appointed sheriff for the province of Auckland.
Amiable and unassuming in disposition, he had
marked social qualities. He was an accom
plished violinist and a founder of the Auckland

36

BANNERMAN

Choral Society. His foreign experience as a boy
gave him a ready knowledge of various Euro-
pean languages, and he was also pr8ficient at
Arabic, Greek and Maori. He died on 26 Aug
1876. His coffin was draped with the colours of
his regiment, which he had borne as a sub-
altern and had been presented to him in 1866
for deposit in Auckland.

Gudgeon; Cowan; Buick; Grimstone; N.Z. Her-
ald, 27 Aug 1876.

BANNERMAN, WILLIAM (1822-1902) was
born at Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, and as a child
moved with his parents to Edinburgh, where he
received his education. He went to the High
School and to the sessional school, and then
proceeded, on a four years bursary of £20 a
year, to the University of Edinburgh.

While he was there the disruption occurred
in the Church of Scotland. Bannerman was
present in St Andrew's church when the protest
wes read by Dr Welsh, whereby 470 of the lead-
ing ministers of the Church renounced their
allegiance and withdrew to form the Free
Church of Scotland. Bannerman joined the
new church and on the completion of his four
years at the University he entered the Free
Church theological college (of which Dr Chal-
mers was principal). At the end of his course
he was licensed as a probationer. During these
eight years in Edinburgh Bannerman was en-
gaged in private tuition, and added much to his
knowledge of the world by an extended tour
in Europe in the company of one of his pupilS.
Partly on foot, they travelled through Belgium,
Germany, Switzerland and Italy. At Geneva
they met the historian of the Reformation,
Merle D'Aubigne. Another tour took them,
through southern Ireland. After being licensed
by the Free Church presbytery of Edinburgh,
Bannerman was employed by the home mission
committee in the parish of Crathie, in which
were included the royal estates of Balmoral and
Abergeldie. He conducted divine service and
Sunday school in a building belonging to the
estate of Abergeldie, and thereby laid the
foundations of the present parish. On leaving
Crathie, Bannerman for a few weeks supplied
the vacant charge at Echt, near Aberdeen. Then
he went to Perth to take the place temporarily
at St Leonards of the Rev John Milne, who
had gone to Calcutta.

BANNERMAN

Some time before this the congregation of
First Church in Dunedin had requested the
Free Church of Scotland to assist in providing
missionaries for the central portion of Otago
province outside of Dunedin. An old parish-
ioner wrote to Bannerman that he was going to
Otago with his two sons, and suggested that
Bannerman might find the opening agreeable.
He accepted the suggestion at once, offered his
services to the colonial committee, and in Sep
1853 was ordained by the Perth presbytery as
a minister of the Otago Church. Dr Andrew
Bonar presided. Accompanied by the Rev Wil-
liam Will, Bannerman sailed the following
month in the ship Stately, which arrived in
Otago in Feb 1854. The presbytery of Otago
divided the district between the two ministers,
it being agreed that Will should take the better-
settled Taieri district and Bannerman the
sparsely-settled far south. Being unable to ride,
he entered upon his task with the prospect of
travelling afoot, and in this fashion he made
journeys in 10 months which totalled 3,600
miles. Then a horse was procured, and he soon
became an accomplished horseman. At the re-
quest of the presbytery he travelled as far north
as Oamaru, and then returned to his own
sphere in south Otago. Every small settlement
there he visited regularly. Before long Toko-
mairiro, Clutha, Kaihiku, Warepa and Inch
Clutha were organised congregations, and by
the end of 1856 Bannerman had extended his
visitations as far as Invercargill. After visiting
all the congregations on the northern side of
the Mataura he crossed the river and proceeded
with great difficulty to Bluff, suffering much
from thirst on the way. After sleeping the night
in the lee of a house which was building there,
he proceeded by foot and boat to the site of
Invercargill, where surveyors were already at
work laying out the township.

Returning in company with Logie (collector
of customs at Dunedin), they lost themselves
among the Hokonui mountains and spent two
nights in the bush, drenched to the skin. At
length they struck the mouth of the Popotunoa
gorge and reached the manse at Warepa, a clay
hut, on Sunday morning. Bannerman caught
his horse and rode off to Balclutha for the Sun-
day service, The manse at Puerua was erected
in 1857. These arduous years taxed to the ut-
most the strength of the minister, who was

37

-----------------------Page 35 End-----------------------

 

BAMFORD

scarcely out of the saddle for a day at a time.
Gradually the advent of more population re-
quired the establishment of sanctioned charges
within his territory. In 1860 the Rev A. H.
Stobo was stationed at Invercargill. Then the
Warepa and Kaihiku, Tokomairiro, Inch Clutha
and Popotunoa districts became settled charges
(under the Revs J. Waters, A. B. Todd, James
Kirkland and Charles Connor), and Bannerman
was free to devote his attention to Puerua and
Port Molyneux, with Catlins and Tapanui. He
had laboured for 30 years in this heavy field,
and was now over 60 years of age, when in 1884
he met with a buggy accident which left him so
lame as to be unable longer to travel. He re-
tired at the beginning of 1885, his congregation
retaining him as senior minister.

Bannerman went to live at Roslyn. He did
occasional work in and around Dunedin, but
devoted most of his attention to the clerkship
of the synod, which he held from its formation.
He had previously been clerk to the presbytery
for some years. in the church courts Banner-
man was methodical in the transaction of busi-
ness and uniformly helpful, courteous and
courageous in debate. He was one of the old
Scots Presbyterians, versed in all church law, a
keen debater, and an inveterate fighter. He
took a warm interest in missions and for many
years was convenor of the mission committee.
In this capacity he paid a visit with his wife
to the New Hebrides, where the Otago Church
had stations. Bannerman attended two general
assemblies of the Victorian and New Zealand
churches, and in 1876 he represented the
Church of Otago at Edinburgh at the alliance
of the Reformed Churches holding to the
Presbyterian system.

In 1900, in recognition of his long and valu-
able service in New Zealand, the University of
Edinburgh conferred upon Bannerman the de-
gree of doctor of divinity. He died on 24 Dec
1902. Mrs Bannerman was a daughter of the
Rev Dr Burns.

Hocken; Chisholm; Don; John Wilson; Otago
Witness, Mar 1898 GUbilee); Otago Daily Times,
20 Jan 1885, 25 Dec 1902, 13 Jun 1930 (P).

BAMFORD, HARRY DEAN (1878-1922) was
the son of Edwin Bamford, registrar-general of
deeds. Educated at Napier High School and
Auckland Grammar School, he entered the office

BARCLAY

of Buddle and Button and studied law at Auck-
land University College (B.A. 1898; LL.B.
1900; LL.D. 1901). From 1904 he practised in
Auckland, being some time lecturer at the Uni-
versity College and a member of the College
council. Bamford collaborated with Professor
J. Hight in The Constitutional History and
Law of New Zealand (1914). He married
(1914) Jean, daughter of John Richmond. His
death occurred on 27 Mar 1922.

Who's Who N.Z,, 1908; Hight and Bamford;
N.Z. Herald, 29 Mar 1922.

BANNATYNE, WILLIAM McLEOD (1818-88)
came to New Zealand in 1842 and founded a
merchant's business in Wellington. Though
naturally retiring, he took his part in public
dfairs. In 1848 he was nominated by Governor
Grey to a seat in the Legislative Council of New
Munster. This he resigned in 1850 in view of
Earl Grey's despatch of 22 Dec 1849, as being
incompatible with his independence. In 1856
he married Jane Emily, the widow of Major
Richard Baker (q.v.). He was a member of the
Wellington City Council (1871-73). About 1883
he returned to England, where he died on 17
May 1888.
Gyel. N.Z., 1, 292; Beauchamp; Ward.

BARCLAY, ALFRED RICHARD (1859-1912),
son of the Rev George Barclay, was born in
Ireland, and came to New Zealand in 1865. He
attended the Timaru public school, Christ's
College and Otago University (B.A. 1878). He
completed his LL.B. degree in 1884, and was
admitted as barrister and solicitor three years
later. He then began to practise in Dunedin,
and for a time was with the firm of George and
uJ. A. Cook. Always interested in education and
university matters, he was clerk of the court of
convocation from its inauguration in 1884. In
1891 he was appointed lecturer in constitutional
history at Otago University. Barclay was mem-
ber for Dunedin in the House of Representa
tives (1899-1902), supporting the Seddon Gov-
ernment. He was defeated by Bedford, Millar
and Arnold, but gained the Dunedin North
seat in 1905, when he defeated Bedford. He
was connected with many public bodies, notably
the Athenaeum committee and the Fabian
society. His wife, Annie, was a daughter of H.
W. Baron (Dunedin). Barclay died on 10 Nov
1912.

88

BARCLAY
Hansard, 5 Jul 1913; N.Z. Chess Book, 1922;
Cyel. N.Z., iti (p) ; Christ’s Coll. Seh. List; Otago

Daily Times, II Nov 1912.

BARCLAY, PETER, of Aberdeen, was selected
by the colonial committee of the Free Church
of Scotland to inaugurate the Presbyterian
Church in Hawkes Bay. He arrived in 1859 by
the White Swan, opened a church in 1861, and
four years later was moderator of the General
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. Follow-
ing the death of his wife, he resigned in 1866
and returned to Scotland. Barclay published a
book, The Word and Work of Christ in New
Zealand, and in 1872 Notes on New Zealand
{01 the Use of Emigrants.

Dickson.

BARFF, EDMUND came to New Zealand with
the gold rush to the West Coast, and was a
typical miners! representative. In 1865 he was
elected to the Canterbury Provincial Council
for the West Coast, and he sat for that and the
Westland seat till 1867. In 1868 he was elected
by Okarito to the Westland county council. In.
1868 Barff was returned as M.H.R. for West-
land South, which he represented till 1870. He
was again in Parliament (for Hokitika) from
1876-79, and was mainly responsible for the
framing of the mining act of 1877. At the dec-
tion in 1879 he was defeated, the two seats being
gained by R. C. Reid and Seddon, with Dungan
third and Barf! last

Parltry Record; Harrop, Westland; Cyel. N.Z., v.

BARKER, ALFRED 'CHARLES (1819-73), was
born in London, the son of Joseph Gibbs Bar-
ker, of Birmingham. During his childhood his
parents lived at Hereford, Cambridge and
Kenilworth, and for a while in the Vintners
House at Holborn. The boy received most of
his education in a private school at Hereford,
and went to King’s College, London, to study
medicine. After qualifying as a surgeon he
practised at Matlock, Bath and Rugby. He mar-
ried Emma, daughter of Samuel Outram Bacon.

Becoming interested in the Canterbury
scheme, Barker was one of the original land
purchasers and was appointed surgeon to the
Chmilotte Jane. On arrival in Lyttelton (16
Dec 1850) he was in the first boat which went
off and found rooms at Day's Hotel, Sumner,
where he left his family until their home was

BARKER

ready. At Christchurch he lived in a dugout
in the park while he erected his first shelter, a
V hut covered with a sail from the ships. The
hut was used by the land office for the conveni-
ence of the land purchasers at the selection of
sections in Jan 1851. The garden of his per-
manent home stretched from Cathedral square
to the terrace in Worcester street. Though a
member 0(the council of the Society of Land
Purchasers from 1852 to 1854, Barker was too
much engaged in his practice to take part in
politics. For years he was one of the few
medical practitioners on the Plains, and he had
to ride long distances. In 1855 he was returned
to the Provincial Council for Christchurch City,
which he represented until 1857. He had no
taste for public life, but had strong opinions
which he often expressed in the press. His wife
having died in 1858, Barker gave up his prac-
tice in 1859 and devoted himself more and more
to his hobbies. His tastes were studious and
scientific. Throughout his life he corresponded
with Owen, Huxley and others on geology,
botany and other phases of science. He studied
the Darwin tlleories deeply, and in 1872 and
1873 contributed papers to the Canterbury
Philosophical Institute. Many sketches which
he made in the early days of the settlement are
preserved in the Christchurch museum, and his
skill as an amateur photographer furnished
valuable historical pictures. He was a trustee
of the museum and assisted every intellectual
and literary movement in the province. He was
also a fellow of Christ's College, and the College
library was built from his plans after his death.
Barker died on 20 Mar 1873.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; Deans; Wigram; Church
News, May 1873; Scholefield in The Press, 27 Sep
1830 (p).

BARKER, LADY MARY ANNE, later Lady
BROOME (1831-1911) was born in Jamaica,
where her father, W. G. Stewart, was Is
land Secretary. In 1852 she married Captain
(afterwards Sir) George Barker, who served in
the Crimea and the mutiny. She joined him in
4860, when he was commanding the Royal
Artillery in Bengal. He died in 1861. In 1865
she married Frederick Napier Broome. who was
then sheep farming in Canterbury. They took
up Steventon in 1866 and called it Broomielaw.
Their life in New Zealand came to an early

389

-----------------------Page 36 End-----------------------

 

BARLOW

end. Broome was a keen sportsman and spent
much time pig-hunting and writing poetry. He
gave up the property in 1868. In 1869 he did
his first work for Macmillan's Magazine, and at
Alexander Macmillan's suggestion his wife wrote
the first of her books describing station life in
New Zealand. It was published in 1870. Her
books contain some of the most lively and in-
teresting accounts of station life in the early
days, as she experienced it, mainly at Broomie-
law, Rockwood and Heathstock stations. Station
Life in New Zealand was followed by Travel-
ling Over Old and New Ground (1871), A
Christmas Cake in Four Quarters (1872), Sta-
tion Amusements in New Zealand (1873),
Letters to Guy (1885) and Colonial Memories
(1904). Broome joined the staff of The Times
as special correspondent and reviewer, and trav-
elled widely while his wife became superinten-
dent of the national school of cookery and
editor of a magazine. In 1875 Broome was ap-
pointed colonial secretary in Natal; lieutenant
governor of Maulitius (1876), and governor of
West Australia (1882-90). (K.C.M.G. 1883).
He was governor of Trinidad when he died
(1896). Lady Broome died on 6 Mar 1911.

Acland; Buller; Hocken, Bibliog.; Broome, Col-
onial Memories; The Times (London), 7 Mar
1911.

BARLOW, PETER WILLIAM (1847-90) was
the son of Peter William Barlow, F.R.S. Edu-
cated in England and trained as a civil engin-
eer, he was employed on contracts in Turkey
and Brazil and on the Tower subway in Lon-
don. In 1883 he came with his family to New
Zealand under engagement to a land company
and settled at Matakohe. In 1888 he published
under the title Kaipara an interesting volume
of description and experiences. Barlow died in
Apr 1890.
N.Z. Herald; Barlow, op. cit.

BARNES, JOHN (1817-89) was born at Stock-
port, Lancashire, and came to Otago in the
Nourmahal (1858). For many years he was in
business as a carter and contractor, carrying to
Tokomairiro and to the goldfields at Lindis
and Tuapeka, and undertaking many public
works contracts, such as the Rattray street,
Stuart street and Pelichet Bay jetties. In 1863
6 he was a member of the town board, and in
1866-67, 1870-74 and 1879-85 of the City Coun-

BARNETT

cil, from which he resigned twice to become
inspector of works. He was mayor of Dunedin
in 1885 and a member of the harbour board
(1883-88). Barnes died on 18 Nov 1889.

Gycl. N.z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 19 Nov 1889.

BARNES, RICHARD JAMES (1860-1929) was
born in Victoria and came to New Zealand with
his parents, who were attracted to the Central
Otago goldfields. As a young man in Welling-
ton he learned the game of chess as a member
of St Paul's young men's club. He became a
regular prize-winner in local contests; in 1890
was runner-up in the Dominion championships,
and three years later was champion. :Barnes
attended 27 Dominion congresses, winning the
championship five times and being runner-up
nine times. He was an accountant by profes-
sion. He died on 7 Jan 1929.

N.Z. Chess Book, 1922; The Dominion, 8 Jan
1929.
BARNETT, JOHN MAUGHAN (1867-1938)
was born in Leamington, Warwickshire, and
educated at a private school. He studied piano
and composition under Gustav Ernest, and the
organ under Frank Spinney. After holding the
position of organist and choirmaster at the
church of King Charles the Martyr (1882-89)
and at St Mary Magdalen church, St Leonards-
on-Sea, and giving concerts in South Kensing-
ton and in the provinces, he came overseas on
account of his health. For three years he was
organist at the Hobart Cathedral, Tasmania,
where he opened the new organ. He composed
the anthem used at the laying of the foundation
stone of the cathedral chancel and tower, and
conducted the Hobart musical union. In 1893
9 he was organist and choirmaster at Napier
Cathedral, and he was first conductor of the
liedertafel there. In 1895 he was appointed
organist and choirmaster at St John’s Church,
Wellington, and he was the city organist until
1913, when he took up similar duties in Auck-
land. He played an important part in estab-
lishing the Wellington Choral s8ciety and was
conductor of the Wellington Operatic society.
The music of the commemorative ode for the
Christchurch Exhibition (1905) was his com-
position. Barnett married a daughter of the
Rev Lewen Tugwell. He died on 1 Jan 1938,
16 weeks after being appointed organist at
Christchurch Cathedral.

40

BARNICOAT

Who's Who N.Z., 1908 and 1924; Evening Star,
15 Jun 1926; The Press, 2 Jan 1938.

BARNICOAT, JOHN WALLIS (1814-1905) was
born at Falmouth, Devonshire, educated at the
Falmouth proprietary school and articled to a
civil engineer. He practised his profession in
England until 1841, when he came to Nelson
in the Lord Auckland (arriving on 23 Feb
1842).

There he practised for a while in partnership
with a fellow passenger, T. J. Thompson, and
was employed by the New Zealand Company
surveying lands at Waimea and Moutere. He
was so employed at Wairau when Te Rau-
paraha and Rangiheata interposed (Jun 1843).
Barnicoat was one of those who escaped, finding
his way with Frederick Tuckett (q.v.) to Cloudy
Bay and back to Nelson. He then surveyed the
Motueka and Takaka districts, and in Mar
1844 explored with Tuckett the whole of the
east coast of the South Island as far as Stewart
Island to find a suitable site for the New Edin-
burgh settlement. With Davison he surveyed
the Waikouaiti harbour. Later in the year
he settled on his own land near Richmond. In
1846 Barnicoat explored the Pelorus and in
1850 (with John Tinline) he tried to find a
route from Nelson to the Wairau.

Barnicoat in 1853 was elected unopposed for
Waimea East to tlle Nelson Provincial Council,
in which he sat throughout the provincial
period (1853-75). He was speaker (1858-75)
and deputy-superintendent in 1875. In 1862 he
contested the superintendency (Robinson 593
votes; Barnicoat 218). He was chairman of the
"Waimea road board and for many years of the
"Waimea county council. Barnicoat was keenly
interested in education, being a trustee under
the Nelson trust funds act and one of the
founders of Nelson College, of which he was a
governor for 40 years from 1856. He was a
member and chairman of the board of educa-
tion, a trustee of the Richmond institute
(1846), a member of the archdeaconry board
(1856) and of the first Nelson synod (1859); an
assessor of the bishop's court, a member of many
diocesan trusts, diocesan treasurer (1875-97)
and a member of the General Synod (1862). In
4883 Barnicoat was called to the Legislative
Council, of which he was a member to 1902

He married (1849) Rebecca Lee, a daughter

4

:BARR

of William Hodgson (q.v.). Barnicoat died on
2 Feb 1905. (See R. C. KIRK.)

His daughter, CONSTANCE Attce :BARNICOAT
(1877-1922), was educated at Nelson Girls’ Col-
lege and Canterbury University College (B.A
1895). She studied languages, was private secre-
tary to W. T. Stead (1898-1903), and for many
years acted as special foreign correspondent for
English and flew Zealand newspapers. She mar-
ried (I9B) Julian Grande, who wrote her life
in 1925.

NZ.C.; Hocken, Otago; N.zP.D.; Grande, op.
cit. (p); Buick, Old Marlborough; Broad; Cyel

N.Z., v_(p); Who's Who N.z., 1908; The Colonist
3 Feb 1906.

BARR, GEORGE MORRISON (1837-1907) was
born in Glasgow and received his education in
that city, passing out of the University with two
firsts (engineering and mecharucs). He served
his articles with Thomas Kyle and remained
with him as assistant for three years before tak-
ing up his residence in Edinburgh in the ser-
vice of Charles JoPP, A.M.LC.E., consulting
engineer to the North British Railway Co., for
whom he surveyed several branch lines in the
south and east of Scotland. He arrived at Port
Chalmers in the Jura in 1862 and took up his
duties in the provincial survey department. In
1866 he transferred to the general government
and was chief engineer of public works (1869-
72). During this time he had charge of all
roads, buildings and public works. Resigning in
1872 to enter private practice, he was appointed
in 1882 engineer to the Otago harbour board.
Until loans ceased in 1888 he carried out all
the harbour works, including the opening of the
Victoria channel. In private practice he execu-
ted harbour works at Wanganui and waterworks
at New Plymouth, Queenstown, Cromwell, Pal-
merston South, Mornington and Roslyn. He
was two years a member of the City Council and
four years of the harbour board; was one of the
first members (and sometime chairman) of the
Mornington school committee. ‘Barr became a
member of the Institute of Civil Engineers in
4882 and received the Telford premium for a
report on Otago harbour (1892). He was vice-
president of the N.Z. Institute of Surveyors and
a member of the first board of examiners. At
the time of his death (27 Apr 1907) he was the
only surviving foundation member of the

-----------------------Page 37 End-----------------------

 

BARR

Glasgow Geological Society. He married in 1871
a daughter of Thomas Oliver, of Kaikorai.
Evening Star, 29 Apr 1907.

BARR, JAMES (1820-85) was born in Glasgow
and had a careful upbringing in the Scots and
Presbyterian tradition. Arriving in Otago by
the Marinel’ (1849), he and a brother farmed
for some years at Halfway Bush. Finding this
occupation not sufficiently profitable, he left in
1851 for Sydney, where he spent five years. He
took a great interest in the social aspect of early
Otago and was secretary of the committee which
promoted winter lectures. He floated some of
the early building societies. Barr was in busi-
ness for many years in Walker street and Staf-
ford street and finally at the Phoenix Bond. He
took little part in politics, except in the days of
the Otago convention, which was established to
protest against the abolition of the provincial
system (1875). Barr had a pleasant literary turn
and published many articles on the early life of
the province, as well as a volume entitied The
Old Identities (1879). He was the first secretary
of the Old History Society of Otago. Barr died
on 4 Apr 1885.

Barr, op. cit.; Hocken, Bibliog. and Otago; Otago
Daily Times, 24 Apr 1885.

BARR, JOHN (1867-1930) was born in Paisley,
Scotland, and educated at the public school at
Pollokshaws. He spent three years as a weaver
before taking part in his first industrial dispute,
and then served his apprenticeship as a stone-
mason. Before coming to New Zealand in 1902
he lived in Winnipeg, Canada, for a time, and
was employed as a telegraph linesman in Can-
ada and the United States. Settling in Christ-
church, he took a prominent part in labour mat-
ters, becoming president of the Canterbury
trades and labour council. In 1907 he was
called to the Legislative Council, and he was
re-appointed in 1914, 1921 and 1928. He was
chairman of committees from 1925 until his
death (on 6 Dec 1930). For many years Barr
was a member of the Sumner borough council,
and he was mayor (1917-23). He occupied a
seat on the Christchurch tramway board (1912-
21), being appointed deputy-chairman in 1916
and chairman in 1918 A staunch freemason,
Bart was the first master of the Sumner Masonic
lodge. In his capacity as stonemason, he was a
member of the committee responsible for the

BARRAUD

restoration of the old Provincial Council cham-
bers.

NzP.D., Il Mar 1931; Who's Who N.Z., 1908,
1924; The P,"ess, 8 Deo 1990 (p).

BARR, JOHN (1809-89) was born at Paisley,
Scotland, and was for many years a member of
the engineering firm of Barr and McNab, of
Paisley, who were engaged in connection with
the Clyde shipbuilding. In 1852 he emigrated
to Otago in the Dominion, and was for many
years a familiar figure in the settlement. He
settled at Halfway Bush, and later took a place
at Kaihiku, which he named Craigielee. There
he lived for a number of years and then sold
the farm and lived at Water of Leith, Dunedin.
Barr was regarded as Otago's first poet. He had
a talent for composing songs, and wrote verse
of good quality, including satirical and humor-
ous poems for every occasion. For many years
he contributed regularly to the Otago Witness
and the Saturday Adve,"tiser. In 1861 he pub-
lished his first volume of Poems and Songs
(many in the Scots dialect), and in 1874 they
were republished with some additions. Barr in-
augurated the Burns Club and was laureate to
the Caledonian Society. He died on 18 Sep
1889.

Hocken, Otago and Bibliog.; Barr, oj). cit; The
Press, 5 Jun 1907; Otago Daily Times, 19 Sep 1889.

BARR, WII.LIAM (1831-87) arrived in Otago
with his parents in the Philip Laing. He sat in
the Otago Provincial Council as member for
Green Island and Caversham (1861-70), and for
Kaikorai (1871-73). He died on 10 May 1887.

Otago Daily Times, 12 May 1887.

BARRAUD, CHARLES DECIMUS (1822-97)
was born in Surrey and educated in Camber-
well. After serving his articles to a chemist and
druggist, he spent some time in that business in
Southampton and came to New Zealand in the
Pilgl'im in 1849. He was in business in Lamb-
ton Quay, Wellington, until 1887, when the
misfortune of having his premises burned
caused him to retire. Barraud was a competent
artist in water colours and painted a great deal
during his life in Wellington. In 1875 he visited
England, where he published (1877) a portfolio
of lithographs in colour and plain entitled New
Zealand: Graphic and Descriptive (the descrip-
tive matter being by W. T. L. Travers). Bar-

42

BARRETT

raud was one of the founders, and for some
years president, of the New Zealand Academy
of Fine Arts. He was the first president of the
New Zealand Pharmacy board and was treasurer
of the convalescent fund of Wellington Hospi-
tal and chairman of the Sailors’ Rest. He died
on 26 Dec 1897.

Ward; Cycl. N.Z., i (P);.Barraud, op. cit; N.Z.
Times and Evening Post, 28 Dec 1897.

BARRETT, RICHARD (180747) was born in
Rotherhithe, London, became a sailor and
visited New Zealand waters as mate of Love's
schooner Tohora (whale), which traded in pork
and flax between Nga-motu (New Plymouth)
and Sydney from 1828-29 until a cask of pork
fal from the slings and destroyed the vessd.
Barrett remained at Nga-motu, where he mar-
ried Lavinia Waikaiua (Rawinia), of the Ngati-
te-Whiti tribe. He was the mainstay, with Love
(Hakirau), in the defence of the Otaka pa
(Breakwater, New Plymouth), when it was
fiercely besieged by the invading Waikato in
4831. With the survivors, Barrett journeyed
south inland of Waikanae, where they were un-
der the protection of Te Rauparaha at Kapiti
island. Thence he moved to Port Nicholson and
across the straits to TeAwaiti (Tanvhite), on
Tory Channel, where he became a whaler. On
18 Aug the Tory anchored in Ship Cove, and
Colonel Wakefield engaged Barrett as inter-
preter. Edward J. Wakefield says: 'Dressed in
a white jacket, blue dungaree trousers, and
round straw hat, he seemed perfectly round all
over, while his jovial, ruddy face, twinkling
eyes and good-humoured smile could not fail
to excite the pleasure of all beholders' H. S.
Chapman in the New Zealand Journal, 1850,
said he was ‘a great man among the natives,
who adore him, and is respected by even
drunken whalers.’ Barrett went with Wakefield
to Port Nicholson, where he explained to the
chiefs the intentions of the Company and its
desire to acquire land. A purchase was accord-
ingly made of a considerable area, now occupied
by Wellington city and suburbs and the Hutt
valley. Mter the Treaty of Waitangi was signed,
the Company's claim was investigated and con-
siderably reduced. On 1 Feb 1840 Barrett
piloted the Tory to Moturoa (New Plymouth)
with a similar object. He returned to Welling-
ton and acted as agent for natives and inter-

BARRON

preter. On 24 Oct he opened a hotel (known
as Barrett's), which became a meeting place for
colonial deals and social events in the young
settlement. Barrett possessed the first horses in
New Plymouth. In 1843 he accompanied three
stockmen, driving 70 head of cattle, from 'Wa-
lington to New Plymouth. In 1844 he retired
to his Motudoa whaling station, where he died
on 23 Feb 1847. NSB.

N.Z.e. 113; GB.ap., 184041; H. M. Jarvis in
N.Z. Herald, 5 ‘Ma-30 Apr 1892; A. Hood, Tara-
naki and Dicky Barrett, 1890; E. J. Wakefield;
McNab, Old Whaling Days; S P. Smith, Tara~
naki; "ard.

BARRIBALL, CHARLES (1812-80) came to
New Zealand by the Westminster in 1843 and
resided in Epsom for some years. At the first
Waiuku sde (1859) he purchased a farm, and
the family settled there in 1860. Barriball was
a warden of the Auckland hundred and later a
member of the Waiuku road board, but he took
no part in politics. He was a staunch 'Vesleyan
Methodist and for many years a local preacher.
He died on 23 Jan 1880.
NZ. Herald, 26 Jan 1880.

BARRON, WII.LIAM (1837-1916) was born at
St Andrews, Scotland, and educated in the
parish and Free Church schools at Whitbum,
Kirkliston and Lennie Moor. He was trained
for commercial life in Edinburgh. He arrived in
Otago in 1861 by the Lady Egidia, and spent
the next 18 months mining and storekeeping on
the goldfields. He then went into business in
Dunedin, being senior partner first in Barron
and Campbell and afterwards in Barron, Grant
and Co., merchants and runholders. He retired
in 1874, paid visit to Great Britain, and on his
return settled in Caversham. He was a member
of the City Council in 1874, and five years later
entered Parliament for Caversham, which he
represented 1879-90, being unopposed on two
occasions. Barron was a consistent Liberal and
freetrader and took the initiative in many re-
forms of the eighties and nineties. He fought
for several years to extend the hours of polling
to enable the working dass to register their
votes; he promoted legislation to protect wages
in cases of bankruptcy, and advocated the aboli-
tion of plural voting and the reduction of the
number of members of Parliament. He also
carried through drastic amendments of the

43

-----------------------Page 38 End-----------------------

 

BARRY

patent law, cheapening the costs to patentees
and simplifying the procedure. In Parliament
he strenuously opposed heavy borrowing. Bar-
ron was a leading advocate of the Otago Central
railway and chairman of the executive of the
league. He was a prominent freemason. He
married (1870) Mary, daughter of Robert Banks
(Puerua). He died on 16 Jun 1916.

Who's Who w.z,, 1909; Cycl. NZ, iv; Otago
Daily Times, 17 Jun 1916.

BARRY, WILLIAM JACKSON (1819-1907) was
born in Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, and at the
age of nine left England on a trip round the
world in the Red Rover, an ellligrant ship. At
Sydney he deserted and worked for a butcher,
who sent him to school at Parramata, until In
1835 he left on a whaling cruise in the Mary.
He deserted at Melbourne, but being retaken,
sailed for the Bay of Islands. In 1838 he went
with an expedition to form a convict settlement
at New Holland, on the Australian coast, and
being wrecked on the return journey, was one
of three who were saved. He joined the navy In
1840 and went to India and China (where he
took part in the first Chinese war). Mter several
trips across the Tasman, trading and whaling,
Barry left the sea and in 1845 mamied Miss
French, of Western Australia. She brought him
a substantial dowry, and for a time he managed
her fatller's station. After her death he joined
the California gold rush, where momentarily he
made a fortune. Marrying again in 1852 at
Shasta, he ceturned to Australia, lost his money
in a wreck, but soon made another fortune in
quartz mining at Ballarat. In. tlle early sixties
he brought his wife and family to New Zea
land, where he worked first at Gabriel's Gully
and later as a farmer and butcher in Cromwell.
In 1864 Barry was elected mayor of Cromwell,
and he held the position for a few years. He
engaged in goldmining, auctioneerjag and but-
chering, and purchased a hotel In “ueenstown,
where his wife died in 1874. Four years later he
visited England as immigration agent for the
Government. Grey being put out of office dur-
ing his absence, he carried out a lecture tour
of EnGTland On his return to New Zealand he
contested the Dunedin West seat in Parliament
(1887), but illness prevented him from prose-
cuting his campaign. His book, Up and Down:
or 50 Yeal'S of Colonial Experience, was pub-

BARTH

lished in 1879. From 1887 he toured the Aus
tralian colonies giving lectures until he became
too infirm. He also published Past and Present
and Men of the Times (1897). Barry died on
25 Apr 1907.

Bary, op. cit. (p); The Press, 25 Apr 1907.

BARSTOW, ROBERT CLAPHAM (1820-90)
was born at Skipton Bridge, Yorkshire, a grand-
son of Sir Michael Barstow, mayor of York. He
was educated at St Peter's School, York, and
proceeded as a foundation scholar to Jesus Col-
lege, Cambridge (1838). Mter completing his
course there he spent some time travelling in
Europe, and sailed in 1843 for.New Zeal.and.il!
the Bangalore, which was carrymg Captain Fitz-
Roy to assume the Governorship. Arrivmg ii
Dec, he purchased land at Tamaki, and then
speculated in loading the Bangalore With spars
and timber. He sailed in the ship on her re-
turn to England, put into Valparaiso in distress
and sold her cargo there. Barstow made his way
to Payta (Peru) and then to Tahiti (Aug 1844)
in search of a vessel for his return to New Zea-
land. After visiting the Marquesas and Hawaii,
he reached Auckland in 1845, just before the
arrival of Governor Grey. He had a schooner,
the Undine, built in Auckland, and made fur-
ther cruises in the Pacific. In 1846 he maried
Jane Mary (d. 15 Jul 1902), daughter of Col-
onel Hulme, of the 96th Regiment. ae

In 1848 Barstow was called to the Legislative
Council, of which he was a member until 1850.
On account of the scarcity of labour following
the gold discoveries in California, he sold his
farm (partly to St John's College) and moved
to Great Barrier, where he had a cattle station
for some years. From 1859 he was reSldent
magistrate at Bay of Islands; from 1872 at One
hunga ; and from 1877 at Auckland, retining 11
1881. Barstow took a great Interest In the estab-
lishment of the Auckland Industrial School, and
was many years on the committee. He Was for
some time president of the Auckland Institute
and was interested in acclimatisation and hort!-
culture. He had a valuable collection of en-
gravings, coins and medals. Barstow died on
28 Sep 1890. (See J. P. CAMPBELL.)

Parltry Record; N.Z. Herald, 3 Jul, 10 Oct 1881,
29 Sep 1890; Cycl. N.z., ii (p)
BARTH, ARTHUR JAMES (1850-1905) was
born and educated in London, and studied

44

 

BARTLEY

music under J. F. Barnett and Dr H. Wylde,
being elected in 1868 an associate of the Lon-
don Academy of Music. He was teaching from
the age of 17, and when he came to New Zea
land( in the Taranaki) in 1881, he had already
acted as examiner and professor at the London
Academy. Barth was conductor of the Choral
society and the Liedertafel in Dunedin, and was
successively organist at St Matthew's, All Saints
and Knox churches. He died in 1905.

Cydl. NZ, iv (p).

BARnEY, THOMAS HOUGHTON (1798-
1878) was a son of William Bartley, of liver-
pool. Admitted to the Inner Temple in 1818,
he was called in 1823 and practised on the
northern circuit and at Liverpool.

In 1838 he emigrated to South Australia,
where his brother entered into practice. He
came to Bay of Islands early in 1840 and was
associated with F. Whitaker there until the
capital was removed to Auckland. Bartley was
a man of singular modesty and reserve, . who
carried chivalry almost to the verge of quixot-
ism; imbued with every instinct of a gentle
man.’ On removing to Auckland he was leader
of the bar for many years. Much against his
disposition he took partin politics. In 1853 he
was urged to stand for the superintendency of
Auckland, but withdrew later (25 Apr 1853).
He was, however, elected to the Provincial
Council for the City, which he represented in
1853-54 and 1855-57. He was elected speaker
of the Council and controlled it with tact and
dignity through stormy crises in which party
feeling ran very high (1853-57). He was deputy-
superintendent of Auckland in 1856. Mean-
while Bartley was also a member of the House
of Representatives (1853-54) and in this arena
too he played his part in heated controversy.
He was a member of the executive with Fitz-
gerald (Jul-Aug 1854). In Jul 1854 he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which in
1856 he was appointed Speaker. That position
he held with dignity until 1868, when he ac-
cepted a pension of £300. He remained a mem-
ber of the Council for some years longer, but
vacated his seat in 1874.

In spite of his gentle and mild manners, Bart-
ley had great strength of will and physical
energy. He frequently pulled his boat across
to Stokes point after the Council rose, and he

45

BARTON

took a prominent part in the trenches at Fort
Britomart during the native crisis. Bartley died
on 25 Dec 1878, his wife having predeceased him
by seven years. His daughter Mary married Sir
Edward Stafford (q.v.).

The Treasurer's offiog Inner Temple; Auckland
PC. Proc. and Gaz.; N.z.P.D.; Saunders; Rusden;
Thomson; Kennedy. Portrait: Parliament House.

BARTON, GEORGE BURNETT (1836-1901)
was a son of ‘William Barton, a Sydney share-
broker and brother of Sir Edmund Barton
(prime minister and chief justice of Australia).
He read law at the Middle Temple from 1856,
was called to the bar in 1860, and shortly after-
wards commenced to practise in Dunedin.

While engaged in journalism in Australia he
wrote (1866) a literary history of New South
Wales for tlle Melbourne exhibition. In 1868
Barton succeeded Vogel as editor of the Otago
Daily Times, a position he held for almost three
years. His administration was marked by a
prosecution for criminal libel arising out of an
article which appeared on 3 Oct 1870 cllarging
the Government with deliberately delaying
telegrams intended for the Times until a sum-
mary of them had been communicated to op-
position newspapers supporting the Govern-
ment. Charges were also made against the per-
sonnel of the Government and officials of the
Telegraph deparunent. The case was heard by
the magistrate (23 Feb-30 Mar 1871) and Bar-
ton was committed for trial. He had meanwhile
retired from the editorship of the Times to be
free to attend the proceedings, and the Govern-
ment abandoned tlle prosecution. Barton edited
The New Zealand Jurist and Practical Statistics
of New Zealand.

Returning to New South Wales he did some
more journalism, was a lecturer in English at
Sydney University, and published Poets and
Prose Writers (1886). He began to edit certain
historical publications for the centenary of New
South Wales, and one volume of history from
tlle historical records (1783-89) was published
by him. He also wrote the life and times of
William Charles Wentworth (for serial publica-
tion). In 1891 Barton published an annotated
copy of the draft constitution for the projected
Australian federation, and in 1892 a complete
digest (which appeared in the Yearbook of Aus-
tralia). At the time of his death (on 12 Sep

-----------------------Page 39 End-----------------------

 

BARTON

1901) he was on the staff of the Herriwa Times
at Goulburn.

Paul; Austral. Encycl.; Otago Daily Times, Feb-
Mar 1871 ; Sydney MOTiling Herald, 14 Sep 1901.

BARTON, GEORGE ELLIOTT (1827-1906)
studied for the bar, was admitted and began his
professional career in Dublin, where he had
been a pupil with a barrister of high standing.
In the early fifties he emigrated to Victoria and
practised for some years in Melbourne. He was
a member of the Legislative Assembly for North
Melbourne from 1859 until he moved to Ba-
larat, when he retired from Parliament (1860).
In 1862 Barton came to Otago and commenced
practising in Dunedin. Though a successful
advocate with a remarkable power of concen-
tration, he had an impulsive and highly excit-
able temperament and was frequently at logger-
heads with bench and bar. Barton was elected
member of the Provincial Council for the City
of Dunedin in 1871, but was defeated in 1873.
In 1874 he contested a Dunedin seat in Parlia-
ment against Wales, who defeated him by 632
votes to 542. In 1876 Barton moved to Welling-
ton, where he entered into practise with H.
Fitzherbert. In conducting a case before Mr
Justice Richmond in the Supreme Court he was
committed for contempt and imprisoned in
Wellington gaol. While there he contested the
Parliamentary election for Wellington City
against E. Pearce and W. Hutchison. His son,
Elliott L'Estrange Barton (1857-1934) appeared
on the platform to speak. for him and Barton
was elected (10 Feb 1878). A crowd formed out-
side the gaol and Barton appeared to answer
their congratulations, but was not permitted to
speak. He lost his seat in 1879. Some years later
Barton went to the United States and practised
in San Francisco. On returning to New Zealand
he was appointed a judge of the native land
court, and in 1892 judge of the validation court.
Barton died in 1906, his wife having pre-
deceased him by 10 years.

Cycl. N.z., i; Barclay; Otago Witness, 12 May
1866; Otago Daily Times, 8 May 1876; NZ. Times,
4 May 1577, II Oct 1878.

BARTON, RICHARD (1790-1866) was born at
Newport, Isle of Wight. He was well qualified
in estate management and for some years was
employed as a superintendent on the estates
of the Duke of Sutherland, from whom he

46

BASSTIAN

leased’ quarries at Brora. ‘In 1839 Barton be-
came interested in the New Zealand Company's
project and enlisted a considerable number of
young Highlanders as recruits for the settle
ment. He persuaded more than 40 to emigrate,
and arranged dances to be held during the wi
ter in the hope of getting them married. Bar-
ton arrived in Port Nicholson by the Oriental
(1840) and took up land on the Hutt river,
where he formed a settlement and was able to
employ a number of the HigWanders when they
arrived by the Blenheim (1841). They were
settled on the river bank between two tribes.
In 1843 he married Hannah (1817-94), daughter
of the Rev J. G. Butler (q.v.). He formed a
sheep station at White Rock before 1847 and
aftenl'ards extended his holdings. He was
\\LP.C. for Hutt (1861-65). Barton died on 20

 

9 1866.

[Z.C. (emigration papers); Christ's Call. Sch.
List; Col. Gent.; J. A. Thomson; Ward; N.Z
Times, 18 Jul 1879; Wellington Independent, 4 JU1
4862, 23 Aug 1866.

BASSETT, WILLIAM THOMAS settled in
Auckland province in the fifties. He repre-
sented Raglan in the Provincial Council (1864-
65) and Franklin (1872-73), and was a member
of the executive in 1864.

BASSTIAN, CHRISTOPHER (1820-95) was
born in London, and in 1822 emigrated to Tas-
mania with his father, who became a landowner
and business man. As he grew up Basstian
entered into his father's farming pursuits and
aso carried on a wholesale wine and spirit
business in Hobart for a number of years. In
1858 he came to New Zealand, having alreadv
sent a cargo of sheep, which were landed at
Bluff under the charge of his brother. He took
up the Dunrobin station, and later another
block of land north of Long Bush, which he
called Woodstock. Basstian was a member of
the Provincial Council of SoutWand for Apa-
rima (1867-70) and aftenvards sat in the Otago
Council for Southland (1870) and for Aparima
(1871-73). He was a member of the House of
Representatives for Wallace in 1875. He was
also a member of the Wallace county council
from its formation, and for some years chair-
man; and he served on the Southland hospitals
and charitable aid board, being one of the
SoutWand hospital trustees at the time of his
death in 1895.

BASTINGS
Otago and Southland P.C. Proc.; Cyel. NZ., iv (p).

BASTINGS, HORACE (1831-1909) was born
at Islington, London, and educated at the Blue-
coat school. He emigrated to Victoria with his
father in the Medway (1849); had some experi-
ence of mining, and went into business as a
storekeeper at Ballarat. He married (1850) a
daughter of Samuel Aldred (Bungay, Suffolk).

Bastings took an interest in public affairs and
wes once mayor of Brunswick. In 1862 he came
to Otago in the City Of Hobart and settled at
Dunedin. From the first he was prominent in
public life. In 1863 he was elected to the Dun-
edin town board, of which he was a member
until it dissolved, when he was a city commis-
sioner pending the election of the first city
council. He was elected to the Provincial Coun-
il for Dunedin City in 1864, took a leading part
in the separation movement, and resigned (Aug
1865) on going to live in Lawrence. There he
built the Commercial hotel, with the Black
Horse brewery at Wetherstones. He purchased
the interest of Cobb and Co. in the South
Island coaches.

Bastings represented Tuapeka in the Pro-
vincial Council (1871-75) and in the last two
years of the provinces he was a member of three
executives, as provincial secretary, secretary of
lands and works, and goldfields secretary. When
Southland proposed to return into the union
with Otago he accompanied Macandrew to dis-
cuss with the smaller province the conditions
of reunion. He was mayor of Lawrence (1868-
72), was for some time’ chairman of the Tua-
peka county council, and a member of the first
Otago land board. In 1875 he was returned to
the House of Representatives by the Waikaia
constituency, which he represented until 1881.
He returned to Dunedin to live in 1876 and
was senior partner in Bastings, Leary and Co.
auctioneers and fonvarding agents He was
secretary-manager of the Waimea plains railway,
which he sold to the Government.

In 1882 Bastings went to Australia, where in
conjunction with George Duncan he con-
structed the first cable tramway (at North
Shore). He contracted for the Bacchus Marsh-
Ballan railway in Victoria, the estimate for
which was (225,000. Returning to New Zea-
land, he entered into business as an auctioneer
in Auckland, and in 1896, after a visit to Great

BATHGATE

Britain, settled in Invercargill as proprietor of
Deschler's hotel. He died in Auckland on 28
Jun 1909. He was a prominent oddfellow and
was provincial grand master of the Otago dis
trict, M.U.1.0.0.F.

Otago P.C. Proc; Who's Who N.z., 1908; Cyc!
N.Z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 29 Jun’ 1909;
Southland Times and N.z. Herald, 29 Jun 1909.
Portrait: Parliament House.

BATEMAN, THOMAS (1805-74) was part
owner of a whaling station in Hawkes Bay as
early as 1838. He was settled in Bay of Islands
when Hobson arrived, and signed the address
of congratulation to the lieutenant-governor on
that occasion (Feb 1840). He was engaged at
that time in the coastal and intercolonial trade,
and in 1846 accepted the post of sub-collector of
customs at Bay of Islands. In 1850 Bateman
went to San Francisco, but remained only a
short time. He died at Ruku Ruku, Ovalau,
Fiji, on 28 Sep 1874.
Carleton.

BATHGATE, ALEXANDER (1845-1930) was
born in Peebles, Scotland, the son of John
Bathgate (q.v.), and was educated at the
Peebles and Edinburgh schools, and Edinburgh
University. Coming to New Zealand in 1863
he joined the Bank of Otago, of which his
father was colonial manager, and later trans-
ferred to the Bank of New South Wales, being
stationed in Hamilton (1866) and Cromwell
(1868). In 1872 he was admitted a barrister and
solicitor, and he practised his profession in
Dunedin till 1909. In conjunction with Thomas
Bracken (q.v.), Bathgate established the Satur-
day Advertiser (1875). Three years later he
founded the Reserves Conservation or Ameni-
ties Society, which effected many improvements
in Dunedin, and led to the formation of similar
societies in other centres. He was a founder of
the Dunedin Art Gallery, and president (1890-
1922). In 1902-08 Bathgate filled with distinc-
tion the position of chairman of the industrial
conciliation board of Otago and SoutWand. For
some years he was president of the Otago Cen-
tral Railway League, which promoted the rail-
way to Cromwell, in whose fruitgrowing future
he had great faith. He was for many years
chairman of Kempthorne, Prosser and Co., and
of the Trustees, Executors and Agency Co. (1914-
27). He was a director also of the Otago Daily

47

-----------------------Page 40 End-----------------------

 

 

 

BATHGATE

Times Co., and of Donaghy's Rope and Twine
Co. He was a founder and first president (1912-
18) of the Otago Expansion League. As a
literary man, Bathgate published several books,
including Colonial Experiences, or Sketches of
People and Places in the Province of Otago
(Glasgow, 1874); Waitaruna, a Story of N.z.
Life (1881), Far South Fancies (1889), Plea for
Establishment of Arbor Day (1891), The
Legend of the Wandering Lake (1905). He was
editor of Picturesque Dunedin- (1890) and of
Dunedin and Its Neighbourhood (1904). In
1873 he married Fanny Gibson, daughter of J.
Turton (Manchester). He died on 9 Sep 1930.
Cyol. N.Z., iv; Bathgate, op. cit; Beattie, ii; The
Press, 8 Jun 1907 ; Otago Witness, 13 Jun 1930.

BATHGATE, JOHN (1809-86) was born at
Edinburgh, the son of a school teacher, edu-
cated at the High School and completed his
legal studies at the University. Meanwhile he
was articled to Dymock, a writer, and also spent
some time in the office of a factor and estate
agent in Renfrewshire. On being admitted in
1835 as a solicitor, or writer, he went to Peebles
to practise, his father having moved there in
the course of his duties. Bathgate soon had a
good business and was appointed procurator-
fis for the county (1844). For many years
he was town clerk of Peebles and clerk to the
commissioners of supply

In 1844 he established the Peeblesshire
Monthly Advertiser and Tweedside Journal
He took a great interest in all social movements
and was especially active in the promotion of
the railway between Peebles and Edinburgh.
Mter years of opposition this was carried
through in 1852-53. Bathgate combined bank-
ing with his other business and was local agent
of the Union Bank of Scotland. When the Bank
of Otago was established he accepted the post
of manager, though it meant breaking friend-
ships of long standing (including that of Wil-
liam Chambers, who published much of Bath-
gate's literary work).

Arriving in Dunedin at the end of 1863,
Bathgate devoted himself closely to the affairs
of the bank, and refrained from public life. He
entered the volunteer movement as a captain
in No. 2 (the Scottish) company, from which
he retired as major. One of his first public
activities was the formation of the Dunedin

BATHGATE

Waterworks Co. In 1867 Bathgate resigned
from the bank, and early in 1868 he was
appointed managing director of the Otago
Daily Times and Witness Co. He was for some
months editor of The Times. In 1870 he was
appointed provincial trustee in bankruptcy, and
in the same year he was admitted a barrister
and solicitor, and commenced to practise. To-
wards the end of 1870 he yielded to his impulse
towards politics by contesting the Dunedin seat
in the Provincial Council against H. S. Fish.
Though defeated then, he won a seat in Par-
liament for Dunedin City in Jan 1871, at the
head of the poll. In the following year he be-
came Minister of Customs, Justice and Stamps
in the Waterhouse Government. A few weeks
later he transferred the first portfolio to Rey-
nolds, but he held the others in the recon-
structed ministry under Fox until Feb 1874,
when he resigned his seat in the House to ac-
cept appointment as district judge and resident
magistrate in Dunedin.

In 1875 Bathgate assisted Thomas Bracken in
founding the Saturday Advertiser, of which he
was business manager. In provincial politics he
had felt very strongly on the goldfields dispute
with the general Government in the late sixties,
and once declared publicly that he favoured
separation, and would even take command of
the Scottish company and saize the customhouse.
He was in the Provincial Council, 1871-74
(defeating E. B. Cargill in 1873). From the
middle of 1871 until the end of 1872 he was a
member of the Reid executive. Bathgate held
the position of district judge until 1880, when
increasing deafness caused him to take extended
leave and visit the Old Country. Therehe was an
active agent in the canvass for emigrants, and
had considerable success. He published in
Edinburgh a book on New Zealand; Its Re-
sources and People, and in Chambers's Journal
a series of letters and talks. Bathgate took ad-
vantage of his visit also to organise the New
Zealand Mortgage and Investment Association,
of which he was manager 1881-85. Shortly after
returning to Otago he was again in political
life.

In 1881 Batllgate was elected to represent
Roslyn in Parliament, but he was defeated at
the next general election by A. H. Ross. A
year later he was called to the Legislative Coun-
cil, of which body he was an active member

48

BATKIN

until his death. Bathgate's political views were
democratic; in some ways advanced. He took
a sympathetic interest in the welfare of the
working classes, and believed strongly in a state
bank. On the latter subject he gave public
addresses and published a pamphlet (1884). In
1886 he succeeded by 12 votes to 11 in carrying
a favourable resolution in the Legislative Coun-

«dt. Sanguine in temperament, felicitous and

vigorous in speech, he had a fund of humour
and a wide knowledge of men and events. In
4883 he published an illustrated guide to Dun-
edin and the province. He was on the council
of Otago University (1876-86).

Bathgate married first (1841) a daughter of
Dr Anderson, of the 92nd Highlanders, and
second, a daughter of James McLaren, tea mer-
chant, of Edinburgh. He died on 21 Sep 1886.

Otago P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D.; Hocken; Mdndoe;
Thompson, Short Hist. Univ. of Otago; Cycl. N.z.,
iv; Saturday Advel-tiser, 5 Jul, 27 Dec 1879; Otago

Daily Times, 28, 30 Jun 1879, 22 Sep 1886, 19 Sep
4980 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

BATKIN, CHARLES THOMAS (1822-1903)
came to New Zealand in 1849, settling in Tara-
naki, where he was private secretary to the
superintendent (1853), and provincial clerk and
storekeeper. Later he became, successively, chief
clerk to the colonial treasury (1859), account-
ant (1865), secretary for stamp duties (1867),
paymaster and receiver-general (1869-78), secre-
tary to the treasury (1873), and assistant con-
troller and auditor-general (1878). He retired
in 1890. Batkin served on several royal com-
missions, notably on the public accounts (1868)
and civil service pensions (1870). He died on
13 Aug 1903.

Civil Savice records; Evening Post, 14, 17 Aug
1908.

BAUCKE, WILLIAM (1848-1931) was born at
the Chatham islands. His father, Johann Hein-
rich Christian Baucke, was a native of Bavaria
who came to Nelson in 1843 as a member of the
Moravian mission of the Evangelical Lutheran
Missionary Society and shortly afterwards went
to the Chathams. He was naturalised in 1853.
Brought up among Maori and Moriori children,
William learned to speak both languages with
fluency, and in later life was the leading author-
ity on Moriori.

Baucke wished to be a civil engineer, but his

BAUMBER

father intended him for work in the South Seas
mission. At the age of 14 he was sent to Wel-
lington, where he attended public schools for
four years. Returning to the Chathams, he
worked on a 50,000 acre sheep fann in which
his father had an interest. Incidentally he acted
as schoolmaster to pakeha and native children,
and widened his education to a remarkable
degree by private study. An apt linguist, he
acquired a good knowledge of French, German,
Italian and Greek; to the end of his life he
delighted in the Greek dassics. On the practical
side, smith's work was especially congenial to
him and he acquired a competent knowledge
of carpentry and navigation. His father having
given up the sheep farm, and unsuccessfully
petitioned Parliament for redress, William re-
turned to New Zealand and found employment
as an interpreter in the King Country, where he
spent the remainder of his life. During the war
he served under von Tempsky (qv.) and re-
ceived a wound in the foot. From his intimate
knowledge of the life and thought of the Maori
he wrote a series of articles in the New Zealand
Herald (which were published in book form in
1905 under the title Where the White Man
Treads and reprinted later). At the request of
the Bishop Museum (Honolulu) he wrote his
memoirs of the Moriori, which the museum
published in 1928. This is an important contri-
bution to the ethnology of this extinct race,
especially on the linguistic side. Baucke was a
man of rugged exterior but exceptionally high
intellectual powers, with the pride and sensitive-
ness of the German. He died at Otorohanga
on 6 Jun 1931

App. H.R., 1885 Al; 1870; New Zealand Herald,
pass.; Baucke, op. cit.; Otorohanga Times, 10 Jun
1931.

BAUMBER, WILLIAM (1852-1932) was born
at Spilsby, Lincolnshire. Educated at Spilsby
Grammar School, he was accepted by the British
Methodist conference and. sent for training to
Didsbury College, Manchester. In 1876 began
a ministry of power and distinction. He came
to New Zealand by the Opawa and began his
New Zealand ministry at Lawrence (1877). He
filled important charges at Christchurch, Wel-
lington, Dunedin, Napier, Nelson and Timaru.
Never robust in health, his self-forgetting zeal
triumphed over a frail physique. By untiring
industry he gathered large stores of knowledge

49

-----------------------Page 41 End-----------------------

 

BAUME

and brought a penetrating and appreClatiVe
mind to the great things in life and literature.
He had a consuming passion for preaching;
was tender in heart, yet outspoken in utter-
ance; tolerant in opinion yet firm in his own
convictions; abreast of modern thought yet ever
loyal to the central verities of the Christian
faith. As a pastor he had a rare capacity for
sympathy. His church gave him membership of
many important committees, made him treas-
urer of the contingent fund and of the chil-
dren's fund, called him to the chair of the synod
districts of Otago, Wellington and Nelson, and
made him chairman of the supernumerary fund
board. On seven occasions he represented New
Zealand at the general conference of the Meth-
odist Church of Australasia, and he was ap-
pointed to represent that conference at the
British Wesleyan conference of 1904. In 1896
he was president of the New Zealand confer-
ence. In 1884 Baumber married Laura Garland
(who died on II Oct 1931). He retired from
the active ministry in 1918 One memorial of
the zeal of his later years is the Methodist
Church on Cashmere Hills, erected through his
capable leadership. He died on 8 Sep 1932.
MA.RP.
Cycl. N.Z., iii.

BAUME, FREDERICK EHRENFRIED (1862-
1910), a son of Joseph Baume, was born in
Dunedin and educated at the Thames and
Otago High SdOOls and Auckland University
College and Otago University (where he won
the mental science prize in 1885 and the
political economy prize in 1887). After six years
in commerce and journalism (1877-83), he was
admitted to the bar and began to practise law
in Auckland. (LL.B. 1891.) In 1896 he went
into partnership with A. E. Whitaker. Entering
public life in 1893, Baume gained a seat on the
Auckland City Council, and he was also on the
Auckland harbour board. He sat as a Liberal
in the House of Representatives (for Auckland
City, 1902-05; Auckland East, 1905-10), and was
chairman of the education committee (1903-06).
His other public activities were numerous. He
was a member of the Auckland University Col-
lege council from 1893, a fellow of the New
Zealand University senate from 1903, president
of the Auckland law institute, and of the Auck-
land graduates’ association. He was president

50

BAYLY

of the New Zealand Natives’ Association, and
an honorary captain in the New Zealand Native
Infantry No.3 (1901). A member of the Jewish
faith, he was president of the Auckland Chovevi
Zionists association, of the Auckland Mac-
cabaeans, and of the Auckland Hebrew Aid
sociay. In 1907 he was made King's Counsel.
He died on 14 May 1910.

Baume married (1899) Rosetta Lulah Leavey
(1870-1934), who was born in San Francisco,
and educated at the San Francisco Girls’ High
School and University of California, graduating
Ph.B. She was teaching for a few years. Mrs
Baume served on the Auckland education
board, the Grammar School board of governors,
and the boards of the technical school and the
Elam school of art. On the death of Baume
(1910) she contested the Parnell seat. In 1921
she married E. W. Kane (q.v.). She was after-
wards on the board of governors of the ‘Wa-
lington College and of the Girls’ High School.

N.Z.P.D., 28 Jun 1910; Who's Who N'z., 1908,
1924, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Auckland Star, 16
May 1910; N.Z. Herald, 4 Aug 1899; The Dom-

inion, 23 Feo 1934 (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

  

BAXTER, ALFRED ERNEST (1878-1936) was
born at Christchurch and educated at the Nor-
mal and Boys High schools. He was associated
for 40 years with A. and W. Baxter, Ltd., lat-
terly as manager and partner. He took an early
interest in painting and was taught by Samuel
Moreton. Later, when he was able to devote
himself more fully to art, he spent much time
in Europe studying under good teachers. Baxter
painted many New Zealand landscapes. Some
of these, and also European subjects, are in the
McDougall gallery in Christchurch. He died on
20 Jul 1936.

The Press, 21 Jul 1936; Canterbury Soddy of
Arts.

BAYLY, ALFRED (1866-1908) was born at Wai-
tara, a son of Thomas Bayly, and a grandson
of Thomas Bayly (1804-79). He was educated
at the New Plymouth Boys’ High School, and
became a farmer

Bayly excelled in all forms of athletics, not-
ably cricket, rowing, swimming and running.
He was one of the most distinguished Rugby
footballers in New Zealand. For some years
he played for the TUkapa club, but on taking

BAYLY

up land in the Toko district he joined the
Stratford club. He represented Taranaki for
many years between 1885 and 1901, playing
successfully in several positions amongst the
backs, but generally at threequarters. He cap!
tained the Taranaki provincial team when it
became the champion team in New Zealand.
Bayly was a member of the New Zealand team
which visited Australia in 1893 and captained
the team of 1897. He was president of the
Taranaki Rugby Union (1899-1906). He died
on 14 Oct 1907. In 1909 the Bayly memorial
scholarship was established for athletic com-
petition in Taranaki schools.

N.Z. Rugby Annual; Fifty Years Rugby in Tara-
naki, 1985 (p); A. F. Wiren and A. L. Hempton
(information); Taranaki Herald, 4 Jul 1931 (p).

BAYLY, ISAAC (1840-1927), the son of
Thomas Bayly (q.v.), was born in Devon, came
with his parents to New Zealand (1841) and
commenced farming in north Taranaki. He
later spent 18 years in the Hawera district and
several years at Mahia, Hawkes Bay. About
4900 he returned to settle in New Plymouth
In 1879-80 he was captain of the Hawera rifles,
retiring at the time of the Parihaka trouble.
Bayly represented Grey and Bell in the Pro-
vincial Council 1869-72. He was for five years
chairman of the Hawera county council and was
member of other bodies. He married Hannah,
daughter of James Dingle (New Plymouth)

Cycl. N.Z., vi

BAYLY, THOMAS (1804-79) came of a west
country yeomen family, and was born at East
Peak, Devonshire. He was brought up at Claw-
ton Vernal, married and resided for II years
on a farm in the parish of North Tamarton,
Cornwall. After a dangerous attack of typhus
in 1830 he began to take a deep interest in
religion and joined the Bible Christian Society.
In 1841 he sailed with two brothers and their
families in the Amelia Thompson for Taranaki.
Thomas took up a farm at Kaipakopako, where
‘on one occasion he was attacked by a hostile
party of Katatore's people. Governor FitzRoy
having ordered the settlers to evacuate their
holdings, Bayly retired to New Plymouth and
took up land on the town belt. He was a
zealous Christian and took a great interest in
the formation of a branch of the Bible Christian
Sociely. When it merged in the Primitive

51

BEALEY

Methodist connection he became a lay preacher
and a staunch supporter of that denomination.
He died on 19 Aug 1879.

Taranaki Herald, 20 Aug 1879.

BAYLY, WILLIAM (4811-74), the younger
brother of T. Bayly (q.v.), came to New Ply-
mouth with his wife and family in the Amelia
Thompson and engaged in farming close to
that town.” The brothers had some hostile
personal encounters with the natives before the
Taranaki war. He represented Grey and Bell
in the Provincial Council (1857-65), and died
on 12 Jan 1874.
NZ. Archives; Taranaki Herald, 15 Jan 1874.

BAYLY, WILLIAM (1834-1902) was born in
Devonshire, the son of Thomas Bayly (q.Wv.),
and at an early age came to Taranaki with his
parents in the Amelia Thompson (1841). Edu-
cated in New Plymouth, he took up farming
and dealing in stock with some success. In the
Taranaki war he served under Major Brown,
being severely wounded at Waireka. After the
war he bought a farm at Stony river and later
acquired properties at Warea, Rahotu and
Okato. Bayly took a prominent part in the
local government of the province. He was a
member of the Provincial Council for Omata
(1869-74), and was a member of the executive
and treasurer until his voluntary retirement in
1873. After the abolition he was a member of
the county council and the New Plymouth har-
bour board, and was mayor of New Plymouth
on two occasions (1881-83, 1886-87). Important
works were carried out during his term of office.
He was one of the founders of the Moturoa
freezing works. During the Te Whiti troubles
(1879-81) Bayly was captain of the Okato rifles.
He died on 7 Jul 1902.

Cycl. N.Z., vi; Taranaki Herald, 25 Oct 1873, 8
Jul 1902,
BEALEY, JOHN (1824-67), born in Lancashire,
came to Canterbury with his brother, Samuel
Bealey (q.v), in the Cornwall (1851) and took
up the Haldon estate. He was M.P.C. for
Christchurch Country District (1855-57). He
died on 20 Jun 1867.

Canterbury P.C. Pme.; Acland; The Press, 24
May 1930.
BEALEY, SAMUEL (1821-1909), a native of
Lancashire, was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1851

-----------------------Page 42 End-----------------------

BEALEY

(at an unusually advanced age). Becoming in-
terested in the Canterbury project, he and his
brother John purchased orders in London for
1,000 acres of land and sailed in the Cornwall,
which arrived in Lyttelton on 10 Dec 1851.
They at once prospected for land, and in May
1852 took up what was afterwards known as
Haldon, between the Sdwyn and Hororata.
Their first run was No. 19, and in a year or
two they had a property of 40,000 acres. com-
prising seven runs. For a while they were well
occupied with their land and erecting their
homes in Christchurch. :

Samuel had a liking for public affairs, and in
Nov 1852 (as soon as the constitution arrived
in New Zealand), he announced himself as a
candidate for the Canterbury Provincial Coun-
cil. At the elections in 1853 he was returned
as amember for the City of Christchurch, which
he represented until the first dissolution (1857).
His standing in the Council was soon estab-
lished. From Oct 1854 to May 1855 he was a
member of Hall's executive. Being something
of a student, with no great love of publicity, he
did not seek re-election, but when a dissolution
occurred in 1862 he was again returned for his
old constituency. His career then took a turn
for which he was scarcely prepared and cer-
tainly not anxious. The rival policies of Moor-
house arid FitzGerald each had a strong follow-
ing. Moorhouse had achieved great things for
the province, and Bealey was in general sym-
pathy with his policy of public works. When
he resigned the superintendency early in 1863
Bealey, desirous of seeing party animosities com-
posed, headed a requisition asking Robert Wil-
kin to stand. Wilkin declined and Bealey was
then led into the breach, it being understood
that there would be no contest.

He was elected unopposed on 5 Mar 1863.
John Ollivier, his proposer, remarked that he
was admired for his affability and courtesy in
private life, and for his straightforward conduct
and untarnished honour in public affairs; a
man of lofty principle closely identified with
the policy of his predecessor. Bealey, in his
speech, stated his determination to give proper
consideration to the out-districts and to do
something for education. He had none of the
brilliance of FitzGerald or the driving power
of Moorhouse, but he had sound judgment,
common sense and confidence, and so was able

BEALEY

to achieve more at the moment than either of
his predecessors might have done. Cox re
marks: "It can hardly be said of him that, like
Moorhouse, he had a passion for politics or
that he had an insatiable appetite for work;
but he was an educated man and the people
of Canterbury readily accepted him as their
chief magistrate.’ Hall said that "his common-
sense and coolness enabled him to grapple with
the difficulties of the first gold rush on the West
Coast. He left behind him a record as a good
office man and a safe administrator.’ Bealey
was able, session after session, to carry his
council with him in sanctioning the necessary
expenditure. In 1864 he created the post of
secretary of public works and offered to reduce
the salary of the superintendent in order to
meet some of the additional cost. He let a con-
tract to Holmes and Co. for the railway to
Rakaia, undertook lines north and south and
to Kowai, set aside lands to provide for a line
to the West Coast, improved the landing service
at Timaru and the harbour at Lyttelton, en-
gaged experts to report on the rivers and built
adequate provincial chambers and offices. When
provincial finance seemed likely to fail he ob-
tained from the general government the prom-
ise of state assistance.

Towards the end of 1864 Bealey told his
council that he expected gold discoveries of
importance on the West Coast. On 2 Mar 1865
Westland was gazetted a goldfield, and Bealey
sent a member of the executive to establish the
machinery of government there, and ordered a
road to be constructed, over which a year later
he was able to drive to the coast on a stage
coach. His term of office was marked by the
steady, vigorous, and yet cautious promotion of
public works. His presidents of executive were
Wilkin, Cass and Tancred, and as colleagues
they had Hall, Moorhouse, Joshua Strange Wil-
liams, Rolleston, Travers, E. C. J. Stevens, and
others. When his term came to an end (May
1866), Bealey laid down his powers as cheer-
fully as he had taken them up.

A few months later his brother died. About
the middle of 1867 he returned to England with
his family, paying only occasional visits to New
Zealand thereafter; Part of the estate was sold
to the Government early in the century, and in
4910 the rest was cut up and sold. Bealey died
in England on 8 May 1909.

52

BEAUCHAMP

Acland; Cox; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z.,
iii (p); The Press, 26 May 1909, 24 May 1930 (P).

BEAUCHAMP, ARTHUR (1827-1910) was born
in London, the son of John Beauchamp. Edu-
cated at Hampstead Grammar School, he en-
tered his uncle's silk business in Austin Friars
(1843). In 1848 he sailed for Port Phillip in
the brig Lochnagar. In 1850 he came to New
Zealand in the Katherine Johnstone and dis-
posed of a cargo of merchandise in the new
settlements at Otago and Canterbury. In 1854
he married Mary Elizabeth Stanley (of Port
Fairy). After living in several provincial towns
in Victoria, they came to New Zealand in the
Lalla Rookh and settled at Picton.

There Beauchamp started in business with
William Welford as merchants and auctioneers.
He was chairman of the Picton town board, and
in 1864-66 represented the town in the Marl-
borough Provincial Council, being a member of
the executive in 1865. In 1866 he was elected
to Parliament in place of Sir David Monro. For
some time he was in charge of the firm's branch
in Westport, and in 1869 he moved to Wanga-
nui, where he entered into business as an auc-
tioneer and general merchant. In 1876 he be-
came a partner with Robert Laery and F. Noble
Campbell in Wellington. He later engaged in
the same business in Christchurch, and in saw-
milling in the Sounds. He died on 28 Apr 1910.
(See SR Harotp BEAUCHAMP)

Marlborough P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z. v (P); Beau
champ; Marlborough Press, 6 Jan 1866.

BEAUCHAMP, SIR HAROLD (1858-1938) was
born at Ararat, Victoria, the son of Arthur
Beauchamp (q.v.), with whom he came to New
Zealand in 1861. Educated at Picton school
and Wanganui Collegiate School, he entered his
father's office in Wanganui in 1872 and four
years later became clerk to Beauchamp, Camp-
bell and Co., in Wellington. In 1877 he joined
‘W. M. Bannatyne and Co., and on the retire-
ment of Bannatyne (1889) he became a partner.
In 1894 W. 1. Nathan became a partner, and in
1900 the business was formed into a limited
liability company, of which Beauchamp was
managing director. He was a member of the
Wellington harbour board (1895-1908), and
chairman (1900-02), and a member of the royal
commission on federation with Australia (1901).

Beauchamp was appointed in 1898 a Govern-

BECKETT

ment director of the Bank of New Zealand, on
the board of which he continued with the excep-
tion of a few months until 1936. He was chair-
man on various occasions for 13 years. During
the period of his directorship the bank was
restored to its former stability and the state's
interest in it became recognised and permanent
Beauchamp/was a director also of the Welling-
ton Gas Co. from 1904 (and chairman from
1923), and of other companies, including the
Wellington Patent Slip Co. the Royal Insur-
ance Co., the Australian Mutual Provident $o-
ciety, and Imperial Chemical Industries. He
made many gifts to the city of Wellington, in-
cluding large sums and property to the National
Art Gallery, and the memorial (in Fitzherbert
terrace) to his daughter Katherine Mansfield
(q.v.)

Beauchamp married (1884) Annie Burnell
(who died in 1918), daughter of Joseph Dyer
(Wellington), and secondly (1920) Laura Kate,
widow of Lewis Bright. He died on 5 Oct 1938.
In 1937 he published his Reminiscences and
Recollections.

Beauchamp, OP. cit. (p); Bank of N.Z. reports
1898-1936 (p); Who's Who N,Z., 1908-32; The
Dominion, 6 Oct 1938 (p)

BECKETT, REGINALD BOWARD (1855-1938)
was born in London and educated at the Lon-
don University School. In 1873 he came to New
Zealand, and two years later commenced busi-
ness at Marton as auctioneer and general mer-
chant (the firm being known as Beckett, Ham-
mond and Dick, and later as Beckett and Ham-
mond). Finally, for some years he carried on
in his own name before selling the business to
Abraham and Williams, of which he became a
director for life. He was closely associated with
the development of the district. He was a mem-
ber of the first Marton town board and borough
council, and was mayor on three occasions
(1881-84, 1898-1901, 1909-13), during which the
council inaugurated the water supply and sewer-
age. He was aso on the Rangitikei county
council from 1892 (and chairman from 1905),
resigning in 1907 to visit England. He was an
original member of the Rangitikei Building
Society (1876) and chairman of directors to
1935. Beckett was a guarantor of the Rangitikei
Hunt Club and the Marton Jockey Club. He
was secretary of the latter for many years and

53

-----------------------Page 43 End-----------------------

 

BECKHAM

aftenvards chairman and president (1922-33),
and a life member for 30 years. In his youth he
was a prominent cricketer and for some years
was president of the Marton athletic club. He
was an original member of the Marton Agri-
cultural and Pastoral association and the Mar-
ton club, and chairman for some years of the
local branch of the Reform party. Beckett died
on 23 Jun 1938.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Rangitikei Advocate, 23 Jun
1988,

BECKHAM, THOMAS (1810-75). Bornin 1810;
Beckham seems to have been educated at Guild-
ford, Surrey, or the Royal Military College at
Woolwich, since he claimed to have been at
school with Sir George Grey. Receiving his com-
mission in the 28th (North Gloucester) Regi-
ment in 1828 (lieutenant 1832), he sailed with
it to Australia in 1835, and three years later
resigned to come to New Zealand in the Diana
(1838). Shortly after the declaration of British
sovereignty, Beckham was appointed magistrate
at Hokianga and rode to his post from Auck-
land. A year later (Aug 1841) he was trans-
ferred to Russell. At the outbreak of Heke's
war, he and the Rev Henry Williams endeav-
oured to mediate, but without success, and when
Kororareka was sacked and burned he withdrew
to Auckland with the refugees. There he helped
to raise the local militia and commanded one
company of volunteers. He also co-operated in
the building of Fort Britomart and the stockade.
In Mar 1845 he was appointed police magistrate
at Auckland and in Nov 1846 resident magis-
trate. He was from Jan 1842 sheriff of
the northern district and later in the year har-
bourmaster at Bay of Islands. Tall, well built
and carefully dressed, Beckham was a stickler
for procedure and a stern dispenser of justice.
He did good sevice for both the Kororareka
and Auckland communities in their early days.

In Oct 1855 he was elected by the City of
Auckland a member of the Provincial Council.
He was a member of the executive for a year
under Logan Campbell, and then retired from
the Council. He was also elected in 1855 to the
House of Representatives, where he held his
seat until 1860. In 1858 he moved the address-
in-reply. He frankly disliked politics, and was
aftenvards appointed resident magistrate at
Auckland and district judge, which positions he

B4

BEDGGOOD

held until his death on 31 Jul 1875. Beckham
martied a daughter of Maj-general Baddeley, at
one time colonel of engineers in New Zealand.

GB.OP., 1845/130; P.R.O., A.L., 1829; Buick,
First War; Morton; N.z. Herald, 1 Aug 1875.

BEDFORD, HARRY DODGSHUN (1877-1918)
was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, and came to New
Zealand at the age of nine with his father,
Walter Scott Bedford, whom he assisted at farm-
ing, tailoring and blacksmithing. He was edu-
cated at the public schools at Morley (Eng-
land) and Invercargill; and having matricu-
lated, proceeded to study law at Wellington and
Auckland. He graduated B.A. at Otago in 1899,
won the senior scholarship for political science,
and took his M.A. (1901).

In 1901 Bedford contested the Caversham seat
in Parliament. He was then practising in Dun-
edin, and, having graduated LL.B. (1906) and
LL.M. (1910), was some years lecturer at Otago
University. In 1902 he was elected senior mem-
ber for Dunedin City. He was an advanced
Liberal, a strong advocate of prohibition, and a
trenchant critic of the Seddon administration.
He lost his seat at the general election of 1905.

In 1907 Bedford was appointed professor of
economics and history at Otago, a post which he
filled with distinction until his death (on 17
Feb 1918). In 1916 he was awarded the degree
of doctor of literature. He was a supporter of
the Workers’ Educational Association. He mar-
ried (1907) a daughter of S N. Brown (Dun-
edin)

N.Z.P.D., 9 Apr 1918; Who's Who N.Z., 1908;
w. J. Williams; Otago Daily Times, 18 Feb 1918.
Portrait: Parliament House

BEDGGOOD, JOHN (1802-60) was born at
Stroud, Kent. A wheelwright by trade, he
joined the service of the Church Missionary
Society in 1886 and was stationed at Waimate.
There he erected the first flourmill (after those
belonging to the mission), and installed ovens
and biscuit-making machinery to manufacture
the wheat grown by the natives. He shipped his
manufactures by way of Kerikeri to supply the
shipping and troops visiting and quartered at
the bay. Bedggood was a member of the Pro-
vincial Council for Bay of Islands from 1855
till his death (on 30 May 1860).

Marsden, L. and J.; N.Z. Herald, 4 Jun 1860, 5
Feb 1900.

BEEHAN

BEEHAN, WILLIAM (1853-1917) was born at
Tralee, Kerry, Ireland, and arrived in New
Zealand in 1873. After a period on the gold-
fidds he served with John Cossgrove in Auck-
land, and later with Holloway, Garlick and Co.,
findly starting on his own account. He was a
strong Liberal and was chairman of the central
Liberal committee (1890), and president of the
Auckland Liberal and Labour association for
seven years. He assisted to establish the first
Labour League, and was president of the shop
assistants association which co-operated in the
passing of the shop hours act. He assisted also
in organising the tailoresses’ union and other
textile workers, and was a constant champion
of benefit societies. In 1903 Beehan was called
to the Legislative Council, of which he was a
member till his death (on 27 Oct 1917).

N.Z.P.D.,29 Oct 1917; N.z. Herald, 28 Oct 1917,
Portrait: Parliament House.

BEETHAM, GEORGE (1840-1915), a son of
William Beetham (q.v.), was born at Horn-
castle, Lincolnshire, and emigrated to New
Zealand in the William and Jane, which arrived
in Wellington in 1855. With his brothers he
settled on the Brancepeth estate, Wairarapa,
and took an active'part in the settlement of the
district. He represented Wairarapa South in the
Wellington Provincial Council (1873-75), and
later sat for many years in the House of Repre-
sentatives (for Wairarapa 1877-81, Wairarapa
North 1881-87, and Masterton 1887-90). He was
senior whip under the Atkinson ministry.
Beetham was one of the founders of the Master-
ton hospital, and took an active interest in its
administration. An alpinist of note, and a
fellow of the Royal Geographical Society,
Beetham saw the crater lake on mount Rua
pehu when, accompanied by J. P. Maxwell, he
reached the top on his second ascent in 1879.
His accounts of the previous unsuccessful
attempt and that of 1878, are given in his book,
The First Ascent of Mount Ruapehu, New
Zealand. In 1892 he and his wife (who was a
daughter of N. W. Levin) were members of a
party which ascended mount Ngauruhoe. In
1898 he settled in London, where his death
occurred on 20 Aug 1915.

N.z.P.D., 14 Sep 3915; Who's Who N.z., 1908;
Col. Gent; Hocken, Bibliog.; Cowan, Tongariro
National Park, p. 70. Portrait: Parliament House.

BELCHER

BEETHAM, WILLIAM (1809-88) was born in
Yorkshire and lived there for many years. In
1835 he married Mary, daughter of Phillip Hors-
ley. He studied art and became an accom-
plished portrait painter. He was living at Frim-
ley, Surrey, when he decided for the sake of
his family to emigrate to New Zealand. They
sailed in the William and Jane (1855). His
objective was Canterbury, but he was attracted
by Wellington and decided to settle at the Hutt.
In 1856, in partnership with John Hutton, he
took up 10,000 acres of land in the Wairarapa,
upon which he settled his sons. His later years
he again devoted to painting, making some very
good portraits (including Featherston, Te Rau-
paraha, Wakefield, Te Puni and Wi Tako). In
1885 he returned to England on a visit. He
died on 3 Aug 1888.

BEGG, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1839-1907)
was the son of a minister and was born at
Liberton, near Edinburgh. After being edu-
cated at the- High School in Edinburgh, he
entered an insurance office. In 1859 he came
to Otago in the Alpine and was for three years
in the office of Young and McGlashan. He spent
four years farming at Clutha and returned in
1866 to Dunedin, where he became manager for
Douglas, Alderson and Co., pastoral agents. In
1870 he established himself as a stock and sta
tion agent. Begg was a member of the road
board and the Roslyn borough council, and was
for eight years mayor of Roslyn, and again in
1905-06. He was nine years a member of the
Otago education board and served also on the
hospital and charitable aid board, the benevo-
lent trust (1894), and the Otago harbour board.
He was on the Otago prohibition council and
one of the leaders of the prohibition movement
in the province, being a member at different
times of the licensingcommittees in Roslyn and
Dunedin city, and of the board of property of
the Presbyterian church. Begg contested the
City of Dunedin seat in 1896, and that for
Taieri in 1899. He married (1867) a daughter
of Peter Clarke (Clinton). His death occurred
on 12 Oct 1907.

Otago Daily Times, 14 Oct 1907.

BELCHER, ROBERT HENRY (1846-1916), a
son of Dr John Belcher, of Stoke, Devonport,
was educated at King's College School, in Lon:

55

-----------------------Page 44 End-----------------------

BELL

don, and from 1864-68 at King's College, where
he graduated B.A. in 1867 and M.A. in 1868.
He was elected a fellow in 1885. Ordained
deacon, he was curate of St Ives, Cornwall
(1868), and of St. John's, Kensington. In 1871
he was ordained priest and appointed assistant
master at King's College School, and in 1874
master and chaplain. (LL.D. 1879). Belcher
was in 1886 appointed rector of the Otago Boys’
High School, of which he was in control for 10
years. During his regime much was done to
improve the school and grounds and the stand-
ard of scholarship was raised in a marked
degree. Belcher married (1868) Katherine,
daughter of John Beard, London. On her death
in 1894 he resigned the rectorship and returned
to England. He was the author of Degrees and
“Degrees’ (1873), part author of Manuel des
Examens.

N.Z. Clergy List, 1889; Col. Gent; Crockford;
Otago B.B.S. List; Otago Daily Times, 3 Aug 1933
(p) .

BELL, ALLEN (1870-1936) was born in Canter-
bury and educated there, and as a young man
he worked as a bushman until he saved enough
money to buy a bush section. In 1895 he en-
listed in the Bechuanaland Mounted Police and
he served throughout the Matabele war in the
Chartered Company's forces. He afterwards
worked as a surveyor in South Africa, served in
the Boer war (including the relief of Mafeking)
and returned to New Zealand in 1902. He be-
came a dairy farmer at Hamilton, and was
prominent in farmers’ organisations and a mem-
ber of the Waipa county council and the Hamil-
ton borough council. In 1914 he moved to the
far north, and thereafter strongly advocated the
needs of that district. Bell was elected M.P. for
Bay of Islands (1922) as an independent, but
in the next Parliament supported the Massey
Government. Defeated by Rushworth in 1928,
he contested the seat again in 1931. He was a
founder of the Waikato Agricultural and Pas
toral association and a first director of the Wai-
kato Dairy Co. (1912), president of the North
Auckland development board, and of the Kai-
taia chamber of commerce and Dairy Co. He
edited the Northland Age and founded the
Northlander. His death occurred on 14 Oct
1986.

Tho's Who N.Z., 1982; N.Z. Herald, 16 Oct 1936.
Portrait: Parliament House.

56

BELL

BELL, CHARLES NAPIER, was the son of James
Stanislaus Bell, the British superintendent of
Bluefidds, Central America. He was a pupil
with Bell and Miller (Glasgow), for whom he
assisted in surveys of the Tay, the sewerage of
Edinburgh and the Glasgow graving dock. He
came to New Zealand in 1871 on behalf of
Brogden Brothers and after completing their
railway works was engineer to the Christchurch
drainage board (1876-83), the Lyttelton har-
bour board (1878-85) and the Westport harbour
board (1855-93). He was for a while chief
engineer in New Zealand for the Midland Rail-
way Co., and he constructed the Napier break-
water. Bell died on 3 Jan 1906.

The Press, 4 Jan 1906.

BELL, SIR FRANCIS DILLON (1821-98) was
the second son of Edward Bell (died 1864), of
Homsey, London, a merchant in France, and a
descendant of Robert Barclay, of Urie, the
Quaker apologist. His mother was Fanny (who
died 1870), daughter of the Rev J. Matthews,
of Cirencester. Bell was educated in France at
Bordeaux, where his father lived, and at
Auteuil, by tutors from whom he acquired an
easy command of the French language. At the
age of 17, through the influence of his kinsman
Edward Gibbon Wakefield, he entered the ser-
vice of the New Zealand Company in London,
and for some months he was assistant-secretary
(during the absence of Ward in Hamburg). He
was keenly interested in the colony and in 1840
contributed to the Colonial Magazine an article
on the subject, while in 1842, with F. Young, he
published Reasons for Promoting the Cultiva-
tion of New Zealand Flax.

In 1843 Bell sailed for New Zealand in the
Ursula, arriving in Port Nicholson on 12 Sep,
a few weeks after the clash at the vVairau. In
Oct he was sent to Auckland to interview act-
ing-Governor Shortland and, if possible, to
select lands there on behalf of the Company to
the value of £50,000. By 9 Dec he had selected
£10,000 worth of town lands and £25,000 of
country, but the task was held up on the arrival
of FitzRoy to assume the governorship. After
several interviews Bell purchased for the Com-
pany at public auction 81 acres of land in the
town at £100 per acre and a considerable area
at North Shore. Altogether the Company spent
£8,125 in town lands, £1,817 in suburban, and

BELL

£2,614 in farm lands at North Shore. Bell re-
turned to Wellington with FitzRoy in H.M.S.
North Star (Jan 1844). He was still hopeful
(he wrote to W. Wakefield on 25 May) of
sevading any opposition in such a way as to
enable them to carry on their usual operations
with a better chance of success’ He suggested
that the Company should buy a tract of native
land not far from Auckland. Unfortunately the
proposal was not promptly adopted; the land
was bought up by private individuals and the
Company was shut out of the Auckland field
altogether by the competition of land claimants.
By 16 Sep Bell realised that it was useless to
persevere. At the increased price of land the
Company could not hope to establish a profit-
able settlement there. Soon hostilities broke out
in the neighbourhood of Bay of Islands, and
Ball joined the militia, in which he held a
lieutenant's commission until they were dis
banded (Jul). In 1846, in company with W.
Carrington, he made an ascent of mount Eg-
mont, in the course of which he discovered the
Ball fal (100 ft. high), on the main branch
of the Hangatahua river. Later in the year he
was gazetted a justice of the peace, and on 1
Oct a magistrate for Nelson. But other duties
kept him in the North Island. In the Wairarapa
squatters were paying 2s much as £300 a year
for their runs, of which they claimed to have
leases for 21 years. Squatting was illegal and
Governor Grey gazetted a warning to that effect.
After consulting Grey, Bell was sent to the
Wairarapa (Feb 1847), accompanied by George
Clarke as interpreter; with the object of pur-
chasing a large tract of native land. Bell was
unable to meet any paramount chiefs whose
authority was unquestioned. The younger men
were willing enough to sal, but the elders were
generally hostile and would not even visit Wel-
lington to discuss the matter with the Governor.
Bal returned empty-handed, defeated by the
squatting licenses (17 Mar).

On 15 Jun he was appointed to succeed
Wicksteed as resident agent for the Company
at New Plymouth, and he arrived there from
Nelson on 31 Aug. He speedily made himself
popular with settlers and natives, and when
Grey visited the settlement in Mar 1848 the
settlers asked that Bell might. be permitted to
negotiate with the natives for the purchase of
land. Grey concurred and Bell, exercising great

BELL

vigour and judgment, negotiated the purchase
from Rawiri Waiaua and others of a total area
of 13,000 acres, including the Bell block. Pay-
ment was made for the most part in cattle. In
order to test the friendliness or otherwise of
the chiefs Katatore and Parata, a day was fixed
some time ahead for cutting the survey lines
in a public manner. Bell and his party arrived
with an escoft of 60 friendlies. There was some
desultory scuffling with fists sticks and the backs
of tomahawks; but in a few days the line had
been cut and the event was celebrated by a feast
at which Wi Kingi te Rangitake was present.
Bell left shortly afterwards to relieve Fox, who
had resigned the post of resident agent at Nel-
son on being offered the attorney-generalship
of New Munster. Fox was delayed for some
time investigating land claims and it was not
until Aug that Bell took over. Shortly after-
wards, in consequence of an accident, he went
to Wellington, where he was present at the
deathbed of his relative, Col. Wakefield (Sep
1848). He contemplated returning to England,
but Fox, having now succeeded as principal
agent at Wellington, prevailed upon him to
make another effort to purchase land in Wai-
rarapa. In Nov 1848 Bell proceeded thither
with the Government land purchase agent, H.
T. Kemp (qv.). Since his previous visit settlers
had taken up another 100,000 acres, and they
were now paying £600 per year rent. Bell con-
vened meetings of the squatters and by promis-
ing fair compensation for their improvements
won them over to a more conciliatory disposi-
tion. With his fluent command of Maori and
his persuasive manner he made good headway
also with the natives. They were excited by the
prospect of the Canterbury settlement being
located in Wairarapa. Anticipating advantages
to themselves from having a number of whites
settling among them, they had almost concluded
to sell 900,000 acres between the Tararuas and
the sea when news arrived that Captain Thomas
was selecting a site on the Canterbury plains.
It being now impossible to continue the negotia~
tions on the old basis, Bell withdrew to consult
Fox and Grey. His despatch of 31 Dec contains
a spirited defence of the squatters, who in those
days were anathema to the agricultural settlers.
Bell and Kemp agreed that the news from Can-
terbury was responsible for the natives suddenly
increasing their demands to £16,000 when the

57

-----------------------Page 45 End-----------------------

BELL

negotiators returned after the earthquakes in
Wellington. Fox was inclined to blame Bell
for the failure, and decided to abandon the
attempt to purchase the Wairarapa (18 Feb
1849).

Ball accordingly proceeded to his post at Nel-
son, completed the purchase of the W'altohi
block and settled down to the duties of his
office. Thomas Arnold, who visited him at that
time, remarks on Bell's ‘charming and delight-
ful manners, for which | suppose he was greatly
indebted to his French education.’ An estrange-
ment occurred between Bell and Fox during
these years, originating in differences of opinion
on Company and colonial dfairs.'Late in 1848,
when Fox was absent from New Zealand, Bell
was offered a seat in the Legislative Council of
New Munster. Suspecting that Grey intended
to postpone indefinitely the establishment of
representative government, Bell at first hesitated
to accept. A few days later Grey said that the
settlers had made their wishes so clear that he
would bring forward at once for consideration
by the Legislative Councils of both provinces his
scheme for a constitution, on the distinct under-
standing that the principles should be estab-
lished as early as possible. In view of the great
improvement in the state of the colony since
Grey assumed the governorship, Bell felt’ that
he would be justified in accepting the post. He
was confident that Grey would not long delay
the introduction of representative government,
and in the meantime he could assist in the over-
haul of the colony's finances. It would be bet-
ter that he should express the views of the
settlers of New Munster than leave the whole
work of legislating to a council drawn from the
population of Auckland. He realised that local
obloquy would probably attach to him and
was aware of Fox's objection to nominated
councils, but he did not think that Fox (if he
had been present) would have objected to one
of the Company's officials acting as he was do-
ing. Fox's objection was emphatic. He con-
tended that Bell's acceptance of a seat ‘could
in no respect be regarded as a mere exercise of
private political liberty,’ but was calculated to
prejudice the interests of the Company. ‘The
court of directors supported him (28 Jun). But
constitutional changes on the spot eliminated
the whole problem. The tenor of Earl Grey's
despatch of 22 Dec soon convinced Bell that the

BELL

acceptance of seatsin the Council (as nominees)
was incompatible with the independence of
members. Bell, Ludlam and Bannatyne there-
upon resigned.

The year 1849 was full of change for Bell.
In Apr he married Margaret, daughter of Abra-
ham Hort, a leading member of the Jewish
community in Wellington. Thereafter he re
turned to his post at Nelson and devoted his
attention to straightening out the affairs there.
Having completed the Waitohi purchase, he
presided over a committee of settlers to adjust
differences between the Company and its land
purchasers, and did duty regularly as a magis-
trate until the Company surrendered its charter
in 1851. For some months in 1850 he was en-
gaged with Fox before the land claims inquiry
commission, and he had, of course, acted previ-
ously as commissioner for confiscated titles. In
Apr 1851 he was appointed commissioner of
crown lands in Wellington and he arrived there
with his family in Jun, in time to take his seat
in the Legislative Council of New Zealand, pre-
sumably as an officid member. His contribution
to this session was of outstanding value. He
showed a sound grip of constitutional principles
and incidentally advocated universal franchise
for every colonist of good character. Bell also
attended the session of 1852-53, at which Grey
took his farewell of his own Councils on the eve
of the promulgation of the new constitution.
‘When that instrument was brought into opera-
tion Ball's services were in demand. In the first
Wellington Provincial Council he was elected to
represent Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay, and in
Dec 1853 he was appointed chairman of the
committee on education. A few months later
he was a member of the executive.

In May 1854 he was called to the Legislative
Council and he was the first minister to have
charge of Government business in that cham-
ber (where 60 years later his son held the
same position). On 6 Jun he seconded a
motion in favour of an elective upper
house as being more likely to command
popular respect. In 1855 he was pres
ent only at the opening of the session. At the
general election at the end of that year he was
returned for the Hutt seat and he was thus in
full standing in the popular chamber when
responsible government came into its own; and
a few months later (18 Apr 1856) he was ap-

58

 

BELL

pointed a member of the executive council. He
collaborated as Colonial Treasurer in Sewall's
administration (7-20 May). In that session the
land claims settlement act was passed. There
was nobody in New Zealand better qualified to
unravel the tangled thread of New Zealand land
claims than Ball, and his appointment as com-
missioner (5 Nov) was a foregone conclusion.
He had dropped out of provincial politics (15
Feb) and he now resigned from the House. For
the next six years he devoted himself with
patient skill and industry to the intricate prob-
lem presented by the confused mass of claims.
‘The electors of Grey and Bell when Lewthwaite
resigned petitioned him to stand for Parliament
(1858), but he was defeated by C. Brown. In
Jan 1860 he was elected unopposed to represent
the southern constituency of Wallace. The
burning question was the demand of the Muri-
hiku settlers for separation from the province
of Otago, whose government, seated remotely
in Dunedin, was accused of neglecting the needs
of Southland. Bell fought strenuously for tlle
separation of Southland; it was duly achieved,
and when he first visited tile district in the
middle of 1861 he was able to say tllat tlle dec-
tors had twice elected him to Parliament with-
out having seen him. He was one of the com-
missioners appointed early in 1862 to adjust
the debt between Southland and tile mother
province.

In Aug 1862 Bell was sworn in as a member
of the Domett ministry, with charge of the im-
portant departments of the Treasury, Customs
and Native Affairs. Im Feb the Imperial Gov-
ernment had definitely relinquished control of
native affairs. Knowing the Maori as he did,
Ball strongly advocated a vigorous policy to-
wards them, and in Apr 1863 he accompanied
Grey with the force which reoccupied tlle Tata-
raimaka. He believed in dealing justly with the
Maori, and it was mainly on his advice tllat
Grey, after discussing the Waitara purchase on
the ground with Teira, published his proclama-
tion (22 Apr) admitting the invalidity of tile
transaction. It was duly renounced a week or
two later (II May). Grey complimented Bell
and his colleagues on the zeal and cordiality
with which they had entered into this investiga-
tion. Convinced, nevertheless, that where war
was necessary it should be prosecuted witil
vigour, Bell went to the Waikato to try to limit

BELL
the scope of the fighting by persuading and
propitiating friendly or doubtful tribes. When
General Cameron crossed the Maungatawhiri
(on 12 Jul) the die was cast. Bell left Auckland
on tile following day with Gorst (q.v.) to get
into touch with refugees in the Hunua range
in the hope that he could move them out of
harm's way before they became involved in hos-
tilities. He Spoke in Maori to an excited and
hostile gathering at Te Aparangi, explaining to
them that the removal of Waikato tribesmen
from their lands at Mangere was due to the
existence of a conspiracy in the Waikato to
make an attack on Auckland. They appreci-
ated his courage in making such a journey, and
remembered that he was one of the supporters
of FitzGerald's motion for the admission of
Maori members to Parliament; but the crossing
of tile Maungatawhiri was an unanswerable
objection to their taking the oatil of loyalty.
Determined now to push the war as vigorously
2s possible, Bell went with Gorst to Australia
to raise military settlers for the frontier lands
in Waikato, and incidentally to discuss the
Panama steam service with the Australian
colonies (Aug 1863). The ministry, however,
did not long survive.

When he went out of office (30 Oct), Bell
was free to take up his residence in Otago,
where for some years he had had both business
and political interests. He severed his northern
associations (including membership of the Auck-
land domain board) and settled in Dunedin.
In partnership with C. W. Richmond and Sta-
ford he took up the pastoral property in the
Ida valley known popularly as the ‘ministerial
run.’ For some years thereafter Mrs Bell was
one of the most popular hostesses in Dunedin.
Bell himself was fully employed with his
property, his political interests, and, as time
offered, with his artistic pursuits. In 1865 he
collaborated with Richmond and Fox in form-
ing a fine collection of their water colours for
tlle Dunedin exhibition. In 1864 Bell was one
of tile commissioners to investigate the Otago
civil service. Early in 1865 he decided to enter
provincial politics. He was defeated for the
:Manuherikia seat (which Murison resigned to
make way for him), but was accepted a few
weeks later by Matau and represented that
electorate until Jan 1867, when he unsuccess-
fully contested Dunedin City. He declined office

59

-----------------------Page 46 End-----------------------

BELL

under Vogel in 1866. In Parliament he repre-
sented Wallace until 1866; and thereafter, ow-
ing to a redistribution, he was member for
Mataura (1866-75). When Vogel resigned from
the Provincial Council of Otago, Bell succeeded
him as representative of the City of Dunedin
(May 1869). Two months later he became a
member of the executive in Fox's ministry, and
the country was well served when he went to
England with Featherston to raise a loan of
[2,000,000 for Vogel's public works policy.
Saunders remarks that ‘the courtly and attrac-
tive manners of both contributed to the success
of their task.’

Bell got back to New Zealand early in 1870.
He at once re-entered the Otago Provincial
Council 2s member for Oteramika (1871-73).
He still retained his seat in the General
Assembly and when Parliament met (14 Aug
1871) he was elected Speaker of the House (in
succession to Sir David Monro). He held that
position with distinction until the end of the
Parliament (21 Oct 1875) when he retired from
popular politics. He was created a Knight
Bachelor in 1873 and in 1894 was granted the
title of ‘Honourable.’ In Jut 1877 Bell was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member until May 1882. Practically his
last public service in New Zealand was (again
in collaboration with Fox) as a member of the
royal commission appointed in 1880 to inves-
tigate the confiscation of Maori lands and the
trial of native prisoners. Their long experience
of native questions; their sympathies, some-
what differing; and their shrewd commonsense
enabled these two veterans to render signal
service to the colony.

When that task was finished Bell was nom-
inated to succeed Vogel in London as agent-
general for the colony. He had now seen forty
years’ service in connection with New Zealand.
He could certainly, at different stages of his
career, have achieved high political office and
probably have retained it; but he had never
courted popularity. He was too good an
administrator to be very successful as a party
politician; and he could, moreover, see too
plainly the point of view of his opponents. In
saying farewell to his neighbours in Otago
(13 Dec 1880) he prided himself that he had
never asked favours, and as a pastoral settler
he had realised from the beginning that his

60

BELL.

dass should retire automatically before the
advance of the agriculturist. In London Bell
at once took a leading position amongst the
oversea representatives. That was assured by
his fine personal equipment and his long ex-
perience. His courtly manners and his facile
command of the French language called him
to leadership also in the diplomatic fied. The
early eighties, when France was disposed to
extend her activities in the western Pacific,
were anxious for the British colonies in that
neighbourhood. The settling of recidivistes in
New Caledonia and the New Hebrides was a
source of constant friction; and Bell led with
great judgment and determination the demand
for its cessation. He could discuss the problem
as freely and effectively in Paris as in White-
hall, and he steered the negotiations through
difficult channels with remarkable success. In
1881 he received the K.C.M.G. In 1886 he was
an executive commissioner for the Colonial and
Indian exhibition in London (receiving the
C.B. for his services). Three years later he was
a member of the Mansion House committee
for the Paris exhibition, and amongst the
honours distributed by M. Waddington on 25
Jan 1890 he received the cross of a commander
of the Legion of Honour. During his term of
office as Agent-general he raised over [8,000,000
for the colony by loan and conversion. As
delegate, ambassador and financial agent he was
equally successful, and when he retired (25 Sep
1891) his services were acknowledged by votes
of thanks passed by both houses of the New
Zealand Parliament. He came to New Zealand
at the end of 1891 and six months later returned
to London, where Lady Bell died (12 Jun
1892). A helpmeet of ready tact and pleasant
manners, Thomas Arnold had found her ‘not
less intelligent that she was amiable; and to
talk to her was a real pleasure.’ Her hospi-
tality at Wellington and Auckland, at Waihemo
station and in the Dunedin home hedged with
fragrant briar, was continued in the colonial
circle in London. Bell returned to New Zex
land at the end of 1896 and died on 15 Jul
1898.

Bell entered upon colonial life with the great
advantage of a previous apprenticeship in the
office of the New Zealand Company, but with
definite handicaps. The polished manners
acquired with his French in his school days did

 

BELL

not necessarily make the path easier in early
colonial days for one of distinctly retiring habit
who often appeared to be aloof. Well educated
and widely read, he was a fine speaker and a
keen critic. In debate he was imperturbable in
temper, considerate and moderate in language;
so that he often smoothed over difficult situa-
tions. A good business man, he never desired
wealth and could sympathise with the difficulties
of others. For many years he was one of Grey's
most valued advisers. As an administrator Gis-
borne considered him one of the best officids
New Zealand ever had. He had'a mind re-
markable for its perceptive faculties and for its
analytical powers. His industry is indefatigable;
his fondness for work grows by what it feeds
‘on; and in fact he often makes work for his
own enjoyment.

G.B.ap., 18441556, N.Z.C.; NZ.P.D., pass.; Otago
and Wellington P.C. Proc.; App. H.R. pass., Gorst,
327, 381; Arnold; Wells; Ward; Broad; Rusden.
Saunders; Rees; Reeves; W. D. Stewart (p); Gis-
borne (p); Harrop; Ross; Cycl. N.Z.,i (Pp); Cox,
Men of Mark; Ward; Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily
Times, 11 Dec 1880, 15 Jun 1892, 16 Jul 1898;
Scholeiidd in Evening Post, 22-Sep 1934 (P). Por-
trait: Parliament House.

BELL, SIR FRANCIS HENRY DILLON (1851-
1936) was the eldest son of Sir Francis Dillon
Bell (q.v.) and was born at Nelson while his
father was resident agent for the New Zealand
Company. He was educated at the Auckland
Grammar School and at the Otago Boys High
school (1864-69), where he was dux for four
years (1864-68) and captain of the cadet corps.
Proceeding to St John’s College, Cambridge,
he graduated B.A. (1872). He read law at the
Middle Temple, was called (1874) and com-
menced to practise his profession with C. B.
Izard in Wellington. He was for many years
senior partner after the amalgamation of the
firm with Buller and Gully.

Bell was an outstanding lawyer with a high
reputation at the bar, and appeared over a
long period in many leading cases in the courts
of New Zealand and before the Privy Council
Some notable cases were the litigation of the
Midland Railway Company and the Bank of
New Zealand assets realisation board. After
the elevation of Sir Robert Stout to the chief
justiceship Bell was the acknowledged leader of
the bar in New Zealand. He was crown solicitor

a

BELL

in Wellington from 1878 to 1911, was president
of the Wellington Law society and for 17 years
president of the New Zealand Law society
(1901-18), only retiring to become Attorney-
general. He was one of the first king's counsel
appointed (in 1907). Under Atkinson's Govern-
ment Bell was offered a judgeship, but found
his practise at the bar and his public activities
too attractivé. He always took a keen interest
in law reform, and both as a barrister and as
aminister of the crown seized every opportunity
of amending the law in such ways as his long
experience suggested. Not only could he eluci-
date the law in terms which were intelligible
to the layman, but he was a skilful draftsman
and could direct legislative enactment in a com-
petent manner. No better drafting was ever
done in the New Zealand Parliament than
when Bell was leader of the Legislative Council
and the minister responsible for the law drafting
office. Amongst the measures which stand out
2 monuments of his skill are the mortgages
extension act (which was afterwards copied in
other dominions) and the licensing amendment
act of 1918.

Bell took a very full share in the public life
of Wellington and the country at large. In
1891, 1892 and 1897 he was mayor of Welling-
ton and during this time he secured the passage
through Parliament of a bill authorising the
raising of a loan of [150,000 to introduce a
system of drainage. From 1891-93 and 1896-97
he was also a member of the harbour board.
When he first contested a parliamentary elec’
tion (for Wellington City in 1890) he stood as
an Independent, making no pledge, and declar-
ing himself firmly opposed to granting the
freehold of crown lands. G. Fisher, Duthie and
T. K. Macdonald were elected. In 1892 Mac-
donald resigned. Bell stood again and was
defeated by W. McLean (q.v.). At the general
election in 1893 he was returned, with Stout
and Duthie as his colleagues. In his short term
in Parliament (1893-96) he established a friend-
ship with W. F. Massey which lasted throughout
life. For the next few years Bell was closely
engaged in his legal practice, and made no
attempt to re-enter politics. When the Reform
party came into power in 1912 he was at once
called to the Legislative Council and became a
member of the ministry. He administered the
portfolios of Internal Affairs and Immigration

-----------------------Page 47 End-----------------------

BELL

until the formation of the National Govern-
ment in 1915. In this he was at first only
Minister of Immigration, but on the appoint-
ment of Herdman to the Supreme Court bench
in 1918 he assumed the attorney-generalship,
which he held continuously under Massey and
Coates until 1926. His control of the Legis
tive Council was marked by singular tact and
decorum and conciliatory treatment of criticism,
which yielded the best results in legislation.

By his personal qualities and standing in the
cabinet Bell exercised a profound influence
upon the affairs of New Zealand during the
war of 1914-18. His own part in the war (in
which he lost a son) was whole hearted and
unquestioning. Grasping essential facts readily,
he appreciated without difficulty the implica
tions of the war upon the social economy and
the legislation of New Zealand, and was able
not only to guide his own Government soundly
through the constitutional troubles by which it
was surrounded, but on occasion to advise a
course which commended itself to the British
Government and to the allies He shared with
Sir John Salmond (q.v.) the task of framing the
intricate and novel legislation and regulations
that were called for by the new conditions.
Incidentally it was Bell who led the protest
against the despatch of the first portion of the
New Zealand Division oversea without what he
considered an adequate convoy. He tendered
his resignation and Massey threatened to offer
his. Only at this point did the Governor-
general recognise that the cabinet was in
earnest.

Almost as soon as he became a member of the
Legislative Council Bell introduced a bill to
reform the constitution of that chamber by
placing it on an elective basis. Before the elec-
tion he had induced Massey to adopt this
proposal, and he declared that he had entered
the Council for the express object of amending
it in this fashion. The Council passed the
second reading almost without opposition, but
deferred further consideration till next session
in order to permit the electors to consider the
proposal. The Lower House passed a series
of resolutions approving the principle of the
bill. Next session the Council again resisted
the reform and Massey had to obtain from the
Governor a sufficient number of new appoint-
ments to the Council to ensure its passage.

BELL

This was achieved in 1914, but the intervention
of the war and the formation of the National
Government (some members of which were not
favourable to the reform) prevented its being
put into operation. Stewart sys that Bell's
real object in moving for an elective legislative
council was to prevent the possibility of a gov-
ernment in power using the system of nomina-
tion to the council to push radical measures
through parliament. On the legislation to
introduce conscription for service in the forces
oversea Bell's Quaker ancestry was evident in
the stand which he took on behalf of conscien-
tious objectors.

He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1915. After
the war Bell was the adviser of the Government
in the mass of legislation to implement the
repeal of the war regime. His part in drafting
the legislation under which Samoa was entrusted
to New Zealand under a mandate is noteworthy
He firmly believed that it was a duty New Zea
land must assume. The statute and regulations
which he drew up were wise and far-sighted;
a model of brevity and precision. When some
years later (1923-26) he was minister in charge
of the mandate he imported an energy and
firmness into the task which were unwonted
and to the native mind almost startling. One
of the interests into which Bell threw much
enthusiasm during the war years was the estab-
lishment of the Forestry department, of which
he had charge as first commissioner (1915-22)
During Massey's post-war administration Bell
had on more than one occasion to assume the
responsibility of leading the Government.

In 1922 Bell fulfilled an ardent desire of his
later years by visiting Europe and representing
New Zealand at the allied conferences at Genoa
and the Hague and at the assembly of the
League of Nations. There he insisted on the
right of the mandatory power to appeal against
adverse criticism of its administration, and
questioned the right of the mandates commis-
sion, which was only a committee of the coun-
Gil, to initiate such criticism. Firmly attached
to the cause of peace, Bell came back to New
Zealand filled with enthusiasm for the League
of Nations Union, which seemed to him as
necessary to the success of the League as
popular election is to democratic government.
He never succeeded in imparting to the Prime
Minister his own belief in the future of the

62

BELL

League. While in England Bell received at the
hands of the Prince of Wales a casket presented
to him by the Legislative Council and at a
latter date a gift from the members of the
House of Representatives. He was promoted
to G.C.M.G. in 1923, and was created a privy
councillor in the same year.

In Parliament in 1923 Bell set his hand to
the reform of the land laws by bringing all
titles under the land transfer act. In that year
he was again acting-Prime Minister during the
absence of Massey in London. When Massey's
health failed towards the end of 1924 Bell was
the virtual head of the Government for a few
months. After the death of Massey (on 10 May
1925) he became Prime Minister almost auto-
matically and remained so from 14 to 30 May.
This was merely to enable the party to elect
anew leader; he declined the party's invitation
to continue in office until the general election
at the end of the year. There had not been a
Prime Minister in the Legislative Council since
Waterhouse (52 years earlier) but Bell made
it clear that that was not the reason why he
declined to hold office His age and personal
difficulties prevented him from acceding to the
wish of the party, and he was determined to
go out of office altogether as soon as the new

.Prime Minister had formed his ministry. He

wrote to Sir James Allen: "You can under-
stand that it is nothing but mischievous for a
man who has led the orchestra to play anything
dse than a second violin when he loses the
lead. (He had been credited by the public
with having, by his personal influence and his
ripe experience, practically controlled the
policy of the Government for years past.)

In Jan 1926 he surrendered his departmental
duties and left New Zealand to accompany
Coates to the Imperial Conference in London
and to attend the League of Nations in Geneva
At the Prime Minister's request he remained
in the executive while he was in Europe on this
occasion. He also attended, at the request of
the Foreign Office and the Colonial Office, tlle
conference at Geneva relating to the Interna-
tional Court of Justice at the Hague, at whicll
he was vice-president and a member of the
drafting committee. Bell was deeply anxious
to take such action as would encourage the
United States to participate in the court. On
the other hand he insisted vigorously that any

BELL

dispute between different units of the British
Commonwealth of Nations should not be
amenable to the International Court but should
be regarded as a domestic one. At the League
of Nations he viewed with uneasiness the claim
of some of the dominions to a seat on the
council of the League. He felt that this would
tend to destroy the unity of the Empire and
might even dn occasion result in the vote of
Great Britain being neutralised by that\of one
of the dominions. He viewed with suspicion
also the Balfour formula (which evolved into
the statute of Westminster) and he was equally
opposed to the idea of an empire consultative
council. The council of prime ministers he
held to be the true imperial council and in-
evitably superior to ‘any conclave or cabal of
ministers of second rank in London.’ Bell mar-
ried (1878) Caroline, daughter of the Hon.
William Robinson (q.v.). He died on 13 Mar
1936. His life, by W. Downie Stewart (1937)
is a judicious though intimate biography.

His son, WILLIAM Henry DILLON BELL
(1884-1917), was educated at Wellington Col-
lege and Cambridge University; read for the
bar at the Inner Temple and after being called
joined his father's firm in Wellington. He was
M.P. for Suburbs of Wellington (1911-14) and
served in the war of 1914-18 with the New
Zealand force at Samoa (Aug 1914) and with
King Edward's Horse in France, where he was
killed on 31 Jul 1917.

N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably 8 Ju11917, 31 Mar 1936);
Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Sheila Macdon-
aid; W. Downie Stewart, op. cit. (p); Otago Daily
Times, Evening Post, 15 Dec 1922, 13 Mar 1936
(p); The Dominion, N.z. Herald, Otago Daily

Times, 14 Mar 1936 (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

BELL, GEORGE (1809-99) was born at Hull,
Yorkshire, his father being an officid of the
customs. He received a good classical education
at a private school and served his apprentice-
ship to a mercantile firm, after which he became
accountant and salesman to a firm in York.
Owing to the closing down of a sugar refinery
with which he was connected he became super-
intendent of a manufacturing establishment at
Sheffidd. There he taught himself shorthand,
became interested in the anti-com law agitation
and published a brochure on the currency. He
was of a religious disposition and took a great

63

-----------------------Page 48 End-----------------------

BELL

interest in Sunday school work. In 1852 Bell
came to Melbourne, where he became a govern-
ment shorthand writer, was engaged in the law
courts and assisted in establishing a parliamen-
tary Hansard staff for the South Australian
Advertiser, 1M 1863 he came to Dunedin and
was appointed to the reporting staff of .the
Otago Daily Times and for some rime edited
the Witness. In 1869 he helped to establish the
Independent and a little later bought the Star,
with which he amalgamated the Independent.
In 1872 he brought out a morning issue of the
Star to prevent another morning paper being
established. This paper was sold in 1873 to the
Guardian company, which also took over the
Southern Mercury. In 1894 the Star was taken
over by a company and Bell retired. He died
on 4 Feb 1899.

Paul; Evening Star, 4 Feb 1899.

BELL, GEORGE MEREDITH (1836-98) was
born in Tasmania, where his father was Gov-
ernor of the convict settlement. Educated at
Hobart and Eton College, he returned to Aus-
tralia, became a squatter and married. After
the gold rush in Otago he bought the Waimea
Plains estate from David McKellar (q.v.) and
also Croydon; and sold them in 1878 to the
New Zealand Agricultural company. He pro-
ceeded to England to watch the interests of the
vendors to the company, and about 1885 re-
turned to New Zealand and bought Wantwood
estate, where he resided till his death (on 10
Jun 1898). Bell took part in initiating the Wai-
mea Plains railway and assisted in many ways
to develop the district. He was a prominent
supporter of the Southland Agricultural and
Pastoral association and helped to promote the
Southland Freezing Co. He represented Otera-
mika in the Southland Provincial Council
(1869-70) but declined to stand for Parliament.
He was president of the Southland Racing Club
and was a keen supporter of tlle Birchwood
Hunt Club.

Beattie, ii; Otago Daily Times, 5 Jul 1898.

BELL, ROBERT (1863-1937), a son of David
Ball, was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and
at the age of 20 emigrated to Queensland,
where he was sub-manager of the Townsville
Daily Bulletin (1883-86). Coming to New Zee
land, he joined the Timaru Herald, and in

BELLAIRS.

1900 bought the Ashbut-ton Mail and the
Guardian. He managed these papers till 1908,
and in 1911 he transformed the business into
a private company. He was managing director
of the Lyttelton Times (1917-26) and chalrman
of the Timaru Post from 1922. In 1911 Bell
attended the conference of the Empire Press
Union in London, and he was a delegate to the
Press Congress of the world at San Francisco
in 1915. He was a chairman of the Ashburton
Permanent Building and Invesnneni: Society
and of the Ashburton Gas Co. and president
of the Canterbury Society of Arts and a gover-
nor of the Ashburton High School. He en-
dowed a scholarship in journalism at Canter-
bury University College. His marriage to Mary,
daughter of Captain John McPeake, of Donag-
hadee, Ireland, took place in 1885. He died on
24 Aug 1937.

Iho's Who N.Z., 1908; Evening Post and The
Press, 26 Aug 1937.

BELLAIRS, EDMUND HOOKE WILSON
(1823-96) was the eldest son of Sir William
Bellairs, of Mulbarton Lodge, Norfolk. Enter-
ing the army (1841), he received his commission
in the 60th Rifles and transferred to the 7th
Fusiliers (1842) as a lieutenant. In 1848 he
retired to accept the post of exon of the Yeo-
men of the Guard (1849). He served in that
capacity until 1852, when he retired. Bellairs
in 1852 married Emilia, daughter of James
Bellairs Stevenson, of Uffington, and came to
New Zealand. In 1854 he accompanied W. D.
B. Mantell to the south to pay the Maori owners
for the Murihiku block, and he himself took up
-land at Waimahaka. He was appointed a jus-
tice of the peace and in 1853 was called to the
Legislative Council under the new constitution.
He took a prominent part in the constitutional
debates in 1854. Returning to England soon
afterwards he vacated his seat.

In 1859 he acted as correspondent for The
Times in Paris. Between 1861-64 he was captain
and adjutant of the 1st Norfolk rifle volunteers.
In 1878 he was appointed vice-consul at
Bayonne (France) and in the following year
transferred to Biarritz, where he lived for many
years. Bellairs died on 14 Sep 1896.

"Var Office records; Fox-Davies; Hocken, Otago:
N.Z.P.D., 1854; Beattie, i, The Times, 16 Sep
1896.

64

  

BENNET

BENNET, JAMES (1830-1908) was born in
Forfarshire and brought up to agriculture. In
1853 he married a daughter of Alexander Find-
lay, of Forfarshire, and emigrated to Victoria,
where he became a carter to the goldfields.
Twelve years later he crossed to New Zealand,
and carried on the same occupation till 1872,
when he bought land in the Crookston district,
and settled at Rae's Junction. In 1876 Bennet
was elected to the Tuapeka county council, of
which he was chairman for ten years. He ser-
ved on the school committee (becoming chair-
man in 1895) and was a member of the
Tuapeka licensing committee. From 1899 till
his death (on 3 May 1908) he was Liberal mem-
ber of Parliament for Tuapeka.

Who’s Who N.Z., 1908; N.Z.P.D., 29 Jun 1908;
Don; Cycl. N.z., iv (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

BENNETT, JOHN BOYLE (1808-80) was born
at Clonakilty, county Cork, Ireland. He studied
medicine and graduated M.D., but after. some
years of practice forsook medicine for journal-
ism and a few years later became editor of The
Watchman, a religious paper in London. A
writer of considerable ability and style, he was
invited in 1849 by John Williamson (q.v.) to
accept the editorship of The New Zealander
(Auckland), and he held that position for six
years with conspicuous success Though his
position precluded him from taking a very
active part in public affairs, he was closdly asso-
ciated with social movements, particularly the
Y.M.C.A., of which he.was many years president,
and the Benevolent Society (in which also Mrs
Bennett was deeply interested). In 1855 Ben-
nett was appointed registrar of births, deaths
and marriages for the province of Auckland,
and later registrar-general for the Colony. In
1866 he left Auckland to take up his residence
in Wellington, where he died on 15 Jun 1880.

BENT, KIMBLE (1837-1916), the son of a
master ship-builder and a half-caste Red Indian
mother, was born in Eastport, Maine, United
States of America. With his brother he was
sent to Portland to learn the confectionery
trade, but tiring of that he joined the U.S.
training ship Martin and soon rose to be deck-
man and instructor of recruits. In 1856 he
martied Sarah Crosby. When she ran off with
another -man he went to England, where he

65

 

BEST

lived wildly until his money was finished. In
1859 he enlisted with the 57th Regiment at
Liverpool, but soon regretted his action and
attempted to desert. He was brought back and
sentenced to a term of imprisonment. He served
two years with the regiment in India and came
with it to Taranaki. Bent made several attempts
to obtain a discharge. Eventually he deserted
to the Hauhau, who accepted him as a slave.
He became the personal possession of various
chiefs and was constantly in danger both from
the fire of the soldiers and from the distrust of
his Hauhau companions. He served behind the
Maori lines during Titokowaru's war (1868-69)
making cartridges and cultivating the land; and
was an eyewitness of many gruesome scenes,
including the revival of cannibalism. In 1881
Bent came out of his bush exile, but he never
returned to live amongst the whites. He gained
some reputation amongst the natives as a to-
hunga and a medicine man. He died on 22
May 1916.

James Cowan, The Adventures of Kimble Bent,

1911 (p); Taranaki News, 28 Jun 1873; N.Z.
Herald, 9 Aug 1880.

BERRY, WILLIAM (1839-1903) was born in
Scotland. At the age of 12 he was apprenticed
in the composing room of the Scotsman, Edin-
burgh, and thereafter he educated himself by
private study and attending night schools. He
was for some years a reader and was assistant
foreman in the office Berry came to New Zea
land in 1864 under engagement to the South-
ern Cross (then owned by Creighton and Scales)
and remained on the paper as a reporter till
4868, when he went to the Thames Advertiser
which was acquired by A. G. Horton. In 1875
he returned to Auckland, and became editor of
the New Zealand Herald- which he controlled
until his deatll (on 2 Oct 1903). Berry, who
spoke Maori and sympathised with the natives,
acted as correspondent for the Southern Cross
during the Hauhau war and wrote despatches
exposing the treannent of Hauhau women and
children.

Morton ; N.Z. Herald, 3 Oct 1903; Evening Star,
3 Oct 1903.

BEST, ELSDON (1856-1931) was born at
Porirua, where his father, William Best (who
arrived in 1844) had taken up land. Until the
age of nine he lived in close touch with nature

-----------------------Page 49 End-----------------------

 

BEST

in the bush and learned much of the habits of
birds and the lore of the countryside. In 1865
the family moved to Wellington and he had a
few years’ education in the Commercial School
on Wellington Terrace. He passed the junior
civil service examination and obtained a post
in the office of the registrar-general.

After one year of sedentary occupation he
gave up his post and went to Poverty Bay
(1874). There he worked for some years on a
sheep station, but when the Parihaka trouble
arose he joined the Armed Constabulary. He
left the force after the coup of 1881 and re-
turned to the East Coast, where he was
employed with W. D. S Macdonald on a cattle
station. In 1883, wishing to see the world, Best
left for Hawaii. Thence he proceeded to Cali-
fornia, where he worked amongst the redwoods
and then farther east, ranching in Texas and
the Middle West states. Returning to New
Zealand after the Tarawera eruption in 1886,
he worked for some years in sawmills in the
Urewera country, then being opened for the
first time. Then he joined the lands and sur-
vey department.

Altogether Best spent about sixteen years in
the Urewera, in circumstances which enabled
him to gain a competent command of the
language and a rich knowledge of the customs,
traditions and lore of the Tuhoe. At the sug-
gestion of S Percy Smith he made a special
study of the Urewera from 1896. He was a
tireless explorer, a patient observer and a
methodical recorder, and when he returned to
Wellington in the early years of the century his
knowledge of the Maori people made him a
desirable officer of the Dominion Museum.
There in the following years he devoted study
and care to the arrangement and setting forth
of the vast mass of material already in his pos-
session and to the acquisition of further stores.
He wrote a series of papers on Maori life and
customs which were published as Museum
bulletins and monographs, holding a unique
position as authoritative studies of various
phases of Maori ethnology and philology.
These monographs were on such topics as the
Maori canoe, thepa, fishing and sea foods,
storehouses, agriculture, mythology and religion.
Many papers were contributed by him to the
proceedings of the Polynesian Society and the
New Zealand Institute and he published aso

BETHUNE

several volumes of greater importance in size,
though not necessarily more scholarly, than
these modest bulletins. Best's first noteworthy
paper, on the neolithic Maori, appeared in the
Yearbook of 1892. In 1896 he published a
paper on the Rangitaiki basin and in the fol-
lowing year one on Waikaremoana. His period
of greatest output was following the great war.
His material was now better digested and
arranged and he was able to publish fourteen
bulletins within seven years. During this period
also he published his two most important works,
The Maori as He was (in 1924), and Tuhoe, the
Children of the Mist (in 1925). Each was in two
volumes. During the same time he provided
much historical information for other purposes
and wrote smaller volumes on the history and
topography of certain localities.

In 1914 the New Zealand Institute honoured
Best with the award of the Hector medal for
research in ethnology, and five years later he
was elected a fellow. He was a foundation
member of the Polynesian Society (1892). Sir
Apirana Ngata, speaking in 1922, said: + There
is not a member of the Maori race who is fit
to wipe the boots of Mr. Elsdon Best in the
matter of the knowledge of the lore of the race
to which we belong.’ Best died on 9 Sep 1931.

Polyn. Jour., pass. (notably Mar 1932 with p. and
bibliog.); Trans. N.Z. Inst.; Best, op. cit; Annals
N.z. Lit (p); James Cowan in N.z. Railways
Magazine, | Jan 1936 (p); The Dominion, 10 Sep
1931 (p); Evening Post, 9 Sep 1931.

BESWICK, JOSEPH SUTTON (1831-88) was
born in England and came to Canterbury in
the early days of the settlement, becoming in-
terested in the Springfield estate. He repre-
sented Mandeville in the Provincial Council
(1862-67, 1870-74) and was a member of the
Stewart executive in 1866-67 and of the Kenna-
way executive in 1871-74 (in the capacity of
provincial treasurer). He also represented Kai-
apoi in Parliament (1866-67). Beswick was in
business as a grain merchant at Ashburton for
some years, and was then appointed magistrate
at Lyttelton. In 1882 he was transferred to
Timaru, where he remained till his death (on
3 Jun 1888).

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cyel. N.Z., iii; Acland;
Timaru Herald, 5 Jun 1888.
BETHUNE, JOHN HUGH (1827-94) was born
at Dingwall, Scotland. He first came to New

66

BETHUNE

Zealand in 1851 and left shortly afterwards for
New South Wales to wind up the affairs of the
Auckland Islands Whaling Co. He settled in
Wellington finally in 1854. He was for many
years with Bethune and Hunter, and eventually
in 1877 established the auctioneering business
and land and estate agency of J. H. Bethune
and Co. He married (1857) a daughter of
George Hunter (q.v.). Bethune was a founder
of the Wellington chamber of commerce and
of the Wellington Gas Co. and for many years
wes a government nominee on the board of
the Government Life Insurance department. He
was a churchwarden of St. Peter's, Wellington.
His death occurred on 10 Aug 1894.

Ward (p); N.2. Times, 11 Aug 1894.

BETHUNE, KENNETH (1825-55) was a son
of the Rev H. Bethune, of Dingwall, Ross-shire,
Scotland. He came to New Zealand in the
Cuba (Jan 1840) and entered into business in
Wellington with G. Hunter as Bethune and
Hunter. He was a burgess in 1843 and in
1846 was elected a lieutenant in the Te Aro
militia. Bethune represented Wellington City
in the Provincial Council (1853-54), resigning
to go to England. There he married (1855)
Martha Harriette, daughter of Captain Goldie,
of the 76th regiment (HigWand Light In-
fantry). He died in London on 25 Jul 1855.
Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; N.Z. Spectator, 5
Dec 1855; Wellington Independent, 6 Dec 1870.

BEVAN, JOHN (1837-1911) was born in Jersey,
Channel islands, and. educated at the Jersey
Grammar School. He emigrated to Victoria in
1857 and came to New Zealand nine years
later. Bevan was chairman of the Westland
education board and a member of the Westland
waste lands board and served on other local
bodies. He represented Hokitika in Parliament
(1884-87).

Harrop, Westland; Cyl. N.Z., v. Portrait: Par-
liament House.

BEVAN-BROWN, CHARLES EDMUND (1854-
1926) was born at Camelford, North Cornwall,
the son of the Rev William R. Brown, a
Methodist minister. He began his education
at the Grammar School, Louth (which Tenny-
son once attended). Later he moved to
the Bristol Grammar School, where he re-
mained till 1874. In 1873 he won an Oxford

BEVAN-BROWN

leaving scholarship and in 1874 an open
scholarship at Lincoln College, where he went
into residence. Among his contemporaries
were H. H. Asquith, Herbert Gladstone, George
Curzon, and Oscar Wilde. His education con-
tinued along classical lines and in 1878 he
gained a second class in literae humaniores.
During his term at Oxford he came under the
influence of Jowett, Ruskin and Matthew
Arnold. His faith in religion was almost shat-
tered by the teachings of Arnold but later, on
broader and more secure foundations, grew
strong and remained with him till the end of
his life. His first appointment in 1879 was as
a master at Manchester Grammar School, where
he had as colleagues C.F. Bourne (q.v.), after-
wards headmaster of Christ's College, Christ-
church, and John Harkness (q.v.), some years
rector of Waitaki High School.

In 1883 after having been summoned with
20 others to an interview with Professors
Jowett and Sedgwick, Mr. Wilson (head of
Clifton) and Sir Walter Kennaway, he was
appointed to the headmastership of the Boys
High School, Christchurch. In Jan 1884 he
married Annie Allen, daughter of Augustus
Cridland (Exeter), and sailed for New Zea
land. The school had been opened in 1881,
the headmaster being'Thomas Miller, who had
endeared himself to pupils and parents but
had resigned after a disagreement with the
board. Much resentment was felt and many
boys removed to other schools, until in 1886
the number had fallen as low as seventy. The
new headmaster's reputation as a teacher and
organiser grew rapidly, by the nineties the
school was again flourishing and it became the
largest secondary school in New Zealand. Its
growth continued until in 1920 the roll had
reached 448, the maximum set by the board
of governors. In 1899, such was his reputation
as a scholar and teacher that Bevan-Brown was
offered the post of inspector-general of schools,
which he declined. His object in teaching was
the building of character and he did not
measure the success of a school solely by ex-
amination results. In building character he
attached supreme importance to religion and
religious observance. The school day opened
with prayers and in addition he established
classes for religious instruction which were held
in the morning prior to the general assembly.

67

-----------------------Page 50 End-----------------------

BEVERIDGE

He himself instructed the senior classes, but
he enlisted the services of local clergymen to
take other classes. He was a great imperialist
and imbued his pupils with a true sense of
patriotism and a real love of the mother coun-
try and the Empire. The principles which he
laid down and the force of his personality made
him a great figure in the life of the school
During the war he wrote to each of the 800
old boys who served with the colours. Bevan-
Brown died on 14 Jun 1926. W.sw.
Christchurch B.H.S. Magazine, Dec 1926 (p);
Lyttelton Times and The Press, 15 Jun 1926.

BEVERIDGE, ANDREW (1826-74) arrived in
Auckland in 1861. In 1862 he was chairman
of the city board of Auckland, but he had to
relinquish the post on account of pressure of
other duties. Beveridge was in practice in the
city with Ritchie, after whose death he carried
on alone. They established themselves at
Thames soon after the opening of the goldfields
and enjoyed a lucrative practice. For several
years Beveridge was law adviser to the provin-
cial executive. In 1870 he was elected to the
Provincial Council for Thames and in 1873
was returned for Eden. From Dec 1873 he was
provincial solicitor and a member of William-
son's executive. He died 12 Sep 1874, Beveridge
was a prominent freemason (a D.P.G.M. of the
Scottish Constitution) and founded a lodge in
Thames.
Barclay: N.Z. Herald, 24 Sep 1874.

BEVERLY, ARTHUR (1822-1907) was born
at Alford, Aberdeenshire. The son of a farmer,
he received school education in his parish and
at a night school kept by John Taylor, of Stone-
ham, a shoemaker. There he made extraord-
inary progress and was in charge of the class
in navigation. At the age of 13 he was appren-
ticed to a watchmaker in Aberdeen, and he
worked there to 1852, and in Melbourne to
1856, when he moved to Dunedin and set up
in business for himself.

A confirmed student, he lived frugally and,
by means of careful investment in town sec-
tions and the profits from his business, he was
able to retire in 1864 and devote himself to
his hobbies, gardening, science and mechanics.
He was a geologist and a good botanist and on
the provincial expedition to the West Coast of
Otago (1862) he made an exhaustive collection

BICKERTON

of plants between Preservation Inlet and
Breaksea Sound. Beverly had a genius for
mathematics, made original investigations in
various branches of science and was expert at
manipulating formulas. He found an empirical
formula for the law of expansion of aqueous
vapour which gave more accuracy than existing
formulas. He was an excellent optician both
in theory and practice and made many micro-
soopes and telescopes. His combined thermo-
meter and barometer on the aneroid principle
was for many years in the Fernhill club,
Dunedin. He also designed new escapements
for chronometers and a compensation pen-
dulum; and made a metallic thermometer with
a circular face on which the divisions of the
degree were so far apart as to be visible a few
yards away. For his platometer, or planimeter
(exhibited at the Dunedin Exhibition in 1865)
he received from the Royal Scottish Society of
Arts a bronze medal and the Macdougal Bris-.
bane prize. The instrument was afterwards
perfected and patented by Professor Amsler.
In connection with a paper on the measurement
of distances with long steel tapes, he devised
a formula for sag and made a concise table
which was used all over the world.

All Beverly's investigations were carried out
in the most thorough manner. He left a great
volume of mathematical formulas, and was the
first. modern geometrist to solve the twisting
angle. After an exhaustive examination of Pro-
fessor C. Piozzi Smyth's book on the construc-
tion of the Great Pyramid, Beverly devised a
new sradical calculus’ and new formulas in
hydraulics and optics. For some years he con-
tributed monthly’ Rough Astronomical Notes’
to the Evening Star and +Notes and Queries’
to the Otago Witness; and he consistently
offered advice gratuitously to farmers and others
‘on the construction of water races and power
wheels.

Beverly was unmarried. He took no part in
public life beyond a short period on the town
board. He was an agnostic. His death occurred
on 25 Oct 1907.

Reid; N.Z. Surveyor, Dec 1907; Otago Witness,
‘Nass; Otago Daily Times, 26 Oct 1907.

BICKERTON, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1842-
1929) was born at Alton, Hampshire, and
educated at the Grammar School there. An

68

 

BICKERTON

orphan, he was taken by an uncle to Bridge-
water to be educated as an engineer. He passed
through the drawing office and workshop of a
railway company; and gained a prize student-
ship, a full certificate, and several medals at
the Painswick school of art. Aftenvards he en-
tered a civil engineer's office in London, and
attended the classes at South Kensington
Finding the exposure necessary for an en-
gineer too severe for his health, Bickerton
relinquished that intention and devoted his
attention to science. In 1864 he established a
factory in the Cotswolds to develop his wood
working inventions. There he came under the
influence of Stroud and took up science teach-
ing. In 1867 he organised technical classes at
Birmingham. He obtained an exhibition in
the Royal School of Mines, London, gaining
three national medals, six first-class advanced
Queen's prizes and seven second-class. At tlle
end of the first year's study at the school of
mines he was at the head of the list. He
obtained highest place in mechanical drawing
and chemistry, and second place in physics
(thus winning the senior Queen's scholarship).
While at the school of mines, Bickerton taught
evening classes of artisans which attracted con-
siderable attention, and the only surplus Whit-
worth scholarship available for evening classes
was awarded to them. Bickerton accepted a
post on the staff of the Hartley Institution,
Southampton (1870), and later was appointed
lecturer in science at Winchester College, and
public analyst. His publications on the corrc-
lation of heat and electricity attracted some
attention and he had offers of several university
chairs. He accepted that of chemistry and
physics at Canterbury College, and he came
out in the Atrato (1874). As the college had
not been built he gave his first lectures in the
Oddfellows’ hall. Bickerton’s occupancy of this
chair, which terminated in 1903, was distin-
guished by the boldness and originality of his
approach to scientific problems. His theory of
cosmic construction by partial impact was set
forth in scientific papers from 1880 onward,
attracting considerable attention and some hos-
tility in astronomical quarters. Amongst his
scientific papers were: On a new elation of
heat and electricity; On temporary and vari-
able stars; On the problem of stellar collision;
On the origin of double stars, of nebulae, of

BIDWILL

the solar system and universe; and On agencies
tending to alter the eccentricities of planetary
orbits. In 1877 he was elected a member of
the Christchurch City Council. Bickerton was
an enthusiastic student of systems of education.
He designed several pieces of experimental
apparatus, the most successful of which was a
model to represent the motions, the kinetics,
and the phenomena of the solar system. The
Education Department printed the first part of
his book of simple experiments to enable school
teachers to illustrate science teaching without
costly apparatus and labour of preparation. A
public fund, to which the Government contri-
buted, enabled Bickerton to propound his
theories in Great Britain. He published The
Romance of the Heavens, The Birth of Worlds
and Systems and other volumes expounding his
researches. In 1928 Canterbury College elected
him professor emeritus. He died in London
‘on 22 Jan 1929.

Cox, Men of Mark ; C)'d. N.Z., iii (p); Bickerton,
op. cit: Hight and Candy; Evening Post, 24 Jan,
26 Apr 1929, 7 Jan 1933 (p).

BIDDLE, BENJAMIN (1848-1933) was 20
years of age and had been a seaman when he
joined the Armed Constabulary in 1868. He
was attached to the force under Whitmore,
serving against Te Kooti after the Poverty Bay
massacre, and distinguished himself at the sec-
ond battle of Ngatapa (Jun 1869), for which
he was awarded the New Zealand Cross. He
later did valuable service as a scout and was
promoted temporary sergeant. At Ara-kanihi
he pursued the Hauhau to their stockade and
during the night liberated a number of settlers’
horses which were in their possession. At Pae-
ngaroa (Jan 1870) while leading the advance
guard of Fraser's force, he was caught in an
ambuscade and had a desperate fight and a
personal encounter with Peka Makarini, the
half caste Hauhau. Taking his discharge on
43 Aug 1871, Biddle settled at Opouriao, Bay
of Plenty, doing contract work, and when the
estate was cut up he drew a section, on which
he lived for the remainder of his life. He died
on 10 Mar 1933.

N.Z. Army records; Cowan; Gudgeon; Whaka-
tone Post, 12 Mar 1933.

BIDWILL, CHARLES ROBERT (1820-84), the
son of Joseph Green Bidwill, was born at Ex-

69

-----------------------Page 51 End-----------------------

BIDWILL

eter, Devonshire, educated in England and had
commenced to study medicine when his father
received letters from his elder son (John Carne
Bidwill, qv.) advising him to allow the boy to
go to Australia. He sailed in the Arachne and
reached Sydney early in 1841.

There for two years he gained colonial _ex-
perience and in Mar 1843 sailed for New Zea
land in the schooner Posthumous with 1,600
sheep. Some of these he sold at Nelson and the
balance he took to Port Nicholson. A few weeks
later he joined Clifford, Vavasour, Weld, Petre
and William Swainson, F.L.S., on an expedition
to prospect in the "Vairarapa for sheep coun-
try. Bidwill got a tract of land at Kopungarara
to which he started in Apr 1844 with 350
merino sheep. Driving them round the Muka-
muka rocks and the western shore of Wairarapa
lake, he left them to return to Wellington for
his cattle. He was thus the first to arrive with
sheep in the Wairarapa. His wool was sent by
packhorse to Te Kopi, on Palliser Bay, and
thence by small ships to Wellington. Bidwill
bought some Red Devon cattle and thorough-
bred horses (notably Figaro, which he pur-
chased from James Watt, Wanganui, in 1847).
In 1857 he imported merino rams which his
father obtained from Saxony. By 1879 the Pi-
hautea property consisted of 10,000 acres pur-
chased from the Government and 250 acres
from the natives. Only 70 acres was as yet
cultivated.

Bidwill took a keen interest in local govern-
ing bodies and the licensing committee, and
in the racing club, which he assisted to establish
in the fifties. He did not own racehorses but
patronised all the meetings. In 1851 he married
Catherine, eldest daughter of John Orbell (Wai-
kouaiti, Otago). Bidwill died on 21 Apr 1884
and his widow ten years later.

Bidwill; Weld; Lovat; Wairarapa Age, 27 Oct
1923.

  

BIDWILL, JOHN CARNE (1815-53) was born
at St Thomas, Exeter, the eldest son of Joseph
Green Bidwill. At the age of 17 he sailed for
Canada in the ship Exmouth, returning to-
wards the end of 1834. In 1838, with his sister
Elizabeth, he sailed for Sydney in the ship
Arachne in the interest of his father's mercan-
tile business. While waiting to gain possession
of land which he had selected some distance

70

BIGGS

from Sydney, he sailed for New Zealand, arriv-
ing at Bay of Islands on 5 Feb 1839. He pro-
ceeded in a small schooner to Tauranga and
spent three months exploring in the interior.
Accompanied by several Maori and a white
interpreter, he visited Rotorna, Taupo and
Tongariro. In defiance of Maori advice, he
climbed Tongariro alone, and returned to the
coast after thirty days. Bidwill made a journey
to Matamata and returned by sea from Tau-
ranga to Thames and Bay of Islands. There-
after he devoted himself to the business of his
firm. He again visited New Zealand in 1840,
and accompanied E. J. Wakefield by sea from
Wellington to Whanganui.

Bidwill had a considerable knowledge of
botany and was helpful in the founding of the
Sydney boranical gardens, where he -carried out
experiments in hybridisation as early as 1841.
In New Zealand he met Colenso and collected
rare seeds and discovered new plants. In 1849
Bidwill was magistrate at Tinana (Mary-
borough) and later commissioner of crown
lands and chairman of the bench of magistrates.
He died on 16 Mar 1853, unmarried. His book,
Rambles in New Zealand, was published in
1841. He was a brother of Charles Robert Bid-
will (qv.).

Bidwill, op. cit.; Hocken.

BIGGS, REGINALD NEWTON, who died 1868,
came to New Zealand in the late fifties and
settled in Rangitikei, living for some years with
Major Trafford at Koreromaiwaho and after-
wards at Mangiroa. He was an energetic
farmer and a fine shot and horseman. In the
early sixties he moved to Poverty Bay.

As a lieutenant in the Hawkes Bay volunteers
(22 Apr 1865) Biggs joined the reinforcements
at Turanganui and commanded the left wing
in the attack on Pakairomiromi (3 Aug 1865),
when 25 Hauhau of Ngati-Porou were killed.
He took a leading part in the capture of Hu-
ngahungatoroa (Oct), where the surrender of
500 disaffected Ngati-Porou ended the move-
ment amongst that tribe. For these services
Biggs received the thanks of the Government
and promotion to a captaincy (11 Oct). He
served under Fraser throughout the East Coast
campaign and at Omaru-Hakeke commanded
the left wing enfilading the Hauhau retreat and
storming the position (25 Dec 1865). In Nov

 

BIRCH

he was appointed a justice of the peace and
local magistrate.

Te Kooti was suspected of disaffection at the
siege of Waerenga-a-Hika and Biggs, who was
appointed magistrate at Turanganui (7 Feb
1867) recommended his deportation to the
Chathams. He strongly opposed repatriating
the prisoners until the confiscations in Poverty
Bay were settled. When Te Kooti landed at
Whareongaonga (1868) after his escape from
the Chathams, Biggs took energetic measures
against him, sending for help to Wairoa and
Napier and mobilising tlle mounted rifles under
Westrupp (q.v.). Te Kooti refused to surrender
his arms and Biggs (who was promoted major
on 1 Aug) marched with 80 men to intercept
his retreat to the Urewera. He left his force
at Paparatu to bring up supplies from Gis
borne, and they were attacked in his absence
and badly defeated. Suspecting that Te Kooti
would take vengeance for his banishment, Biggs
made careful dispositions to watch his move-
ments. His own camp was situated 20 miles
from Gisborne, at the crossing of the Hangaroa.
Confident that he knew Te Kooti's plans, he
rejected the warnings of his scouts and allowed
an old track to remain unwatched and delayed
calling in the settlers. While he was sitting in
his home after midnight on 10 Nov writing
orders for an assembly the following day the
house was surrounded by Hauhau, and Biggs
and his wife and child, besides many other
settlers, were shot and bayonetted.

Cowan. T¥ars (p): Gudgeon (p): J G. Wilson;
Gascoigne (p); Whitll tore.

BIRCH, JOSIAH (1833-81) was an early resi-
dent of Canterbury. He represented Kaiapoi
in the Provincial Council (1861), Rangiora
(1862-66) and Kaiapoi (1868-71). As a young
man Birch saw service in the Austrian army.
Coming to New Zealand in the Westminster
(1856), he took up bush land at Rangiora,
where he soon had a successful sawmill. Mter
farming at Ashley Bank for a few years, he
became a merchant in Kaiapoi, afterwards mov-
ing to Christchurch

Canterbury P.C. Proc.
1881.

BIRCH, THOMAS (1825-80) was born at Fort-
rose, Ross, Scotland. He was an orphan and
received only the parish education, after which

Lyttelton Times; 7 Jun

val

BLACK

he served an apprenticeship to a cabinetmaker
in Aberdeen. He worked for some years in
Edinburgh and London and came to Otago in
the Slains Castle (1852). In Dunedin he worked
at his trade for a few years. He accompanied
James Macandrew and C. W. Ligar in the Star
to survey the site of Invercargill, spending three
days ashore at Waikawa, whence they proceeded
overland to’ Toetoes, living in Maori whares en
route. Birch erected at Invercargill a frame
house which he had constructed in Dunedin.
In 1858, with his wife he revisited Scotland,
lecturing to promote immigration. He sat in
the Otago Provincial Council for Dunedin City
(1863-64) and in 1865 was elected to the first
City Council. Birch was unanimously elected
Mayor in 1868 and re-elected for the visit of the
Duke of Edinburgh (1868-70). He created the
Mayor's Court in Dunedin. In 1869 he was re-
turned to Parliament as one of the members
for Dunedin City (1869-70). In 1873 he went
to Scotland again as immigration agent for
Otago. He was an enthusiastic volunteer (No.
2 Scottish company 1863), and three years pre-
sident of the Caledonian Society. Birch died at
sea on 12 Mar 1880.
Pm:ltry Record; Cycl. N.

Mar 1880. Portrait: Town
ment House.

BLACK, GEORGE CHARLES CECIL (1904-
32) was born at Reefton. In 1923 he became
a committee clerk in the House of Representa-
tives and in 1928 was elected as United Party
member for Motueka. He was junior govern-
ment whip 192831 and was revelected as an
Independent member in 1931. He died on 17
Oct 1932.

Evening Post, 18 Oct 1932; The Dominion, 19
Oct. Portrait : Parliament House.

BLACK, JAMES GOW (1835-1914) was born
in Drnmtochty, Scotland, and was believed to
be the original of the Australian professor in
lan Maclaren’s Days of Auld Lang Syne. Edu-
cated at Dunkeld and the Moray House train-
ing college and Edinburgh University, he grad-
uated M.A. in 1864, B.Sc. in 1866 and D.Sc. in
1869, taking prizes in chemistry and experiment-
tal science. He established Scott and Black's
collegiate classes in Edinburgh; inaugurated in
4871 the Field Naturalist Club, and became a
fellow of the Royal Botanical Society of Edin-

. iv; N.Z. Herald, 14
fall, Dunedin; Parlia-

 

-----------------------Page 52 End-----------------------

BLACK

burgh and of the Educational Institute of Soot-
land. He declined the chair of natural philo-
sophy at the Andersonian College in Glasgow
and in 1871 accepted that of natural science at
Otago University, to which he came in the
Christian McCausland. Black was selected to
open the schools of mines in New Zealand
(1884), conducting the inaugural classes at
Thames and Reefton. He collaborated with
Professor Etard, of Paris, in perfecting the per-
manganate system of gold extraction. His text
book, Chemistry for the Goldfields, was pub.
lished in 1885.

Thompson, Hist. Otago Univ. ;Cycl. N.Z., iv (p);
Who's Who N.Z., 1908

BLACK, SOLOMON (1834-2) was born in
Scotland. He came to New Zealand in 1864
and joined the Military Settlers. Later as a
private in No.1 division of the Armed Constab-
ulary he served in engagements on the East
and West Coasts of the North Island. In Jan
1869 he took part in the siege of Ngatapa
(against Te Kooti) where he won the New Zea
land Cross for the gallant and determined
manner in which he held his position on the
ridge at the rear of the fort. Black returned to
Scotland in 1892 and was residing in Glasgow
in 1910.
NZ. Army records; Cowan (p); Gudgeon.

BLACK, WILLIAM (1815-94) was born at
Muiravonside, Stirlingshire. He learned the
bakery trade and was for some years in the mer-
cantile marine as steward on board passenger
ships sailing to the East Indies. In 1841 he
came to New Zealand as steward in the Amelia
Thompson and, having married a daughter of
Thomas Veale, he settled in New Plymouth.
where he established a successful bakery. In
1849 he visited California, but soon returned
to hig business.

In the Maori war Black was a captain in the
militia and served under Atkinson in the Bush-
rangers, also undertaking contracts to supply
the Imperial troops with bread. In 1872 he
retired from business and took up his soldier's
grant of 200 acres at Tikorangi. He was a
member of the Taranaki Provincial Council
for Grey and Bell (1869-73). He was on the
town board and the vestry of St Mary's and
became an elder of the Presbyterian Church
when that denomination was established in

BLACKETT

New Plymouth. He was president of the. New
Plymouth Friendly sociey. An ardent free-
mason, he was a charter member of the Mt
Egmont lodge and once walked by the coast
to Wanganui to open a lodge. He died on 22
Nov 1894.

Tamnaki P.C. minutes; Tamnaki Herald, 23
Nov 184, 16 May 1936. Portrait: Taranaki Hist.
Cail.

 

BLACKEIT, JOHN (1819-93) was born at
Newcastle-on-Tyne, educated there and appren-
ticed to engineering with R. and W. Hawthorne
(1834-41). He became draughtsman and office
engineer to the Great Western Steamship Co.
(1841) and in 1844 head engineer in iron ship-
building and railway work with T. R. Guppy
and Co. In 1846 he was appointed engineer to
the copper mines at Cwm Avon, south Wales,
and from 1848 he was in private practice as an
engineer,

In 1851 Blackett came to New Zealand with
his family in the Sir Edward Paget and took
up land near New Plymouth. In 1856 he moved
to Nelson and in the following year was appoin-
ted provincial engineer. In that capacity he
made wide explorations to open up the country
on the West Coast and also to Marlborough and
Canterbury. In 1859 he made a report on pro-
vincial works. He carried out the Nelson water-
works, reported on the goldfields (1863) and
was a member of the provincial executive for
some years. He was commissioner on the Nel-
son south west goldfields during the rush years
(1864-66), his district including the Grey Valley
and Inangahua and Buller counties. He had
jurisdiction over about 8,000 miners and con-
trol of expenditure on public works wherever
they seemed to be required. In 1871, on the in-
auguration of the public works policy, he was
appointed acting engineer-in-chief for the col-
ony, and had a heavy task initiating the roads
and railways policy for the colony as a whole.
He was also marine engineer. In 1878 the
North Island was made a separate district,
Blackett being in charge of it and Blair of the
South Island. In 1884 Blackett became en-
gineer-in-chief, with Blair as assistant. In 1890
he went to England as consulting and inspect-
ing engineer to the Government. He returned
to New Zealand in failing health, retired from
the service and died on 8 Jan 1893.

72

 

BLACKLOCK

Nelson P.C. Proc. and Gaz: Cycl. N.Z., i (p);
N.Z. Times, 4 Jan 1893.
BLACKLOCK, JOHN, came to Otago in tlle
fifties and at the end of 1856 went to Invercar-
gill to arrange for starting a business there. In
returning to Dunedin on foot (Feb 1857) he
lost his way in the. Tautuku forest and was
without food for four days. He started a soft-
goods business with Calder at Invercargill.
Blacklock took a prominent part in_ public
affairs. He represented: Invercargill in the
Southland Provincial Council (1865-67); and
Waihopai (1867-69); and after the reunion Witll
Otago represented Waihopai in the Otago
Council (1871-72). He was a member of the
executive in Southland almost continuously
from 1865 to 1869. He died in California in
Jun 1905.

Roberts, Southland; Beattie, i, ii.

BLAIR, JOHN, was apprenticed to a bookseller
in Edinburgh before coming to Otago in the
Dunedin (1855). He took up land at Kaikorai
and later in life had a property at Owaka, but
was for 16 years teaching at Green Island. He
was an elder of the church and a member of
the road board and represented Green Island
in the Provincial Council (1863-67). Blair was
a writer of pleasing verse and contributed regu-
larly to the Otago Witness. A volume of Lays
of the Old Identities was published in 1889.

BLAIR, JOHN RUTHERFORD (1843-1914)
was born at Balphurock, Lanarkshire, Scotland.
After receiving the usual Scots education, he
entered the office of a wholesale paper mer-
diant in Glasgow, and was later: employed in
the same trade in several other towns. In 1860
he came to Otago, but soon left for Australia
and became associated with Sands and Mc-
Dougall, printers and publishers. In 1869 he
came back to Wellington and entered into
partnership with William Lyon (qv.) as Lyon
and Blair. Later he became sole proprietor
and eventually sold the business to Whitcombe
and Tombs. Blair was a member of the Wel-
ington education board from 1880, and chair-
man for many years from 1882. He was chair-
man of the techuical education board and of
the Wellington College board of governors (to
1899), and was a Wellington school commis-
sioner until their aholition. In 1899 he was
appointed the first chairman of the Bank of

73

BLAIR

New Zealand under the reorganisation, hold-
ing that position till 1902. He was mayor of
Wellington (189899) and a member of the
harbour board (1897-99). He was a visiting
justice, a member of the prison board, and a
director of several important companies in Wel-
ington. He died on 25 Nov 1914.

Cycl. N.Z4 i; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Evening
Pos, 25 Nov 1914.

BLAIR, WILLIAM NEWSHAM (1840-91) was
born at Islay, Argylishire, the son of a farmer
and flourmiller who owned mills at Dumbar-
ton, Greenock and Islay. He was educated at
Ballygrant parish school and then articled to a
surveyor in Oban. On the completion of his
papers he entered the office in Edinburgh of
Sir Thomas Bouch, constructor of the Tay
Bridge. While staying with his brother in Islay,
he received an engagement to survey the
boundaries of the Kildalton estate. Sailing from
Glasgow in the Daniel Rankine, he arrived in
Otago at the end of 1863, and was at once en-
gaged by T. Paterson on the provincial survey
staf. As surveyor and road engineer he was
employed on the Dunedin, Clutha, Winton and
Kingston railway lines. In 1867 he married a
daughter of Robert Kennedy, of Oban. The
railways having been taken over by the general
Government, Blair was appointed (1871) dis
trict engineer in the public works department.
He made a number of reconnaissance surveys
in Otago and Canterbury (1877-79) and laid
down a proposed scheme of railways for the
whole of the South Island, including the Otago
Central and Midland. In 1878 when John
Carruthers, engineer-in-chief, went to England
Blair became engineer in charge of the Middle
Island (Blackett occupying the same position
in the North Island). In 1884 he was appointed
assistant engineer-in-chief. He made an im-
portant exploration of the King Country to
report on the North Island main trunk railway.
In 1890 Blair was appointed engineer-in-chief
and Under-Secretary for Public Works. Dur-
ing his regime, 113 miles of railway and many
important public works were constructed, in-
cluding the Wingatui viaduct and bridges on
the Otago Central. He was a capable engineer
and organiser and possessed a wide general
knowledge. Blair was convenor of the build-
ing committee for the new First Church in

-----------------------Page 53 End-----------------------

BLAKE

Dunedin. In the sixties he prepared plans for
a bridge over the Rangitata river, which was
the first cylinder bridge in the Colony. Amongst
Blair's publications were The Building Ma-
terials of Otago (1879) and Reminiscences of
Islay (read before the Gaelic Society), and
several reports on industries and public works
(M.I.C.E., 1877). He died on 4 May 1891.

Cycl. N.Z.; Bruce Herald, 3 Sep 1875.

BLAKE, EDWIN (1830-1914) was born in
Hampshire and educated at Wimborne, Dorset,
Trained as a civil engineer, he worked on rail-
way construction contracts in England and
came to Otago in 1861. Two years later he
moved to Canterbury and was employed on the
West Coast road under construction by the
Canterbury provincial government. On the
completion of this he settled in Westland. In
4882 he returned to Canterbury, where he en-
gaged in sheep farming and agriculture. Blake
was a member of the Avon road board and
chairman for seven years. He twice contested
the Hokitika Parliamentary seat against Seddon.
In 1887 he was elected for Avon. He retained
the seat against G. G. Stead in 1891 and was
defeated by Joyce in 1893.

Cycl. NZ., iii; Harrop, Westland.

BLAKISTON, CHARLES ROBERT (1825-98)
was born at Okeover Park, Staffordshire, the
son of Sir Matthew Blakiston. He came to
Melbourne (1851) with his brother, but was
persuaded to visit Canterbury (Apr 1852).
There he entered into business, but soon took
up land at Kaiapoi. He was M.P.C. for Lyttel-
ton (1855-57), and for Kaiapoi (1857-61), be-
ing in the executive as provincial secretary.
Blakiston was called to the Legislative Council
(1857), but retired in 1862 owing to the de-
mands of his business. In 1858 he married
Mary Anna, daughter of Bishop Harper. On
a visit to England in 1863 he was appointed
manager of the Trust and Agency Co. of Aus-
tralia in Christchurch, a position he occupied
for 3 years. He was a director aso of the
South British Insurance and other companies:
member of the diocesan synod and a governor
of Christ's College. He died on 1 Sep 1898.
Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Col. Gent.; Acland; Lyt-

telton Times and The Press, 2 Sep 1898. Portrait:
Parliament House.

BLUETT

BLASCHKE, WILLIAM JOHN, was born at
Breslau, Prussia, in 1809. Passing through Basle
at the time of the revolution he volunteered
for service and was wounded. After serving
for three years as a lieutenant in the Landwelu
on the Rhine and three and a half in Algeria,
he left the army as a non-commissioned officer.
Having married, he came to New Zealand as a
military settler for a period of ten years, arriv-
ing by the Bernicia (1848). Blaschke settled in
Taranaki and became naturalised. In 1853 he
was elected to represent Omata in the Provin.
cial Council and served till 1856. Finding his
means unequal to the expense of breaking in
bush land, he left his family in New Plymouth
and went to Melbourne to seck his fortune.
Hearing of the outbreak of the Taranaki war
and the removal of his wife and family to Nel-
son for safety he returned to New Zealand in
Dec 1860 and became a volunteer. As he was
not a fluent English speaker, he could not re-
ceive a commission. The Taranaki hostilities
being over, Blaschke entered into negotiations
with the Government and the Hamburg firm of
F. C. Godeffroy and Son to bring from Germany
500 married couples between the ages of 20 and
40. The scheme was suspended on the out-
break of the Waikato war.
N.Z.C.; App. H.R., 1863 D.5.

BLICK, WILLIAM (1833-82) was born in
England. He came to Nelson early and was
engaged for some years (from 1852) as a con-
tractor carrying mails between Nelson and Can-
terbury. In 1865 he settled at Blenheim where
he owned a good deal of property. He repre-
sented the town in the Marlborough Provincial
Council (1870-74)
Marlborough Express, 21 May’ 1882.

BLUETT, WILLIAM JAMES GEFFRARD
(1834-85) was a native of Devon. He studied
for the Church of England and was ordained.
Bluett came to New Zealand, settled in Can-
terbury and later he turned his attention to
farming. He had a property at Leeston for
many years, took a great interest in blood stock,
cattle, sheep and pigs, and in 1873 established
the New Zealand Herd Book. He wasin Parlia-
ment as the representative of Coleridge (1872-
75) and in Provincial politics he represented
Rakaia (1873-74) and Selwyn from the latter
date till the abolition. For many years he pre-

74

 

BLUNDELL

sided at all political meetings in Leeston, and
he was a member of the road board, the licens-
ing committee and the school committee, In
1870 he took over from Colonel Whitmore the
New Zealand herd book of shorthorn cattle,
which he published for some years. Bluett died
on 23 Nov 1885.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.: Philpott; Lyttelton
Times, 24 Nov 1885. Portrait, Parliament House.

BLUNDELL, HENRY (1814-78) was born in
Dublin and brought up to the printing trade
there. He was for 27 years connected with tlle
management of the Evening j\tfail before com-
ing to Victoria in 1860. In the following year
he came to Otago and was engaged for some
time on the Lyttelton Times and on the Otago
Daily Times (1863). On the outbreak of the
Wakamarina goldfields he moved with his
family to Havelock, where with David Curle he
founded the Havelock Mail. The rush having
died down they took the plant to Wellington
and established the Evening Post (5 Feb 1865)
as a small four-page sheet. This was the first
attempt to run a daily newspaper and it had as
opposition the existing tri-weeklies, the In-
dependent and the Advertise’. Curle shortly
withdrew and Blundell with his sons developed
the Post to a position of sound prosperity. He
was a frank, quiet man, of genial temperament
and unblemished integrity. In 1874 he retired
from the business and he died on 15 Jun 1878.

BLUNDELL, LOUIS PROCTOR (1849-1934), a
son of Henry Blundell (q.v.), was born in Dub-
lin, and catie witli his parents to Victoria
(1860) and to New Zealand (1861). Educated
at schools in Dublin and Melbourne and at the
+Stone School’ (Dunedin), he entered the office
of the Evening Post shortly after its establish-
ment (1865) and received a general training
in the management of a newspaper, mainly on
the literary side. After the death of Henry
Blundell in 1894 the business was formed into
a limited liability company, of which Louis
Blundell was for many years managing director.
He was a life member of the New Zealand
Newspaper Proprietors’ Association and some
time chairman of the New Zealand Press Asso-
ciation. On grounds of policy he declined
to be associated with public companies or local
bodies, thus preserving the independent status
which was a cardinal principle of the founders

i)

BOARDMAN

of the paper. “He was, however, a generous
benefactor of charities and made many hand-
some gifts to the City of Wellington, including
a large bell for the city carillon.

Blundell married (1879) Annie Elizabeth, a
daughter of Captain Coker (Christchurch).
She was prominently associated with the District
Nursing service, the Red Cross and the Victoria
League. (K.B.E. 1919). Blundell died on 5
Nov 1934 and his widow in 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Evening Post, 5 Nov
1934.

BLYTH, JAMES (1790-1862) was born at
Cupar, Fifeshire, and lived as a boy in Glas
gow. As a young man he went to South
America, where he spent some years and had
many exciting adventures during revolutionary
wars. He arrived in Wellington in 1842, and
after being in business in Wellington for some
years he settled at Mary Bank, Wanganui, about
1859. He was elected to the W"dllington Pro-
vincial Council for vVanganui and Rangitikei
in 1856, and sat till the following year as a
strong supporter of Featherston's policy. He
was an elder of the Presbyterian Church in ‘Wa-

 

 

“ington and in vVanganui.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Woon; Wanganui
Chronicle, 16 Oct 1862.

BOARDMAN, ABRAHAM (1824-97) was born
near Bolton, Lancashire, and educated at a pri-
vate school and Chester Diocesan Training Col-
lege for teachers. Before attaining the age of
20 he was appointed to take charge of a large
church school in Liverpool, and while there
passed examinations for education diplomas. He
became accountant in a Liverpool office and
then in London: whence he sailed in 1864 for
New Zealand. Letters which he wrote on the
population question secured him an engage-
ment as leader-writer on the New Zealand
Herald and he received an appointment in the
Superintendent's office. He made a detailed
report upon claims for war compensations and
was appointed curator of intestate estates. As
a member of the Ponsonby highway board,
Boardman resisted the proposal to create a
separate borough, but helped to carry outim-
portant works, suggested amendments in muni-
cipal law and promoted the merger of Ponsonby
in the City of Auckland. He was a member of
the Ponsonby school committee, the harbour

-----------------------Page 54 End-----------------------

BOLLAND

board and the City Council and was elected
mayor of Auckland (Dec 1896) but had to re
sign a few months later owing to ill health. He
died on 21 May 1897. Boardman was a trustee
of the Auckland savings bank, was once man-
ager of the Thames Goldmining Co. and the
first general manager of the South British In-
surance Co. He was a member of the Anglican
synod for 17 years and of the general synod.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 12 Dec 1B96 (P),

22 May IB97.
BOLLAND, WILLIAM (1820-47) was educated
at University College, Oxford, where he gradua-
ted B.C.L. He came to New Zealand in 1842;
was at St John's College for a year or two and
was ordained by Bishop Selwyn (deacon 1843;
priest 1845). Bolland was sent to New Ply-
mouth as its first minister (Dec 1843). Young
and full of zeal, he was not robust in health
and died on 29 May 1847.

J. K. Davis; Jacobs; Seffem. Portrait: Taranaki

Hist. Coll.
BOLLARD, JOHN (1839-1915) was born in
county Wicklow, Ireland, educated at the
Church of England school there and received
a special training in agriculture. He acted as a
clerk of works before emigrating to New Zea
land. For a few months he was on the gold-
field at Snowy river, but having no luck re
turned to New Zealand with 200 horses to sell
as remounts to the forces engaged in the war
(1861). He served as a sergeant-major and then
took up land at Avondale and was in business
as a land agent and valuer. He was a member
of the Avondale road board for a long period
(including 28 years as chairman) and was a
member of the Eden licensing committee and
chairman of the Auckland hospital and charit-
able aid board. For 51 years he was chairman
and for 54 years a member of the Avondale
school committee. He was a justice of the peace
for 40 years and coroner for 30.

In 1896 Bollard was elected to represent
Eden in Parliament and he was a member till
1914, when he retired. He supported the Con’
sen'ative party, was a useful member of the
stock and agricultural committee, and was the
earliest advocate of workers’ homes. He died
on 23 Mar 1915.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Jun 1915; Cj'cl. N.Z., ii (p); Who's
Who NZ. 190B; NZ. Herald, 25 Mar 1915.
Portrait: Parliament House.

 

BOLT

BOLLARD, RICHARD FRANCIS (1863-1927)
was born at Tamaki, Auckland, the son of John
Bollard (q.v.). He was educated at the public
schools there and at Avondale, and was for
seven years secretary of the Avondale road
board. He resigned to move to Waikato, where
he started a sawmill at Taupiri, which em-
ployed 60 hands and had an output of 40,000
feet per day. After operating it succesfully for
40 years he sold out in 1909 and took a farm at
Tamahere. Bollard was a member of the Kiri-
kiriroa road board and of the Waikato county
council and hospital board, and was a promin-
ent supporter of the Waikato racing club and
the hunt club. He married Louisa, daughter
of Robert Dakin (Avondale).

In 4911 he was elected M.H.R. for Raglan.
He sat in his first Parliament while his father
was still a member (1911-14). Bollard repre-
sented Raglan continuously till his death (on
25 Aug 1927). He was a useful member of
parliamentary committees and was chairman of
the railways committee. For some time he was
Reform whip, and in 1923 he joined the Massey
Government as Minister of Internal Affairs. In
this capacity (which he continued under Coates
and Bell) he did much for the control of racing
and regularised the conduct of lotteries.

Who's Tho N.Z., 1924; N.zi 25, 26 Aug

1927; N.Z. Herald, 26 Aug 1927 (p). Portrait:
Parliament House.

BOLT, WILLIAM MOUAT (1838-1907). Born
at Lerwick in 1838 and educated in the parish
school of Sandness, Bolt for some years assisted
his father (Francis Bolt, 1805-98) in the village
smithy and in working small craft and fishing.
In 1855 he shipped at Liverpool in a vessd
chartered by the Government to carry troops to
the Crimea. After two voyages in this service
and six years in sailing ships trading to North
and South America and Australia, he landed in
New Zealand from the Nelson in 1863.

On coming to Dunedin Bolt was employed
for a short time lightering from Port Chalmers
and then obtained employment with Bing,
Harris and Co., whom he served as store-
man for 30 -years Shortly after his arrival in
New Zealand he attached himself to the demo-
cratic party. He was a close friend of Sir Robert
Stout and Richard Hudson and often discussed
with them a socialist scheme for a settlement
on Stewart Island. He himself propounded a

76

 

 

 

BONAR

scheme of a co-operative settlement, upon which
he lectured throughout the colony and pub-
lished at least one pamphlet (Industrial Settle-
ment). It was widely endorsed by Labour org-
anisations and he brought forward in the Legis-
lative Council resolutions dealing with it. Other
pamphlets published by him were The Religi-
ous Conditions of Europe a Century Ago and
Land and Labour, and in 1891 he published a
telling reply to Dr Laishley's pamphlet on the
economic depression. In later life he was in-
terested in archaeology. Bolt was prominent in
the free thought movement and was first secre
tary and sometime vice-president of the Dune-
din society. He served on the Dunedin schools
committee for four years (as chairman part of
the time), was a member of the first trades
council (later vice-president) and a member of
the council of the New Zealand federated
tailoresses_union. His political ideal was the
gradual advance of the people in their collec-
tive capacity by means of general industrial
co-operation.

Bolt was called to the Legislative Council by
Ballance on 15 Oct 1892 and remained a mem-
ber until his death, which occurred 29 A pr 1907.
At that time he was president of the Dunedin
Progressive society. He married in 1861 a
daughter of Captain Lawson, of Lerwick.

N.z.P.D.,27 Jun 1907; N.z. Times, 17 Oct 1B92;
Otago Daily Times, | Nov 1B92, 30 Apr 1907.
BONAR, JAMES ALEXANDER (1841-1901)
was a son of Archibald Bonar, an Edinburgh
banker (who was later in business in Mel-
bourne and afterwards manager of the Inver-
cargill savings bank, and died in Hokitika, 29
Feb 1872). Born in Edinburgh and educated
at the Academy, Bonar came to Australia with
his father (1854) and became shipping clerk
to Henty and Co. He was a member of Knox
Bible class and of the Young Men's Mutual 1m-
provement Society at Scotch College, where he
participated in debates on political questions
(1860). In Melbourne, too, he first took an in-
terest in volunteering, being a sergeant in tlle
artillery. In 1863 he came to New Zealand and
entered into business at Invercargill as a mer-
chant (Henderson and Bonar). Two years later
they moved to Hokitika, taking with them the
agency for McMecKan, Blackwood and Co., of
Melbourne, and other shipping companies, as
well as Lloyds.

7

BOOTH

In 1867 Bonar was elected first mayor of Ho-
kitika and also to represent the town in the
Canterbury Provincial Council, in whicll he
was a member of the executive and goldfields
secretary (1867-68). Governor Grey visited Ho-
kitika during his mayoralty and shortly after-
wards called him to the Legislative Council (of
which he yas a-member until his death). In
1868 'Westland was given separate administra-
tion as a county and Bonar was a member of
the council to 1869. When it became a province
(1874) he was elected Superintendent and held
office until the abolition. He showed great spirit
and tact in handling the political riots (1868).
Strongly attached to the district, he supported
its industries and participated in every form of
public service. He was chairman of the harbour
and hospital boards and the school commis:
sioners. As a volunteer he was promoted
major (1884), and lieut.-colonel (1895) and Ie
ceived the Victoria decoration (1895). He mar-
ried (1874) a daughter of William Montgomerie
Ball (Melbourne). Bonar died on 7 Nov 1901.

TVestlalld C.C., and P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Hansard,
7 Nov 1901; Col. Gellt.; Cycl. N.Z., v (p); Ross
(p). Portrait: Parliament House.

BOOTH, GEORGE (1818-88) was born at
Sunderland, Durham, educated there and ap-
prenticed to the shipbuilding trade. On com-
pleting his articles he entered into the business
in Sunderland and also took an interest in local
government. being a member of the town coun-
GL In 1359 he came to New Zealand and
settled at Rangiora, where he was engaged in
farming and business for four years. He then
moved into Christchurch and established him-
self as an importer of agricultural implements,
which he continued until 1883. Booth lived in
Sydenham and took a leading part in the for-
mation of the municipality. Being elected the
firs mayor of the borough, he devoted much
thought and time ra Its affairs and was largely
responsible for its being regarded as a model
borough. He was also chairman of the North
Canterbury education board for some years and
of the Christchurch West school committee. By
religion he was a Free Methodist, and he started
the first church of that denomination in Rangi-
ora. Booth was an active temperance advocate.
He died on 5 May 1888.

Lyttelton Times, 7 May IBBB.

-----------------------Page 55 End-----------------------

BOOTH

BOOTH, JAMES (1830-1900) was born in
‘Westmorland and educated there and in Lon-
don. He came to New Zealand in the Slains
Castle in 1852 under engagement to the Church
Missionary society to assist the Rev R. Taylor
(q.v.).. After revisiting England he settled down
in 1856 with his brother at Pipiriki; farming
and teaching in the capacity of a catechist.

In 1864, when Hauhau emissaries were at
work on the river, Booth reported the plans of
the invaders to Wanganui and took munitions
and supplies to the friendlies, who were besieged
at Hiruharama. He and his family were de
tained by the Hauhau for several days until
the battle of Moutoa (May 1864), when they
escaped to Wanganui. In 1865 he was appoint-
ed resident magistrate at Wanganui, and during
the rest of the campaign he was constantly in
the field with the commanders for Maori pur-
poses. In 1866 he was appointed a judge of the
native land court and in 1867 he was stationed
at Patea. In May 1868 he issued a warrant for
the arrest of two of Titokowaru's chiefs and
called upon Colonel McDonnell to execute it,
thus precipitating the renewal of hostilities.

In 1883 Booth was appointed magistrate at
Gisborne, where he died on 14 May 1900.

Chel. N.Z., i (p); Cowan, ii; Poverty Bay Herald,
5 Jan 1924.

BOOTH, WILLIAM (1837-1903) was born at
Pilkington, Lancashire, educated at Lancashire
College in Manchester and went into commer-
cid life. In 1872 he came to New Zealand by
the Nevada and settled in Carterton, where he
established himself as a sawmiller and timber
merchant. He was a member of the charitable
aid board for many years and a founder of tlle
Wairarapa A. and P. society. As a sheep farmer
he carried off many prizes in export classes and
he was a director and chairman of the Welling-
ton Meat Export Co. In 1887 he assisted to
found the Dalefield Dairy Co. He was a direc-
tor of the Bank of New Zealand (1894-97) and
a member of the Wellington harbour board
(1884-1902) and chairman in 1891. Booth died
on 26 Mar 1903.
Cyel. N.Z., i (p); N.Z. Times, 27 Mar 1903.

BORLASE, CHARLES BONYTHON (1820-75)
came of a West country family which lived not
far from the Molesworth. Hewasbornin India,
the son of Lieut.-Colonel Borlase, of a Dragoon

 

BOSCAWEN

regiment, and taken home to be educated. He
studied law, and was for a while connected
with the press in London as law reporter, un-
til obtaining a partnership in a legal firm in
the city. His acquaintance with the Moles-
worths led to an interest in New Zealand, and
in 1850 he sailed with his wife and family in
the VictOty.

Having some little capital Borlase invested
it in land in Wairarapa, but spent two years
in Wellington before going on it. During the
eight years that he spent on his bush-clad
country he was drawn into politics. In 1857-58
he sat in the Provincial Council for Wairarapa.
During that time the feud between Featherston
and Wakefield culminated in Wakefield's en-
joying a substantial majority in the Council,
but he could not take office without a qualified
solicitor as provincial solicitor. Featherston re
fused to accept an executive in which Wake-
fied held the two posts of secretary and solici-
tor. Wakefield therefore prevailed on Borlase
to stand for a city seat. He was duly elect
and he represented the City (1861-75), ben”
provincial solicitor for part of the time. H
was in the executive (1866-68).

Borlase brought his family to Wellington in
the early sixties. He was a member of the first
Wellington town board (1863) and some years
later (1870-74) a member of the first City
Council under the new act. He resigned in
1874, and wes elected mayor. In 1865 he con-
tested the Superintendency against Featherston,
who defeated him by 229 votes. In the fol-
lowing year he stood side by side with Feathers-
ton for the City seats in the House of Represen-
tatives: Featherston, Borlase, and Waring
Taylor being returned. At the general election
of 1871 he was unseated. He does not appear
again in colonial politics, but was provincial
solicitor until his death (on 15 May 1875).

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; Carter; Cycl. N.Z.,
i; Evening Post, 16 May 1875, 26 Sep 1929 (P).
Portrait: Parliament House.

BOSCAWEN, JOHN HUGH (1851-1937) was
the eldest son of the Rev and Han J. T. Bos-
cawen (brother of Viscount Falmouth) and
was born at Lamorran, Cornwall in 1851.
Educated privately and at Cheltenham he then
joined the training ship Britannia and served
on various naval stations. He was present at
the Jamestown riots in Jamaica; was in New

78

 

BOTHAMLEY

Zealand with the flying squadron (1869-70);
took part in the Ashanti war (including the
capture of Kumassi) and retired with the rank
of lieutenant (1875).

Boscawen came to New Zealand in the fol-
lowing year and joined the lands and survey
department. He acted as private secretary to
Lord Onslow and as aide-de-camp to Lord Ran-
furly. In the lands department he became chief
clerk at Auckland, from which post he retired
in 1919 to reside in Cornwall, where he died
‘on 20 Apr 1937. He was a volunteer (captaili
in No.3 Native Rifles), and an artist of some
ability in water colours and photography.

Burke, Peemge: Who's Hho NZ. 1908; N.z.

Herald, 2 Jun 1937.
BOTHAMLEY, ARTHUR THOMAS (1846-
1938) was born at Champion Hill, Surrey,
educated in England and in 1868 paid a visit
to Australia for his health. He joined the
civil service in New Zealand as a clerk and in
1871 was appointed extra clerk to the Legisla-
tive Council, becoming later clerk assistant and
retiring in 1925. Bothamley was gentleman
usher of the black rod from 1892 to 1937.
(8.0. 1924). He was a talented amateur
photographer and an oarsman, being founder
and first captain of the Tainui canoe club
(1880).

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Evening Post, 17 Dec

1938 (p).
BOURNE, CHARLES FREDERICK (1850-
1913) was born in England, educated at the
Merchant Taylors’ School, London, and passed
in 1868 to St John's eollege, Oxford, with two
exhibitions. There he won a Casberd scholar-
ship and graduated B.A. (1872). He was a fine
cricketer and a leader in most sports. Two
years in succession he won the one mile race for
the challenge cup and the one mile and two
mile races at college. Bourne joined the staff
of the Manchester Grammar School as a classical
master (1874) and in 1881 was appointed head-
master at Auckland Grammar School. From
there he was invited in 1892 to be headmaster
of Christ's College, Christchurch. By hard work
and devotion to duty during eleven years there
he steadily raised the efficiency and tone of the
school. He retired in 1904 and aftenvards con-
ducted a school at Sumner, acted as examiner
for the University and relieved the professor
of dlassics at Canterbury College.

BOWDEN

Bourne married (1880) Margaret, daughter
of Richard Roe, M.R.CS., Eccles, Lancashire.
He died on 29 Mar 1913.

Christ’s Coli. School List; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); The
Press, | Apr 1906

BOWDEN, THOMAS ADOLPHUS (1824-
1906), a son of John Saunders Bowden, solici-
tor, of London, was educated privately'at-Tot-
teridge, Hertfordshire, and at Magdalen College,
Oxford, where he graduated BA. (1845). In
1847 he was ordained deacon and in 1848
priest. He was curate of Holy Trinity, Bromp-
ton (1847-50) and of Tresco, Scilly islands.

In 1851 Bowden came to Nelson and was
appointed curate of Waimea South. In 1860
he was private secretary to Bishop Hobhouse
and in the following year re-opened the
Bishop's school, which he conducted till 1863.
He then moved to IVellington with the inten-
tion of opening a pri,ate grammar school, but
was appointed inspector of schools for the pro-
vince. In this position he looked fonvard to the
establishment of middle-class schools in Wel-
lington and at the Butt and Wanganui. In
1866 he advised H. E. Tuckey (BA., of St
John's, Cambridge) and W. S Hamilton (of
Edinburgh Training College, who had been en-
gaged at the Geelong High School) to start a
grammar school as a private venture. This they
did under the superintendence of Bowden and
carried on for several years, the classes being
held in the Independent chapel. This school
developed into Wellington College, of which
Bowden became headmaster in 1869, continu-
ing in charge till 1874. He had strong views
‘on secondary education and disliked the pro-
posal that his staff should give university lec-
tures simply because they were fully employed
otherwise. In 1874 Bowden retired,’ after a
very successful term as headmaster, and opened
in Featherston street an + educational institute’
and a private school, known as the English
High School. The premises soon became in-
adequate for the number of pupils and in 1877
Bowden's health began to fail and he resigned
and withdrew from teaching.

He accepted the curacy of Greymouth (1877);
was later vicar of All Saints, Nelson, and was
temporarily in charge of St John's, Wakefield
(1881-82). While there became interested in
fruitgrowing. Bowden was a man of fine pre-

79

-----------------------Page 56 End-----------------------

BOWEN

sence and a commanding personality. His
views on education, which were sound and pro-
gressive, he set out in a letter to Sir William
Fox in 1868. In 1869 he published his Manual
of New Zealand Geography and in 1900 Words
of the Wise. He died on 24 Jun 1906.

N.z. Clergy List, 1889; Butchers; Leckie (p);
Hocken, Bibliog.; Macmorran; The Colonist, 27
Jun 1906; Nelson Dioc. Gaz., Aug 1906.

BOWEN, SIR CHARLES CHRISTOPHER(| 830-
1917) came of an old county family of Welsh
origin, descended from Robert, son of John
ap Owen, or Bowen, who in 1578 was granted
a castle and lands at Ballyadams, Ireland, and
was appointed provost-marshal of the pro-
vince of Leinster and the counties of East and
West Meath. Bowen was born in Milford,
county Mayo, and educated for some years in
France, where he gained a lifelong facility in
the language. He went to Rugby and to Cam-
bridge (to study for the bar), but before he
could proceed to his degree his father had be
come deeply interested in the Canterbury As
sociation, and sailed with his family in the
Charlotte Jane (arriving in Lyttelton Dec
4850).

Charles Bowen, senior, played the appropri-
ate part of leader of the settlement. He was a
member for Christchurch Country district in the
first Provincial Council and afterwards for
Avon. Thrice he was deputy-superintendent,
and for nine years (from 1855-64) speaker of
the council. In 1864 he returned to England,
and he died at Hastings in 1871.

When scarcely in his twenties C. C. Bowen
threw himself with enthusiasm and marked
ability into the life of the colony. For two
years he was private secretary to Godley, the
virtual governor, riding across the hills between
Lyttelton and the land office at Christchurch
almost every second day. He rode from end to
end of the South Island, going as far as Nelson
to visit Domett, who was civil secretary for the
South Island. When Godley returned to Eng-
land (1852) Bowen was appointed inspector of
police and he had to do his part in the appre-
hension and prosecution of James Mackenzie
for sheep-stealing. At the age of 24 he became
provincial treasurer. He was never a member
of the Provincial Council, though he was for
some time (1858-59) in Cass's executive. His

BOWEN

assoaatiOn with Moorhouse demonstrated his
capacity for administration and his construc-
tive mind. They co-operated heartily in the
project for piercing the Port hills by a railway
tunnel, and Bowen furnished much of the data
which enabled Moorhouse to promote the
scheme in the Council. In 1856 Bowen was
appointed a commissioner of the waste lands
board; in 1857 a justice of the peace and
in 1858 a commissioner of native reserves. From
the early days of the settlement he had taken
part in journalism, contributing to the columns
of the Lyttelton Times. In 1856 he became one
of the proprietors, joining with Crosbie Ward
in acquiring the property from 1. Shrimpton
for £5,000, and he continued to write leading
articles for his colleague. In 1859 he sold his
interest in the paper to William Reeves (whose
partners were W. J. W. Hamilton and T. W.
Maude) and resigned his official posts to visit
England. Bowen's tour abroad was not only a
period of travel, but an intellectual exercise.
He took a ship to Peru (1860), and crossed the
Andes in company with Clements Markham,
who had previously spent two years there with
a view to acclimatising the cinchona plant in
India. That journey Bowen described in Gal-
ton’s Vacation Tourists (1861), and he was
elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical So
ciety. In the United States and Canada he
formed friendships witll many intellectuals, in-
cluding Longfellow, Lowell, Oliver Wendell
Holmes, and Alexander Agassiz. In Great
Britain he fought hard for the Lyttelton tun-
nel scheme, demonstrating to financiers and en-
gineers that the conditions of Canterbury
urgently demanded the adoption of bold meas-
ures, and that the proposal was not a fantastic
one. Bowen spent the greater part of 1861 in
England, where he married Georgina Elizabell!,
daughter of the Rev D. Markham, canon of
Windsor.

Returning to Canterbury (1862) he was soon
back at his post as receiver of land revenues.
In 1864 he was appointed resident magistrate
at Christchurch, and during his tenure of that
office (ending in 1874) he studied criminal
psychology and formed plans of reform which
later he was able to put into effect as Minister
of Justice. To him is due the inauguration of
the system of marks, enabling prisoners by good
conduct to earn a reduction of their terms of

80

   

 

Betacam ieee agen

BOWEN

confinement. When Moorhouse was about to
retire from the Superintendency (1868) leaders
of both parties in provincial politics suggested
that Bowen should be -nominated, but he de-
clined. In 1872-74 he was chairman of the
Canterbury education board./ He was also
president of the Collegiate Association (which
was affiliated to the university of New Zealand
zs the forerunner of Canterbury College).
‘When the college came into existence he was
nominated by the Provincial Council to tlle
first board of governors, upon which he acted
in 1873-75 and 1878-85. In 1874 Vogel invited
Bowen to succeed O'Rorke as Minister of Jus-
tice and Commissioner of Stamps. He accord-
ingly resigned the magistracy and was appoint-
ed to the Legislative Council, but the oppor-
tunity was soon offered by the retirement of
John Studholme for him to enter the House
2s member for Kaiapoi (1875). 'He was a
man of very attractive manners and quick per-
ception: say Saunders, ‘with great tact and
far-reaching ability, which soon caused him to
be appreciated in commercial circles and gave
him an opportunity of retreat from the false
step he had taken in accepting office under
Mr Vogal.’ In the subsequent changes of gov-
ernment Bowen retained his portfolio of jus-
tice and stamps (under Pollen, 1875-76; Vogel,
1876; Atkinson, 1876; and in the reconstructed
Atkinson government, 1876-77). In 1877 he
was permitted by Atkinson to bring forward
an education bill, which eventually became
Jaw, and ‘has left the most indelible mark on
the history of New Zealand.’ Bowen, according
to Saunders, had some very valuable qualifica-
tions and experience which ‘contributed to
open his eyes to the real magnitude of the many
stumbling blocks he would have to contend
with. Intensely alive to the ridiculous and
absurd, he was conciliatory and politic in all
his movements, and was more amused than irri-
tated by listening to the most frivolous objec-
tions.’ The bill which Bowen brought down
provided for Bible-reading in the schools, but
he gave way on that and a few other points,
and eventually secured the passage of the law
of 1877, which established the present system
of free, compulsory, and secular education.
When the Whitaker-Atkinson government
was defeated, Bowen retired. He remained in
Parliament for Kaiapoi until 1881, when he

81

BOWEN

paid another long visit to England. He then
devoted himself to business and to public life
in more local spheres. He was manager of the
New Zealand Trust and Loan Co. In 1886 he
was elected a director of the New Zealand
Shipping Co. on which board he remained until
his death. In 1884 he was elected first president
of the West Coast Railway League, the object
of which wa6 to push on the Midland railway.
In 1881-82 he was on the senate of the Univer-
sity of New Zealand, and again 1888-1915, be-
ing elected vice-chancellor in 1903. Just before
the last Atkinson government went out of
office (1891) Bowen" was appointed to the Legis-
lative Council, one of the last life-members.
He was speaker 1905-15. Sir Clements Mark-
ham being now president of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society, Bowen threw himself heart and
soul into the preparations in New Zealand for
Scott's Antarctic expedition. In 1914 he was
made a K.C.M.G. He remained a member of
the Council until -his death (12 Dec 1917).
Lady Bowen died on 6 Jun 1921.

Gisborne says of Bowen: ' He combined with
a thorough mastery of his subject persuasive
powers of a high order, a conciliatory attitude,
firmness where he deemed it necessary, and
patient forbearance from angry retort. He has
a winning and gentle manner. His speeches are
good and logical, but more notable for mild
persuasiveness than polemic force’ Bowen to
the day of his death read French almost as
freely as English, and he found mental relaxa-
tion throughout life in tlle Greek and Latin
classics. He was one of the scholars to whom
the General Assembly Library owes the strong
classical character which it early acquired. As
a poet Bowen held no mean place. He pub-
lished in Christchurch in 1861 The Battle of
the Free (including a spirited poem foreshadow-
ing the rally of the colonies to the Mother
Country). He was a lover of trees, of which
he had a profound knowledge: and for many
years was an active member of the Christchurch
domain board.

Canterbury P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Saunders (p);
Gisborne; Cox; Reeves; Hansard, 9 Apr 1915;
Beaglehole; The Press, 19 Mar 1903, 15 Mar 1930
(p); L)'ttelton Times, 9 Oct 1882, 13 Dec 1917.
Portrait: Parliament HOllse

BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON (1821-99)
was born in Ireland, the eldest son of Edward

-----------------------Page 57 End-----------------------

 

BOWEN

Bowen, afterwards rector of Taughboyne,
county Donegal. Educated at Charterhouse, he
gained a scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford,
matriculated in 1840 and graduated B.A. in
1844. He was elected a fellow of Brasenose,
and in 1847 graduated M.A. He was twice
president of the Union. In 1844 Bowen en-
tered Lincoln's Inn as a student.

In 1844 he was appointed president of the
University of Corfu, which post he held for
four years. While there he wrote his Ithaca in
1850 (published in the islands, and reprinted
in several editions). This established his reputa-
tion as a scholar, Gladstone and others believ-
ing that it proved the identity of Ithaca with
the island of Odysseus. In 1852 he published
Mount Athos, Thessaly and Epims. In 1848
he was in Vienna when desperate fighting took
place leading up to the capture of the city by
the imperial troops. In the following year be-
fore the close of the war he made a journey
zoross Hungary, conveying a letter from
refugees at Widin to Sir Stratford Canning, the
British ambassador at Constantinople, which
saved them from being handed over to the
Turks. In 1854 Bowen was chief secretary of
the lonian islands. When Gladstone arrived
there in 1858 as Lord High Commissioner to
investigate the desire of the people for union
with Greece, Bowen advocated surrender of
the southern islands to Greece and the incor-
poration of the strategic islands of Corfu in
the British Empire, the population of Corfu
and Paxo being more Italian than Hellenic.
In 1855 he was created C.M.G. and in 1856
K.C.M.G.

In 1859 Bowen was appointed first governor
of Queensland, which had been separated from
New South Wales. Landing at Moreton Bay
‘on 10 Dec 1859, he spent some months institut-
ing the machinery of government and then
undertook a tour of the interior. Here, as in
New Zealand later, he was quick to see the
resemblances of social phenomena to those of
ancient Greece. He favoured universal suffrage
and the ballot as mere conservative measures
in such a colony. He urged the British govern-
ment to establish an efficient volunteer force
for the defence of Queensland from foreign
attack and to maintain order with the native
population. The Queensland mounted tifles
were accordingly embodied with several

82

BOWEN

companies of infantry. Bowen gave every en-
couragement to exploration of the interior,
especially to Landsborough and Dalrymple, and
he accompanied an expedition which led to the
establishment of a coaling station at Cape York.
In 1860 he was promoted G.C.M.G. and in
1866 his term of service was extended to eight
years. When the failure of the Agra and Master-
man's banks caused serious embarrassment in
the colony Bowen refused to sanction the
Ministry's proposal to issue inconvertible paper
money and was for a while unpopular.

Late in 1867 he was appointed to succeed
Grey in the governorship of New Zealand and
he assumed the duties of that difficult office on
5 Feb 1868. Native affairs were at a very grave
pass when he took up his task and the first
year of his governorship was one of the darkest
periods in the history of New Zealand. Unlike
his predecessors, Bowen was not as governor per-
sonally responsible for native affairs; that was
part of the responsibility of the government as
awhole. He cordially assisted Stafford's ministry
to bring the war to a conclusion and no dis
agreements between governor and cabinet
marred their co-operation. On the other hand
Bowen had to use his pen vigorously and whole-
heartedly in defence of the reputation of the
settlers and government of New Zealand against
charges made in Great Britain, arising in the
main out of the inauguration of complete salf-
reliance and the adjustment of accounts for
military assistance from the Home Government.
In his first despatch 2s governor he informed
the Secretary of State that the ill-feeling enter-
tained in the colony towards the British gov-
ernment was due to the tone of the despatches
from the Colonial Office rather than to the sub-
stance, and he hoped the continued discussion
of matters which could not be improved there-
by would not be insisted upon. Addressing the
settlers at Wanganui a few months after his
arrival in the Colony Bowen assured them they
must rely only on their own stout hearts and
strong ams. With fighting rampant in almost
all the provinces of the North Island it is prob-
ably true, as Saunders suggests, that the only
thing that saved the isolated settlements whose
men were in the field was the abhorrence in
which the Hauhau and their barbarities were
held by the King tribes and by the wronged
Wiremu Kingi and his friends. Bowen en-

BOWEN

deavoured to become acquainted with the Maori
question by requiring the agents of the gov-
ernment in all Maori districts to make him a
detailed report on their condition, numbers
and wishes, their opinions of recent events and
of the working of measures passed by Parlia-
ment for their good.

In an important despatch of 7 Dec 1868, while
concurring in the determination of the Imperial
government to withdraw all the troops from
New Zealand he still advocated: (1) leaving
one regiment of regular troops ‘to hold the
chief towns and to keep up the prestige of tlle
Imperial power in the éyes of the Maoris'; (2)
prohibiting the establishment of fresh settle-
ments in exposed and dangerous districts; and
(3) making a peaceful arrangement with Ta-
whiao (q.v.) which would not be inconsistent
with the suzerainty of the Queen. The Secre-
tary of State approved the two latter suggestions
and guaranteed a loan of £1,000,000 towards
the defence of New Zealand instead of leaving
one regiment here. Featherston and Bell were
sent to England to carry out the requisite nego-
tiations. By the end of 1869 all apprehension
of a general rising of disaffected tribes was past.
Bowen paid four visits to Waikato, receivirig
many expressions of goodwill from the natives.
He presented swords of honour to the friendly
chiefs who had done good service in the war,
and called to the Legislative Council the first
two of the native race to sit in that chamber
(Wi Mokena and Wi Tako Ngatata). Before
leaving New Zealand he recommended the
granting of a general amnesty for political
offences. Thus he saw the long Maori wars
brought to a termination.

Bowen conducted with the Imperial govern-
ment the correspondence relating to the use of
the title ‘honourable’ by retired ministers in
the colonies. Stafford and Richmond at first
declined the honour if it were only to be valid
in New Zealand. Bowen also (in 1869) by
order-in-council instituted the New Zealand
Cross, which was afterwards sanctioned by Her
Majesty. He endowed at the University of New
Zealand the Bowen prize for an English essay
on British or British colonial history. In 1873
he was appointed to the governorship of Vic-
toria and he left for that post on 19 Mar. His
last weeks in New Zealand were marked by
ministerial crises owing to the resignation of

BOWLER

Waterhouse. Eventually Fox agreed to assume
the premiership until the return of Vogal, and
Bowen was enabled to take his departure. .

In Victoria Bowen encountered a parliamen.
tary controversy between the representative
chamber and the Legislative Council (which
was elected for life and consequently held a
position of unusual independence). Bowen
took a strictly impartial attitude in the dispute,
which was eventually settled by compromise and
the passing of a separate supply bill. He paid
a visit to Europe and America during this
governorship and received from Oxford Univer-
sity the degree of D.C.L. (1875). On the expira-
tion of his term in Victoria, he was appointed
to Mauritius, where he landed on 4 Apr 1879.
There his chief task was to inaugurate the
labour code devised by his predecessor. In
1882 he was appointed governor of Hongkong,
where he reconstructed the legislature and
was called upon to exercise great vigilance dur-
ing the war between France and China (1884-
85).

In 1885 ill-health compelled him to pay a
visit to Europe and in 1887 he retired from the
service. He was nominated a Privy Councillor
in 1886 and received the honorary LL.D. from
Cambridge University. In 1887 he was chair-
man of the royal commission to report on the
working of the constitution in Malta, his re
commendations being adopted with the thanks
of the Government. Bowen died at Brighton
on 21 Feb 1899. He married, first (1856) Dia
mantina, countess Roma (d. 1893), daughter of
Candiano, Count Roma, president of the lonian
Senate; and second (1896) Florence, daughter
of Thomas Luby, and widow of Henry White.
Besides the works already mentioned, Bowen
wrote Murray's handbook for Greece (1854).
Some of his letters and despatches were pub-
lished by Stanley Lane Poole in 1889 a
Thirty Years of Colonial Government.

App. H.R., 1868-73; Who's Who N.Z., 1932; N.Z.
Gaz., 10 Mar 1869; DN.B.; Egerton; Whitmore;
Gisborne (p); Morton; Bowen, op. cit.; Saunders;
Rusden; Reeves; Des Voeux.

BOWLER, WILLIAM (1803-63) was born in
England and brought up to commercial life in
London. He became associated with the New
Zealand Company in its earliest years and was
colonists’ clerk, closely concerned in shipping
arrangements from 1840 till 1850, when he be-

83

  

-----------------------Page 58 End-----------------------

 

BOWRING

came shipping manager for the Canterbury As-
sociation. At the end of 1851 he sailed in the
Stag for New Zealand and at once entered into
business in Lyttelton and Christchurch with
Isaac Cookson (formerly of Newcastle-on-Tyne),
as merchants and shipping agents. The asso-
ciated firm in Wellington was Bowler, Son and
Co. Bowler took a prominent part in public
affairs in Wellington. He represented Welling-
ton in the Provincial Council (1857-61). On
being defeated he retired from provincial poli-
tics, but twice tried to gain a seat in Parlia-
ment. The business was sold to Mathieson and
Co., of London. Bowler had landed interests
in Canterbury, being the owner of the Warren
Station, on the Eyre river, in 1852. He died
on 6 May 1863.

N.Z.C., papers and reports; Wellington P.C
Proc, ; Acland; Godley, Letters; N.Z. Spectator and
Wellington Independent, 9 May 1863; N.z. Adver-
tiser, 7 May 1863.

BOWRING, WALTER ARMIGER (1874-1931)
was born at Auckland, the son of Alfred Bow-
ring, educated at the Auckland Grammar
School and studied art. His first work was black
and white sketches for the Auckland Observer,
after which he became cartoonist to the Spec-
tator (Christchurch) and the Weekly Press. In
1905 he went to London and studied for a while
under Orpen and John. On returning to New
Zealand he made many portraits (some of which
are now in private and public galleries), and a
number of important political and social car-
toons, including the colour prints of the Court
of Appeal and Coalition Cabinet. He also did
some work for Punch and other London pub-
lications. On a visit to England (1921-23) he
was elected a member of the Royal Institute
of Oil Painters. In 1925 he moved to Sydney,
where he continued his work and became a
member of the Royal Art Society. Bowring
married (1901) Millicent, daughter of Robert
McOwen. He died on 3 Nov 1931.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Sydney Morning Herald,
6 Nov 1931 (p); The Dominion, 5 Nov (p).

BOYD, WILLIAM came to New Zealand from
Tasmania about 1858 and engaged in sawmill-
ing in Southland. He represented Waianiwa
in the Provincial Council for a short time in
1867.

BRACKEN

BOYLAN, JAMES THOMAS (1818-1911) was
born in England, where he married in 1846.
Three years later he came to Auckland and
established himself in business 2s a hardware
merchant. Boylan represented the City in the
Provincial Council (1853-61) and Auckland
West (1870-75), and he was a member of the
executive in 185455 and 185657. He was
cllairman of the harbour board, a trustee of
the Auckland Savings Bank and a commissioner
for the building of the Auckland public hospi-
ta. He died on 6 Jul 1911.

Auckland P.C. Proc; N.z. Herald, 7 Jul 1911.

BOYS, JOHN COWELL (1824-89) was born in
Sussex and brought up in the village of Bets-
hanger. At the age of 17 he was appointed a
cadet on the survey staff of the New Zealand
Company and came in the Will Watch to Nel
son where he spent three years in exploring
and surveys. He returned to England in 1845.
completed his professional qualifications and
again came to New Zealand in 1849. He was
engaged for some time under Captain Thomas
in the triangulation of the district between the
Waimakariri and the Waipara and afterwards
under Cass on road sectional survey in CanteT-
bury. In 1853 he joined Colonel Campbell's
staff to adjust the French claims on Banks Pen-
insula. He married and settled on his pro-
perty, Betshanger, near Rangiora. Owing to
ill-health he gave up field work as district SUT-
veyor and was inspector of surveys until the
abolition of the provinces. Boys was a noted
breeder of Romney sheep, and a keen advocate
of acclimatisation (in which interest he paid
an extended visit to the Australian colonies)
He advised the introduction of the soft-billed
hedge sparrow to combat the caterpillar in
Canterbury. He was for many years a member
of the waste lands board and the hospital and
charitable aid board and chairman of the Ra-
ngiora and Mandeville road board. He died
on 13 Jun 1889,

N.Z.C.; Acland; Cyl. N.Z., ii; Lyttelton Times,
14 Jun 1889. .

BRACKEN, THOMAS (1843-98) was born at
Clones, county Monaghan, Ireland, on 21 Dec
1843. His parents were Protestants. His mother
died a few days after his birth, and the death
of his father left him an orphan at the age of 9.

84

 

BRACKEN

About 1855 he was sent to Melbourne to the
care of an uncle, John Kernan, J.P., an enter-
prising farmer of Merai, Moonee Ponds. He
worked on the farm for a year and was then
apprenticed to Hugh Boyd, a chemist in Ben-
digo. After staying there for eighteen months,
he went up country and got employment on
the station of Winter brothers at Colbinabbin.
Tall, well-built and of a bright disposition,
Bracken got on well with his mates, took aptly
to the rough occupation, and was soon a good
horseman and an ficient shearing hand.
Already he showed a facility in making verse,
and it is believed that many of the poems
which were first published in Behind the Tomb
and other Poems (1871) were written at Col-
binabbin.

At the age of 26 Bracken came to New Zee
land, landing at Dunedin in 1869. In his first
book of verse is a poem dated at Dunedin on
7 Feb 1869. He was employed for a year or
two on the Otago Guardian and, becoming
acquainted with John Bathgate (q.v.), they
co-operated in establishing the Saturday Adver-
tiser, the first issue of which appeared on 17
Jul 1875. The Advertiser was a very popular
paper and speedily attained a circulation of
6,000 copies a week. It was printed by CouUs
and Culling. and Bathgate was the business
manager. Bracken besides controlling the paper
and writing most of the leading articles, con-
tributed columns of original matter (both prose
and verse) to every issue. He used the nom de
plume’ Paddy Murphy’ for his column. Some
of these letters were dated from ‘Lambton
Kay’ and some (in 1883) from Samoa, where
Bracken appears to have gone on a visit with
J. Lundon (q.v.). His best known poem, Not
Understood, first appeared in the Advertiset’ on
2 Aug 1879, and God Defend New Zealand on
26 Oct 1878. Bracken did notable and unselfish
service for New Zealand literature in throwing
his columns open to writers of prose and verse,
novelists and essayists In 1879 the imprint of
the paper was ‘Mackay Bracken and Co.,' and
about this time the Advertiser was issued as the
weekly edition of the Morning Herald. In 1880
the title was changed to New Zealand Public
Opinion, Sportsman, and Saturday Advet tiser.
A year later Mackay, Bracken and Co. ceased
to be publishers, but Bracken was still asso-
ciated with the literary side of the paper.

BRACKEN

Bracken's incursion into politics was charac.
teristic. He came fonvard at the general dec-
tion of 1879 as an out-and-out Liberal of Grey's
school. Parliament having been dissolved on
45 Aug, he announced himself (in the Advér-
tiser of the 30th) as a candidate for the City
of Dunedin. In along manifesto he declared
himself a supporter of the policy of Grey.
‘Although “but young in politics and incom-
petent at present to enter into the details of
political economy or the technicalities of fin-
ance, | flatter myself that, to quote Shake
speare, "1 know a hawk from a handsaw," or,
in other words, | am always able to distinguish
justice from injustice and right from wrong.’
Bracken placed the land question in the fore-
front, appealing for the subdivision of large
estates and the creation of ‘a thrifty and hardy
yeomanry of the soil.’ On the question of edu-
cation he declared himself unequivocally, +so
that no charge of wavering or trimming may
hereafter be brought against me. To me it
seems clear enough that in a country like this
where, thank Heaven, we have no state religion,
dogmatic teaching should not be introduced in-
to our public schools. Christian, Jew, Moham-
medan, freethinker and pagan are all equal in
the sight of the law, and whilst we cherish the
inestimable blessing of civil and religious liberty
it would be manifestly unfair to introduce any
particular form of belief into our state schools.
Therefore | am opposed to Bible reading, with
or without comment, by our state teachers. On
the other hand, | should be glad to see a scrip-
tural textbook, containing the literary gems of
the Bible, introduced into our state schools.
The beauties of Job, Isaiah and David, and
some of the grandest passages in the New Testa-
ment might be introduced into such a reading
book. | consider the outcry against secular
education raised by the Roman Catholics is un-
wise in the extreme, and | should, from tlle
bottom of my very soul, desire to see the narrow
sectarian partitions which divide people in the
old lands removed at least from our schools so
that our children might grow up a united
people. But the Roman Catholics all over the
world, rightly or wrongly, are determined to
make any sacrifices rather than allow their child-
ren to be educated in what they are pleased to
miscall "godless schools"; and the question
then arises, would it not be better to give their

8

-----------------------Page 59 End-----------------------

BRACKEN

educational institutions some encouragement
than to perpetuate what they consider to be a
grievance . . . Looking at the question from a
point of expediency alone, | think that such
a consummation as the removal of this (to
Catholics) grievance would be cheaply pur-
chased by some concession to the religious
scruples of such a large and united minority
of our fellow-colonists’ Bracken supported
manhood suffrage and triennial parliaments. In
conclusion he said: "I do not intend to seek
the assistance of any clique or committee in
this contest. Nor shall | engage a hall, nor a
cab, nor a canvasser to work for me. | consider
the tactics employed at election time degrading
and contemptible, and if elected | will willing-
ly support any measure having for its object
the suppression of the touting and button-hol-
ing and bribery which obtain to such an extent
at these contests.’ The poll (on 4 Sep) resulted:
T. Dick 1,140, R. Oliver 1,044, W. D. Stewart,
989, J. Macassey 744, C. S Reeves 676, T. Brac-
ken 477. The Advet-iser recorded Bracken's
disappointment-(' If men did not vote without
being forced or dragged to the poll they did
not deserve the franchise')-and some resent-
ment at the small support he received from the
Catholics who, he declared, had recorded their
votes for Macassey.

At the next election (1881) he stood for
Dunedin Central (now a single-member elec-
torate). There was now a definite labour senti-
ment evident in politics and it was due to the
persuasion of the Dunedin Trades and Labour
Council that Bracken came forward. Of the
five candidates nominated two were men of
prominence in Otago, E. B. Cargill and H.
Bastings. In proposing Bracken, T. W. Kemp-
thorne said that there was no more unselfish
man in the province, a hard worker and a man
of the people. Bracken, in his hustings speech,
strongly advocated land nationalisation and was
the only candidate who declared for protecting
native industries. Bracken topped the poll with
340 votes (Cargill 320 votes, and Bastings 263).
He owed his election largely to the votes of
tradesmen and labourers. In Parliament Brac-
ken severely criticised the policy of the Gov-
ernment against the Maori at Parihaka, con-
tending that Te Whiti and Tohu should have
been tried like any other offenders. On the
education question he voted for Pyke's bill and

BRACKEN

against the attempt to introduce Bible-reading
in schools, contending that the people should
be allowed to educate their children as they
liked, so long as they conformed to the require-
ments of the state. He voted to reduce the
salary of the governor from £7,500 to £5,000
on the ground that a colony so deeply in debt
as New Zealand should not pay more than New
South Wales did. At the general election of
1884 Bracken was defeated by Bradshaw (q.v.)
by the narrow margin of 499 to 496. Although
Bradshaw had been an advocate and inspirer
of social reforms for many years, the Trades
Council considered that Bracken's conduct in
Parliament had been consistently proper and
that it would be ungenerous not to support
him. The Constitutional Reform Association
also decided to support him.

During the campaign Bracken resigned the
editorship of the Evening Herald on account of
its attack on Stout (jul 1884). Having lost his
seat also, he went to Wellington to seek em-
ployment, receiving a flattering farewell from
the citizens of Dunedin (20 Aug). Early in
1885, in company with Bathgate and Melland,
he purchased the Evening Herald (Dunedin),
the issue of 3 Feb bearing the imprint’ Thomas
Bracken and Company Ltd.’ Bracken carried
on his column ‘The Humorist' under his own
name, and continued to encourage local writers.
On the death of Bradshaw (1 Sep 1886) he was
again requisitioned’ to stand, W. Hutchison
offering to retire in his favour. Eventually both
went to the poll, which resulted: Bracken 501,
Hutchison 255, C. R. Chapman 80, W. Darling
3. A dissolution occurred in Jul 1887. Bracken
did not offer himself for re-election. His affairs
were not flourishing, and in Sep 1890 the
Evening Herald was sold and closed down, mak-
ing way for a new Liberal paper, The Globe.

Bracken now turned his attention to publish-
ing, and in 1890 brought out his most preten-
tious volume, Musings in iHaoriland, with a
pretace by Sir George Grey. A considerable
edition de luxe was printed in Leipzig and the
person who financed it had no success in sall-
ing copies in Australia. At length he persuaded
Bracken, mucll against his will, to visit Aus
u'alia to make a personal canvass. He is said
to have sold 700 copies, but there is evidence
that he was in financial difficulties either on
this or on a subsequent lecturing tour. During

86

a

 

BRACKEN

this tour he wrote God's Own Country (which
first appeared in the Yea Chmnicle “and the
New Zealand Herald, and which he considered
his best poem up to that time). He had been
lecturing ‘without success and was staying with
P. Galvin (q.v.), who was running the Yea
Chronicle. Galvin offered to do the printing
for a lecture which he was to deliver on 6 Apr
1892, the subject being’ A night with Samuel
Lever.’ It was another failure. Shortly after-
wards Galvin had a letter asking for assistance.
Bracken was unable to pay his way and had
even been forced to part with his dress suit.
The Premier (Seddon) offered him a post in
the land and income tax department, but close
clerical work did not suit his temperament.
In May 1894 he was appointed a bill-reader,
and he held that position till late in 1895.
Many members favoured his being appointed
sergeant-at-arms in the House of Representa-
tives on the death of Colonel de Quincey (Jul
1894). He died on 16 Feb 1898.

Bracken's career was at one time full of
promise. He was a staunch Liberal with a gen-
uine sympathy for the oppressed. He was a free-
mason for many years and a pastmaster of the
Celtic Lodge (S.C.). Though born a Protestant,
he was pre-eminently an Irishman and had a
good deal in common with his fellow-country-
men in New Zealand and with the Roman
Catholics. When Bishop Moran was establish-
ing the Tablet in 1874, R. A’. Loughnan (q.v.),
one of the provisional directors, suggested em-
ploying Bracken to canvass for shares. He had
great success and the paper was started forth-
with. Bracken came more closely in touch with
Catholics on the question of education and he
became a Catholic in 1896 and died in that
faith. In 1887 he moved a resolution in the
House of Representatives in favour of home
rule for Ireland.

Bracken's publications are: 1871, Behind the
Tomb and othet' Poems; 1876, Pulpit Lectures;
1877, Flowers of the Freeland; 1879, The New
Zealand Tourist (containing N.Z. Anthem);
1880, Paddy Mllt'phy's Budget; 1884, Lays of
the Land of the Maori and Moa; 1886, Paddy
MW'phy's Annual (a record of political and
social events); 1887, A Sheaf from the Sanc-
tum; 1890, Musings in Maoriland; 1892, Dear
Old Bendigo and The Triumph of Woman's
Rights; 1893, Lays and Lyrics; 1896, Tom

87

BRADNEY
Bracken's Annual (i); 1897, Tom Bracken's
Annual (ii); 1905, Not Understood and Other

Poems (many later editions, the 8th in 1928)

Personal information from P. Galvin, T. L. Buick,
Sir R. Stout; Bracken, op. cit.; Innes, Canterbury
Sketches; N.Z.P.D., 1881-84, 1886-87; G. W. Otter-
son, Memoirs of Thomas Bracken, 1929; Scholefield,
Union Catalpeue ; and notes towards a bibliography
of Thomas Bracken: Hocken: Saturday Advertiser
‘Aug-Sep 1879, 20 Dec 1879; N.z. Herald, 19 Feh
1898; Evening Post, 6 Apr 1931; N.z. Tablet, II
Mar 1898; J. Cowan in Otago Daily Times, 4 May
1926; R. Irwin, ib. Aug 1930; Otago Daily Times,
8 Dec 1882, 14, 20 Aug 1884, 18 Nov 1893; Even-
ing Star, 17, 21 Feb 18

BRADEY, FREDERICK (1833-1911) was born
at Greenwich. His father, Francis Bradey
(1793-1864), was a grandson of a former chan-
cellor of Ireland, served in the Royal Artillery,
1812-19, and was in business in Southwark for
20 years. He selected land under the New
Zealand Company in London in 1839, brought
his family to New Zealand in the Adelaide
(1840) and took up land at Pahautanui
Bradey was one of the survivors of the boat
accident at Petone on 25 Aug 1840. He died
on 29 Oct 1864. Frederick went to England
with his father in 1841, but returned to New
Zealand and remained here all his life except
for two years on the Australian goldfields
(1852-53). He took up a property of 2,000 acres
at Pahautanui in 1855 and greatly improved
it in subsequent years. In 1872 he was a lieu-
tenant in the rifle volunteers, of which he was
in command when they were disbanded some
years later. He was a justice of the peace
(1882) and a vice-president of the Wellington
Agricultural and Pastoral association, chairman
of the Hutt county council (1898-99), and of
the 'Wellington education board and a member
of the Wellington harbour board (1896-1908),
the benevolent trustees, the hospital and
charitable aid board, the Technical College
board, the Anglican diocesan synod and many
other bodies. Bradey married (1855) Agnes,
daughter of Richard Stuart. He died on 8 Aug
1911.

Career of F. Bradey (1906, p); Cye!. N.Z., i (p);
Who's Who N.I., 1908; N.I. Times, 9 Aug 1911;
N.1. Spectator, 15 Jun 1853.

 

BRADNEY, JOHN HENRY (1853-1936) was
born in Staffordshire and came to Auckland

-----------------------Page 60 End-----------------------

BRADSHAW

with his parents at the age of six. At 11 he
commenced work on a farm and eventually
took to the sea and was engaged in coastal
trading, bushfelling at Coromandel and gold-
mining at Thames. He was for some years a
waterman at Auckland, plying rowboats be-
tween the city and North Shore. Mter serving
in the steamer Lily in the Kaipara service and
in larger ships in oversea trade he was again
a waterman in the service of the harbour board
In 1884, with his brother-in-law (E. C. Binns),
he founded a firm of steamboat proprietors
(aftenvards J. H. Bradney and Sons). 'Bradney
was for nine years (1907-15, 1922-23) on the
Auckland harbour board; was a member of the
Mount Albert borough council and represented
Auckland West in Parliament (1911-14). Fond
of music, he was for half a century a member
of the Auckland Choral Society. He died on
25 May 1936.

NZ. Herald, 27 May 1936.

BRADSHAW, JAMES BENN BRADSHAIGH
(1831-86), one of New Zealand's earliest labour
reformers, was the son of General Joseph Brad-
shaw, H.E.LC.S, and was born at Barton
Blount, Lancashire. He was educated at Hailey-
bury for the service of the East India Company,
but a few months in India showed that his
health would be unequal to the climate and he
resigned and travelled widely in South America,
in the islands of the Indian Ocean and in
South Africa He was a fine shot and horseman,
a clever swordsman and a good all-round ath-
lete. When the Kaffir war broke out in 1850
he received (through his friend Sir Harry Smith)
first a post as agent for the War Office and then
a commission in the field. He served until Sir
Harry's recall in 1852 and then went to Isle of
France and in 1855 to Victoria, attracted by the
goldfields.

Bradshaw studied auriferous drifts scienti-
fically and was early impressed with the future
of quartz mining. He followed each new rush
and had considerable fortune, especially at
Eaglehawk and New Bendigo. At Castlemaine
he opened an assay office which he eventually
sold to the Union Bank, of which he became
the local agent. At this time he took a great
interest in the Otago fidds and proposed to the
Superintendent (Richardson) opening a gov-
ernment assay office which would raise the price

BRADSHAW

of gold to the miners. This project he after-
wards pressed without success upon Macandrew,
Vogel and Moorhouse. Coming to Otago about
1864, he brought 3,000 oz of gold from the fields
to Waikouaiti for shipment to Dunedin before
the escort was established. Bradshaw followed
the rush to Queenstown and settled there as
editor of the Lake Wakatip Mail (1863-64). He
stoutly advocated liberal land laws, including
the cancellation of pastoral leases to make way
for agricultural leases; higher prices for
gold, with the reduction of duty and the aboli-
tion of all special taxes. In 1864 he contested
the Provincial Council seat (against Mouat)
without success; but early in 1866 he defeated
Main and Manders for the Goldfields seat in
Parliament. On 17 Apr 1867, owing to his out-
standing knowledge of mining matters, the gen-
eral government delegated to Bradshaw the
special powers over goldfields which were
normally exercised by the Superintendent (see
MACANDREw). There was strong feeling in the
province, and many demonstrations against the
general government until the powers were trans-
ferred to the Otago executive (Dec 1870). In
4870 Bradshaw married Harriette Clementina,
daughter of Capt. R. N. Bolton, 84th Regi-
ment (of county Meath).

On the opening of the Thames fidds Brad-
shaw made useful reports to the government
on quartz-mining and he remained at Thames
for some time engaged as a sharebroker, which
business he continued after his return to Dune-
din. From his close friendship with Richardson,
he was inspired by information and advice to
persevere in projects of labour reform. In 1870
he won the Waikaia parliamentary seat, and
during that Parliament he obtained the passage
of his employment of females act (1873) which
restricted to eight hours a day the hours ot
labour for women. Next year he advised some
amendments of the factory act, and in 1875 he
got it enacted that no child under ten years of
age should work in a factory and no boy or girl
between 10 and 14 should work for more’ than
four hours a day. He assisted materially in the
achievement of the Saturday half-holiday.

In 1871 Bradshaw was elected to the Otago
Provincial Council for Mount Benge’, and he
at once joined Reid's executive, of which he
was a member until Reid joined the Stafford
ministry (Sep 1872). Being wrongly held re-

88

 

BRAME

sponsible for the Moa Flat sale, Bradshaw lost
his seat at the elections in 1873. Standing for
Wakatipu at the next parliamentary elections
(1876) he was defeated by Manders, largely on
account of his views on secular education.
Though now out of Parliament, he continued
his advocacy of liberal legislation, and as a
member of the Otago waste lands board from
1878 he fought strenuously against dummying
and received the warm thanks of a great labour
meeting in Dunedin (1884). A few months later
he was elected for Dunedin Central, defeating
the sitting member (Bracken, qv.). He died
on 1 Sep 1886, leaving a widow and young
family. His'great humanitarian services were
recognised by labour organisations throughout
the colony. Bradshaw played cricket against the
first All England team both in Victoria and in
New Zealand.

Otago P.C. Proc. ; Paul, Trades Unionism; Otago
Dail) Times, 2 Sep 1886; Otago Witness, 24 Dec
1886; Mt. Ida Chronicle, 23 Jan 1874. Portrait:
Parliament House.

BRAME, WILLIAM RAWSON (1833-63) was
the son of a Baptist minister and was prepar-
ing for the church when his health failed and
he entered upon his apprenticeship to a pub-
lisher in Birmingham. For a short time he
edited the Mercury there, and then settled in
Brussels as foreign Correspondent of several Eng-
lish newspapers. He had published one novel,
The Last of the Czars, and was engaged on an-
other (Excelsior) when he conceived the idea
of a Nonconformist settlement in New Zealand.
Being a persuasive speaker, he had considerable
success and took advantage of the prevailing
sentiment on the occasion of the bi-centenary
of the expulsion of Nonconformists from the
Church of England to promote the Albert-
land Christian Colonisation movement. He was
appointed honorary secretary and general man-
ager and obtained from the Auckland provin-
cial government the agency for colonists’ land
orders (of which he proposed to dispose of
4,000). Land was acquired at Oruawharo in
Albertland (which was named after the Prince
Consort). The colonists sailed between May
4862 and Oct 1863. They encountered unex-
pected difficulties in getting settled on their
farms and friction occurred with Brame in re-
spect to the township sections, which he claimed
he had the right to dispose of. He paid only

BRANDON

two short visits to Albertland, his death occurr-
ing in Auckland on 21 Mar 1863.

Auckland P.C. Proc; Brett, Albertlanders (P).

BRANDON, ALFRED DE BATHE (1809-86)
was born in London, educated for the law and
had practised for some time, when, at the age
of thirty years, he took his passage for New
Zealand in the London (700 tons) (Aug 1840).
Mrs Brandon died shortly after their arrival,
and he married again (1854) Miss Poole. Bran-
don commenced practice at Brandon's corner,
almost opposite the present Government Build-
ings. For many years he was crown prosecutor.
In 1863 he took in as partner J. S. Moore (q.v.),,
who soon withdrew to accept a seat on the
Supreme Court bench. In 1870 he took in W.
H. Quick, and they practised together until
4875, when A. de B. Brandon, junior (q.v.)
joined the firm.

Brandon was a member of the Settlers’ COll-
stitutional association. Shortly after the pro-
vincial councils were set up he was appointed
provincial solicitor, and with short intermis-
sions he held this office throughout the long
superintendency of Featherston. Wakefield's
opposition to Featherston developed into a
feud, and for some years the affairs of the pro-
vince were held up by opposition in the
Council. The Council supported Wakefield,
who insisted in the name of responsible govern-
ment that an executive of his nomination
should take office as the Superintendent's ad-
visers. For a short space Brandon and his col-
leagues stood down and Wakefield's colleagues
were nominally in charge. A dissolution and a
general election brought Featherston back to
power with a majority, and thencef orward poli-
tics moved more smoothly.

Brandon was a member of the Provincial Coun-
cil throughout the whole period of its existence
-1853-76. He sat part of the time for the Well-
ington Country constituency and for the remain-
der as the representative of Porirua. The same
constituencies sent him to the House of Rep-
resentatives from 1858 until he sought retire-
ment in 1881. Two years later he was called
to the Legislative Council, in which he sat until
his death on 22 Sep 1886. Few public men
were so continuously acceptable in politics. He
was a staunch provincialist and in the colonial
sphere an opponent of Stafford. He supported

89

-----------------------Page 61 End-----------------------

BRANDON

whole-heartedly Weld's self-reliant policy and
thereafter gave his adherence to Fox until 1870,
when the Vogel policy drove him into a critical
opposition. He voted against the government
in 1872.

Apart from politics Brandon took a great in-
terest in education. He was the first chairnlan
of the board of governors of Wellington Col-
lege. In business life he was intimately con-
nected with substantial companies and was for
years a director of the Colonial Insurance Co.
and the Australian Mutual Provident Society.
He was president of the Wellington Club and
of the Wellington Law Society.

Wellington p.e. Proc.; Ward (p): N.Z. Times,
23 Sep 1886; Evening Post, 11 Sap 1929 (p).
BRANDON, ALFRED DE BATHE (1854-1938),
the son of A. de B. Brandon (q.v.) was born
at Wellington, and educated at Wellington
College (where he entered on the opening day,
1872) and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge (B.A.,
1877). Called to the bar at the Middle Temple,
he joined his father's practice and was, like him,
president of the Wellington Law Society. Bran-
don was a member of the Wellington City
Council (1886-91) and mayor (1893), was a
member of the chamber of commerce from 1892
(councillor 1894-1900, 1903-06; president 1895,
1897 and 1898; life member 1928). He was a
foundation member of the Wellington Auto-
mobile Club in 1905 (president 1907-12; and
life member). He was a director of the Gear
Meat Co. and of the Australian Mutual Pro-
vident Society from 1888 (chairman 1918-34)
Brandon married (1879) Louisa, daughter of
Thomas Kebbell. He died on 30 Jul 1938.

Ward; eye!. N.Z., i (p); The Dominion, 1 Aug
1988.

BRANIGAN, ST JOHN (1824-73) was born in
King’s county, Ireland. He joined the 45th
regiment, resigning in Cape Colony to join the
police, in which he made rapid progress and
became an inspector. He was rewarded for
gallantry in frontier duty against Kafirs (in
which he was wounded). In 1854 he went to
Victoria and after running a small schooner
without suocess he accepted a cadetship in the
police and rose to sub-inspector. In 1861 he
brought a detachment of 20 mounted police
from Victoria and organised the Otago force
and the goldfields escorts. He became commis-

BRAY

sioner (1863) and resigned in 1869 to organise
the Armed Constabulary on service against Te
Kooti. Ill-health compelled him to retire in
4870 and he died on 10 Sep 1873. Branigan
was the originator and organiser of the Otago
industrial school.

App. H.R., 1870, D.7; Gilkison; Hocken, Otago:
Larkworthy; Otago Daily Times, 23 Oct 1869, 16
Sep 1873; Otago Guardian, 11 Sep 1873.

BRASSEY, WILLOUGHBY (1818-1904) as a
young man served in the British navy. Retir-
ing in 1839, he entered the service of the East
India Company and was present at the opera-
tions in Scinde, Afghanistan and against the
Southern Mahrattas. He was acting fidld en-
gineer at the seges of Panalla, Powenghur,
Managhur, Mansingtosh and Samunghur; was
five years adjutant of his regiment and retired
on half-pay with the rank of captain. Brassey
being in New Zealand in 1865, the Govern-
ment commissioned him as a major in the
Taranaki Military Settlers, and he was sent
with a force of 400 to garrison Pipiriki against
a Hauhau invasion by the river route. The
enemy by a surprise movement took possession
of high ground overlooking the position and
wes only driven out by a resolute assault under
Lieutenant Cleary. Some time later a relieving
force arrived from Wanganui. Brassey was next
sent to Opotiki (Sep 1865) and shortly after-
wards retired from the force. He died at Christ-
church on 29 Jan 1904.

Cowan ii; Gudgeon (p); L)ittelton Times.

BRAY, WILLIAM BAYLEY (1812-85) was
born in London, the son of a wine merchant
and educated as a civil engineer partly there
and partly in Germany. (Assoc. 1.C.E., 1836.)
He was engaged on railway construction
abroad and carried out important work for
Robert Stephenson in Egypt in face of consid-
erable officia obstacles. In 1845 he was con-
structing a railway in Tuscany, Italy.

In 1851 Bray landed in Canterbury with his
family. Believing that his professional life was
at an end, he took up 500 acres of land at
Avonhead, and (with Joseph Hill) the Bray
Down run of 10,000 acres, in the forks of the
Hawkins and Selwyn rivers. Bray was in the
Provincial Council for Christchurch Country
(1855-56) and in the first session was appointed
chairman of a committee to report on the com-

90

 

BREE

pletion of the Port road. This brought him
back to his profession. He took the levels in
the Heathcote valley and ascertained the point
at which the railway tunnel should enter tlle
hills, and then proceeded to London, explained
the project to the railway commissioners and
obtained a contract at £235,000. In 1862 he
reported on wharves for Lyttelton harbour,
where the berthage was very exposed; and in
the following year was chairman of the wharf-
age commission. Their report was strengthened
by the opinion of Stephenson, the result of
which was the breakwater at Officers point and
the Gladstone pier. Bray constantly warned
the people of Christchurch against an inunda-
tion of the town by the Waimakariri floods
(which was fulfilled in 1868). He was a deeply
feligious man and a strong churchman. He
died on 26 May 1885.

Canterbw'y P.C. Proc.; Acland; Lyttelton
Times, 27 May 1885.

BREE, EDWARD NUGENT (1803-83) was tlle
son of the Rev Robert-Francis Bree, of Syden-
ham, England. He was curate of East Dereham,
Norfolk, to 1848, and rector of All Saints,
Hereford (1851-59). In the early sixties Bree
came to New Zealand, and in 1864 was vicar
of Whangarei. Thereafter he lived in Auck-
land as vicar of All Saints for a short time and
then for sixteen years as vicar of St Mattllews.
He was a strong evangelical and freely asso-
ciated with the clergy of other denominations
at church meetings. He took a great interest
in social movements. In tlle time of the depres-
sion of the sixties he proposed a scheme of
poor law relief for destitute persons, combining
the principles of equal distribution of the
burden and benefits and the labour test for
able-bodied recipients. Another interesting
social plan he outlined in 1881. Bree was presi-
dent of the Young Men's Christian Association
In 1864 he was a highway trustee for the Wa-
reora district. He died on 6 Jun 1883.

Ruvigny, Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal,
1911; Southern Cross, 26 Ju1 1866, 28 Oct 1873;
N.Z. Herald, 9 Jan 1868, 18 Feb 1881, 7 Jun 1883,
8 Nov 1926; Auckland Star, 7 Jun 1883.

BREES, SAMUEL CHARLES (1810-65) was
practising as an engineer and surveyor in Gray's
Inn, London, when he was appointed in 1841
to succeed W. M. Smith (q.v.) as principal

ot

BRETT

surveyor to the New Zealand Company for a
period of three years. He came to New Zealand
in the Brougham, arriving on 9 Feb 1842. In
1843, with Taringakuri (q.v.), Brees laid out
the route from Wellington to the Wairarapa.
He made some of the best known maps of Wel-
lington, including one of the town in 1843 and
a map of the reserves in 1844. He is, however,
best known for his sketches of New Zealand
soenery, many of which were published in 1847
in a large portfolio entitled Pictorial New Zea-
land, ‘with introduction and descriptive matter
by Brees. He left New Zealand with great re-
luctance on the conclusion of his contract,
regretting that the colony had not been better
understood and treated in its earlier years. He
resumed the practice of his profession in Lon-
don, this time at Lincoln's Inn, and lived later
at Croydon and at Brighton. He died at sea on
5 May 1865.

N.z.C., Reports; Ward; E. J. Wakefield; Brees,
op. cit.; Brighton Gum'dian, 28 Nov 1849.

BRETT, DE RENZIE JAMES (1809-89) was tlle
son of a barrister at Wexford, Ireland. He was
educated at Patora, county Enniskillen, under
Dr (aftenvards Bishop) Knox, and in 1825 re-
ceived his ensigncy in the 3tst Madras Light
Infantry, in which he served 24 years (nine as
adjutant and some time as fort adjutant at
Bellary).

Brett had a mest gallant record of service.
In the Coorg campaign (1834) he distinguished
himself in rearguard actions; in saving the
regimental treasure when the transport bullocks
had been killed; at the capture of the stockade
of Cassinhully and in command of the assault-
ing party at the storming of the Bakh stockade
(when six out of eight officers were killed). This
action, which is described in Warren's History
of India, was referred to by King William IV
in a speech to Parliament. Brett also assisted
in the capture of the Rajah of Coorg, and re-
ceived his company in recognition. Returning
to Ireland on a visit, he was promoted major
in 1853 and served in the second Burma cam-
paign as a volunteer, second in command of
the 35th Madras Light Infantry. He captured
a post far in advance of the expedition on the
Irrawaddy river, commanded the flank com-
panies at the capture of Prome and the wing
in the advance from that position. When the
Crimean war broke out Brett's services were

-----------------------Page 62 End-----------------------

BRETT

requisitioned by the War Office and he was
appointed (with the rank of brigadier) to com-
mand four regiments of Osmanti cavalry in the
service of the Sultan of Turkey. He went to
Syria and Albania and raised new formations
in an incredibly short time, landing them at
the Dardanelles without loss of man or horse.
He commanded the Osmanli cavalry regiments
throughout the campaign in the Balkans to
Shumla, his services being recognised by the
dignity of ‘leva pasha’ (with the rank of
major-general) and the third-class of the Med-
jidieh.

Brett had no sooner reached England (to give
evidence in a courtmartial) than he was sum-
moned to India on the outbreak of the mutiny.
Joining the flying column at Kurnul, he was
appointed to Whitlock's personal staff until the
artival of his own regiment (the 108th Foot)
and the 3rd Madras Europeans, which he led
in the relief of Delhi and Lucknow and the
capture of the Nabob. Whitlock's column
pressed on to Kirwee, where treasure to the
value of three-quarters of a million was cap-
tured and sent to Allahabad. Brett was presi-
dent of the Banda and Kirwee prize court.
He then, with a regiment of irregular
cavalry, two guns and two companies of
Europeans mounted on camels and elephants,
operated for two months in pursuit of Tantia
Topi (1858). Returning to England after tlle
mutiny to look after the claims of his superior
officers Brett retired on full pay with £5,000
of prize money (1863)

In 1865 he arrived in Lyttelton by the Gl"ey-
hOlind and at once took up a property in tlle
Courtenay district, which he named Kirwee.
He was a fine settler, adopting the best methods
of farming and taking a prominent part in
local affairs. In 1870 he was elected to the
Provincial Council for Selwyn. Having already
promoted some experiments in irrigation, he
brought in resolutions calling upon the execu-
tive to inaugurate a system of water races for
the light lands of Canterbury, especially in
Courtenay, Malvern and Hororata (Aug 1871).
Eventually £10,000 was voted (Dec 1872), and
from this beginning irrigation was rapidly ex-
tended over a great part of northern Canter-
bury, with benefits so obvious that in 1887
the farmers of the district combined to make
a presentation to Brett in recognition of his

BRETT

services. He was also largely responsible for
the opening of a school in the district. Brett
was called to the Legislative Council in 1871
and attended to his duties with soldierly
regularity throughout his life. In the Provin-
cial Council (1870-74) and in the General
Assembly he consistently urged the need
for strengthening the defences of the colony
and he personally supported the volunteer
system. At the time of the Russian scare he
was expected to command the Canterbury Irish
Rifles, but there was a prior claim on his
services for the honorary reserve corps, which
he had assisted to establish and of which he
was commandant at his death. He was the
first president of the local Agricultural and
Pastoral association.

Brett moved into Christchurch a few years
before his death, which took place on 16 Jun
1889. Hé married in 1845 Harriet Baker,
daughter of Colonel Harris, of the 24th Foot.

Parltry Record; Canterbury P.C. Proc., 1870-74
(notably | Aug 1870, 4 Dec 1872); N.zP.D.; Col.
Gent.; The Press, 17 Jan 1889, 27 Jan 1930 (p);
Lyttelton Times, 17 Jun 1889. Portrait: Parliament
House.

BRETT, SIR HENRY (1842-1927) was born at
St Leonards, Sussex, and brought up to the
printing trade with his uncle, who owned the
Hastings and St Leonards Gazette and was a
well-known stationer and local historian. At
tlle age of 19 Brett became interested in the
Albertland proposal, bought a section of 40
acres from the Auckland Provincial Govern-
ment and received a promise of three days’
work per week in the office of the settlement
newspaper and the other days for his farm
work. He sailed in the Hanover.

On arriving at Auckland (on 17 Sep 1862) he
was offered by one of the owners of the South-
etn Gross a position on that paper as a reporter
at £1 per day. He accepted, and soon became
known as a most efficient shippingreporter. An
amateur oarsman in England (where he was
pair-oar champion of the South Coast), he now
became an expert boatman, meeting the Eng-
lish ships as they arrived far down the channel
and gaining many ‘scoops’ in advance of his
competitors. Moving in 1865 to the New Zea-
land Hemld, he enhanced his reputation there.
In 1870 Brett became part owner of the Even-
ing Star, which had just been established by

92

 

|

 

BRETT

Farrar and G. M. Reed (qWv.).
developed his news-getting methods by the use
of pigeons and transmitting by this means
photographs of political speeches which had
appeared in the Thames newspapers. For some
years he represented the news agency of Holt
and McCarthy. By the retirement of Reed in
1876 he became sole proprietor of the Star,
which made steady progress. In 1884 he moved
from "Wyndham street to new offices in Short-
land street. In 1920 the paper was floated into
a public company, of which Brett continued to
be managing director until his death. He was
associated with many other newspaper organisa-
tions, being a director of the Press Association
for 39 years (and many years chairman), and
an original member (and eventually a life
member) of the Newspaper Proprietors’ Asso-
ciation. He attended the first Empire Press
Conference in 1909.

Brett introduced photo-engraving and from
1890 published the New Zealand Graphic, an
illustrated weekly, and the New Zealand Farmer
(monthly). For many years (from 1873) he
published Brett's Auckland Almanac, the Col-
onists’ Guide, the Gardening Guide, and the
South Pacific Pilot. Of his historical works the
most important was Early New Zealand (by
Sherrin and Wallace) published in 1887. He
published also Defenders of New Zealand, by T.
W. Gudgeon (1890), White Wings (vol. i, 1924;
vol. ii, 1928) and’ (with Henry Hook) The
Albel"tianders (1927), which was based on a
diary kept by him during the voyage to New
Zealand.

Brett took a limited part in public life. In
1874 he was a member of the Parnell highway
board and he was later on the domain board
the Auckland harbour board, the city improve-
ment commissioners and the City Council
(1877-78). In 1878 he was mayor of Auckland.
He was a governor of the Grammar School and
University College and was associated with the
Mechanics’ Institute. A Liberal in politics and
a supporter of the Ballance and Seddon
administrations, he declined a seat in the Legis
lative Council (1899) and twice declined a
knighthood, which eventually he accepted in
1926. He was a commissioner for the Paris Ex-
hibition, for the International Exhibition at
Christchurch (1906-07) and for the visit of the
Duke and Duchess of York (1901).

There he.

BREWER

Brett made generous gifts to Auckland
University College and the Auckland Art Ga-
lery (1904). Keenly interested in music, he
was a chorister of St Leonard's Church in Eng-
land and thereafter for 72 years continuously
sang in church choirs, including those of St
Matthew's, St Paul's and St Peter's, Auckland.
He was choiraster of St Peter's and presented
organs to that church, to the town hall in
Auckland and to the Blind Institute, besides
making many gifts of music to various societies.
He was president for some years of the Auck-
land Orchestral Society (which he took to the
exhibition at Christchurch) and of the Choral
Society and the Bohemian Orchestra; and was
alife patron of the Royal Auckland Choir. He
was fond of gardening, was president of the
Auckland Horticultural Sociey and in 1910
won a gold medal of the Royal Horticultural
Society. He held few directorships except that
of the Auckland Savings Bank and the Kauri
Timber Co. Brett was a member of the Cinque
Ports artillery volunteers, and on coming to
Auckland joined the Rutland Rifles, with
which he did duty during the Maori war.

He married (1864) Mary, daughter of James
Moon (Westfield, Sussex). He died on 29
Jan 1927.

Cyd. N.Z., ii (p); Brett, op. cit"; The Albert-
landers (p); The Star (Auckland), 31 Jan 1927.

BREWER, CHARLES BABINGTON (1816-68)
was a son of T. G. Brewer, a London barrister,
and brother-in-law of H. S Chapman (qv.)
He was a barrister of the Middle Temple
(1838) and was appointed crown prosecutor at
Melbourne (1839). Arriving at Bay of Islands
in Feb 1840, he attended a meeting of white
settlers to consider the formation of a joint
stock banking company and he was a member
of the provisional committee. In Apr he
attended a meeting in Sydney of people in-
terested in New Zealand. A few months later
he attended a meeting of land claimants at
Coromandel and acted as their agent in Sydney.
After the separation of New Zealand from New
South Wales Brewer was appointed clerk of
the peace at Auckland and registrar of the
court of requests (3 Aug 1841). He was one
of the commissioners appointed by the governor
to inquire into the affray at Wairau (1843) and
he was appointed a county court judge at Nel-

-----------------------Page 63 End-----------------------

BRIDGE

son and shortly aftenvards a commissioner of
the court of requests for the Southern division
(Dec 1844). During FitzRoy's governorship
Brewer went to Tasmania and then to New
South Wales. In 1862 he was appointed a
county court judge and he served in that
capacity and as mining judge at Geelong, Port-
land, Colac, Sale and Beechworth. He died o11
14 Jan 1868. An elder brother, WILLIAM
VINCENT Brewer, who was aso a barrister,
arrived in New Zealand at the same time and
acted with him as agents for the New Zealand
Association in respect to land claims. He was
shot in a duel with another lawyer (Ross) at
Wellington on 26 Feb 1844.

Crown Law Office, Melbourne; Ward; Sherrin
and Wallace; N.z. Journal, 28 Sep 1844.

BRIDGE, CHARLES JOSEPH (?-1876) before
coming to New Zealand was on the Liverpool
stock exchange. In 1854 he bought the Home-
brook station in Canterbury, and by 1865 had
a fine freehold property. of 1,400 acres upon
which the town of Southbridge was laid out.
Bridge was on the Canterbury Provincial Execu-
tive for a few months in 1859. He died in
1876.
Adam!"

BRITTAN, JOSEPH (1805-67), who was a
brother of W. G. Brittan (q.v.), came to New
Zealand in the William Hyde (1852) and sat-
tled in Christchurch. A practised writer, he was
the first editor (1854) and for some time pro-
prietor of the Canterbury Standard. He was
elected to the Canterbury Provincial Council
for Christchurch City in 1855 and represented
it till 1857 and again 1861-62. He was leader
of the executive in 1855 and provincial secre-
tary under Tancred (1855-57). Brittan was a
fine, fluent speaker, an unequalled debater and
an attentive and competent administrator. In
1857 he contested the superintendency against
Moorhouse. He then withdrew from politics
for a year or two and strongly opposed Moor-
house's railway policy in 1859. In 1861 he was
again in the Council (representing Christchurch
to Sep 1862, when he resigned). In 1863 he
succeeded Hall as resident magistrate for Christ-
church and Kaiapoi, but he resigned owing to
ill-health in 1864. He died on 27 Oct 1867.

Canterblll-V P.C. Proc.: Cox, Men of Mark; Lyt-
telton Times, 28 Oct 1867.

BRITTAN

BRITTAN, WILLIAM GUISE (1809-76) was
born at Gloucester on 3 Dec 1809 and educated
at the Plymouth Grammar School, where he
was head of the school. He studied medicine
and surgery, and made two or three voyages
to India and China as surgeon of the Indiaman
General Palmer. He lived for some time near
Staines, and married Louisa Chandler, of Lon-
don. In 1841 he moved to Castleton, Sher-
borne, Dorsetshire, and became editor and part-
proprietor of the Sherborne Mercury, a Con-
setvative paper.

The Ilfercury received advertisements from
the New Zealand Company, and Brittan be-
came interested in Canterbury. He was one of
the first to enrol as a colonist and was in the
chair at the historic meeting at the Adelphi
rooms on 24 Apr 1850 when the Society of
Canterbury Colonists was formed. He was on
the committee of management, and as chairman
was the medium of communication between the
colonists and the Canterbury Association. Brit-
tan in May pledged himself to fill with emi-
grants a ship of the largest size He was con-
stantly to the fore in the deliberations of the
colonists and he was warmly thanked for his
untiring exertions. Wakefield drafted a letter
to Godley suggesting that Brittan should be
given a post of trust in the colony next to that
of Godley himself. “This gentleman," he wrote,
“has taken, naturally as it were, a position of
leadership of the body-of colonists who are
now preparing to depart from England. His
popUlarity and influence with them and the
marked confidence with which they regard him
have manifestly been occasioned by no design
on his part to win their good opinion, but
have resulted from their own observation of
his valuable and amiable qualities: It was Brit-
tan who suggested that the colonists should
recognise the assistance of Lord Lyttelton by
giving his name to the capital city of the pro-
vince. The proposal was unanimously adopted
by the Society, but when the capital was re-
moved to the plains Godley allowed the names
to remain as they were. Brittan took passage
in the Sir George Seymour and he was suc-
ceeded as chairman in London bys Captain
Charles Simeon. The Sir George Seymour sailed
from Plymouth on 8 Sep 1850, and arrived at
Lyttelton on 17 Dec. The Society of Canter-
bury Colonists then became the Society of

4

 

b
a

BRITTAN

Canterbury Land Purchasers. Brittan was again
elected to the chair and was appointed by
Godley to take charge of the land office, arid
supervise the allotment of sections in town and
country. Early in 1852 the Society dissolved and
two new societies were formed, one at Lyttelton
and the other at Christchurch. Brittan declined
to take office From a piece of bush which he
milled he supplied timber for many of the
houses in the new town. His own residence, in
Oxford terrace, was used in 1858 as a ua
place by the Provincial Council, and afterwards
became part of the old Clarendon hotel.

In public life Brittan took little part. He
appeared on the first electoral roll in 1853 and
announced himself as a candidate for the Christ-
church Country District in both General Assem-
bly and Provincial Council. Defeated in the
former contest, he felt that he had been badly
treated and Withdrew from the other. Having had
charge of the land office since Jan 1851, he was
appointed by the General Government in 1853
to be commissioner of crown lands for Canter-
bury in succession to Colonel Campbell and a
commissioner under the land claimants ordin-
ance. In 1854 he became a trustee of the Deans
estate, which he helped to manage until 1874.
In 1853 he was chairman of the Christchurch
Market Co. In Oct 1856 he was appointed a
resident magistrate and chief commissioner of
the waste lands board. He was chairman of the
Halswell road board (1867), but otherwise
never sought public office, except in the service
of the Church of England. He was a member
of the first synod of the diocese (1859); gave
the site for the second church erected on the
plains (at Papanui), and was largely responsible
for the erection of churches at Avonside and
Halswell.

Brittan was regarded as the father of cricket
in Canterbury. A keen player himself, he was
@ moving spirit in obtaining facilities for play-
ing. At an early date he set aside a field in
which he erected a pavilion for the benefit of
players. In 1871, the cricketers of Canterbury
presented him with a clock in recognition of
his services. He was a member of the commit-
tee which formed the Jockey Club (in 1851)
(and treasurer of the club in 1854). He brought
out from England two brace of partridges which
he carefully guarded while they multiplied. He
was a founder of the Horticultural Society and

 

bo

BRODIE

of the Farmers’ Club (of which he was some
time president) and chairman of the Christ-
church domain board (1871-74). He died on
18 Jul 1876.

Adand; Godley, Letters; The Press, 19 July
1876, 22 Mar 1930 (p).

BRITTIN, DINGLEY ASKHAM, who was born
in Huntingdonshire in 1823, was educated in
England and passed as a solicitor. He came Lo
New Zealand in the Minerva (1853) and took
up land in Canterbury. He was M.H.R. for
Christchurch Country from 1855 to 1856, when
he resigned to return to England.
Pmitry Record; Cycl. N.z., iii

BROAD, LOWTHER (1840-92) was born at
Kensington, London, the son of the Rev J. B.
Broad, M.A., of Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Educa-
ted partly in France, he came to Victoria as a
youth and engaged in mining at Bendigo. In
the early sixties he was attracted to Otago,
where he was goldmining on the Molyneux.
In 1863 he was appointed resident magistrate
at Queenstown and later at Arrow, and in 1870
he was transferred to the Thames as warden
and magistrate. There he was tempted to re-
sign and enter into business as an auctioneer.
In Aug 1870 he was elected to represent Thames
in the Auckland Provincial Council, bur he
did not take his seat. A few weeks later he was
appointed warden and magistrate on the Nel-
son South-West goldfields. In 1872 he was
moved to Nelson, where in 1873 he became
district court judge, a position he held until
his death (on 16 Aug 1892). He was called to
the bar in 1875. Broad was a man of compre-
hensive human sympathies and considerable
ability. He was vice-president of the Nelson
Exhibition in 1873 and won the prize for a tale
of goldfields life. He published a number of
legal works, including a digest of cases in dis
trict courts, a Resident Magistrate's Gourt
Guide, a ]7.ISices Handbook, and The Law of
Innkeepers and the New Zealand Law List
(1881). He also compiled for the jubilee of
Nelson a history of the province. Broad mar-
ried (1867) Mary Isabella, daughter of Henry
Bunny.

Col. Gent.; Broad, op. cit.; Weston; The Col-
onist, 16 Aug 1892; Thames Advertiser, Jul 1870.

BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1831-94) was born at
Leith, Scotland, and as a young man joined the

-----------------------Page 64 End-----------------------

BRODIE

Royal Engineers. After a course of study he was
sent to Canada and received special thanks
from the War Office for assisting to save the
ves on the voyage. Arriving in New Zea
land in 1863, he was attached to the troops as
engineer and constructed the military telegraph
line, the first in the colony, which he operated
throughout the war. He then brought out his
family and for many years was one of the most
prominent residents on the Thames goldfields.
For some time he managed the Criterion bat-
tery (Waiotahi). He was mayor of Thames
(1888) and chairman of the Thames county
council. Brodie was a man of considerable
administrative ability and an authority on mine
drainage. He contested the parliamentary seat
(1881). Brodie died on 17 Apr 1894.

“eston; N.Z. Herald, 20 Apr 1894; Thames
Sar, 25 Jul 1927 (p).

BRODIE, GEORGE (1833-72) was born in Scot-
land. After some experience as a youth in
Edinburgh he arrived in Victoria at the height
of the gold diggings, was in Ballarat in 1854
and worked in a co-operative party crushing
quartz at Bendigo in 1855.

In 1858 he was elected at the head of the
poll as a member of the Victorian Legislative
Assembly for Mandurang (with Thomas Car-
penter) and he was appointed a member of the
sboard of science. When Brodie joined the
Heales cabinet early in 1861 as Commissioner
of Trade and Customs, he was re-elected by his
constituency without opposition. A few months
later, attracted by the gold discoveries in Otago,
he resigned from the ministry and from Par-
liament and came to New Zealand as corres-
pondent of the Otago Daily Times on the gold-
fidds. Brodie was elected at the head of the
poll as a member of the first mining board, of
which he became chairman. He was also re-
turned (with Captain Baldwin) to represent the
Goldfields in Parliament (1863). He became
editor and part proprietor of the Dunstan
Times and was elected in 1863 to represent the
district in the Provincial Council. There, both
as private member and on the executive (1865-
66), he took a keen interest in education. In
Parliament he directed his attention mainly to
mining legislation, of which he had a compet-
ent knowledge. He did not seek re-election in
4865, and withdrew in 1866 from the Provin-

BROHAM

cial Council, being appointed an inspector
under the debtors and creditors act 1865, and
in 1867 accountant in bankruptcy. Brodie died
on 3 Nov 1872.

Otago P.C. Proc.; pyke (p); Otago Daily Times.
20 Nov 1872.
BRODIE, WALTER ( ) was a son of the
Rev Alexander Brodie, D.D., chaplain to King
George IV, his mother being a daughter of John
Walter (of The Times). He first came to New
Zealand in 1839, when he purchased land at
Bay of Islands. In 1840 he chartered the
schooner Hope to ship stock to the Chatham
islands for two stations of 300,000 acres which
he had purchased for £2,000. Except for a short
stay in Port Nicholson (1842) and a visit of
twelve months to Tahiti, he lived at Bay of
Islands till 1843. He was a witness of the sign-
ing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Brodie travelled
widely in New Zealand, purchasing land mainly
with a view to mining, and claimed to have
acquired valuable copper tracts. In 1844 he
gave evidence before the select committee of
the House of Commons. In 1845 he published
a controversial book on The Past and Present
State of New Zealand. In 1850 he visited Cali-
fornia (with Carleton, qv.) and next year
published his book on Pitcairn's island. In
1861 he again appeared as the author of a
pamphlet criticising Grey's administration.

Brodie established a business in Auckland
as a general merchant, retiring about 1870 and
returning to live in England. He was M.P:C.
for Auckland Suburbs (1855-57) and M.HLR
for the same constituency (1855-60). He had a
large estate also at Mangonui, on which he
liberated English sparrows and pheasants.

GB.OP. 1844/556; Parltry Record; Cycl. N.Z.,
ii; Hocken.

BROHAM, THOMAS (1840-1901) was born
in county Limerick and came to Victoria as a
youth. He was for four years (1859-63) a mem-
ber of the mounted police, engaged in gold
escort duty from Bendigo, and came to the
Otago goldfields to work as a digger. “In Aug
4863 he joined the Canterbury poli.ce under
Commissioner Shearman, under whom he had
served in Australia. In 1864 he accompanied
Revell with a detachment to the West Coast
fields, crossing the Hurunui saddle, and was
stationed there as an inspector till 1870, when

96

 

 

BROMLEY

he was chosen as an inspector of armed con-
stabulary in Auckland under the General Gov-
ernment. In 1877 he was transferred to Christ-
church, in 1882 to Timaru, and in 1888 to
Auckland, whence he returned to Canterbury
in 1893. He was engaged in many noteworthy
criminal prosecutions, including the Hall pois-
oning case (Timaru), the Scott case in Auck-
land, and the apprehension of Cyrus Haley for
the Pa farm outrage at Onehunga. Broham
retired in 1900 and died on 29 Dec of that
year.

Police department records; Harrop, Westland
N.Z. Herald, 18 Jan 1900.

BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1816-88) was born in
London and served for some years in the Navy.
Coming to Wellington in the early forties, he
bought land at Pahautanui and kept a hotel
there. Hewas greatly interested in racing, owned
a few horses and frequently rode at meetings
at Burnham Water and Petone. He represen-
ted Wellington Country District in the Pro-
vincial Council in 1855. About 1860 Bromley
took a position in the customs, in which he
was a warehousekeeper until 1880. He died on
2 Nov 1888.

‘Ward ; Evening Post, 2 Nov 1888.

BROOKE, THOMAS GEORGE (1849-1931)
was born at Wargrave, Berkshire. He spent his
boyhood at Reading where he was baptised by
the Rev Samuel Leigh (q.v.)

Brooke became a local preacher in Cumber-
land and was studying for the English ministry
when he met the Rev: James Buller, then visit-
ing England, who induced him to come to New
Zealand. He landed at Auckland on 19 Dec
1878." He spent a year in the Kaipara as ais
tant to Gittos (q.v.) and in 1880 went to Three

“Kings College for training. His college course

was interrupted in 1881 when he was sent to
Leeston to replace the Rev John Armitage
(drowned in the wreck of the Tararua). In
1884 he married Fanny Rogers, daughter of
George C. Waby. He was a forceful preacher,
a tireless worker, a wise and capable adminis-
trator. He devoted 29 years to circuit work,
filling various secretarial positions, and serving
in the chair of synods. For eight years he was
editor of the Methodist Outlook. In 1906 he
was president of the Methodist conference, a
position he filled with distinction. In 1909 he

BROUN

was appointed general secretary of home mis
sions and superintendent of the Methodist
Maori mission. For 15 years he rendered
valuable service in this position, which in-
volved constant travel on foot and horseback,
heavy correspondence and the oversight of weak
circuits and home mission stations. During his
term the income of the department trebled, the
number of home missionaries increased from 37
to 55 and the number of home mission stations
from 48 to 65. Brooke took a leading part in
raising the standard of ministerial stipends and
led the movement to establish the home mis-
sionaries retiring fund. He was superannuated
in 1924, but continued to preach and to serve
various boards and institutions of the church
until his death (on 31 Aug 1931). M.A.R.P

BROOKFIELD, FREDERICK MORRIS PRES:
TON (1825-1906) was born in England,
came to New Zealand in the early fifties
and shortly afterwards went to Melbourne to
study law. He married Maria Drakeford (d.
1902). Admitted to practise in 1855, he was for
some years provincial solicitor for Auckland
and aftenvards crown prosecutor. He represen-
ted Onehunga in the Provincial Council (1861-
63) and Pensioner Settlements (1870-73), and
was on the executive in 1862 and 1869-70.
Brookfield afterwards became a judge of tlle
native land court, but resigned to resume prac-
tice with his son. He died on 4 Oct 1906.

Auckland P.C. Proc. and Gaz; NZ. Herald, 5
Oct 1906.

BROUGHTON, REGINALD (1831-1910), the
third headmaster of Nelson College (1861-62)
was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where
he graduated M.A. He was a brilliant classical
scholar, and became a master of Hindustani,
which he had studied with a view to taking an
officid post in India. He left Nelson in 1862
to become headmaster of Christ's College,
Christchurch. In 1864 he returned to England,
where he took holy orders and subsequently be-
came a flow and lecturer of Hertford College.
Nelson Call. Reg.; Beauchamp; Christ's Coll
Sell. List (p):

BROUN, THOMAS (1838-1919) was born and
educated in Edinburgh and served in the Cri-
mean war. He had a commission in the 35th
Regiment in the Indian Mutiny, after which

97

-----------------------Page 65 End-----------------------
BROWN

he was invalided with cholera and retired
(1862). Having married he came to New Zea-
land and in the Waikato war held a commis-
sion in the 1st Waikato Regiment. (Major,
N.Z.M., 1905). After the war he farmed at
Opotiki for a few years, was a teacher under
the Auckland education board (1876-88).
Broun was government entomologist. (1894-
1905). For many years after 1866 he studied
New Zealand insects and he described about
2,000 species in his Manual of New Zealand
Coleoptera, and in British scientific publica
tions. Broun was first drawn towards the study
‘of entomology by observing the brilliant
tropical insects in Burma. He died on 24
Aug 1919.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cyel. N.z., i (p) ; Trs.
N.Z. Inst., vol tii (P).

BROWN, ALFRED NESBITT (1803-84) in-
tended to study law but, conceiving a desire to
engage in missionary work, for which the
Church Missionary Society had as yet no train-
ing college, he entered the home of the Rev
Edward Bickersteth, a leading member of the
Society. When the institution at Islington was
opened in 1825, Brown completed his studies
there and was ordained by the Bishop of Lon-
don in the Chapel Royal at St James's (1828).
In the following year he married, and shortly
aftenvards sailed for New Zealand in the Eliza-
beth (C. Davis and his wife being fellow
passengers)

Arriving in Sydney in Oct 1829 Brown stayed

for a short time with Marsden (q.v.) and even-
tually reached his destination at Bay of Islands
at the end of Nov. In 1833 he accompanied
William Williams on an exploration to Thames.
In Feb 18%, with Hamlin, he explored the
Waikato and later he made a long journey
through the southern district and Waikato.
Sites for stations were chosen at Otawhao,
Puriri, Matamata, and Rotorua and for Brown's
own station at Te Papa, Tauranga. In 1835 he
opened a station in Waharoa's territory at Ma-
tamata. There he laboured for a short time
and the chief's son, Tamehana Tarapipipi te
Waharoa (q.v.), became a sincere convert and
a powerful advocate of Christianity. A general
war breaking out, Brown had to leave this
station and he returned for a while to Paihia.
In 1837 he accompanied Marsden in H.M.S.

BROWN

Rattlesnake to visit the eastern and southern
settlements. In 1838 Brown took up his abode
permanently at Tauranga, where he spent the
rest of his life labouring with great success
amongst the adjacent tribes.

As the third ordained minister sent to the
New Zealand field Brown was of great assistance
to the brothers Williams and later to Bishop
Selwyn, who appointed him in 1843 archdeacon
of Tauranga and four years later wished to
nominate him for a new bishopric. Brown was
a generous benefactor of St John's College,
Auckland, where he founded the Marsh scholar-
ship in memory of his only son (who died in
1845). His wife died in 1855, and five years
later he married Christina Crombie Grant
Johnston (who died in 1887). During the
Maori war of the sixties Brown was much dis
tressed at the turn events had taken, involving
so many of the missionary natives in hostilities
with and against their own people. The mis
sion house at Tauranga was the refuge to which
all the white women in the district repaired

~ and he intervened in every way to bring about
a peaceful settlement. On 28 Apr 1864, the
night before the attack at Gate Pa, he invited
to communion the British officers chosen for
the assault. All but Dr Manly were killed the
following day. Brown was described by Mail’
as’ a courtly, scholarly English gentleman: He
died on 7 Sep 1884.

Sherrin and Wallace; Stock; Jacobs; Carleton;
Cycl. N.z., ii (p); Brown, Brief Memorials of an
Only Son (1845); Maxwell.

BROWN, ANDREW (1799-1854) came to New
Zealand in the 4urora (1840). He was member
of the Wellington Provincial Council for Wel-
lington Country District from 1853 till his

death in Dec 1854.

Wellington P.C. Pmc.; Ward; Wellington In-
dependent, Dec 1854-en 1866.

BROWN, CHARLES (1820-1901) was the only
son of Charles Armitage Brown (q.v.) and was
born in Ireland. He spent the first two years
with his ‘native Irish’ mother and thereafter
lived in Italy with his father until 1834, when
they returned to England for the boy's educa-
tion, which was obtained at Plymouth. He
learned no trade or profession.

Brown had not reached his majority when he
sailed (Mar 1841) in the Amelia Thompson for

98

 

BROWN

New Zealand, where his father's sanguine ex-
pectauons pictured a bright future. Brown
brought with him the machinery for a sawmill,
which he lost no time in erecting. He went
through the whole gamut of the colonist,
pioneering, business, journalism and public
affairs, and speedily took a leading part in the
tife of the province. In 1849 he paid a visit
to England, returning by the Cornwall. In
the electlon for the Legislative Council of New
Ulster (Oct 1852) he was returned for New
Plymouth though he was only 32 years of age.
In the -first election of Superintendent for
Taranaki (Jul 1853) he defeated Halse and
Wrcksteed. He served the office until Jan 1857,
when he was defeated by Cutfield. Finding the
press a doubtful ally, Brown's supporters estab-
llshed the Taranaki News to oppose the Herald
and for most of his life Brown had its support,
actually controlling and editing it for some
years. In Nov 1855 Brown was elected to rep-
resent. Grey and Bell in Parliament. He was
Colomal Treasurer in the first responsible gov-
ernment, formed by Fox (May-Jun 1856).
Private affairs compelled him to retire from
Parliament, but he was reelected in 1858
(defeating F. D. Bell).

From 1855-60 Brown was a captain of the
mititta, which was called out for training in
Feb 1858. A year later the Taranaki Rifle
Volunteers were formed: Brown bel'ng semor
captain and Stapp (qv.) junior captain and
instructor, The development of the Waitara
dispute brought all the defence companies into
tralming, marttal law.was proclaimed (22 Feb
1860) and reinforcements of H.M. tro‘ops and
naval detachments came to the aid of the pro-
vance. After some preliminary skinnishes the
militia and volunteers came into(action on 25
Mar 1860 at Manutahi. Major Herbert was now
appotDted commander of the district, and
Brown acted as his engineer officer. Late in
Mar, after consultation with Governor Gore
Browne, a force of 103 volunteers and 56 militia
was ordered to proceed to Waireka by the sea
coast to relieve the Omata settlers, the regulars
under Colonel Murray and seamen from H.M.S.
NTger supporting by the road. The colonial
troops were soon heavily engaged. Brown, hav-
ing no experience, asked Stapp to take charge
while he advanced to hold a position at jury's
farm, where the wounded were collected. The

BROWN

65th weye withdrawn while the Tarangki force

was in fficulties, but Captain Cracroft, B.N.,
gallantly assaulted the enemy's pa and assisted
to turn the tide and enable the Taranaki force
to retire in good order. Brown made his official
report on the action (29 Mar 1860) and was
promoted major after Waireka. On 23 Feb
4861 .he commanded the advanced line of
skintnshers “at Mahoetahi, where his conduct
was warmly approved.

From 1861-65 Brown was again Superinten-
dent of the province. He acted as paymaster
of mititta and volunteers for some time but
returned to field duty and was again in action.
In 1869.he had command of the local forces
at the time of the massacre at White Cliffs.
Throughout these troubled years he had legis-
lattve duttes also. He was in the Provincial
Council (for New Plymouth 1866-69) and a
member of Parliament (for New Plymouth
1864-65; Omata 1868-70). He retired by choice
rather than give up his military command in
Taranaki, and spent the next years repairing
his pnvate affairs. He was for some years (to
1873) a member of the town board of New
Plymouth. In 1873 he contested the Superin-
tendency against Carrington and Atkinson.
Two years later he succeeded Parris as civil
commissioner.

Brown's first wife died in 1875. He after-
wards married a daughter of W. Northcroft
(q.v.).. He was brought up as a Catholic, but
his children belonged to the Church of Eng-
land. He died on 2 Sep 1901.

Gudgeon (P); Gorton; Cowan, Wars (p); Cyel.
N.Z., vi (p); Taranaki Herald, 3 Sep 1901; Tara-

nak’ News, 25 Jan 1873, 11 Oct 1873. Portrait:
Taranak! Hist. Coll.

BROWN, CHARLES (ARMITAGE) (1786-
4842) was born in South London of Scottish
parentage, his father having made a competence
on the stock exchange. At 14 Charles entered
a counting house, and at 18 he became a mer-
chant fo St Petersburg, in partnership with a
brother. OWing to the substitution of whde-
kong for bristles, and fear of a war With Russia,

S-usiness failed (1808) and he returned to
London, where he acted as agent for another
brother, a local resident of the East India Com-
pany.

This brother's death placed him in enjoy-
ment of a modest competence, which enabled

 

99

-----------------------Page 66 End-----------------------

BROWN

him to cultivate the society of literary people.
He became the associate of Dilke, John Hamil-
ton Reynolds, Walter Savage Landor, Hood
and Keats; and himself at the age of 23 com-
posed a comic opera Narensky, or the Road to
Yaroslav, which was produced at the Lyceum
and yielded him £500 profit. Brown was a bon
viveur, rather quaint in appearance; stout, bald
and spectacled. His friendship with Keats be-
came very close. They spent the summer of
1818 on a 600-mile walking tour of England
and Scotland (where Keats developed the first
symptoms of consumption). In 181,9 they spent
the summer at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, sketch-
ing and writing the tragedy Otho the Great,
for which Brown, supplied the fable, character
and dramatic conduct. He left Keats at Win-
chester and found time to run across to Ireland
where, unknown to his friends, he married a
peasant woman, Abigail Donohue. Summoned
back to Winchester, he brought Keats to Lon-
don in a serious condition.
ployed himself sketching and copying Hogarth's
heads. In 1820 he went to Ireland for the birth
of his son (Charles, q.v.) while Keats went in
search of health to Italy, where he died on 23
Feb 1821, before Brown could reach him. Brown
then remained in residence in Florence, en-
joying the company of Byron, Dilke, and
Monckton Milnes, and later watching the
education of his boy. He continued his studies
in art, wrote for London magazines and trans-
lated admirably the first five cantos of Boiardo's
Orlando Innamorato. In 1829 the publishers
rejected his life of Keats. He made many
sketches, including a portrait of Keats which
came to New Zealand and was not made public
until his granddaughter sent it to Sir S. Colvin.
In 1834 he returned to England, settled at
Plymouth and edited the Plymouth Journal.
He lectured a good deal on Shakespeare and
published his lectures as Shakespeare's Autobio-
graphical Poems (1838).

Brown's interest in Shakespeare and in Keats
was almost scholarly. He made an exhaustive
collection of his friend's remains for publica
tion, but had not found a publisher when he
happened to attend a meeting in Plymouth to
consider establishing a colony in New Zealand.
He was at once infected ‘with colonising en-
thusiasm, handed over his Keats task to Milnes
with a biographical notice written by himself,

Brown then em-"

BROWN

and prepared for his migration. He sent his
son in the Amelia Thompson, which sailed on
25 Mar 1841, while he sailed in the Oriental
on 22 Jun, arriving in New Plymouth in Nov.

The change from good living and select artis-
tic surroundings to colonial fare and fortune
was a severe test for one no longer young, and
a few months after his arrival in New Plymouth
he had an apoplectic stroke and died (on 5 Jun
1842). Brown adopted the second name’ Armit-
age’ in publishing some of his Keats papers in
the Plymouth Journal

Walls; Amy Lowell, John Keats (1925); A.
Erlande, Lite (1929); Taranaki News, pass.; S
Calvin, Lite of John Keats (1918); H. Bolitho and
J. Muigan, The Emigrants (1939). Portraits: E.
V. Waller's Autobiography (1933); bust by L. A.
Holman in Lowell, op. cit., i, p. 286.

BROWN, CHARLES HENRY JEFFRIES (1871-
1917), who was born in Christchurch, went to
the West Coast in the eighties, where he became
well-known as an athlete and footballer. He
worked as a trucker in the Brunner coal mines,
spent some months on the New South Wales
coalfields and returned to the Denniston mines,
in which he became underground manager.
Brown joined the Denniston volunteer corps
in 1900, and was later transferred from this
command to the New Zealand Staff Corps.
When war broke out in 1914, he left with the
Main Body of the New Zealand Expeditionary
Force, with the rank of captain. He served
with distinction in Gallipoli, Egypt and France,
first in the Canterbury Regiment, then in the
Auckland Regiment, and finally, as brigadier-
general in command of the 1st brigade New
Zealand Infantry (Feb 19¥/). Brown was
awarded the D.SO. and mentioned in dis
patches and was killed in action on 8 Jun
1917.

Studholme; Evening Post, 11 Jan 1917; London
Gaz, 17 Jun 1917.

BROWN, CHARLES HUNTER, was born in
Scotland, emigrated to Australia as a young man
and, having gained experience there, came to
Lyttelton early in 1850 with his own sheep and
cattle, and occupied Double Corner. He also
brought she-oak seeds which he planted with
success on various properties. Brown sold
Double Corner in 1859 and joined Cox for a
few years at Springs. About 1863 he sold his

100

 

 

BROWN

station interests in Canterbury and invested in
town property in Christchurch and in a sheep
run, Long Lookout, in Nelson. In 1860 he was
elected to represent Christchurch Country in
Parliament, retiring at the end of the year. He
travelled a good deal in Europe and the Holy
Land and he was later resident magistrate at
Wairoa (Hawkes Bay) in 1863-65 and again in
1868. Brown married (1861) Ellinor Jane,
Gaughter of Augustus Abraham, barrister-a-
jaw.
Cox; Acland; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Godley, Lettel's.

BROWN, DONALD FORRESTER, was a son
of R. Brown, draper, of Oamaru. He served
in the war 1914-18 with the Otago Infantry and
repeatedly distinguished himself in the opera-
tlons In France. On several occasions he
attacked machine gun posts which were holding
up the advance and put the guns out of action,
doing much to raise the spirits of his com-
panions by his «utter contempt for danger and
coolness under fire’ Sergeant Brown was killed
in action on | Oct 1916 and was awarded the
V.C. posthumously for conspicuous bravery and
determination on 15 Sep.

Byrne; Official Hist. of the Otago Regiment in

the Great War (p); London Gaz, 14 Jun 1917;
Studholme; The New Zealander (London), 22 Jun
1917.

BROWN, FREDERICK DOUGLAS (1851-1922)
was born at Woodford, Essex, and educated in
England and at Strasbourg University, where
he graduated. It was then a university of
France. (Honorary M.A., Oxford; B.Sc,
London.) He proceeded to study chemis-
try at St Bartholomew's Hospital (1870), the
Royal College of Chemistry and Leipzig Uni-
versity. Graduating B.Sc. at London in 1873
he entered on research in organic chemistry at
the Royal Institution, London, and physical
chemistry in the Royal School of Mines. In
1880 he became a lecturer at Oxford and he
taught at Clifton and Cheltenham until 1883
when he was appointed professor of chemistry
at Auckland University College. This post he
held to 1914, when he was appointed emeritus
professor. He was a director of the Auckland
Gas Co. and vice-chairman of the Grammar
School board. Brown died on 2 Aug 1922.

Cye!. NZ., ii; N.Z. Herald, 10 Apr 1 Au
rok Mu pr 1883, g Aug

101

BROWN

BROWN, HENRY (1842-1921) was born in
lincolnshire, the son of the Rev H. H. Brown
(1813-93); educated at Neuwied (Germany)
and Lausanne, and arrived in Taranaki with
his parents in the Eclipse in 1859. He served
in the Maori war for four years as a volunteer,
being present at Waireka and Mahoetahi and
a member/of Atkinson's company of Forest
Rangers. He became ensign in the Rifles
(1863), lieutenant (1865) and captain in the
militia (1871). Brown engaged in the timber
trade for ten years in the vicinity of New Ply-
mouth and in 1877 started a mill at Inglewood.
He was chairman of the town board for some
years and a member of the. Taranaki county
council (1876-92). In 1896 he was elected
M.H.R. for Taranaki, defeating E. M. Smith,
to whom he lost the seat in 1899. Brown died
on 10 Mar 1921. He married (1867) a daughter
of J. Brooking, of New Plymouth.

Cycl. N.Z., vi; N.Z.P.D., 23 Sep 1921. Portrait:
Parliament House.

BROWN, JAMES (1819-77) was born at Miln-
gavie, near Glasgow. He was trained as a calico
printer and worked at his trade for some years.
He evinced artistic talent at a very early age,
and his employer considerately transferred him
from printing to' designing. Ambitious for a
wider fidd, he moved to Manchester, but
though he received higher pay there he suffered
during the depression of the forties, and accord-
ingly decided to come to New Zealand (1850).
Unable to work at his own trade in Otago, he
taught himself engraving and became highly
proficient. He was also a caricaturist and made
many cartoons for reproduction, notably in J.
Barr's Old Identities (1879). Brown was an
office-bearer of the First Church. He was de-
scribed as a man of distinct idiosyncracies,
simple habits and warm affections, unobtrusive
and self depreciative. He died on 12 Sep 1877.

Barr, op. cit.; Otago Dally Times, 15 Sep 1877.

BROWN, JAMES CLARK (1830-91) was born
at Macclesfield, Cheshire, the son of a British
naval officer; educated at a private school in
the neighbourhood, and apprenticed to a mer-
chant. In 1852 he emigrated to Victoria, where
he was occupied in mining for a few years. His
friends in England having sent out a small
steamer, the Macclesfield, Brown ran it for a

-----------------------Page 67 End-----------------------

BROWN

few years without loss in the trade between
Sydney and Tasmania. In 1861 he sold it and
came to Otago for the diggings, entering into
business as a storekeeper at Wetherstones,
Queenstown and Gabriel's Gully. He became
a substantial merchant.

In 1865 he was elected to the Otago Provin-
cial Council for Lawrence, in 1867 for Gold-
fidds and in 1871 for Tuapeka, which he rep-
resented until 1875. In 1870 he was elected
M.H.R. for Bruce and the following year for
Tuapeka, which he represented until 1890
(when he was defeated by Valentine). He took
a great interest in mining and in the Lawrence
railway, which he was mainly instrumental in
promoting. He was a liberal supporter of
charities. Brown married (1879) the widow of
Dr Ebenezer Halley. He died on 6 Feb 1891,
and his widow in 1938.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Kinross; Evening Star, 7 Feb
4891. Portrait: Parliament House.

BROWN, JAMES ELDER (1823-1900) was born
in Banffshire, trained as a school teacher and
came to Otago in the Ajax (1849). He first
accepted an engagement to erect Valpy’s flour-
mill at Water of Leith and in 1850 he relieved
James Blackie, as the first teacher of a public
school in Otago. His parents and brothers
having now arrived in the colony, Brown asis-
ted them to erect, at Grant's Braes for Dr
Burns, a threshing mill made entirely of native
materials. He showed a model of this machine
at the exhibition of 1889-90. The family also
made 25 winnowing machines. In 1856, under
the new regulations, Brown and his father
settled on 105 acres in Tokomairiro adjoining
the land which P. McGill had taken for a flour-
mill, and they assisted to erect the mill (1857).
In 1860 he sold half an acre to W. H. Mansford
to open a store, and thus the town of Milton
came into existence, McGill cutting up 25
acres for town lots. In 1866 Milton was in-
corporated. Brown was mayor for the first three
years and he carried on the surveys and en-
gineering work for 14 years In 1882 he re-
tired from business and gave his attention to
public affairs. He was chairman of the school
committee (1878, 1880-81) and secretary for a
long period, and a justice of the peace for 30
years. Brown died on 16 Jan 1900.

Brown; Schoidietd, Tokomairiro D.H.S,, 1856-
1931; Otago Daily Times, 17 Jan 1900.

BROWN

BROWN, JAMES MACMILLAN (1846-1935)
was born at Irvine, Scotland, the son of a ship-
owner, and educated in the first place at Irvine
Academy. He proceeded to the Universities of
Edinburgh and Glasgow (where he graduated
with first-class honours in mental philosophy
and gained the rector's prize for an essay).
There also he gained a five-year Snell exhibition
on which he proceeded to Balliol College, Ox-
ford, in 1869. Owing to indifferent health he
could not complete his course, and spent some
time on the geological survey in Scotland (1873-
74).

On the foundation of Canterbury College in
1875 Brown was appointed professor of classics
and English. Five years later the onerous duties
of this double chair were rearranged and he
taught English history and English literature
till 1895, when he resigned on account of ill-
health. Brown devised a new and practical
method of treating English composition, which
was specially useful with backward students.
Several volumes of his notes on English classics
were published in New Zealand (including
Julius Caesar, The Merchant of Venice and
Esmond). He aso published (in 1894) a
manual of English literature of the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries. Brown was a mem-
ber of the royal commission on higher educa-
tion (1879-82) and was a member of the Uni-
versity Senate from 1879, vice-chancellor from
1916, and chancellor from 1923 till his death
(on 18 Jan 1935). In 1901 he published, under
the pseudonym of +Godfrey Sweven, a novel
entitled Riallaro, satirising life and politics in
New Zealand. This was followed in 1903 by
Limanora, a Utopia.

Brown rendered valuable service to New
Zealand by his researches in Polynesian
anthropology and ethnology, to which he
devoted himself after his retirement, travelling
widely in Pacific countries every year. About
1907 began his series of publications on the
Polynesian people, including Maori and Poly-
nesian (1907), The Riddle of the Pacific (1924),
and Peoples and Problems of the Pacific (1927).
In 1908 he published a volume, Modern Edu-
cation and in 1914 a travel book, The Dutch
East. His fine collection of curios and native art
he left to Canterbury College, together with his
library and an endowment for upkeep and
£2,500 towards a library building. The resi-

102

 

 

BROWN

due of his estate he left to found a school of
Pacific studies at that institution.

Brown married in 1887 Helen Connon, the
first woman M.A. in New Zealand and the first
woman to take the M.A. degree with honours
at a British university. She was principal of
the Christchurch Girls’ High School (1882-94).

Cycl N.Z., iii (p); Hight and Candy (p); Beagle.
hole; Who's Who NZ., 1908, 1924, 1992; ES
Grossman, In Memoriam, 1903 and Life of Helen
M. Brown, 1905; The Press, 23 Feb 1903; 19, 21,
22, 2 Jan 195 (p).

BROWN, JOHN EVANS (1827-95) was born
at Lewistown, Pennsylvania, United States,
where he was educated. In 1849 he crossed to
California and spent some time at his profes-
sion of a surveyor. Finding the goldfields un-
attractive, he went to New South Wales, where
he engaged in cattle and sheep dealing on a
large scale, and wes for some years consul for
the United States. In 1864 he came to New
Zealand and spent 20 years in Canterbury, tak-
ing a prominent part in the affairs of the pro-
vince. He was a member of the Provincial
Council for Rangiora (1866-72 and 1875), and
was during that time a member of two execu-
tives (Knight's 1869; Hall's 1870-71). Brown
represented Ashley in Parliament (1871-79) and
St Albans (1881-84). He was the first chairman
of the Christchurch Tramway Co. In the late
eighties he returned to America, where he died
on 9 Jul 1895. Brown married first (1857) a
daughter of J. J. Peacock and sister of the Hon
J. T. Peacock (q.v.) and, second, 1883, Mrs
Martin (Wellington).

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Lyttelton
Times, 11 July 1896.

BROWN, JOHN MAINWARING (1851-88)
was born in England and educated at Ton-
bridge School and Christ's College, Cambridge
(where he entered on a Judd Exhibition). He
graduated B.A, 1876; LL.M., 1880; MA.,
4881. He became lecturer in history and poli-
tical economy at Cambridge (under the local
lectures syndicate) and in 1881 was called to
the bar. In the same year he was appointed
to Otago University as professor of English
language and literature, constitutional history
and political economy. Brown lost his life on
6 Dec 1888 while exploring (in company with
Major Goring and John White), in the region

BROWN

of the Micabum creek, west of Lake Te Anau.
Thompson; Otago Daily Times, 15, 27 Dec 1888.

BROWN, RICHARD (1804-60) was born in
Dublin, and educated by an uncle. As a youth
he went to Tasmania and entered a mercantile
office in Hobart and at the age of 20 visited
Bay of Islands in a whaler. He had a good
education“and pleasant manners. Coming to
Taranaki soon after the Colony was established,
he engaged in the coastal trade and whaling
and eventually settled down as a merchant in
New Plymouth, Later he became also an auc-
tioneer and for a while was a journalist on the
Taranaki Herald staff. He was Provincial Coun-
cillor for Omata (1857-59). In the native feuds
he supported Ihaia against Katatore. When war
broke out Brown was appointed a captain in
the native contingent. On 26 May 1860, while
reconnoitring along the beach, he was fired on
and wounded by hostile natives at the ford of
the Waiongona river. He died on 31 Aug.
Taranaki P.C. Minutes, 1858; Wels, p 205;
Gudgeon, p 47; Taranaki Herald, 3 Oct 1855; 8
May 1858.
BROWN, WILLIAM (1809-98) was born near
Dundee, Scotland, educated there, and read law
with the intention of becoming a writer to the
signet. He became interested in colonisation
and joined the South Australian settlement,
arriving in Adelaide in the early part of 1839.
Soon realising that prospects were not good,
he joined the Palmyra for Sydney. On the
voyage he became acquainted with the surgeon,
d Logan Campbell (q.v.). On 2 Feb 1840
Brown arrived at Bay of Islands where he wit-
nessed the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.
On the 25th he arrived at Coromandel and on
13 Apr again met Campbell, who had come
from Sydney in the Lady Lilford. With several
others they visited the shores of the Waitemata
gulf, hoping to buy land from the natives. This
failing, they prospected the neighbourhood and
purchased from the Coromandel natives the
island of Motukorea (Brown's island). On 13
Aug they entered into possession. On 21 Dec,
Mrs Brown having arrived from Sydney, they
established themselves in a tent on the future
site of Auckland, and in Feb 1841 they began
getting timber for their building. The Black
Joke was chartered to bring the timber from
Whangaroa, and the partners carried it on their

103

-----------------------Page 68 End-----------------------

BROWN

shoulders to the site. On 24 Jun the Brown
family took possession of their home in Auck-
land.

Brown took part in the affairs of Auckland
as soon as the town was founded. On 6 Jun
1844 he was called to the governor's Legislative
Council, of which he was a member to 1845
and again 1847-48. The interval was due to
his proceeding to the old country in the Bolina
with a cargo belonging to his finn (1845).
With S M. Martin and Charles Clifford he pro-
tested against the native trust bill (1844) and
thus got out of favour with FitzRoy.

Brown was one of the founders and a large
shareholder in the Southern Cross, which was
established in 1843 to represent the interests
of the rank and file of the colonists and the
landowners as against those of the philo-Maori
party, to champion which the New Zealander
was established in 1845. Feeling ran high be-
tween the two parties and politics in Auckland
followed this line oi cleavage for some years to
come. When Brown returned to New Zealand
(1847) he was again called to the Legislative
Council and reappointed to the list of justices
in the position he had previously occupied.

On the constitution of 1852 coming into force
he contested the Superintendency of Auckland
against wynyard, but was defeated (12 Jul
1853). In Aug 1854 he was elected M.H.R. for
City of Auckland. A few months later Wynyard
resigned the Superintendency and Brown was
elected by a large majority over Whitaker (14
Mar 1855). He had a difficult session with a
Council which was generally opposed to his
policy, and in Sep obtained a dissolution, which
necessitated a frésh election for both Superin-
tendent and Council. He was entering into
this contest with vigour when family reasons
called him to Scotland, and he retired from
politics (Nov 1855). He did not return, but
remained associated with Campbell until his
death (on 19 Jan 1898). Brown was a man
of high principle, wide experience and consid-
erable energy and would doubtless have gone
far in politics kad he remained in the colony.
Carleton described him as ‘one of the most
severely truthful and worthy men that ever
set foot in the colony: Brown wrote in 1840
the first chapter of his book New Zealand and
its Aborigines, which he rewrote on the pas-
sage home and published in 1845.

BROWNE

G.B.ap., 1843/323, 1850/1280, 1851/1420; Auck-
land P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D., 1855; Campbell; Thom-
son; Cyel. N.Z., ii (p); Southern Cross, 17 Aug,
3 Sop 1852, et pass.; New Zealander, 10 Sep 1853,
@t pass. Portrait: N.Z. Herald, 13 Nov 1933

BROWNE, GEORGE FRANCIS COLLINS
(1831-85) was the son of John Collins Browne,
of Holsworthy, Devon. He was educated at
Grosvenor College, Bath, and emigrated in 1852
to Melbourne. After spending ten years in Aus-
tralia he came to Otago and settled at Waita-
huna, where he was engaged in mining for 16
years. He represented that constituency in the
Provincial Council from 1871 until the aboli-
tion. In 1876 he moved to Lawrence, where
he took a leading part in public life. He was
a member of the school committee and the
hospital committee and leader of the opposi-
tion in the parliamentary union. In 1884 he
contested the Tuapeka seat in Parliament
against J. C. Brown. Browne died on 5 Jun
1885.

Tilapeka Times, 6 Jun 1886.

BROWNE, SIR THOMAS GORE (1807-87) was
the son of Robert Browne, J.p., D.L., of Mor-
ton House, near Buckingham, and a brother
of Bishop Harold Brown, of Winchester. Com-
missioned as ensign in the 44th Foot (1824),
he exchanged into the 28th (lieutenant, 1826 ;
captain, 1829). He was aide de camp to Lord
Nugent, High Commissioner in the lonian
islands (1832-35) and acted for a time as Col-
onial Secretary. Obtaining his majority in
1834, he exchanged into the 41st regiment
(1836), with which he served in. the first
Afghan war. For a time he commanded the
regiment in the absence of the two colonels.
He covered the retreat after the repulse of
General England's force at Hykulzi (28 Mar
1842), forming a square and driving back the
enemy. He was present at the action at Kan-
dahar (29 May), the march on Kabul and the
storming of Istalif. On the return through the
Khyber pass he was frequently in action with
the rearguard. (Brevet lieut.-colonel 1842;
CB., 1843.)

Returning to England, Browne became lieut.-
colonel of the 41st regiment (1845), exchanged
into the 21st in 1849, and retired on half-pay
in 1851 to assume the governorship of St
Helena, where he enjoyed the local rank of

104

 

BROWNE

colonel. There he solved the long-standing
problem of the water supply. In 1854 Browne
was appointed to succeed Sir George Grey in
the governorship of New Zealand, the duties
of which he assumed on 6 Sep 1855. In the
political sphere there was nothing to worry
him, since the controversy over responsible
government had been fought to a conclusion
under the administrator (Colonel Wynyard).
Browne announced himself to the Parliament
(which was in session) in a message in which
he stated that he would adhere to the policy
of maintaining the native title to their lands
inviolate and securing to them the impartial
administration of justice, A man of strong
social instincts and warm friendships, he visited
all the provinces during the recess. Shortly after
his arrival the King movement in the Waikato
became prominent. Native affairs were the
governor's own responsibility. He was expected
to consult his responsible advisers, but not
necessarily to take their advice. Unfortunately
Browne did not bestir himself sufficiently to
form an independent opinion on native affairs
and he never acquired a personal influence over
the native mind. Quite early he made the un-
pardonable mistake of declining to see an in-
fluential chief (Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa,
of Ngati-Haua who wished to lay before him
the grievances that were entertained by the
King tribes. Tamihana accordingly threw in
his lot with the Maori king. In May 1857
Browne showed a more approachable disposi-
tion at a native gathering at Rangiriri and he
met some chiefs in riananga near Auckland.
He made a grave mistake in yielding to the
clamour of merchants and revoking Grey's wise
order against supplying firearms and ammuni-
tion to natives.

Stafford, the Premier, was absent in England
when Browne, accompanied by C. W. Rich-
mond (acting leader of the Government) and
McLean (native secretary) met a number of
Maori chiefs at New Plymouth. Teira offered
to sall to the Go,-ernment 600 acres at Waitara,
and Browne agreed to purchase if Teira’s title
was valid. Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake, the
paramount chief of the Ngati-Awa, declared
firmly that he would not permit the sde.
Ignorant as he was of Maori law, and regarding
Rangitake's demeanour as discourteous and
offensive to himself, Browne was determined to

 

BROWNE

proceed with the purchase. Commissioners were
accordingly sent to Taranaki to ascertain
whether the title of Teira was good. They
reported (wrongly) in the affirmative, and
Browne gave orders on 25 Jan 1860 to
proceed with the survey, under military pro-
tection if necessary, and to hold the block by
force if there should be any resistance on the
part of Wiremu Kingi. On 1 Mar he himself
arrived at Taranaki with the available troops,
and a blockhouse was built for the protection
of the civil population. On the 13th and 14th
the block was surveyed under military protec-
tion. Next day Wiremu Kingi erected a pa
and burned the survey pegs The pa was
accordingly attacked (17 Mar) and destroyed
after two days’ operations.

Browne appeal ed to Australia for more troops
and some hundreds of women and children
were sent for refuge to Nelson. Desultory
operations continued, including the battles of
Waireka, Puketakauere and Mahoetahi. At an
early stage Bishop Selwyn courageously inter-
vened to protest against the unjust treatment
of Wiremu Kingi. A great Maori gathering at
Otaki (at which Archdeacon Hadfield was pre-
sent) demanded the recall of Gore Browne. In
Waikato the King chiefs, though not directly
concerned, discussed the events in Taranaki
and resented the action of the Governor in
making war without first consulting the friendly
chiels. McLean left the meeting to avoid seeing
the King flag hoisted. A few days later the
benevolent old King, Te Wherowhero, died.
Sir William Denison, the governor of New
South Wales, loyally sent what troops he could
in response to Browne's request, but he wrote
to Browne strongly advising him to adopt a
different policy towards the natives. Stafford,
having now returned to the colony, loyally
adopted the policy of the Governor, on the
ground that the executive had advised him
and fully concurred in the course he had taken.
The House of Representatives gave its con-
fidence by 19 votes to 17 (11 Sep 1860). During
the session Hadfield and McLean appeared at
the bar of the House to undergo searching ex-
amination. After the prorogation of Parlia
ment Browne and Richmond together attended
the gathering of chiefs at Orakei (Nov 1860)
and on 5 Feb 1861 Browne received a deputa-
tion of seven chiefs (from Auckland, Waikato,

105

-----------------------Page 69 End-----------------------

BROWNE

Thames and Otaki) who made proposals of
peace, one of the conditions being that the Wai-
tara dispute should be decided by the courts.
The Governor would not accept the terms;
there must be restitution of plunder taken from
settlers, compensation for their losses, and a due
recognition of British law for the future. Mc-
Lean, with the Governor's permission,. aocom-
panied the King chiefs back to Taranaki and
persuaded Wiremu Tamihana to lead his taua
of 400 back to their homes and Wiremu Kingl
to retire inland.

Browne then visited Taranaki with Rich-
mond and Whitaker (the attorney-general) and
again made a mistake by refusing to receive
Wiremu Kingi's daughter as a mediator (27
Mar 1861). He now offered terms of peace
which included the investigation of Teira's
title, but the survey was to proceed and the
Governor was to retain all land belonging to
the rebels which the troops were occupying,
and the Ngati-Awa were to submit quietly to
the law and not again to seek redress for
grievances by force. The arrival of General
Cameron from Australia just as the terms were
about to be accepted caused a complete change
in the position (30 Mar). On 8 Apr harsher
terms were dictated, nothing was said about
examining the Waitara title, and the settlers
were promised that they would soon be able to
return to their farms. In May a truce was
agreed to, and on 3 Jun Browne opened Par-
liament, laying on the table the terms which
he had now offered, which included a demand
[or restitution and compensation against the
natives, but promised an investigation of the
Waitara title. More alarming was the deter-
mination of the Governor to regard the King
movement in itself as a cause of war and to
invade the Waikato, towards which Cameron
had already moved his artillery from Taranaki.

At this stage the ministry was defeated on
its native policy (12 Jul 1861) and Fox came
into power. A week or two later (27 Jul) the
Governor received a despatch from the Duke
of Newcastle (dated 25 May 1861) informing
him that he was to be relieved and that Sir
George Grey was to succeed him. The Duke
wrote: 'I recognise with pleasure the sound
and impartial judgment, the integrity, intel-
ligence and anxiety for the public good which
have characterised your government. The pre-

BROWNING

sent juncture, however, renders it necessary to
leave no expedient untried which is calculated
to arrest the course of events, now unhappily
<0 unpromising, and at the same time to provide
for future difficulties, which there is only too
much reason to anticipate even if the war
should soon be brought to a conclusion.’ He
felt he would be neglecting a chance of averting
a more general and disastrous war if he ‘omit:
ted to avail himself of the remarkable authority
which would attach to the name and character
of Grey as governor.’ In the flush of sympathy
for Browne, Richmond and Stafford challenged
the Government with a no-confidence resolu-
tion, which was defeated by 26 to 25 (29 Jul).

Soon after assuming office, Grey withdrew
the manifesto addressed by Governor Browne
to the disaffected natives and approached the
problem by promising to investigate the Wai-
tara purchase and announcing a number of
bills to extend Lo natives all over New Zealand
a liberal system of local government. Browne
left for Sydney in October and a few months
later was appointed to the governorship of
Tasmania. He was made K.C.M.G. in. 1869,
was Governor of Bermuda (1870-71) and died
in London on 17 Aug 1887. Browne married
Harriet, daughter of James Campbell, of
Craigie, Ayrshire. Historians agree generally
with Gisborne that Browne was distinguished
for his singleness of heart, his devotion to what
he held to be his duty, and many sterling and
attractive qualities. His letters, preserved in
the Richmond and Stafford collections, give
evidence of a fine humanity, a high idealism
and lofty devotion to duty. Socially he had a
host of friends. In spite of the tragedy of his
rule in New Zealand he left the reputation of
a high-minded, well-meaning and eminently
able administrator whose failure was due more
to the conditions of his task than to-any lack
of ability on his part.

G.B.ap., 1856-62; Saunders; Gudgeon (p);
DN.B.; App. H.R. (specially 1856-62); Hansard:
Lomax, Hist. of the 41st Regiment; Gisborne (p):
Rusden; Menndl; Cowan; Lovat.

BROWNING, SAMUEL (1802-88) was born in
London, his father holding a position in the
General Post Office. He entered business life
and became a member of a firm of shipowners.
In 1830 he went on a tour to the Rocky moun-

106

 

Perse

BRUCE

tains and in 1840 sailed to Australia in the
Sea Horse. He visited all the colonies and spent
a year travelling in the interior of China, where
he saw something of the war. Equipped with
wide experience gained in travel abroad, Brown-
ing took part in 1847 in obtaining the repeal
of the navigation laws in the interest of foreign
shipping visiting English ports. He gave evi-
dence before a select committee of Parliament.

Some time later Browning came to Australia
aS managing inspector of the Royal Bank of
Australia, and wound up its affairs. In 1855
he came to reside in Auckland. He took part
in many commercial undertakings, being a
director of the Bank of New Zealand and the
New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co.
and the New Zealand Insurance Co. His death
occurred on I1 Jun 1888. A daughter married
General Sir Trevor Chute (q.v.)

N.z. Herald, 12 Jun 1888, 18 Feb 1889.

BRUCE, DAVID (1824-191!) was born at Cra
mond, near Edinburgh. Educated at Edin-
burgh University and the Free Church Divinity
Hall, he was ordained in 1853 by the presbytery
of Aberdeen, and shortly afterwards sailed in the
Simlah for Auckland

Bruce was the first minister of the Presby-
terian Church in Auckland, having been
appointed by the colonial committee of the
Free Church. He was introduced by the Rev
W. Lawry, general superintendent of Wesleyan
missions, to a charge which embraced the whole
of the northern part of New Zealand and was
included at first in the synod of Eastern Aus-
tralia A presbytery was formed in 1856, and
in the years up to 1862 Bruce visited all tlle
outlying districts of Auckland. In 1862 he was
released by the presbytery to undertake exten-
sion work over the whole of the North Island
and as much of the South as was not included
in the provincial district of Otago. He was
moderator of the Assembly in 1866 and dele-
gate the following year to the conference held
in Dunedin on the subject of union. His own
charge meanwhile assumed the name of St
Andrews. In 1877 Bruce was appointed church
agent. In 1889 he went to Sydney, where he
was minister of North St Leonards and modera-
tor of the Presbyterian Church of Australia
(1903-04). Bruce was a brother of Professor
A. B. Bruce, of the Free Church College, Glas-

BRUCE

gow. He married Mary Alexandra Sinclair (d.
3 Dec 1870). He died on 15 Dec 1911.

Dickson (P); Johns, Australian Biography.

BRUCE, ROBERT CUNNINGHAM  (1843-
1917) was born at Kelso, Scotland, and spent
his early years in Ireland. He went to sea at
the age of .44 and sailed in all parts of- the
world for 20 yeas A fine athletic figure, he
excelled in boxing and other sports and was
fond of botany. He left the sea at different
times to work on the goldfields of California,
Australia and New Zealand. Arriving in Otago
in 1860, he was for some time at Arrow and
visited the Dunstan in 1862. He then returned
to the sea, sailing mainly on the Atlantic and
(for two years) on the American lakes. In 1877
Bruce decided to settle in New Zealand and
walked from Wellington to take up land at
Paraekaretu, where he spent sx years. After
a trip to England, working his passage before
the mast, he was elected to Parliament for Ra-
ngitikei, which he represented (1884-90). He
was defeated by George Hutchison for Waito-
tara (1890) and by McGuire for Egmont (1891),
but regained the Rangitikei seat in 1892. He
retired at the general election of 1893, and
contested Manawatu unsuccessfully in 1896.
Bruce was a brilliant speaker and a staunch free-
trader. He was greatly interested in the native
flora of New Zealand and on his death he left
to his district a fine park at Hunterville, with
a considerable amount of virgin bush. In 1914
Bruce published his reminiscences of his early
life. He died on 23 Apr 1917.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Jun 1917; Cycl. N.Z., i; Who's Who
N.Z., 1908. Portrait: Parliament House.

.BRUCE, THOMAS WHILLIANS (1832-1908)
was born at Jedburgh, Scotland, educated there
and commenced farming. In 1859 he came to
New Zealand in the Indiana and for some years
managed the Motunau estate in north Canter-
bury. About 1868, with John Madarlane, he
bought Cora Lynn, on the Waimakariri river,
and in 1870 bought out his partner. Adding
Riversdale, across the river, he ran altogether
about 17,000 sheep. Another property which
he owned was Inchbonnie, on the West Coast
road, beyond Arthurs Pass. About 1890 his
Canterbury estates fell into the hands of the
New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co.

107

-----------------------Page 70 End-----------------------

BRUNNER

and he moved to Inchbonnie in 1893. In Can-
terbury he was chairman for many years of the
Upper Waimakariri road board, whicll during
his term erected a bridge over that river and
another over the Poulter. Inchbonnie was an
estate of 6,000 acres and Bruce had also a run
of 13,000 acres at the Otira. He died in 1908.

Who's Who N.z., 1908; Acland; Cycl. N.Z., v
©

BRUNNER, THOMAS (? 1822-74) was a son
of William Brunner, barrister-at-law, Oxford,
He came to New Zealand as an assistant on the
survey staff of the New Zealand Company in
the expeditionary ship Whitby to prepare the
way for the second settlement (at Nelson). With
Captain Wakefield and the pioneer staff she
arrived in Oct 1841.

In 1843 the settlement was dismayed by the
loss of its leaders at the Wairau. The demand
of the settlers for land being thus disappointed,
Brunner was sent by Tuckett (q.v.) to prospect
for good grass lands somewhere within reach of
Nelson which might serve the purpose, but he
returned without success. Thereafter for some
years he was engaged in arduous and dangerous
explorations between Nelson and the West
Coast of the South Island. On the first journey
William Fox (q.v.), then agent for the Com-
pany at Nelson, Charles Heaphy and Brunner
(who had now left the Company's service) left
Nelson on 2 Feb 1846 with the intention of
exploring the country adjacent to lakes Rotoiti
and Rotoroa and the Tairaumea (or Marylea)
river. They examined the headwaters of the
river which they called the Buller and reached
their farthest point at the Matukituki valley,
where Fox, burdened with a heavy pack, was
almost drowned in crossing the river. The
party reached Nelson again on Mar 1. Thus.
aware of the excessively rugged character of
the country to be crossed, Fox urged Brunner
to make a new exploration along the sea coast
to see whether there was any level land. Brun-
ner and Heaphy started again on Mar 17 with
the same native guides, intending to pass down
the West Coast and then across the divide of
the Southern Alps to the plains of Canterbury,
where the only white settlers were the
Deans brothers of Riccarton. Proceeding round
Massacre Bay they crossed to West Wanganui,
where the Ngati-Tama dlief put obstacles in

BRUNNER

their way. They then coasted down to the
mouth of the Grey (or Mawhera) river
and examined the mouth of the Buller
river, which Joseph Toms had entered
in a 50-ton schooner in 1844. On the
SOUtI| Beach, between the Buller and cape
Foulwind, they discovered the remains of the
old wool ship which had been cast away some
years earlier. At the Mawhera the explorers
stayed with the natives for some time and suf-
fered considerable hardship and could not per-
suade the natives to cross the mountains. They
therefore abandoned that object and returned
from their farthest point at Arahura, reading
Nelson after a pilgrimage of 550 miles in 22
weeks.

In the following summer Brunner entered
upon the most arduous of all his travels. With
no white companions, and accompanied only
by two Maori guides and their wives, he left
Nelson (3 Dec 1846) with the intention of ex-
ploring the Buller from its source to the sea,
and also, if possible, finding a way across to
Canterbury. For the first five days of travel he
had an extra man to carry loads. From the
departure from Stafford's station on the 11th,
he had the use of a mule as far as lake Rotoiti,
which he reached on the 13th. Leaving lake
Rotoroa on 31 Dec, Brunner reached his pre-
vious limit at the Matukituki valley on 16 Jan
1847. He was already very short of food and
in the struggles of the next stage he was forced
to eat his dog. Readling at length the native
settlement at Arahura, he remained there until
the spring. By this time Brunner had learned
how to overcome two of the greatest difficulties
of the European traveller in the New Zealand
bush, namely to walk barefooted and to subsist
on fern root. Thus inured, he recommenced
his journey in Oct 1847, his feet shod with flax
sandals which had to be replaced every two
days. Passing Okarito on the southern seacoast
he turned back on 11 Dec at Parika or Titi-
hara. Early in Mar he saw the plains of Can-
terbury, but could not persuade the natives to
go there and he came to the conclusion that
there Was no access from coast to coast north
of the Grey river nor any practicable route from
the settlement at Nelson to Canterbury except
along the coast and through the Wairau plain.
Early in Jun 1848 Brunner was cheered by see-
ing the marks of many sheep in the Rotoiti

108

 

BRYCE

region. On 15 Jun he reached Fraser's station,
having been 560 days absent and given up for
lost. The narrative of this amazing journey was
delivered to the Royal Geographical Society,
and Brunner was honoured with the award of
the Society's medal. Besides exploring the Grey
and the Buller from source to mouth and trac-
ing the Inangahua down to its junction with
the Buller, he discovered the existence of coal
seams in the vicinity of which the town of
Brunner afterwards grew up. Captain Richards,
of H.M.S. Acheron, acknowledged his indebted-
ness to the detailed coastal survey of Brunner.

Brunner in Sep 1851 was appointed surveyor
of crown lands in Nelson. He set out in 1854-
55 the reserves required for native purposes
in Croixelles, Pelorus and Kaituna, and was
disappointed here again to find so little land
suitable for cultivation. He was on the com-
mission of the peace, a visiting justice, deputy-
sheriff for the province (1866) and member of
the board of health (1869). In the early seven-
ties he retired from the government service.

He died on 22 Apr 1874. Brunner was a man

of high integrity and unblemished character
His discoveries, though they did not disclose
the existence of gold on the West Coast, were
of the greatest value to the colony.

A. Mackay, ii; Broad; N.Z.C. papers; Buick,
Marlborough: Nelson Evening Mail; N.z. Journal,

1847, 1849; Wellington Spectator, Nov 1848; The
Colonist, 18 Dec 1857.

BRYCE, JOHN (1833-1913), was born at Glas-
gow and came to New Zealand with his father
(John Bryce), an elder brother and a sister in
the Bengal Merchant, arriving at Port Nichol-
son early in 1840. He said in 1875 that he was
almost a New Zealander; he had no recollec-
tion of the ship which brought him out. Their
first home was at Petone, and for some years
the father carried on his business as a carpenter
in Wellington. He then moved to the HUIt
vdley, where they farmed a bush clearing and
had their first experience of Maori hostilities.
Bryce had little opportunity for schooling, but
by close reading equipped himself very well.
When he was 18 years of age he was attracted
to the goldfields in Australia, where he re-
mained for more than two years. Returning to
New Zealand in 1853 he took up a farm at
Brunswick, near Wanganui (on which he lived

BRYCE

until 1903), and in the following year _he
married a daughter of T. J. Campbell.

In 1859 Bryce was chairman of the Tuna-
haere wardens. He volunteered in the first
Maori war (1860) and served under General
Cameron. In 1862, when he was a warden of
the North Brunswick road district, he was dec-
ted to the Wellington Provincial Council for
the district “of Wanganui and Rangitikei. In
his first speech in the Council (on 1 May) he
disapproved strongly of the native policy of the
General Government, which he said had man-
aged the Maori by bribery. As long as the
Maori believed themselves a match for the
soldiers there would never be a solid peace.
He fought vigorously and successfully for a
bridge over the Wanganui river to connect the
town with the country settlement. He advo-
cated the rights of the settlers in the outlying
districts between Wellington and Taranaki pro-
vinees and fought hard for a separate local
government for this area. He was, however,
opposed to the whole provincial system, which
he considered had outlived its usefulness. Bryce
resigned from the Provincial Council in May
1863, mainly as a protest against the action of
the Superintendent (Featherston) in permit-
ting the executive to manage affairs in defiance
of the Council. When he stood again (May
1865) he still insisted on preserving his inde-
pendence. What he desired to see was municipal
‘councils everywhere and the Provincial Councils
abolished. He was elected at the head of the
poll (Bryce 116, Kells 84; W. H. Watt 80).
Still keenly desirous that local settlers should
have the management of their own affairs, he
presented a petition for the creation of a new
province from the Manawatu river to the Ta-
ranaki border. When Halcombe threatened to
create a new port at Manawatu Bryce put for-
ward a counter-proposal to set up a provincial
government in Wanganui town alone, without
any hinterland. In Feb 1866 Bryce was elected
to represent Wanganui in the General Assem-
bly, defeating H. S. Harrison by 102 votes to
51. He declined to give an unqualified support
to the Stafford Government. About a year later
illchealth compelled him to resign from both
the Provincial Council and Parliament (Feb
1867)

Bryce's opinions on the Maori question were
the orthodox views of the fighting frontiers-

109

-----------------------Page 71 End-----------------------

BRYCE

man who had already served in the war of
4860 and had seen his neighbours who stuck
to their farms shot down on their doorsteps.
In 1866 he insisted that two British regiments
should be retained for garrison duty while the
farmers themselves fought the campaign in the
fidd. In 1868, when the front of the victorious
Titokowaru was within 12 miles of his farm,
Bryce help to form a local volunteer troop, the
Ka-iwi Yeomanry Cavalry, and accepted a lieut-
enant's commission under Captain Newland,
Whitmore said of this corps: «It was to a large
extent upon the devotion and energy of these
highly competent mounted corps that | relied
for the defence of the settlement"; and (ase-
where) «they were for all the duties of frontier
mounted infantry absolutely perfect: At the
end of 1868, when the main force was with-
drawn for service in Poverty Bay, the cavalry
troop was entrusted with the duty of patrolling
the front against any activity on the part of
Titokowaru. In Apr 1869 Bryce scouted in
canoes far up the Waitotara river in search of
hostile forces belonging to the Tangahoe tribe.
It was in this West Coast campaign that the
engagement occurred at Handley's woolshed,
Nukumaru. Unimportant in itself, this incident
was destined to be exaggerated by charges
brought against Bryce by G. W. Rusden (q.v.),
who in his History of New Zealand accused him
of cutting down’ Maori women and children.
Bryce took proceedings against Rusden in Lon-
don and gained a verdict with [5,000 damages.

In 1871 Bryce was elected to Parliament
for Wanganui unopposed, and in 1876
he was again returned, with Voge as his
colleague (Bryce 380, Vogel 361, Watt 191,
Pharazyn 36). At the election for Wanga-
nui (Sep 1879) Bryce and Ballance were re-
turned, defeating the philo-Maori Fox (Bryce
560, Ballance 547, Fox 501). Despite the weak
state of his health, which had given his friends
grave anxiety earlier in the year, Bryce was in-
dicated by his wide experience and firm views
as the obvious Native Minister in Hall's cab-
inet, in whicll he took office on 8 Oct 1879. In
a policy speech at that time he insisted that
firmness and justice were essential for the wa
fare of both races, and asked that for the
reputation of the Colony grievances should be
properly inquired into. He infused vigour and
policy into the administration of native affairs,

BRYCE

orgamsmg the Armed Constabulary and pre-
paring communications before he laid before
his colleagues his plans for breaking up the
settlement of malcontents at Parihaka. Rep-
resenting a frontier constituency, he held strong
views on the various forms of resistance to
settlement exerted by the Maori at Parihaka,
and tried to persuade his colleagues that the
only solution was to be found in strong action
against the prophets Te Whiti and Tohu. A
majority of the cabinet shrank from any action
that might precipitate war. Believing that the
Government could gain its end by a waiting
policy, they could not be prevailed upon to
adopt Bryce's plan and, as he had declared he
would only hold office while he was able to
do what he considered best for the country, he
resigned (21 Jan 1881) and stood off in a bene-
volent liaison.

The Hon W. Rolleston assumed the charge
of native affairs, and did his utmost to bring
about a better atmosphere. Te Whiti again
refused to accept the ample provision for all
sections of the Maori race which was proposed
by the West Coast land commission and de-
clined to meet the Governor at Parihaka, while
his followers continued fencing the roads and
interrupting the farming operations of the
sattlers. Converted at length to Bryce’s view,
the Ministry invited him to resume his old
office, and he was again sworn in on 19 Oct as
Minister of Native Affairs and Defence on the
distinct miderstanding that the nest of resis
tance at Parihaka should be eradicated by
strong measures. No-time was now lost in pre-
paring his coup. A force of 959 Volunteers
and 630 Armed Constabulary, commanded by
Lieut.-Colonel Roberts, was concentrated at Ra-
hotu and Pungarehu under the direction of
Bryce and marched’ on Parihaka before dawn
of 5 Nov 1881. Bryce rode into the settlement
and demanded the surrender of Te Whiti and
Tohu, whose arrest was effected without blood-
shed. The arrest included some hundreds of
their followers, together with a man named
Hiroki, who was wanted on a charge of murder.
Rolleston joined Bryce on this occasion to
share responsibility for the action of the Gov-
emnment. Historians and politicians have
criticised the harshness of the proceedings at
Parihaka; not aways remembering that firm-
ness seemed imperative in the view Bryce took

no

 

BRYCE

of the danger which menaced the colony. Te
Whiti and Tohu were kept in custody for some
months. Hiroki was tried and convicted of
murder, and Titokowaru was, on a charge aris-
ing dsewhere, bound over to keep the peace.
Miter the satisfactory outcome of these opera-
tions Bryce took an active part in legislation to
pacify the Maori people and redress some of
their grievances. One of these measures was the
West Coast peace preservation act, 1882, which
empowered the Government to hold the pro-
phets prisoner at the Queen's pleasure. In 1883
the amnesty act was passed: granting a free
pardon to Te Kooti, who had been specially
excepted from the earlier measure. Bryce in-
vited Te Kooti to meet him at Whatiwhatihoe
in the King Country, where he extended the
Queen's pardon and shook hands with the an-
cient enemy of the pakeha. This incident was
seized upon by his many political opponents.
and also figures in Rusden's history.

Bryce continued in office under Whitaker
(1882-83) and Atkinson. On the defeat of the
Atkinson Government in 1884 he proceeded to
England in connection with his case against
Rusden, and, in fact, spent in Europe most
of the three years that his party was in opposi-
tion. He returned to Wanganui in the middle
of 1887, when he was enthusiastically received.
At the general election in Jul he was defeated
for Waitotara by George Hutchison (q.v.). In
4889 he gained a seat without opposition as
member for Waipa (in succession to Major
Jackson) and at the general election in 1890
he was re-elected (for. the new Waikato seat)
also without a contest. The Atkinson Govern-

 

ment having suffered a defeat, Bryce, who wasby .

seniority and qualifications leader of the oppos-
sition, insisted on Atkinson staying in office for
a few weeks, during which new appointments
were made to the Legislative Council. Bryce
led the party in opposition for only a few
months. In his first session (Aug 1891) he was
named by the Speaker for using words in the
heat of debate which reflected on the Premier.
Refusing to withdraw, he repeated the words
and incurred the censure of the House (by
38 to 24). Bryce withdrew, and a telegram of
resignation the following day terminated his
political career in a manner typical of his
stern, uncompromising temperament.

He was a man of resolute will and sterling

BRYDONE

honesty; sensitive’ to a degree; fair but candicL ;
strong-willed and uncompromising; lacking
that tact towards the pakeha or suavity towards
the Maori which have carried less able men
farther. He used no soft speech with political
opponents and received hard knocks in return.
Bryce retired to his farm, to devote his time to
pastoral pursuit, books, chess and occasionally
bowls. But his influence did not cease to be
felt in the political affairs of the country. In
1903 he intervened in a press discussion to
defend the action of Rolleston at Parihaka, and
he wrote a few months later a valuable series
of articles on Maori fanaticism which clearly
illmninates his own native policy.

N.Z.P.D., Pas8. (notably 31 Jul 1866, 24 Aug 1875,
27, 31 Aug 1891, 29 Jun 1892); Gorton; Cowan
(p) ; Gudgeon_(p); Cycl. N.Z., i; J. G. Wilson:
The .Préss, 4 Feb 1903, 23, 24, 28 Mar 1903; N.Z.
Herald, 12, 19 Nov 1881 (p).

BRYDONE, THOMAS (1837-1904) was born at
West Linton, Peebleshire, and removed with
his parents to Blair Athol. He was educated at
Perth Academy and entered the office of a
commissioner appointed to inquire into the
means of lending money to landlords to im-
prove their estate by drainage. He was two
years there and then became land steward to the
Earl of Buchan at Roxburn, West Lothian; and
later to the Duke of Hamilton. He was after-
wards a travelling inspector for the West of
England Land Co. engaged in the same type
of business; was factor to Lord Falmouth in
Kent and returned to Roxburn, where oil was
discovered. Brydone was a partner in Young's
Paraffin Oil Co. (1866-67), but its prospect was
defeated by American competition and he was
then appointed by the Australian and New
Zealand Land Co. to take charge of its pro-
perties in New Zealand. The company was an
amalgamation of the Land Co. and the Canter-
bury and Otago Association.

Brydone’s claim to the gratitude of New Zea
land rests on the fact that he was the practical
founder of the frozen meat and dairy industry.
He worked hard to establish the Burnside freez-
ing works (of which he was a director) and was
responsible for the first shipment of frozen meat
from New Zealand to London. The dairy fac-
tory established at Edendale by his advice was
the pioneer in a great expansion of dairying.
He was a pioneer aso in the use of lime and

-----------------------Page 72 End-----------------------

BUCHANAN

attificial manures, by which he greatly increased
the ontput of the company's estates at Tokarahi,
Totara, Clydevale, and Edendale. He was close-
ly associated with the Otago A. and P. society
from its inception (1876) and was president in
1880, 1884, 1885 and 1887. Brydone assisted to
form the Agricultural Hall Co. and was a direc-
tor of the Milburn Lime and Cement Co., and
chairman of the Kaitangata Railway and Coal
Co. During the dredging boom he took part in
the formation of several companies. Brydone
died on 17 Jun 1904.

Philpott (p); Critchell and Raymond; Otago
Daily Times, 21 Jun 1904.

BUCHANAN, ANDREW (1806-77) was born
in Jamaica, his father being a sugar planter and
his mother the daughter of a planter in St Kitts.
After the liberation of the slaves they settled
in Dorsetshire and ,he was educated at Sher-
borne and at Paris University, where he grad-
uated in medicine and surgery. In 1830 he
volunteered for service in the Polish struggle
for independence. On the suppression of the
insurrection he went to St Andrews University,
where he graduated M.D. In 1833 he settled in
the south of England as a public vaccinator.
Two years later he married a daughter of Dr
Harkness (London). He was in London for
about 25 years, being a governor of St George's
hospital and having an estate at Chingford,
Essex.

Having achieved a competence, Buchanan
retired from practice and in 1857 brought his
family to Auckland. In 1858 he was called to
give evidence before a parliamentary committee
on lunatic asylums, and in 1859 a site was
chosen at Nelson for an asylum. The Taranaki
war intervening, Buchanan moved to Dunedin,
where he took up the Patearoa run of 75,000
zores, extending from the Lammerlaws to Sow-
burn point. In 1862 he brought his family and
horses to Otago in the schooner Clutha. He
erected a house in North East Valley, but fre-
quently visited his run at Maniatoto. In 1862
he was called to the Legislative Council, in
which body he did good service in various
measures of social reform. He was particularly
responsible for the committee which was set
up in 1871 to consider the establishment of a
central asylum for persons of unsound mind,
and he kept the subject before the public both

BUCHANAN

in Parliament and in the press until the
appointment of Dr Macgregor as inspector gen-
eral of hospitals and lunatic asylums. In 1874
he retired from the Council and returned to
live in England, where he died on 4 Sep 1877.
He was a strong Anglican and a fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society and the Royal
Colonial Institute.

N.Z.P.D.; Fulton (p); Otago Witness, 26 Oct
1866; Mar 1898 (jubilee); Otago Daily Times, 27
Jun 1872, 12 Sep 1877.

BUCHANAN, HUGH (1812-77) was born at
Kinloch Mhor, Argyllshire, where his father
had extensive pastoral farms on lease from tlle
Earl of Breadalbane and the Stewarts of Appin.
He was educated privately and, having been
trained to farming, he leased Blarcreen in
Argyllshire. There he farmed until 1848 when
he sailed for Melbourne. Finding the climate
too hot, he came to Canterbury and settled at
Motunau, acquiring a property at the head of
lake Forsyth which he called Kinloch. He did
much to improve his farm and to promote tlle
interests of the district. He was chairman 01
the Little River road board and afterwards of
the Akaroa county council and he represented
Wainui in the Canterbury Provincial Council
(1866-70). Buchanan died on 23 Sep 1877.
Cyel. N.Z., iii (p); Playne; J Hay.

BUCHANAN, JOHN (1819-92) was born at
Woolwich, England. About 1839 he emigrated
to Australia and was for many years government
storekeeper at Sydney. In 1861 he came to New
Zealand in the Montezuma, settled in Napier
and later bought the Elsthorpe estate of 10,000
acres. He was in the Provincial Council (1865-
75) representing Napier Town (1865-66),
Napier Country (1867-71) and Waimarama
(1871-75). At the fighting at Omarunui he was
in command of the Napier Rifles. Buchanan
represented Napier in Parliament (1881-84). He
died in 1892.

Gycl. N.Z., vi (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

BUCHANAN, JOHN (1819-98) was born at
Levenside, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, and edu-
cated at the parish school there: Apprenticed
to a pattern designer at the print and dyeworks,
he made a study of botany and obtained many
designs from leaves. Moving to Glasgow, he
pursued his studies there until 1849, when he

112

 

BUCHANAN

came to Otago in the Columbus and settled at
North East Valley. There he began almost at
once to collect plants, a pursuit which he main-
tained throughout life.

After a short visit to the Victorian goldfields
he joined the staff of the triangulation survey
in Otago, and when Hector took control he
devoted himself to the study of the botany of
the province, in pursuit of which he did much
exploration and made reports on the occurrence
of gold in the Clutha and Tuapeka rivers. He
was afterwards permanently attached to the
geological survey as botanist and draughtsman.
Amongst his explorations were visits to the
Campbell and Macquarie islands. He published
a volume on the indigenous grasses of New
Zealand (in 1880) and botanical notes on the
Kaikoura mountains and mount Egmont (1867).
He was a founder of the New Zealand Institute,
and contributed many papers to its transactions,
besides illustrating most of the earlier volumes
with his fine sketches. In 1880 he was elected
a fellow of the Linnean society. When he
retired (in 1885) he was elected a life mem-
ber of the Wellington Philosophical Society.
Buchanan died on 18 Oct 1898.

TrailS NZ. 111st; Otago Daily Times, 19 Oct

1898.
BUCHANAN, SIR WALTER CLARKE (1838-
1924) was born at Glendaruel, Argyllshire, the
son of Duncan Donald Buchanan, a farmer of
Auchenbreck. He was educated at the parish
school and at Greenock Academy; and at the
age of 18 went to Victoria, where he spent six
years as stockman to ‘the Hon Neil Black, of
Glenormiston.

In 1862 he crossed to the Otago goldfields,
where he engaged in carrying and stock dealing.
In 1865 he moved to Canterbury with the in-
tention of taking up land in company with a
friend, John Ferguson. The discoveries of gold
on the West Coast suggested the possibility of
making a fortune there, and they hurried across
the mountains and commenced packing between
Greymouth and the Greenstone by way of Tay-
lor's Saddle and the Teremakau. In company
with Captain Leech they walked to Hokitika
and marked out the channel of the river with
poles to enable Leech to bring in safely a vessel
which he was to load with merchandise at Nel-
son. Meanwhile Buchanan and Ferguson erec-
ted a store in Revell street. For the next two

BUCHANAN

years they made handsome profits, then sold
out and returned to their Canterbury place
near Halswell where they resumed cattle dealing
and shipping to the North Island.

About 1871 Buchanan moved to the North
Island, and with his elder brother Donald pur~
chased the Tupurupuru property, of 13,000
zcres in Weirarapa, where he established an
English Leicester flock and later specialised in
Lincolns and in Shorthorn cattle. The sheep
came mainly from Henry Dudding, of Riby
Grove, Lincolnshire, and the cattle were found-
ed on animals purchased from Alex McHardy,
with later infusions of blood from Victoria
Buchanan took an early part in the affairs of the
district, mainly in the eradication of scab and
rabbits, two scourges which he was convinced
would ruin the farmer if not remedied. He
was one of the founders of the Wairarapa A.
and P. Society (1877). Within the next few
years he was a determined advocate of refrigera-
tion, being an original promoter of the Wel-
lington Meat Export Co. (1881) and its first
chairman and a member of the board
throughout life. He assisted later in the
establishment of several dairy factories, be-
ing chairman of the companies at Grey-
town and Clareville, and took an interest
in fruit growing in the Greytown district. He
was chairman of the local highways board and a
member for some years of the Wairarapa South
county council. Buchanan represented Waira-
rapa South in Parliament 1881-87, and Waira-
rapa 1887-99, being defeated in the last year
by Hornsby (q.v.). In 1902 he regained the
seat, tiut lost it again at the following election.
In 1908 the tables were again turned and
Buchanan sat until 1914, when once more
Hornsby defeated him. In 1915 he was called
to the Legislative Council, of which he was a
prominent member until his death. In his
early days in Parliament he supported Atkinson,
but as a farmer differed on protection and
eventually followed Russell into opposition
(1888). He was associated with Massey from
his earlier entry into parliamentary life (1894)
and was one of the strongest supporters of the
Reform Party which eventually came into office
(1913).

Buchanan was an ardent advocate of farming
interests, attending for many years the Farmers’
Union and Agricultural Conferences. In 1907

113

-----------------------Page 73 End-----------------------

BUCKLAND

he formed a committee to bring about .reduc-
tions in the freight on New Zealand wool to
the same level as that ruling from Australia
The outcome was the formation of a fanners’
shipping company (G. H. Scdes and Co.),
which achieved considerable improvement and
in the interests of which he toured the Do-
minion shortly before his death. He was keen-
ly interested in agricultural education, and his
gift of £10,000 resulted in the establishment of
a chair of agricultural at Victoria College and
eventually led to the creation of Massey Col-
lege. Buchanan was also for 30 years on the
Wellington education board and assisted in the
establishment of Flock House for the training
of English boys and girls in farming. He was
one of the founders of the meat control com-
mittee (1921) and was prominent for many
years in the Council of Agriculture and tlle
Royal Agricultural Society. Amongst his gifts
to the Wairarapa district was the Buchanan
Home for Incurables at Greytown. He was one
of the founders of The Dominion newspaper
(Wellington). Buchanan was knighted in 1913.
He died, unmarried, on 19 Jul 1924.

N.z.P.D., 1881-1924, pass.; Parltry Record;
Scholeidd in Wairarapa Age, 21 Jul 1924; Cycl
N.Z., § (p); iii, p 668. Portrait: Parliament House.

BUCKLAND, JOHN CHANNING (1844-1909)
was a son of WW, T. Buckland and was born in
Auckland. Educated at the Grammar School
and St John's College there, he served in the
Waikato war with Nixon's cavalry and, after
a trip to England, settled at Otalmhu. A few
years later he took up the Tumai estate near
Waikouaiti, Otago, and subsequently Lake
Taieri station. In 1899 he sold his Otago in-
terests and settled at The Glen, Akaroa. Buck-
land was a member of the Waikouaiti county
council and road board and represented the
district in Parliament (1884-87). He married
(1867) a daughter of W. Fairburn. His death
occurred on 4 Apr 1909.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Lyttelton Times, 6 Apr 1909.

BUCKLAND, WILLIAM FRANCIS  (1847-
1915) was born at Auckland, the son of
William Thorne Buckland, who represented
Southern Division in the Auckland Provincial
Council (1855-61) and was on the executive
(1857-61); and sat in Parliament for Raglan
(1865-66) and for Franklin (1871-75). Educated

BUCKLEY

at the Grammar School, Parnell, and St John'S.
College (where he won a scholarship), W. F.
Buckland entered the provincial engineer's
department (1865) and two years later joined
the Colonial Survey. In 1868 he resigned and
became manager of the Una battery and mine
at Thames. Between 1873 and 1880 he was a
member of the Remuera road board, licensing
committee, school committee and domain
board. In 1883 he was elected to the Auckland
education board and in 1884 he was called to
the bar. Buckland represented Franklin North
in Parliament (1884-87) and Manukau (1890-
93). In 1885 he was elected to the Auckland
hospital and charitable aid board. He prac-
tised law for many years in Cambridge and
was mayor of the borough (1898-1902 and
1905-07). He died on 29 Dec 1915. Buckland
introduced the satirical washers’ and manglers’
bill in Parliament in 1892.

N.Z.P.D., 10 May 1916; Parltry: Record; Who's
Who N.Z., 1908 Portrait: Parliament House.

BUCKLETON, SIR HENRY (1865-1934) was
born in Sydney, his father being a journalist.
Educated at the William street school, he joined
the Bank of New Zealand in Sydney in 1878,
and in 1891 was sent to Melbourne as acting
accountant. In 1892 he was accountant at
Hamilton (New Zealand) and in 1893 at Auck-
land. In 1901 he was appointed manager at
New Plymouth and in 1905 chief inspector at
the head office. He returned to Auckland the
following year as manager and remained there
until he became general manager in 1920. He
was created a knight bachelor in 1929 and re
tired in 1983. Buckleton married (1893) Gert-
rude (0.B.E.), daughter of W. A. Graham. He
died on 7 Dec 1934.

Bark of New Zedand, annual reports; Who's
Who N-Z., 1932; The Dominion and Evening Post,
8 Dec 1934 (Pp).

BUCKLEY, GEORGE, was brother-in-law of
John and Allan McLean, with whom he was in-
terested in many estates in Canterbury, includ-
ing the freehold of Waikakahi. Buckley sold
his share to his partners in 1875. He was a
partner in the firm of Dalgety and Co.

In public life Buckley was a member of the
Canterbury Provincial Council for Lyttelton
(1862-66) and for Waimate (1866-75) ; and was
in the executive in 1866, 1871 and 1875-76. He

114

 

BUCKLEY

was called to the Legislative Council in 1871

and remained till 1885, when he resigned.

A son, WILLIAM FREDERICK. McLean BUCK-
Ley (1861-1930) graduated at Christ Church,
Oxford, and was called to the bar. He fanned
at Dunsandel, specialising in wheatgrowingand
breeding draught and harness horses and polo
ponies. He was a fine polo player, and a good
oarsman. He was some time president of the
Ellesmere Agricultural and Pastoral association
and a member of the board of governors of
Canterbury Agricultural College (1901-08,
1915-19). Buckley died on 20 Aug 1930.

Another son, GEORGE ALtan McLean BUCK-
Ley (1866-1937) was educated at Christ's Col-
lege and Cheltenham, received his commission
in the East Lancashire Regiment and served in
India with the Hampshire Regiment. He mar-
ried Mabel Gertrude Warren and returned to
New Zealand to look after estates which he
had inherited from his uncle, John McLean.
He instituted a profit-sharing scheme for the
benefit of his employees. A fine horseman,
swimmer and sportsman, Buckley accompanied
an expedition to Patagonia in 1897. He was an
ardent yachtsman; took his master mariner's
ticket in 1904, and until over 60 years of age
sailed his 30-ton ketch Truant single-handed in
north European waters. In 1908 he was in
charge of the ponies of Shackleton's expedition.
Buckley commanded a battalion of the Leinster
Regiment in the war of 1914-18 (D.S.O. 1916;
C.B.E. 1919). He died on 10 Nov 1937.

Parltry Record; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Col
Gent.; Acland; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Christ's Ci
List; The Times (London), 18 Nov 1937; The
Press, 22 Aug 1930.

BUCKLEY, SIR PATRICK ALPHONSUS (1841-
96) was born at Castle Townsend, county
Cork, Ireland. He was educated at Queen's
College, Cork, and in Paris, and having matri-
culated entered the University of Louvain, Bel-
gium. While there he was commissioned by
Count Carlo Macdonald, private chaplain to
the Pope, to conduct from Ostend to Vienna
a band of volunteers to join the Papal forces
against the Piedmontese (1860). Serving under
General Lamoriciere, he was present at the
battle of Castelfidardo, and was taken prisoner
at the capture of Ancona, being twice wounded.

Returning to Louvain Buckley qualified as

a licentiate and shortly afterwards made up his

 

BUDDLE

mind to go to the colonies. In 1862 he sailed
for Queensland and entered the law office in
Brisbane of Charles Lilley (who was premier
1868-70, and chief justice 1879-93). He was
admitted to the bar and commenced to practise
in Brisbane, but moved to Melbourne and was
admitted there and in 1865 came to New Zea
land. Settling in Wellington, he was at first a
partner of C. E. Button and W. S Reid, but in
1867 joined Robert Hart (q.v.). He was after-
wards a member of the Wellington firm of
Buckley, Stafford and Fitzherbert.

In 1872 Buckley was elected to the Provincial
Council for Karori and Makara and in the
following year for Wellington, which he rep-
resented until 1875. He was for some time pro-
vincial solicitor. For two years (1871-73) he
was a member of the Wellington City Council.
In 1878 he was called to the Legislative Council
and in 1884 became Colonial Secretary in the
second Stout-Vogel ministry. In 1891 he was
a member of the Ballance ministry, in which
he held the portfolios of Attorney-general and
Colonial Secretary, being aso Minister of
Marine for a few months in 1893. On 20 Dec
4895 he retired from politics on being appointed
a judge of the supreme court. He held his first
sessions at Napier, but failing health soon ter-
minated his career and he died on 18 May
1896.

Buckley married (1869) Alice Jane, daughter
of Sir Wm. Fitzherbert. He was a keen volun-
teer, and was captain of D battery, which he
was instrumental in forming.

Wellington P.C. Proc, ; Cycl. N.Z., i (P); Ward;
Reeves; Gisborne; N.Z.P.D., 11 Jun 1896; N.Z.
Graphic, 13 Aug 1892, 4 Feb 1893; The Times

(London) , 19 May 1896; N.Z. Times, 19 May 1896.
Portrait: Parliament House

BUDDLE, THOMAS (1812-83) was born at
Durham of a Church of England family. At the
age of 17 he began to attend the Wesleyan
Church at Barnard Castle, of which'he became
a member and local preacher. He studied theo-
logy with great diligence, and at the age of 23
was accepted by the conference as a probationer
and appointed to the Daventry circuit, North-
amptonshire. The remainder of his four years
he spent at Huntingdon and St Neots and
Peterborough.

In 1839, having passed his examinations, he
was ordained at Liverpool and accepted an

115

-----------------------Page 74 End-----------------------

BUDDLE

offer from the Wesleyan missionary committee
to go to New Zealand. He married a daughter
of William Dixon, of Barnard Castle, and sailed
from Bristol (Sep 1839) with the Rev J. and
Mrs Skevington, the Rev H. H. and Mrs Tur-
ton, Buttle, Aldred and Gideon Smales in the
schooner Triton, 130 tons, the first mission ship
sent out by the society. After calling at the
Cape and Hobart they reached Hokianga (May
1840). Buddle and his wife landed at Kawhia
and walked to their station at vVhaingaroa. A
few months later he was detailed at the request
of Tamihana te Rauparaba to establish a mis
sion at Porirua; but the schooner which was
to take them south was wrecked on Kawhia
bar. Buddle had to return to Whaingaroa. The
general superintendent arriving shortly after-
wards appointed him at the request of Te Rau
Takerei to a new station at Kopua, on the
Waipa. During four years there he baptised
many important chiefs and opened schools uu-
der native teachers in villages as far afield as
Mokau and Taupo. In 1844, in common with
Morgan, Ashwell, Whiteley and Wallis, he ac-
companied his particular tribe to the great
meeting at Remuera.

Much against his wish, Buddle was removed
from Waipa to Auckland in the belief that
he was the best qualified to take charge of the
training institution for native teachers which
had just been opened in Grafton road. Twenty
students from all over the country were in
training. Buddle also acted as financial secre
tary of the Wesleyan missions in the South Seas
while the headquarters were in Auckland. He
spent 22 years ministering to natives and
Europeans in the vicinity of the city and was
chairman of the Auckland district. With White-
ley he attended the first Australasian confer-
ence at Sydney, by which he was appointed to
Manukau. Thereafter for ten years he filled
circnits in the South, including Christchurch
(1866), Wellington (1870) and Nelson (1873).
Then, the conference having decided to estab-
lish Wesley College (a theological institution) at
Three Kings to train young men of both races.
for the ministry, Buddle was appointed princi-
pal and lecturer in theology. This position he
held until 1881. In the following year he re-
signed from full work, to continue as a super-
numerary for a few years more. Buddle was in
turn chairman of the Auckland, Christchurch,

BUDDO

and Wellington districts. He was president of
the Australasian conference in 1861 and of tlle
first New Zealand conference (1874). He was
a fluent Maori linguist and a sound scholar and
was chosen by the Bible society as one of the
translators of the Bible into Maori. As an
educati onalist he was on the senate of the New
Zealand University (1871-80) and the council of
Auckland University College.

While stationed at Onehunga (1860) he was
called upon to calm the excitement amongst
the natives consequent upon the Taranaki war.
With the Superintendent of the province (Wil-
liamson) and the Native Minister (McLean) he
spent many weeks at Ngaruawahia, His accurate
knowledge of the Maori mind and sympathetic
understanding of their problems were of great
value, but all efforts to detach the Waikato
tribes from the King movement failed. Buddle
saw the King proclaimed and wrote an
illuminating booklet The Maori King Move-
ment (1860). He died on 26 Jun 1883; and his
widow on 1 Sep 1884.

Morley; Buller; Buddle, ap. cit.; M. A. R. Pratt
(information); Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); New Zealand
Herald, 27, 30 Jun 1883; Public Opinion (Dune-
din) , 2 Apr 1881 (P).

BUDDO, DAVID (1856-1937) was born in
Edinburgh, the son of a surgeon in the Indian
amy. Educated in Kincardineshire and Perth,
he trained as an engineer for one year and came
to New Zealand in 1877. After working as an
engineer in Canterbury for two years he took
up land at Ellesmere, where he farmed till 1890,
when he removed to Fernside.

Buddo was a member of the Springs and
Mandeville-Rangiora road boards (1884-1900)
and chairman of the latter; of the North Can-
terbury education board (1887-1909; chairman
1900-07), the Lyttelton harbour board (1897-
4907), the Rangiora county council from 1896
(chairman 1897-1900), the Christchurch domain
board and the board of governors of Canter-
bury Agricultural College from 1915 (chairman
1930). He was captain of the North Canter-
bury Mounted Rifles (1901-3). Buddo entered
Parliament in 1893 as a Liberal (defeating R.
Moore for Kaiapoi), and represented that con-
stituency until 1928 (except for two parlia-
ments). He was defeated in 1893 and 1919. He
was Minister of Internal Affairs in the Ward
Government (1909-12). Called to the Legisla

116

 

BUDGE

tive Council in 1930, Buddo remained a mem-
ber until 1987, in which year he died (8 Dec)
He married (1886) Janet, daughter of James
Rollo.

Parltry Record; Hansard; The Dominion, 9 Dec
1987 (P). Portrait: Parliament House.

BUDGE, WILLIAM (1816-71) came to New
Zealand as an assistant surveyor in the Will
Watch (1841) and worked for the New Zealand
Company for some years. In 1848 he was sent to
survey the Wairau and Queen Charlotte sound
and he lived on Budge’s island until it was
submerged in an earthquake in 1855. He then
took up a run at the Bluff and some farming
country, which later he leased to the Redwoods.
Budge represented Lower Wairau in the Marl-
borough Provincial Council (1862-64). He died
on 30 Oct 1871.

Marlborough P.C. Proc.; Buick, Marlborough

BUICK, DAVID (1848-1918) was born at
Karori, the son of William Buick, who arrived
in the Arab (1841) and in 1852 settled at the
Hutt. There David was educated and worked
until 1885, when he bought 550 acres of first-
dass grazing land near Palmerston North.
Buick was a well known breeder of Romney
Marsh sheep and owned successful racehorses.
In public life he was a member of the Hutt
road board, and chairman of the Manawatu
road board and drainage board. He was a
prominent supporter of the Manawatu Agricul-
tural and Pastoral association. In 1896 he con-
tested the Manawatu seat in Parliament. In
1908 he was elected’ for that constituency which
he represented in the Reform interest till his
death (on 18 Nov 1918).

NZP.D., 19 Nov 1918; Evening Post, 19 Nov
1918.

BUICK, THOMAS LINDSAY (1866-1938) was
born at Oamaru, the son of John Walker Buick,
educated at the South school there and taught
the trade of a carpenter. At the age of 18 he
moved to Blenheim, where he took his first
interest in public afadirs. He joined the local
branch of the Irish National League and lec-
tured in favour of home rule in Wellington
and Christchurch.

In 1890 he was elected to Parliament as the
representative of Wairau, defeating A. P. Sey-
mour. He was one of the first labour members

BUICK

of the House. "As secretary of the Liberal Asso-
ciation Buick was selected by Ballance as organ-
ising secretary of the Liberal" Federation.
Re-elected to Parliament in 1893, he became
Liberal whip but showed a degree of indepen-
dence, especially in his denunciation of the
abolition of the railway commissioners. Having
lost his sea at the following election (1896),
he devoted himself to journalism, purchasing a
third interest in the Manawatu Standard at
Palmerston North. While living there Buick
published his first volumes on New Zealand
history, Old Marlborough (1900) and Old Ma-
nawatu (1903). In 1903 he moved to Danne-
virke, acquiring an interest in the Advocate.
While there he published (1911) his life of
Te Rauparaba under the title of An Old
New Zealander. In that year he visited England
and on his return he sold his interest in the
paper and moved to Wellington, where in
1913 he joined the staff of the United Press
association, of which he was first assistant when
he retired (1933). In 1914 he published the
first edition of The Treaty ofWaitangi, of
which the third appeared in 1933. He was
elected a fellow of the Royal Historical society.
He published later New Zealand's First War
(1926), The French at Akaroa (1928), and The
Mystery of the Moa (1931)

In 1983 Buick retired from journalism to
devote his whole time to history. For the last
year or two of his life he occupied an official
post at the Turnbull Library in succession to
Elsdon Best. His later historical works were
The Discovery of Dinornis (1936), The Moa
Hunters of New Zealand (1937) and Waitangi,
Ninety-four Years After (1934). Though with-
out training in historical method, Buick was
an avid researcher and a well-balanced historian
with a graceful style of popular prose. He was
chairman of the Wellington provincial historical
committee (1937-38). He was devoted to music
and for many years attended the brass bands
competitions in New Zealand. He published
in 1935 a story of Mendelssohn's Elijah and in
1927 The Romance of the Gramaphone. On
his death (on 22 Feb 1938) he bequeathed
£1,000 to the Hocken library and £12,000 to
the National Art gallery. (C.M.G. 1934)

Russell; Saunders; Annals N.Z. Lit. (P); Even-
ing Post, 22 Feb 1938 (p); The Dominion, 22 Feb
(PF.

117

-----------------------Page 75 End-----------------------

BULL

BULL, JAMES (1831-2) was born in London,
trained as a carpenter and worked for Gazell
and Peto on the building of the House of
Parliament at Westminster. Coming to Well-
ington in 1859, he did some work on the pro-
vincial buildings. Having contracted to build
a house at the ferry in Rangitikei, he took up
land and erected a sawmill and later acquired
100 acres at Pukapukatia, where he established
his Pukenui farm (now Ohakea). Bull had a
hotel and store at a spot afterwards called
Bull Town, and eventually Bulls) He was
carrying for some years between there and
Wanganui.

Cyc. NZ, 1; J. G Wilson.

BULLER, JAMES (1812-84). Born in Cornwall
in 1812, Buller as a young man felt drawn
towards the Church and acted as a Wesleyan
local preacher. In Oct 1835, with his wife, he
sailed for Australia by the Platina. In Sydney
he met the Rev N. Turner (q.v.) who engaged
him as tutor to his young family about to re-
turn to New Zealand, and they continued their
voyage in the Patriot, arriving at Hokianga on
27 Apr 1836.

During the three years that Buller spent at
Mangungu he thorougWy mastered the Maori
language, in which he was able to preach after
42 months residence in the country. He showed
such aptitude for mission work that he was
accepted by the London conference on the re-
commendation of the missionaries. Buller ex-
perienced many dangers, but throughout
evinced unflinching courage. On the occasion
of the attack on the native teachers at Rotopi-
piwai (1837) he went at once to the spot with
his colleagues and interviewed the murderers.
In the following year he was appointed to take
charge of a station at Tangiteroria where,
mainly under the protection of Tirarau, he
spent a useful 15 years. In 1839, in view of the
expected arrival of emigrants, he made a long
journey on foot to Port Nicholson to secure a
site for a mission. There (on 21 Jan 1840) he
found the Cuba at anchor and met Wharepouri
and other local chiefs. The Aurora arrived on
22 Jan and Buller preached to the emigrants
on board on Sunday, 26 Jan. Returning to Bay
of Islands by the Atlas, Buller reached his
station on the Kaipara before the meeting to
consider the Treaty of Waitangi.

During Heke's war he rendered important

BULLER

sevice to-the government. In these years he
paid periodical visits to Auckland to minister
to the Wesleyans resident there. In 1854 he
was removed to Wellington. There his duties
extended to Wairarapa and Wanganui, where
he opened the church in Ridgway street. He
had also six native churches to visit, and was
chairman of the district. In 1861 he was
posted to Christchurch, with charge of the Can-
terbury circuit. On several visits to Timaru he
launched the work of the church in south Can-
terbury. He opened the Durham street church
in Christchurch, and added 10 places of wor-
ship to the circuit. Before his term expired he
was called upon to supervise the establishment
of the Church in the new mining districts of
the West Coast (1865). He rode from Christ-
church to Hokitika and with the Rev G. S
Harper (who went by sea) he established
Methodism in the west. Returning to Auckland
(1866), his organising genius was again requisi
tioned in connection with the Thames gold-
fidds. He opened a church in Oct 1867, two
months after his arrival, and was delighted to
find many miners from his native county
amongst the worshippers. Thames was erected
into a separate circuit in 1870 with Buller as
superintendent, and a young minister as assist-
ant at Coromandel.

In 1864 Buller presided at the Australasian
conference in Melbourne. For twenty years he
was chairman of one district or another: and
in 1875 he was elected president of the New
Zealand conference. In 1876 Buller went to
England, where he spent the next five years
lecturing and publishing his well known book
Forty Years in New Zealand (1878). He re-
turned to New Zealand in 1881 and settled at
Christchurch, where he died on 6 Nov 1881.
Mrs Buller died on 23 Dec of the same year.
Buller was a man of great mental power, a fine
preacher and a capable administrator. He had
a thorough knowledge of the Maori people and
their language and a sympathetic understand-
ing of their modes of thought. Apart from his
distinguished service as a missionary, he was
aways an active citizen, interested in all social
movements, and in the politics of both races.
He was at different periods a governor of Nel
son and Canterbury Colleges.

Morley; Sherrin and Wallace; Buller, op. cit.;
Marsden, L. and ].; Gorton.

Ss

 

BULLER

BULLER, WALTER LAWRY (1838-1906) was
born at Newark, Bay of Islands, the son of the
Rev James Buller (q.v.). He received his early
education at Wesley College, Auckland, and en-
tered the service of the Union Bank at Auck-
land. There he won rapid promotion, but on
medical advice took a year's rest at Wellington.
Here he devoted himself to literary and scien-
tific studies, enjoying the friendship of William
Swainson, F.R.S. In 1861 he gained first prize
for an essay on The Moral Welfare Of New
Zealand offered by the Auckland Association,
In 1865 he was awarded the silver medal of
the New Zealand exhibition for an essy on
the ornithology of New Zealand, which was
published (1865).

Having acquired a competent knowledge of
Maori, Buller was appointed government inter-
preter at Wellington (1855). He started and
edited a weekly Maori newspaper, Te Karere 0
Ponehe, which became self-supporting and was
afterwards subsidised by the government. In
1859 he was appointed native commissioner for
the Southern Provinces, where he carried
through the partition and individualisation of
the Kaiapoi reserve. In 1861 he acted as secre-
tary of the Kohimarama conference of native
chiefs, and prepared the proceedings for publi-
cation. In the same year he was appointed
editor of the officid Maori Messenger (a bi-
monthly journal in English and Maori), and
he was likewise the promoter and first editor
of Te Manuhiri Tuarangi, or Maori Intelli-
gencer. In Feb 1862 he was gazetted a justice
of the peace, and in Apr resident magistrate at
Manawatu. In 1865 he was appointed a judge
of the native land court, in which capacity he
frequently earned the thanks of the govern-
ment. He saw a good deal of active service and
showed great personal courage on the West
Coast, especially at Weraroa and in the Rua-
hine ranges. He published many papers on
biological subjects, mainly ornithology. He was
elected a fellow of the Linnean, Geological and
Royal Geographical societies, and a correspond-
ing-member of the Zoological Society of London.
In 1866 he was appointed resident magistrate
and sheriff at Wanganui. These appointments
he held till 1871, when he went to England as
secretary to the agent-general. While there he
was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and
published his first important work, A History

BUMBY

of the Birds of New Zealand (1873). In recog:
nition of its merit the university of Tubingen
conferred on him the honorary degree of doctor
of science. Buller presented to the Colonial
museum the collection of birds on which the .
letter-press was founded. In 1875 he was
created a C.M.G., and in 1876 was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society. Returning to New
Zealand in’1874 he was admitted to the bar and
for the next 30 years he devoted himself to
practice. Devoting himself especially to native
work, he appeared for the Ngati-Apa in
the Rangatira block case (1882) and the Horo-
whenua case (1895). In 1881 he contested
the Foxton seat in Parliament. He continued
to make contributions to zoological literature.
In 1882 he prepared for officia publication a
Manual of the Birds of New Zealand, illus-
trated by photo-lithographic prints from his
larger work. In 1883 he received from the New
Zealand exhibition the gold medal’ for science
and literature.’ In 1885 he went to London
to represent the colony at the Indian and
Colonial Exhibition. In 1886 his services were
recognised by the K.C.M.G. In 1894 he was
made a knight commander of the crown of
Italy. At this period he was governor of
the New Zealand Institute and president
of the Wellington Philosophical society. In
1888 he published an enlarged edition of The
Birds of New Zealand, and in 1905 he published
in London his supplement, in two volumes.

Buller married (1862) Charlotte (who died
in Nov 1891), daughter of Gilbert Mair (q.v.).
He died on 18 July 1906.

App. H.R.; Cox, Men of Mark; Buller; Ward;
Trans. N.Z. Inst., ‘vol i, et pass; Gudgeon (p):
Mair; Cycl. N.Z.,i (p); Evening Post, 20 Jul 1906.

BUMBY, JOHN HEWGILL (1808-40) was born
at Thirsk, Lincolnshire. His father released him
from a business career to follow his natural
bent, and he went in 1827 to a boarding acad-
emy at Leads to study for the ministry. The
Wesleyan schism of 1828 intervening, he re
turned home, studied privately and did home
mission work, especialy in connection with
juvenile associations. Accepted as a probationer,
he served in the circuits at York, Hull, Wal-
tham Abbey, Halifax, Holywell and Birming-
ham.

At Birmingham he met the Rev John Water-
house, superintendent of the circuit, and he

119

 

-----------------------Page 76 End-----------------------

BUNBURY

returned there from the London conference in
1834 as a fully acknowledged minister. Though
very delicate in health and sensitive in disposi-
tion, he early showed a desire to engage in
missionary work and in 1838 was designated to
proceed to Australia with Ironside, Creed and
Warren under the general superintendence of
Waterhouse. They sailed in the James in Sep
1838 and arrived on Mar 1839. Bumby's head-
quarters in New Zealand were at Mangungu,
on the Hokianga river. In common with other
missionaries of the time he had many perilous
experiences in his journeys amongst the New
Zealand tribes. With Hobbs he circumnavi-
gated the North Island and returned to Kawhia,
and then with Hobbs and Whiteley travelled
overland to Taranaki to put a stop to tribal
fighting at Mokau. Bumby and Hobbs arrived
at Port Nicholson on Friday, 7 Jun 1839, and
held a service at Petone the same day. On 8
Jun they tapued land for the Wesleyan mission
at Te Aro, and they preached at Te Aro pa
on Sunday, 9 Jun. They left behind them the
following native teachers until a European mis-
sionary should be sent from Hokianga: More-
tara; Reihana, his wife and children; Hemi and
wife; Ngarota and Waka. These natives laid
the foundations upon which John Aldred and
others afterwards built. Bumby aso paid a
short visit to Sydney, and then returned in the
Triton to Kawhia with newly arrived mission-
aries. On his homeward journey to Mangungu
he was drowned in the Waitemata estuary
through the upsetting of a canoe near Tiritiri-
matangi (26 Jun 1840). Though an earnest,
devout missionary and a good preacher in Eng-
lish, Bumby never fully mastered Maori and
had not attained his full usefulness in the field.
Bumby's sister, who introduced bees to Mangu-
ngu in Mar 1839, married the Rev Gideon
‘Smales (.v.)

Buller; Morley; M. A. R. Pratt (information);
A. Barrett, Life of ]. H. Bumby (1852).

BUNBURY, THOMAS (1791-1861) was the son
of a military officer and was born at Gibraltar
In 1807 he received his ensigncy in the 90th
Regiment, and he was later transferred to the
3rd Foot, with which he served in Portugal.
With the 20th Portuguese infantry he entered
France at the end of the Peninsula campaign.
(Knight of the Tower and Sword). He came to

BUNNY

New South Wales as a major in the 80th Regi-
ment (1837), and was commandant at Norfolk
island until the withdrawal of the troops there.

In Mar 1840 Governor Gipps requested Bun-
bury to come to New Zealand, in view of the
indisposition of Hobson; and, if necessary, to
assume the lieutenant-governorship, and he
sailed in the Buffalo with 100 men of his regi-
ment. Finding Hobson improving in health
but surrounded by difficulties and incompetent
advisers, Bunbury came loyally to his assistance
and carried through the duties which were
necessary to complete British sovereignty in
New Zealand. He proceeded in H.M.S. Herald
to Port Nicholson and the far south, obtaining
the signatures of chiefs to the treaty of Wai-
tangi. At Thames and Coromandel he visited
the chiefs in the tender Trent. Rejoining the
Herald on 15 May, he proclaimed sovereignty
at Sylvan bay (Stewart Island) on 4 Jun, and
at Cloudy Bay on 17 Jun. He was gazetted a
magistrate of the territory in May 1841 and was
deputy-governor in FitzRoy's absence from the
seat of government (18 Jan 1844). A few weeks
later he was relieved as senior officer in New
Zealand by Col. W. Hulme. (C.B. 1846) Bun-
bury afterwards served in the Indian mutiny.
He wrote a very entertaining book Reminis-
cences of a Veteran (1861).

G.B.ap., 1841/311, 1842/569; Rusden; Bunbury,
op. cit. (p); Buick, First War ; and Waitangi (p):
Scholdidd, Hobson (P).

BUNNY, HENRY (1823-91) was an English.

solicitor and an attorney of the Queen's bench
before coming to Wellington in 1853. He was
admitted and practised for some years. In the
fifties Bunny took up land first in Rangitikei
and later in the Wairarapa in the neighbour-
hood of Featherston. He was a member of the
Provincial Council (for Wairarapa 1864-69, and
for Wairarapa West 1869-75). In 1871 he was a
member of the provincial executive and in the
last days of the province he was provincial sec-
retary and treasurer, and as deputy superintend-
ent was responsible after the departure of
Fitzherbert for winding up the affairs of the
province.

Bunny was in Parliament for many years
(representing Wairarapa 1865-81). He was a
Liberal and was eventually defeated by Buch-
anan, against whom he unsuccessfully contested
the seat on several later occasions. He acted

120

BURN

as whip for the Stafford government for sev-
eral years and was an exceptionally clever par-
liamentary tactician. Bunny held a major's com-
mission in the militia and commanded the Wai-
rarapa volunteer district (1882-89). He was a
member of the education board, the waste lands
board, the Wellington College board of gover-
nors, and of the Featherston town board,
licensing bench and school committee. He mar-
ried first a sister of the Rev Arthur Baker, and
(secondly, 1867) Bessie, daughter of S. Thome,
Chapeltown, Yorkshire. Bunny died on 15 Feb
1891.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Carter; ‘Ward: Leckie

(p); Evening Post, 16 Feb 1891. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

BURN, DAVID (1805-75) was in early life an
officer in the Royal Navy. He married Miss
Fenton in Ireland (1832). On retiring he went
on the stage and had some reputation as an
actor of Shakespearean parts. Indifferent health
induced him to emigrate to Australia, where
he engaged in journalism and other literary
activities. He wrote a number of plays, some
of which were produced in Australia and New
Zealand; and while in Tasmania he published
two volumes of Plays and Fugitive Pieces. Bum
came to Auckland in the forties and was asso-
ciated first with the New Zealander and after-
wards with the New Zealand Herald, in which
he was part proprietor with Wilson. He edited
the Maori Messenger in 1849 and again in the
period 1855-63, and was also connected for a
while with the Southern Cross. From about
1865 he lived in retirement in poor health.
Bum died on 14 Jun 1875.

Hogken, Bibliog.; Morton; Burn, letters in Mit-
chal Library, Sydney; N.z. Herald, 27 Aug 1873,
15 Jun 1875.

BURN, MARGARET GORDON (1825-1918)
was born at Edinburgh, the daughter of Alexan-
der Huie, and educated at the Circus Place
School under Dr Reid and in languages under
private tutors. She was for some time governess
in the family of Sir William Jackson, of liver-
pool

On the death of her father (in 1852) she
came to Victoria and opened a small private
school at Geelong. In 1857 she married Andrew
Bum (who was a master at Scots College and
later head of the Presbyterian School at Gee-

BURNS

long). Her husband's health failing in 1864,
Mrs Bum opened a new high school for girls
on the lines of the one in Circus Place. In
1870 she was selected from a large number of
applicants as the first lady principal of the
Otago Girls’ High School. Under her skilful
management and capable teaching the school
in 14 years attained a high degree of efficiency.
She retired fn 1884, but shortly afterwards
accepted the same position in the Waitaki Girls’
High School at Oamaru, where she was for five
years. Mrs Bum was deeply religious and
charitable and a strict disciplinarian. She died
on 8 Dec 1918. Her son, DAVID WILLIAM
MURRAY BURN (1862 - ), an M.A. of New Zea
land University, has published several volumes
of verse, most of which he contributed to the
Otago Witness and other papers under the
nom de plume of + Marsyas:
Otago Girls’ High School, 1871-1921 jubilee

zine (p); Who's Who N.z., 1932; Otago Daily
Times, 10 Dec 1918.

BURN, ROBERT (1823-1909) was born at
Maidstone, Kent, and came to New Zealand in
the Lord Auckland in 1842, He was in business.
for many years in Nelson as a coppersmith, and
represented Nelson in the Provincial Council
(1861-69 and 1872-73). Burn was a prominent
freemason, and a past chief ranger in the
Foresters.

Nelson P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., v, 132; The Col:
onist, 11 Dec 1909.

BURNS, ARTHUR JOHN (1830-1901) was
born at the manse at Monkton, Ayrshire, the
son of the Rev Thomas Bums (q.v.), and was
educated there and at Wallacetown Academy.
Being apprenticed to the sea, he had experi-
ences with pirates in the Arafura sea, and dur-
ing the China war (1845-46) was called upon
with other merchant seaman to assist the blue-
jackets. Coming to Otago with his father in the
Philip Laing (1848), he took up land at Grants
Braes and was practically the founder of Mos-
gid.

Burns was a member of the Provincial Coun-
cil for Central (1855-59) and for Taieri (1863-
66, 1867-70), and was on the executive (1865-66,
1867-68 and 1868-69), being several times leader
of the government. Bums was member of Par-
liament for Bruce (1865-66), for Caversham
(1866-70) and for Roslyn (1876-78). He strong-

121

-----------------------Page 77 End-----------------------

BURNS

ly opposed the abolition of the provinces. He
was keenly interested in manufacturing and was
the founder of the Mosgiel Woollen Co., for
which he bought the machinery in England
(1869). Burns resigned from Parliament to
promote the Westport Coal Co. (1880), of
which he was manager for many years. He
supervised the development works, spending
four or five years on the West Coast and then
returned to live in Dunedin. He again con-
tested a parliamentary election (for Taieri) in
1890. Burns was a justice of the peace from
1850 and was a strong supporter of the Burns
Club of Dunedin. He died on 15 Sep 1901.

Otago P.C. Proc. and Gaz; Cyel. N.Z., iv;
N.ZP.D., 15 Sep 1901; Mclndoe; Hocken, Otag:
Otago Daily Times, 16 Sep 1901. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

BURNS, DAVID (1811-87) was born in Scot-
land and trained as a builder. He came to
Nelson about 1848 and after working at his
trade for a good number of years was able to
retire. He took little part in public affairs be
yond being a member of the school committee
from its inception, a member of the Nelson
board of works and of the City Council. As a
freemason he was a founder of Victory Lodge
and member of Southern Star and of the Royal
Arch Chapter. He claimed relationship Witll
Robert Burns and was himself a minor poet.
His only published volume, Scottish Echoes
from New Zealand, appeared in 1883. Burns
died on 2 Sep 1887.

Nelson Evening Mail, 3 Sep 1887.

BURNS, THOMAS (1796-1871), the first minis-
ter of the Presbyterian congregation in Otago,
was a son of Gilbert Burns (brother of the poet),
and was born in the farmhouse of Mossgiel,
Ayrshire, where Robert himself spent his child-
hood. After attending the parish school he
went to Wallace Hall Academy, in Closeburn,
Dumfriesshire (where Edward Irving was one
of the teachers), and when his father left the
farm in Dumfriesshire he went to the Grammar
School at Haddington. Burns entered himself
in 1812 at the University of Edinburgh to study
for the ministry of the Established Church of
Scotland. While still there he was tutor in the
family of Sir John Dalrymple in Berwickshire,
and, being licensed in 1823, he received from
Sir Hugh Dalrymple the presentation of the

 

BURNS

parish of Ballantrae, to which he was inducted
in 1826, There he laboured for four years, and
in 1830 he accepted the parish of Monkton,
Ayrshire. Early in that year he married Clemen-
tina, daughter of the Rev James Francis Grant,
rector of Merston, Sussex, and a canon of Chi-
chester Cathedral.

Burns was still ministering to the parish of
Monkton when the disruption camein 1843, and,
sacrificing position and emoluments amounting
to £400 a year, he threw in his lot with
the Free Church. He remained in Monkton
as a minister of the Free Church for two years
longer, and established Free Churches in vari-
ous parishes where the ministers had stuck to
the Established Church. In 1843 Burns became
interested in the scheme for a Free Church
settlement in New Zealand. It was adopted by
the Assembly of the Free Church, and a few
months later Burns accepted the offer of the
post of minister to the first congregation in
New Edinburgh. Though the scheme was tem-
porarily suspended, Burns did not lose sight
of it, and brought it betOie many of his farmer
parishioners. ‘When tlle negotiations were re-
newed he stuck tenaciously to the idea of a
Free Church colony, with church, school and
constitution complete. and he spent twelve
months without salary advancing the project.
The horizon being still clouded by the financial
difficulties of the New Zealand Company, Burns
felt himself no longer justified in remaining un-
employed, and in 1846 he accepted the parish
of Portobello, near Edinburgh. He spent about
18 months in that charge before the Otago
scheme reached the stage at which he was able
to sail with his wife and family in the Philip
Laing, which reached Port Chalmers on 15
Apr 1848.

Thereafter Burns spared no energy in minis-
tering to the spiritUal needs of his widely scat-
tered congregation. For six years, unaided, he
travelled the length and breadth of the Otago
block, wherever Presbyterians were settled,
working the vast parish. His first relief came
in 1854, when the Revs W. Bannerman and W.
Will arrived to take charge respectively of the
Clutha and Taieri districts. Where church and
state were so closdy united the minister was
constantly called into counsel upon questions
affecting the social, economic and even the poli-
tical welfare of the people. Twenty years of

122

BURROWS,

arduous and at times anxious ministration took
toll of his erstwhile robust health, and he wel-.
comed sincerely the arrival of his assistant, the
Rev G. Sutherland, in 1868. Sutherland took
much of the work of First Church off his
shoulders, so that Burns was shortly able to
abstain from an active part in the affairs of
the congregation. He died on 23 Jan 1871, and
his widow in 1878.

Burns's labours had been crowned long since
by the gratitude of the widespread congregation
which he had led into the wilderness. The
success of his ministry and the triumph of his
personality were marked in a distinctive man-
ner by his old University, which in 1861 con-
ferred upon him the doctorate of divinity (one
of the first honorary degrees conferred upon
Free Church ministers). The passion for educa-
tion was dominant in Burns throughout his
life. He was elected (10 Nov 1869) chancellor
of the University of Otago, but he did not live
to see the inaugural ceremony. (See A. J.
BURNS)

Chisholm; E. N. Merrington, A Great Coloniser
1929; Hocken, Otago; Mcindoe; Barr; Cyel. N.Z.,
iv (p); Qtago Daily Times, 24 Jan 1871, 5 Oct
1891, 17 Jan 1930 (P).

BURROWS, ROBERT (1812-97) was born at
Stroud, Gloucestershire. He studied at the
C.M.S college at Islington, was ordained
deacon (1838) and priest (1839), and left for
New Zealand at once, arriving at Bay of Is
lands on 8 Mar 1840. His first station was
Kororareka and his next Waimate, where in
1844 he established an industrial school for
young men and boys

During Heke's war Burrows acted as chap-
lain to the troops. He visited the hostile camp
to tend the wounded, and was treated with
confidence and made laudable efforts on every
occasion to bring about peace. He published
(1886) extracts from his diaries kept during
Heke's war. Burrows visited England in 1853,
and returned to fill the position of local secre-
tary to the Church Missionary Society until
1896. He then retired and became a member of
the board, besides continuing his duties as a
missionary and filling pUlpits as required. He
was a governor of St John's College and a
trustee, a member of the standing committee,
of the general trust board and the Purewa
cemetery board. He died on 22 Jul 1897. His

BUSBY

wife (Charlotte Eliza, 1806-88) died on 22 Aug
1888.

Burrows, op.- cit. (p); Carleton; Cyel. N.Z., ii
(p); N.Z. Herald, 24 Jul 1897.

BURTON, GEORGE (1842-80) was one of the
earliest settlers of Wairoa, Hawkes Bay, where
he was sent in the first instance to survey the
town. He remained there practising his profes-
sion and farming and surveyed much of the
confiscated land between Ruakiture and Wai-
karemoana. He once owned Whakake estate.
He represented Wairoa in the Hawkes Bay
Provincial Council (1875), and was the first
chairman of the Wairoa county council. Bur-
ton died on 27 Feb 1880.
Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Lambert, 403-6.

BURTON, GEORGE RUTT (1825-62), an early
Taranaki settler, took up land at Omata. He
was a member of theProvincial Council for
Omata from 1853 until his death (on 4 Aug
4862). Burton was the designer of the interior
defences of the Omata stockade, which was
warmly praised by Maj.-General Sir James
Alexander. He married (1854) Clara Hortensia,
daughter of Dr Richard Kingdon. Burton was
for a short time in 1862 deputy-superintendent
of the province.
Cowan, Wars; Taranaki News, 7 Aug 1862.

BURTON, WILLIAM MUMFORD (1830-93)
was an early settler of Taranaki, farming at
Grey block. An educated man and a good pub-
lic speaker, he sat in the Provincial Council
of Taranaki for a number of years as member
for Grey and Bell (1865-69), and for New Ply-
mouth (1873-74). He resigned to proceed to
England as emigration agent for the province.
In this work he was most succesful, bringing to
Taranaki many useful settlers, including a large
number of men from Lincolnshire. Burton died
on 4 May 1893.
Taranaki P.C. Proc.

BUSBY, JAMES (1800-71) was born at Glas-
gow, the son of John Busby, who was appointed
to New South Wales as mineral surveyor and
civil engineer. Before leaving Europe James
Busby studied the culture of the vine in France,
with the idea that wine might take the place of
beer and spirits in Australia.

On the voyage to Australia (1823) he com-
piled his work on viticulture, which he pub-
lished in 1825. He conducted practical experi-

123

 

-----------------------Page 78 End-----------------------

BUSBY

ments to such effect that he was able in 1831 to
send the permanent under-secretary at the
Colonial Office a sample case of wine. In 1824
he found employment in the civil service and
during his service as superintendent of the male
orphan school at Cabramatta he made his first
experiments at wine culture. He then became
collector of internal revenue, and a member of
the land board (which carried the title of +hon-
ourable'). He was also a commissioner to in-
quire into the state of penal settlements. In
1830 he retired dissatisfied with his treatment
by the government in England, Lord Goderich
having made an appointment which in effect
superseded him. He accordingly in 1831 re
turned to England, and impressed himself on
the Colonial Office by numerous informative re-
ports on colonial questions (including viticul-
ture, pauper emigration, crown lands, the jury
system, and New Zealand affairs). Through the
influence of Lord Haddington, which had pre-
viously been used in his favour, Lord Goderich
decided to appoint him resident in New Zea
land, in preference to Darling's nominee, Sturt
(Mar 1832). Darling had tried to find employ-
ment for Busby, but favoured a military officer
for the post in New Zealand. Goderich in-
tended that the resident's authority should be
supported by a British ves of war perman-
ently stationed at New Zealand, and that an
act should be passed conferring on him magis-
terial authority over British subjects. Neither
intention was carried out. The Admiralty
would not do more than order occasional visits
to New Zealand by warships serving in New
South Wales; and the hill for extending the
jurisdiction of New South Wales courts to New
Zealand failed on the plea that New Zealand
was not within the British dominions. Busby
therefore had to rely on what moral influence
he could gain over the Maori chiefs with the
aid of missionaries. To Bourke, who had suc-
ceeded to the governorship of New South Wales,
Busby wes not persona grata, and he soon had
reason to complain that he was inadequately
supported by the New South Wales govern-
ment. Indeed, within eighteen months, the
governor was recommending his withdrawal (1
Sep 1834). His frequent requests for increased
powers went unheeded, and his impotence
gained him an undeserved reputation for ineffi-
ciency.

BUSBY

In 1832 Busby was married at Segenhoe,
New South Wales, to Miss Agnes Dow. He
arrived in New Zealand in May 1833, was well
received by the chiefs of the North, and in due
course established his official residence at Wai-
tangi, building his house on land which he
purchased at his own expense. Busby laboured
to create some rudimentary organisation of the
chiefs and tribes of the North, by which they
might gradually acquire a sense of responsi-
bility, and under his guidance enforce certain
simple regulations for their own protection and
that of the European settlers. The Sir George
Murray, of Hokianga, having been seized by the
Sydney customs authorities, Busby induced a
conference of chiefs to adopt a national flag
(20 Mar 1834) to provide New Zealand-built
ships with cettificates of registration. This con-
ference brought into being a simple native
tribunal to handle’ on behalf of the New Zea
land tribes any transactions of an inter-
national character; as well as local matters
such as the arrest of convicts and deserters. The
flag was duly recognised by the Admiralty, and
thereafter New Zealand-built vessds were
granted cettificates of registration by the resi-
dent in the name of the Independent Tribes
of New Zealand. Busby regarded this « national
act of the New Zealand chiefs’ as «the first step
towards the formation of a permanent confed-
eration of the chiefs:

On 30 May 1834, Busby, who had now been
joined by his wife, narrowly escaped death in
an attack on his house by native marauders.
He was wounded in the cheek by a splinter
from a wooden door post. The chiefs in con-
ference disavowed the act and promised to trace
the guilty parties, but thought it better -to
let the matter sleep for the present: The set-
tlers at the Bay upbraided Busby for his weak-
ness, but in Dec 1834, when H.M.S. Alligator
arrived with troops, fresh from the punitive
expedition against the captors of the crew of
the Harriet, the culprit Rete was apprehended
by the chiefs, who decided to punish him by
exile and confiscation of his lands to the Crown.
Busby declined the land for himself. With the
departure of the Alligator, however, Rete
defied Busby and boasted of his powers in hav-
ing +shot the British resident: Busby was as
much defied by Europeans as by natives. Un-
able to afford legal protection to person or

124

 

 

BUSBY

property, and unwilling therefore to interfere
in European disputes, he soon gained the title.
of *No-authority Busby,’ and when several
petitions to the Crown for protection produced
no result, the Bay settlers took the law into
their own hands by forming the Kororareka
Association for the administration of a species
of lynch law (1838). His vexations were in-
creased by the appointment in 1835 of Thomas
McDonnell as additional British resident at
Hokianga, an honorary appointment, nominally
subordinate to his own, but in fact exercised
by an energetic and headstrong man in com-
plete independence of Busby's wishes. In Sep
1835, when McDonnell led a movement for
prohibiting the importation and sale of spirits,
by means of a -law' enacted by the natives
and the British residents, to be administered by
a mixed committee, Busby sympathised with the
purpose of the scheme, but believed it both
ultra vires and impracticable. He also resented
McDonnell's having taken independent action
without consulting him as chief resident. Mc-
Donnell obtained the approval of the Gover-
nor of New South Wales, and Busby had the
mortification of seeing his views set aside. His
action in this matter, though fully vindicated
by the complete failure of the prohibition plan
in practice, brought him into undesired con-
flict with the missionary body, especially at Bay
of Islands.

Simultaneously (Oct 1835) came the an-
nouncement by de Thierry that he intended to
set himself up in New Zealand as a sovereign
chief and a benefactor of the Maori race.
Busby seized on this -external threat’ as an
occasion for advancing his plans of native organ-
isation a step further, and induced 36 northern
chiefs to sign a Declaration of Independence,
purporting to create +a Confederation of the
Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand,’ with ex-
clusive powers of legislation through an assem-
bly and of administration through a native
committee advised and controlled by the British
Resident. Busby believed that the chiefs would
enact and enforce whatever laws the British
government thought advantageous, and that in
effect «the establishment of the Independence
of New Zealand under the protection of tlle
British government would be the most efec-
tual mode of making the country a dependency
of the British crown in everything but the

BUSBY

name: The New South Wales government
recognised the Confederation as an approach
to a regular form of government in New Zea
land (Feb 1836) and Glenelg gave a cautious
promise of «British support and protection’
(May 1836). But it soon became evident that,
in the absence of any real British authority to
support it, the experiment had little chance of
success. Bustly'S renewed appeals for legal
powers as magistrate and for a police force,
now more than ever necessary, produced no
result. The outbreak of tribal wars, which in
1836 and 1837 spread over the whole country
from Tauranga and Rotorua to Hokianga and
the Bay of Islands, revealed the impotence of
the new +government: In Jan 1836, Busby
wrote that the powers of the Confederation
existed only in theory, the natives had no con-
ception of subordination to legal authority, and
during their slow political education they
needed the protection of British troops. When
troops were refused, Busby confessed his com-
plete impotence (May 1836); he considered his
office in abeyance and asked leave (which
Bourke refused) to go to England to put the
needs of New Zealand before the Colonial
Office. Beyond occasional arrests, four Euro-
peans were deported by authority of the Con-
federation for trial and execution in Sydney
in 1837, and a Maori slave was put to death in
New Zealand for his share in the murder of
Henry Biddle.

In 1837 Captain Hobson visited New Zealand
and made proposals for its better government
by adoption of a modified factory system,
whereby the districts settled by Europeans
should be brought under direct British rule.
Busby prepared a set of counter-proposals
based on his Confederation scheme, and was
on the point of leaving for London to further
his scheme and carry through some business
proposals when he learnt of the appointment
of Hobson as consul and lieutenant-governor
of New Zealand, empowered to negotiate for the
cession of the country. It is greatly to Busby's
credit that his disappointment did not prevent
his cordial co-operation with Hobson in draft-
ing the Treaty of Waitangi and negotiating
its acceptance by the chiefs. Busby's services
were handsomely recognised by Hobson in his
despatches.

After visiting Sydney to defend his land claims

125

-----------------------Page 79 End-----------------------

BUTLER

and oppose Gipps's land act for New Zealand
(1840), Busby returned to New Zealand as a
permanent settler. He continued to play an
active part in public affairs, and published
many able and interesting pamphlets on ques-
tions of land and general policy. He represen-
ted Bay of Islands in the Auckland Provincial
Council from 1853-55, 1857-63, and was the
leader of the unsuccesstul movement to erect
Auckland province into a separate colony. To
further the land claims of himself and other
settlers who claimed also to have been unjustly
treated, Busby established a newspaper in Auck-
land. After 27 years of agitation he was
awarded £38,000 compensation (1869) by the
Colonial government. In 1870 he visited Eng-
land for medical advice, and he died at Anerlcy
on 15 Jul 1871. His widow died on 13 Oct
1889. pR.

P.RO. London, series C.O. 202 and 209 ; G.B.O.P,,
exp. 1832/516, 1835/585, 1836/538, 1837/425, 1837-38)
122, 1838/680, 1840/238, 560, 582, 1841/311, 1845/
108, 1846/337; Hist. Rec. AllSt.; Auckland P.C.
Proc.; Church Missionary Register, 1833-40; Mas-
den, L. and J., esp. p 502 n; Buick, Waitangi (p)
Scholefidd, Hobson; Hight’ and Bamford; Rams-
den; Morton; Buller; Mennell; Turner; Sherrin
and Wallace; Hocken in Otago Witness, 17 Dec
1896; N.Z. Herald, 16 Jan 1869.

 

BUTLER, GEORGE EDMUND (1870-1936) was
born in Southampton, England, and educated
first at Taunton College. He came to Welling-
ton in 1881, completed his education at the Te
‘Aro School and, while assisting his father at
his trade as a carpenter, studied at the School
of Art (afterwards the Technical College) under
J. M. Nairn (q.v.). In 1897 he went to Sydney
with McGregor Wright to study the pictures in
the Art Gallery, and in the following year
worked his passage to London in the stokehold
of the Gothic. He studied at the Lambeth
School of Art and at the Academie Julian in
Paris, where he gained honours. At Antwerp
he won the Concours gold medal and was
crowned with the laurel wreath. On returning
to New Zealand Butler settled in Dunedin
where in 1903-04 he taught drawing to private
pupilS. At this time he did a good deal of
painting, and sold Spring Blossoms to the Dune-
din Art Gallery. He soon returned to England,
whence he exhibited year by year in the New

BUTLER

Zealand Academy's annual exhibition and at
the opening of the National Gallery. He had
many pictures hung in the Royal Academy and
the Royal Scottish Academy. Butler during the
war of 1914-18 made many pictures as an official
artist with the New Zealand Expeditionary
Force. He had a personality of great charm and
was twice married. He died on 9 Aug 1936.

Evening Post, 2 Oct 1936.

BUTLER, JOHN GARE (1781-1841) as.a young
man went into business in London, where
he spent 20 years, latterly as a clerk in a large
firm of carriers. In 1798 he married Hannah
Hitchman (d. 1852).

Butler evinced a religious turn of mind and
took part in Church matters in Paddington,
where he lived. In 1816 he was honorary secre-
tary of the newly formed Grand Junction and
Canal Bible Association, and he was prepared
by the Bishop of Paddington for work under
the Church Missionary Society. In 1818 he was
ordained by the Bishop of Gloucester and in
Dec he sailed in the convict ship Baring for
Australia as the first ordained minister dedicated
to the work of the Society in the New Zealand
fidd. Though superintendent in New Zealand,
he was subordinate to Marsden (q.v.), the So
ciety's agent in Sydney. Amongst the passengers.
by the Baring were the chiefs Tui and Titore,
returning in charge of Butler from their visit
to England. In Sydney Butler had many con-
ferences with Marsden on mission policy and
met some influential New Zealand chiefs stay-
ing at Parramatta. To avoid delay Marsden
chartered the ship General Gates, in which he
sailed with the New Zealand party on 29 Jul
1819, arriving at Bay of Islands 12 Aug. Butler's
agreement was to receive £160 a year and
rations, and he was invested by the governor
of New South Wales with the authority of a
justice of the peace for the preservation of
order in the settlements in New Zealand (24
Jul). Butler settled at Kerikeri. At an early
date it became evident that he had not the
personal authority to control missionaries who
had been some years in New Zealand and
developed habits which were detrimental to
the mission cause. Kendall was troublesome
and defiant from the outset and disputes soon
occurred, especially in regard to the traffic in
arms. Butler endeavoured to curb his colleagues,

126

 

j

 

BUTLER

but there is evidence tllat he himself was com-
pelled to traffic in guns and powder, not for pri-
yate profit but to obtain necessary supplies for
the mission. He tried to establish brick works
and to procure timber for mission buildings, but
the competition of visiting ships defeated him.
He did in 1820 use the first plough in New
Zealand and he was a successful gardener; but
the lack of draught bullocks until early in 1820
prevented him from hauling timber for the
erection of the mission buildings. Marsden's
arrival in the Dromedary eased his plight some-
what, but he had no residence for his family
for two years. In 1820 he made long journeys
with Marsden, and late in 1821 he visited Syd-
ney, returning in the Westmorland (Feb 1822).

When Marsden visited New Zealand in 1823
to install Henry Williams in Paihia he came to
the conclusion that Butler and Kendall could
not possibly remain together in Bay of Islands.
Butler's own habits had deteriorated, and even-
tually Marsden insisted on his removal to New
South Wales. There his active connection with
the mission ended, though Marsden employed
him for some time supervising Maori and Euro-
pean artisans at work at the seminary at Parra-
matta.

Butler sailed for England in the Midas (Aug
1824) and passed some years rather precariously
in the service of the Church. For eight years
he was curate at Aston Bottrell and for a few
months had charge of the parish of Hadden-
ham, isle of Ely. Butler's dual qualification as
a clergyman of the established church and a
former magistrate in New Zealand recommen-
ded him to the New Zealand Company, and in
1839 he was appointed native guardian and in-
terpreter. He sailed with his family in the
Bolton and on his arrival at Port Nicholson (21
Apr 1840) took up his residence at Pito-one.
His sympathetic knowledge of the Maori and
command of the language were of great value
in the settlement of disputes and bargains be-
tween the two peoples. In the intervals of a
strenuous official life he found time to complete
the manuscript of the Maori grammar which
he had commenced in his earlier residence in
the colony

Butler died 18 Jun 1841, and was buried at
Gear island. His daughter Hannah (born 5
Sep 1817) married Richard Barton (qWv.).

Marsden, L. and ]. and Lieutenants... Ramsden;

BUTLER

S P. Smith, Wars; R. J. Barton, Earliest New Zea-
land (1927).

BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902) was the son
of the Rev Thomas Butler and grandson of
Samuel Butler (1774-1839), Bishop of Lich-
fidd. Born at Langar, Nottinghamshire, he
was educated at Allesley, near Coventry, and at
Shrewsbury school. At St John's College, Cam-
bridge, he took a high place in the classical
tripos in 1858. He was deeply influenced at an
early age by Italy and music, and studied art
with some success, painting passably in water
colours. He was intended for the church, but
his opinions made this profession distasteful to
him, and after stormy scenes with his father he
persuaded him to make available sufficient capi-
tal to enable the son to settle as a sheep farmer
in New Zealand.

Sailing in the Roman Emperor (Sep 1859)
Butler landed in Lyttelton in Jan 1860. With a
companion he took long rides through the
province in search of land, and eventually
selected a small property up the Rangitata
river which he called Mesopotamia. There he
settled in Jun with a man and two cadets, their
nearest neighbour being 25 miles distant. The
station was of 8,000 acres and Butler soon had
3,000 sheep. His cadet, John Brabazon, had a
fourth share. Though quite inexperienced,
Butler showed great determination and judg-
ment and succeeded in a few years in achiev-
ing his ambition by doubling his capital of
£4,000, and thus being able to return to Eng-
land. His letters home, after being severely
edited by his father, were published in 1863
under the title A First Year" in Canterbury
Settlement. They showed that he had a fund
of common-sense. By the end of 1863, aided
by the reflected prosperity of the Otago gold-
fields, Butler sold the property to William
Parkerson. While at Mesopotamia he had
written for The Press some articles which he
aftenvards used in Erewhon, or Over the
Range (1872). In these, as in many subsequent
works, he satirises the Darwinian theory and
conventional religion. Amongst Butler's a
quaintances in New Zealand were G. S Sde,
William Rolleston, W. S Moorhouse, Joshua
Strange Williams, John Baker and von Haast.
During his occupancy of Mesopotamia, but
while he was temporarily absent, Dr Andrew
Sinclair (q.v.) met his death in fording the

127

-----------------------Page 80 End-----------------------

BUTLER

Rangitata river, and was buried on the flat
below the homestead. On returning to England
Butler established himself at Clifford's Inn in
London and devoted his attention mainly to
music and painting. Between 1868 and 1876
he exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy.
But the publication of his book Life and Habit
in 1877 convinced him that letters were his
forte, and thereafter he wrote regularly. He
was extremely versatile, indulging with equal
thoroughness and success in classical exercises
such as the translation into colloquial English
of the Iliad and the Odyssey and in biological
controversy. His dispute with Danvin over
evolution, in the course of which he published
three books, rather embittered Darwin and did
not entirely satisfy Butler. With Festing Jones,
aftenvards his biographer, Butler composed a
secular oratorio Narcissus (1888) and he had
done his part of another (Ulysses) before his
death. Butler died on 18 Jun 1902, and his best
known novel The Way Of All Flesh was pub-
lished posthumously in 1903.

Festing Jones (pp); Encycl. B,-it.; D.N.B.;
Acland; Baker; Cant. O.N.; Wigram ; Natural His-
tory of Canterbury; The Press, 25 May 1911.
BUTLER, WILLIAM (1814-75) was born in
England. He went to sea early and at tlle age
of 24 he commanded a sailing ship in the Aus-
tralian trade. He engaged in whaling and trad-
ing in these waters and eventually settled at
Mongonui, where his first child was born (Jan
1841). There he established a flourishing busi-
ness in the purchase of. flax, timber and kauri
gum. He was highly respected by both races
and for many years was a leader of the Euro-
pean community.

In 1861 Butler was elected to Parliament for
the Mongonui constituency, which he represen-
ted until the dissolution in 1866, though the
remoteness of his home prevented him from
giving regular attendance except during two
sessions. His advice on native matters was
particularly sound. In 1862 he was a passenger
in the Lord Worsley when she was wrecked on
the coast of Taranaki, and fell into the hands
of unfriendly natives. To ensure the safety of
the passengers and their belongings Butler and
R. Graham jointly purchased the wreck for the
natives and so avoided the spoliation of the
survivors. Butler died on 4 Mar 1875.

A son, WILLIAM JAMES BUTLER (1848-1904),

BUTT

who was born at Mongonui and received his
education at the Auckland Grammar School,
served his articles as a surveyor and was for
some years flaxmilling on the Thames gold-
fidds. In 1878 he was native land purchase
agent in the Wairarapa, and later he was pri-
vate secretary successively to three native min-
isters (Bryce, Rolleston and Ballance). In
1881 he explained to Te Whiti and Tohu the
government's proclamations. Two years later
he accompanied the prisoners during portion
of their tour of the colony (1882-83). He car-
ried through the purchase of the Waimarino
block and was afterwards a judge of the native
land court.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; G. C. Bede, Seventy Years
in Auckland; J. P. Ward, Wanderings with the
Maori Prophets, 1883; Evening Post, | Feb 1904.
BUTT, HENRY FRANCIS (1815-86) was a son
of the Rev John Marten Butt, vicar of Odding-
ly, Worcestershire. To prepare for the medical
profession he was articled to Dr Webb (Lilles-
hall, Shropshire) and became a member of the
Royal College of Surgeons, but being attracted
towards missionary life, he offered his services
to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
He was accepted as a catechist and sailed for
New Zealand with Bishop Selwyn in the
Tomatin (Dec 1841). In common with the
otllers of the party Butt studied Maori on the
voyage. On arrival in Bay of Islands (by tlle
Bt'istolian from Sydney) he travelled a good
deal with Selwyn and was specially employed
in rendering medical service to both Maori and
pakeha and giving lectures on medicine at the
college at Waimate. In 1843 he was ordained
deacon and married Serena (d. 1901), daughter
of the Rev Richard Davis. He was appointed
to Nelson and distinguished himself in charge
of the bishop's school, of which he took charge
in 1847, when he was ordained priest and
appointed to the Nelson parish. In 1849 he
laid the foundation stone of the first Nelson
cathedral, which was opened by Selwyn in 1851.

While in Nelson Butt had charge of prac-
tically the whole of the South Island except
Motueka, and he made many long and arduous
journeys. In 1857 he was offered the missionary
district of Wairau and he settled at Beavertown,
erecting a house for himself at Amersfoort and
preaching in the courthouse. Two years later
Hobhouse (the first Bishop of Nelson) licensed

128

 

BUTT

him as curate of Wairau and Waitohi, and
shortly afterwards Waitohi and Picton were
made a separate district. -Early in 1860 the first
church was commenced in Blenheim, the church
of the Nativity being dedicated in Dec 1861.
Blenheim later became a separate parish. In
4868 Butt was collated the first archdeacon of
Marlborough, and in succeeding years he saw
many new parishes formed and churches built.
He resigned owing to failing health in 1884 and
died on 20 Dec 1886. Butt continued to an
advanced age to administer medical help where
called for. All fees received as a doctor in his
early days in New Zealand he paid into the sick
fund of the church.

Tucker; Coleman; Davis; Annals Dioc. N.Z.;
Mal'lborough Express, 24 Dec 1886; Church of Na-
tivity (p).

BUTT, JOHN (1830-79) was born in Sussex.
He became a master mariner and commanded
vessels for Henderson and Macfarlane (includ-
ing some of the Circular Saw line) between
Auckland and San Francisco. He was after-
wards in business with Captain Anderson as
shipchandlers and stevedores. In 1867 he joined
the Thames rush, and erected a hotel and
theatre at Thames. On the outbreak of the
Whangamata rush, he erected a large hotel
there, but lost heavily and having sold out went
into business with Onyon as shipping and com-
mission agents. He took a keen interest in
politics and was M.P.C. for Thames (1869),
supporting Williamson. Butt was on the first
Thames borough coul).cil. He died on 26 Jul
1879.

Thames Advertiser and Star, 28 Jul 1879.

BUTTON, CHARLES EDWARD (1838-1920)
was born in Launceston, the seventh son of a
settler of 1833 who was a member of the first
Hobart municipal council. Educated at the
Launceston Grammar School and the High
Scheol at Hobart, he was articled to a firm of
solicitors in Launceston, admitted to the bar
in 1861 and practised for a short time in his
native town.

In 1863 he came to New Zealand and started
practice at Invercargill. Two years later he en-
tered into partnership at Hokitika with W. S.
Reid (q.v.), and he was soon regarded as one
of the leading authorities on mining law. In

BUTTS

his practice in the wardens’ courts he became
a close friend, though a professional opponent,
of Seddon (q.v.), then a prominent miners’
advocate. Button was for a few months a mem-
ber of the West! and county council for Hokitika
and for two years represented Totara (1870-72)

He was mayor of Hokitika in 1869. In 1876
Button was elected one of the members of
Parliament for Hokitika. He resigned in 1878
because he could not support Grey, as his con-
stituency desired. In 1880 he removed to Christ-
church, where he practised for two years, arid
in 1882 he joined the Auckland firm of
Whitaker and Russell. In 1893 Button was
elected to Parliament for the City of Auckland,
but he was defeated in 1896. He was the first
mayor of the borough of Birkenhead (1888)

and held office for twelve years. In 1907 he
was appointed temporary judge of the supreme
court, in which capacity he acted for about a
year.

Button was keenly interested in science, and
over a period of 40 years lectured frequently on
such subjects as voltaic electricity (1863) and
chemistry. He was a staunch adherent of the
Congregational Church, in which he filled many
offices, and was also an elder of the Presby-
terian Church at Hokitika and Christchurch.
In Auckland he strongly supported the Y.M.C.A.

He married in 1862 a daughter of Henry
Cowell, of Cullenswood, Tasmania. He died
on 27 Dec 1920.

N.Z.P.D., 1876-78, 1893-96; Harrop, Westland;
Cycl. N.Z., ii (p).

BUTTS, JOHN GEORGE (1840-91) was born
at Hartest, Suffolk, the son of the Rev Drury
Butts, and was brought up at Melplash, Brid-
port. In 1861 he entered the army as an ensign
in the 2nd battalion of the Royal Irish Regi-
ment, with which he served in Jersey and Isle
of Wight. Coming to New Zealand with his
regiment, he served through the Waikato and
Wanganui campaigns. On his return to Eng-
land he was promoted captain and transferred
to the 1st battalion, with which he went to
Malta and in 1874 to India. Being invalided
from Mghanistan (1880), he retired the follow-
ing year and came to New Zealand. In 1887 he
was appointed adjutant of volunteers. He died
on 5 Dec 1891.

N.z. Times, 7 Dec 1891.

129

 

-----------------------Page 81 End-----------------------

BUXTON

BUXTON, SEARBY (1832-1919) was born in
Lancashire, came to New Zealand in 1865 and
took up land at Springston, Canterbury, and
later at Rangitata Island. Eventually he ac-
quired the Clifton station in Totara valey,
where he farmed until retiring to live in Ash
burton. Buxton in 1887 contested the Rangitata
seat in Parliament and defeated Rolleston. At
the following election he stood for Geraldine
and was defeated by A. E. G. Rhodes. He was
quiet and unostentatious, and he seldom spoke
in Parliament, but was a zealous religious and
temperance worker.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1919; Who's Iho N.Z., 1924,
1982. Portrait: Parliament House.

BUXTON

BUXTON, THOMAS (1863-1939), son of
Searby Buxton, was born at Holbeach, Lincoln-
shire, and accompanied his father to New Zea
land at the age of three. He was educated at
the public schools, and was for some years in
business in Temuka, Timaru and Christchurch.
He was 10 years mayor of Temuka and repre-
sented it in Parliament 1908-14. A staunch
Liberal, he was minister without portfolio in
the Mackenzie Government (1912). Buxton
organised the election campaign for the
United party in 1928. He died on 28 May
1989.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Christchurch Star-Sun, 29
May 1909.

 

 

 

C

 

CADMAN, SIR ALFRED JEROME (1847-
1905), a son of Jerome Cadman (qwv.), was
born in Sydney and came to Auckland with his
parents as an infant. He received his educa-
tion in the parish schools of St Paul's and St
Matthews and at Wesley College, after which
he completed his term of apprenticeship as a
carpenter under E. |. Matthews. As a young
man he served in the volunteer forces during
the war. At the age of 21 he entered the saw-
milling business in Coromandel, and he did
very well for many years. There he first en-
tered public life as a member of the Tiki road
board, of which he soon became chairman.
He was chairman of the Coromandel county
council for the first ten years. Cadman was
elected to represent Coromandel in Parliament
in 1881, and again in 1884 and 1887. In
1890 he was returned after a severe contest for
a changed constituency under the name of
Thames. Ballance invited him to join his
cabinet (1891) as Gommissioner of Stamp
Duties, to which were presently added the port:
folio of Native Affairs and in May 1892 that of
Justice. As Native Minister he dealt sympathe-
tically with the South Island tribes, and assisted
to have a large area of land made available for
their use. Owing to charges made against him
by W. L. Rees in 1893 of using his position to
benefit himself in connection with native lands,
he challenged his accuser to resign and contest
a seal. They both resigned on 20 Jul and,
Rees choosing his own constituency of Auck-
land City, Cadman defeated him by 750 votes
(4 Aug). He declined, however, to retain the
administration of native affairs and assumed
instead the portfolio of mines, to which was
added later that of railways, then a difficult
and exacting department.

In 1893 Cadman became member for Wai-
kato and from 1896 for Ohinemuri. His
he'alth having been undermined by close appli-
cation to the detail of his departments, he re-
tired in 1899 and was called to the Legislative
Council. He continued as a member of the
cabinet without portfolio until Apr 1901, in
which year he received the C.M.G. Mter his
retirement he continued to take a keen interest
in the devel opment of ironsand on the west coast
of the North Island, paying two visits to Great
Britain to form a company. He was promoted
K.C.M.G. in 1903. In Jul 1904 he was elected
Speaker of the Council, but his health preven-
ted him assuming the duties and he died a few
months later (23 Mar 1905).

Cadman married (1886) Fanny, daughter of
Joseph Bell (of Aylesbury, who arrived by the
King of Italy and settled at Whangarei). She
died 7 Apr 1892.

N.z.P.D., pass. (notably 27 Jun 1905); N.Z. Cycl.,
i (p); Reeves; Coromandel County Diamond Jubi-
lee; N.z. Herald, 15 ut 1879; 24 Mar 1905. Por-
trait: General Assembly Library.

CADMAN, JEROME (1816-79). Of Shropshire
parentage, Jerome Cadman emigrated to New
South Wales in 1840, and came to New Zea
land in 1848. He was identified with the early
history of the Coromandel goldfields, where he
owned a sawmill from 1855. Moving to Auck-
land, he carried on a successful business as
builder and contractor and was responsible for
much of the Queen Street wharf construction.
He was a member of the Anglican Church,
representing his parish of St Matthews in the
diocesan synod until 1867, and after that Christ
Church, Coromandel. He was also a member
of the Auckland City Council (1854-55).

5

-----------------------Page 82 End-----------------------

CAFLER

In provincial polities Cadman was a member
of the Constitutionalist Party and a supporter
of Williamson, with whom he collaborated in
initiating the 40-acre settlement scheme. He
was a commissioner for the Drury railway. In
the Provincial Council he represented the
Northern Division (1859-67), and from 1870
until the abolition he represented Coromandel.
Thereafter he spent a few years in Honolulu
and California. Cadman died 13 Jul 1879.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Southern Cross, 4 Oct 1865;
Thames Star, 14 Jul 1879; Thames Advertiser, 28
Jul 1870; Church Times, Aug 1879.

CAFLER, EDOUARD EUGENE (1798-1893)
was born at Douai, France, and as a young man
serving in the army was present at Waterloo
in the ambulance service. His father was much
interested in beetroot sugar and was com-
missioned by Napoleon to inquire into its
manufacture. Educated at the Ecole de Com-
merce, Edouard went into business and in 1832
left for Mauritius, where he spent a few years
purchasing cargoes of sugar and disposing of
them in the East and the Australian colonies.

Suffering an attack of yellow fever in China,
he came to Bay of Islands to recruit (1840),
and bought land in Kororareka. He traded
successfully with the natives until Heke's war
(1845), when he lost most of his property and
left for Auckland. Heke returned his horse and
some other property, but Caller sailed in the
French corvette Rhin for Akaroa (1846), and
aftenvards for France. In 1848 he was again
in Mauritius, where he spent five years. Then
he settled in Sydney, making trading voyages
to Auckland and Kaipara. and eventually start-
ing business in Whangarei. There he prospered
for a few years but his premises being burned
down, he sold out and retired to his farm at
Sans Souci, where he died on 20 Feb 1893. He
was twice married.

Cycl. N.Z., ii {p}; Buick. French at Akaroa; N.z.
Herald, 22 Feb 1893

CALDER, WILLIAM HENDERSON was a mem-
ber of the firm of Calder and Blacklock, which
was established in Invercargill in the earliest
years of the settlement. He took a prominent
part in the affairs of his province. In 1861 he
was elected to the Southland Provincial Coun-
cil for Invercargill. which he represented for
some years (1861-65, 1867-70). He was a mem-

CAMERON

ber of the executive in 1864 and again in 1869,
and was a strong supporter of the reunion of
the province with Otago. When this was
achieved he represented Invercargill in. the
Otago Provincial Council (1870). He was re
turned in the following year to represent the
town in Parliament and sat till 1873 (when he
retired). Calder could have been Superinten-
dent if he had desired, but preferred to support
William Wood.
Southland P.C. Proc.; Kinross, 26-28.

CALLAN, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW (1844-
4928) was born in Dublin and educated there
and at Melbourne University. He emigrated to
Victoria in 1859 and entered the civil service
there (1862). He studied at Melbourne Uni-
versity, where he graduated B.A. and LL.
being admitted to the bar in 1876. He then
resigned from the civil service and came to
Dunedin, where he entered into practice (1877).
being in partnership with J. M. Gallaway from
1883. In 1885 he raised and commanded the
Irish Rifles. (Major 1887 ; lieut.-col. command-
ing Otago battalion 1895; retired 1896.) In
1889 he was elected to the licensing committee.
of which he was chairman in 1890. He was
president of the Otago Law Society and speaker
of the Dunedin parliamentary union. Callan
retired from practice in 1906 and in 1907 was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member till 1914. He died on 20 Apr
1928. A son, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW CALLAN.
(1882-), became a judge of the Supreme Court

N.z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; Who's Who N.Z., 1908;
Otago Daily Times, 21 Apr 1928.

 

CAMERON, ANDREW (1855-1925) was born
in Paisley, Scotland, and came with his parents
to Otago in the City of Dunedin (1863).
Educated at the Port Chalmers High School, he
gained a scholarship at the University, where
he graduated B.A. in 1879 as a senior scholar
in zoology.

In 1880 he went to Edinburgh to study for
the Church and after being licensed by the
presbytery there he took courses in theology at
the Universities of Jena and Leipzig. He was
in charge of the Andersons Bay Church from
1884 for more than 30 years, a wise and
sagacious counsellor to his people ; shrewd. pro-
gressive and conciliatory in the affairs of the

132

 

CAMERON

parish and the church; aways cordially co-
operating in social movements and taking his
part in the advancement of education in all its
branches. He was one of the promoters of the
Presbyterian social service association, which
spread throughout the church. For many years
he was a member, secretary or convenor of the
Theological College and he was the first to
advocate a residential college building. Knox
College is a monument to his vision, persistency
and faith. He was for some years a governor of
the Otago Boys’ and Girls’ High Schools, and
in 1894 he was appointed to the council of
Otago University, of which he was elected vice-
chancellor in 1910 and chancellor in 1912.
From 1902 he was a member of the senate of
the University of New Zealand. In 1919, the
year in which he retired from the charge at
‘Andersons Bay, he received the honorary LL.D.
of Edinburgh University. Cameron married
(1885) Mary, daughter of Peter McKellar (In-
vercargill). He died on 19 May 1925.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 20 May 1925
©

CAMERON, SIR DUNCAN ALEXANDER
(1808-88) was the son of Sir J. Cameron and
obtained his first commission in the 42nd High-
landers in 1825. (Lieutenant, 1826; colonel
1854.) On the outbreak of the Crimean war he
was made a local major-general in Turkey, and
he commanded the 42nd regiment at the Alma
and the HigWand brigade at Balaklava. He
was present at Kertch and the fall of Sebastopol.

Promoted major-general and appointed to
command in Scotland (1860), he came in the
following year to New Zealand to succeed Gen-
eral Pratt (qv.). On landing here Cameron
found that the Imperial troops had been with-
drawn from Taranaki and were working on the
construction of military roads from Auckland
to W'aikato. He represented to the Governor
(Grey) in 1862 that his force was insufficient
for the forthcoming campaign. On hostilities
being resumed over the Tataraimaka block he
advanced with a force including the 57th and
70th regiments towards the enemy position at
Katikara, which was carried on 4 Jun 1863.

On 12 Jul he initiated the advance from win-
ter quarters at Pokeno and crossed the Manga-
tawhiri river, thereby opening the Waikato
campaign. He personally led the 14th Regiment
at Koheroa. After defeating the King forces at

CAMERON

Meremere he was repulsed with severe loss at
Rangiriri, where he ordered repeated assaults
by military and naval detachments on an almost
impregnable trench. On the following day (21
Jun) the defenders, under Tioriori, surrend-
ered. The flag was hoisted at Ngaruawahia on
8 Dec and with a force of 3,000 men Cameron
took possession of an important part of the
Waikato, with headquarters at Tuhikaramea.
The strong enemy position at Paterangi was
cleverly outflanked by engagements at Rangi-
aowhia and Hairini. Cameron was not present
when the operations against Orakau com-
menced, and he made an effort to induce the
defenders to surrender but had to carryon the
assault. After the fall of that place he conduc-
ted the assault on the enemy position at the
Gate Pa. Though he had a force of 1,650 of all
ranks, naval and military. the works were not
destroyed by the artillery preparation and he
was severely repulsed. with the loss of 31 killed
and 80 wounded (29 Apr). He inflicted heavy
losses on the enemy at Te Ranga (21 Jun).
but the defenders withdrew under cover of
night and escaped.

Early in 1865 Cameron opened the campaign
to take possession of the Waitotara block.
Advancing cautiously along the coast he left
the strong position of Weraroa in his rear.
Attacked in broad daylight at Nukumaru. he
suffered some losses. Thereafter he kept away
from the bush, but again the natives drove in
his pickets. He moved northward with 2.300
of all arms, crossed the Waitotara river, and
built redoubts to hold the country. Governor
Grey pointed out the danger of leaving the
Hauhau post at Weraroa in his rear, but
Cameron protested he had not sufficient’ force
to reduce it. After an acrimonious correspond.
ence the Wanganui native contingent offered
to assault the pa, Colonel Waddy moved 400
troops up in support and colonial troops out-
flanked the pa, which was abandoned and cap-
tured. Cameron iniicted some losses on the
rearguard of the enemy at Kakaramea and con-
tinued his march to the Waingongoro river.
There he deemed it advisable to turn back ow-
ing to the difficulty of provisioning the force
on an open coast. He accordingly stationed 750
troops at Patea and, having garrisoned the re-
doubts, left for Auckland.

Cameron disliked the field tactics of the Hau-

133

-----------------------Page 83 End-----------------------

CAMPBELL

hau and disapproved of the war, which he be
lieved was being deliberately waged for the
benefit of the settlers. In Feb 1865 he resigned
and returned to England, with the approval of
the War Office and the thanks of the Legisia-
tive Council of New Zealand. He became lieut.-
general 1868; general 1874; governor of Sand-
hurst College 1868-75; G.C.B. 1873. He died
on 7 Jun 1888.

D.N.B.; App. H.R., 1861-66; Cowan; Rusden;
Gudgeon '(p); Rees; Gisborne; Gorton.

CAMPBELL, EWEN ALEXANDER (1843-1934)
was born at Wanganui, the son of Captain
Moses Campbell (q.v.). He was educated pri-
vately in Wanganui and as a young man served
in the Wanganui Cavalry in the Maori war. He
farmed successfully for many years at Bruns-
wick, and took his part in local government as
a member and chairman of the Waitotara
county council and of the Wanganui harbour
board, the chamber of commerce and the
Farmers’ Union. He was one of the founders
and for 30 years chairman of directors of the
Wanganui Meat Freezing Co. until its merger
with the New Zealand Refrigerating Co. (1927).
He was a director also of the New Zealand
Farmers’ Institute and of the Mauriceville Lime
Co. Campbell was a keen racing owner and a
successful breeder. He was for 30 years presi-
dent of the Wanganui Jockey Club. He died
on 18 Dec 1934.

Cycl. NZ., i (p); Wanganui Herald, 19 Dec 1934.

CAMPBELL, FRANCIS EASTWOOD (1823-
1911) was a son of Lieut.-col. James Campbell
(qv.). He held a commission in the 23rd regi-
ment, in which he was the youngest captain
when he retired to come to Canterbury with his
father (1851). After farming for three years he
was appointed clerk of the House of Represen-
tatives, a position which he held until 1889.
Campbell was at first clerk to both Houses of
Parliament. His position was a difficult one
since there were no precedents to guide him in
recording the proceedings. He retired in 1889
and resided at Palmerston North, where he died
on 27 Sep 1911.

N.Z.P.D., pass. and 27 Sep 1911. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.
CAMPBELL, GEORGE FREDERICK COLIN
(1858-1937) was born in Nelson, his father,

CAMPBELL

Alexander le Grand Campbell, having arrived
there in 1842. Educated at Nelson College
(1869-74), he joined the Public Works depart-
ment as a cadet (1874) and transferred to the
Justice department in 1877 and to the newly
formed Land Tax department in 1879. In 1890
he was transferred again to the Property Tax
Department and in 1894 he became deputy-
commissioner of taxes. Three years later he was
also appointed deputy valuer-general and in
1904 Valuer-general. In 1908 he was appolDted
General Manager of the State Fire Insurance
Department; in 1910 Commissioner of Taxes ;
in, 1913 Secretary to the Treasury and Recelver
General; and in 1922 Auditor-general. He held
the last position until his death on 3 Mar 1937.

Campbell was a fine athlete. He was a Tep-
resentative Rugby player for Wellington, was
president of the Athletic Football Club from its
inception in 1878 and one of the founders of
the New Zealand Rugby Union (1892) and
president in 1893. He was a keen yachtsman
and oarsman and president of the Star BoatfOg
Club and the New Zealand Rowing Association.
As a volunteer he joined the Wellington Naval
Artillery in the ranks, became captain (1894),
lieut.-colonel of garrison artillery (1902) and
colonel on retirement. He was aide-de-camp to
the Governor-general in 1914 and received the
C.M.G. in 1919. Campbell married Miss A. Pike
(Dunedin).

Evening Post and The Dominion, 4 Mar 1937.

CAMPBELL, JAMES (1783-1858) of the Camp-
bells of Skerrington, Ayrshire, was an officer of
the 45th and 50th Regiments, with which heser-
ved in the Peninsular War. He was on the staff
of Sir Thomas Picton's division, being brigade-
major of the right brigade. Campbell was pre-
sent at the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco,
Fuentes d'Onoro, Badajoz, Toledo and Sda
manca and was promoted major and lieutenant-
colonel, receiving the medal with 14 clasps. He
served aso at Monte Video and Buenos Ayres
(under Whitelock), and in Ceylon and North
America.

After retiring from the army Campbell ex-
perienced many misfortunes until 1850, when
he became interested in the Canterbury Asso-
ciation and invested in land. On 25 May he
was elected a member of the committee of the
Society of Canterbury Colonists (with Tancred,

134

 

CAMPBELL

Sewell and Brittan). He came to New Zealand
in the London (arriving at Auckland in Feb
1851). A recommendation from the British gov-
ernment to Sir George Grey led to Campbell's
being appointed on 27 Sep a commissioner of
diaims in New Munster and afterwards com-
missioner of crown lands and government agent
in Canterbury and senior justice of the peace.

_In this capacity he was called on to investigate

CAMPBELL, SiR JOHN LOGAN.
memOlr, imadvertently omitted from its correct

CAMPBELL

Campbell contested the Waikato seat against
J. B. Whyte (1879). He was called to the Legis
lative Council in 1921 and died on 27 Feb
1926. Campbell served in the militia on patrol
duty in his early days, and was a sergeant in the
Cambridge Volunteer Cavalry (1873). He was
chairman of the Cambridge town board and
Piako county council, and later president of
the Auckland Reform League and Club. He
+ GC. Barstow (q.v.)
Who's Who NZ., 1924;
Portrait: Parliament

For this

alphabetical position, see Volume ii, Addenda

~ post, he contested the supenntenaency or-tau-
terbury against Fitzgerald, in spite of the re
turning office’s warning that he was not quali-
fied by being on the electoral roll. The election
resulted: Fitzgerald 135 votes; Campbell 94.
Tancred 89. A few months later Campbell was
superseded and thereafter he persistently peti-
tioned for compensation for loss of office In
his statement (dated 1 Nov 1856) he says that
he was opposed to provincialism and was a con-
sstent advocate of a strong central government.
He died on 7 Jul 1858. (See FRANCIS EDWARD
CAMPBELL.)
War Office records; memoria to Governor
Browne (in Hocken Library); App. H.R., 1856;
Cant. O.N.; Andersen; Acland; Woodhouse; Hoc-

ken;, Hempleman: Godley, Lat giters; Peens; aS
ton ‘Times, 18 Oct 1851° oS 2 Fe
Apr, I, 18 Jin? 1623' Jul); 7 Jul aM

 

CAMPBELL, JAMES PALMER (1855-1926) was
born in Helensburgh, Scotland, and educated
by his father and at ‘the Academy there, after-
wards qualifying as an accountant. He arrived
in Nelson in 1868 and was in business in Auck-
land (1869) and farming in Waikato and
Thames (1870). At Cambridge he was a con-
tractor for supplies to Armed Constabulary
parties making roads and the railway from
Mercer. In 1875, with his brother Hugh, he
took up land at Waihou. He was secretary to
the Patetere Land and Settlement Co. and later
joined Whitaker and Russell in Cambridge. He
was articled to F. A. Whitaker, admitted to the
bar (1883) and became a partner. In 1885 he
joined Russell in Auckland, and in 1893 he
opened a branch of the firm at Wellington,
where he became president of the Law Society
About 1902 he returned to Auckland, retiring
from practice in 1920.

CAMPBELL, MA1imow (1815-83) came to
New Zealand in the Thomas Harrison in 1842
to settle in Nelson. He was keenly interested
in education and on board the ship he ran a
school for the children and classes for the adults.
On arriving in Nelson he was struck by the
need for schools and forthwith opened one (in
May 1842). The committee which was formed
to control this institution included William
Fox, J.P. RoblOson and T J. Thompson 2 .
The Nelson School society was formed to pro-
vide for the education of children of all classes
and denominations. Campbell was the main-
spring of the Society throughout. He opened
most of the schools himself, and exercised per-
sonal supervision throughout. At one time he
had day or Sunday schools (and in some cases
both) in Stoke, Richmond. Appleby, River
Terrace, Riwaka, Motupipi, Waimea West,
Spring Grove, Wakefield, Wakapuaka and the
town of Nelson. He was one'of the first to
open a Sunday school in Nelson, and he did
much to place the Sunday schools of the pro-
vince on a sound footing. The Society was for
many years an unofficial education board for
the province, providing primary education for
the children of the town and district. In 1856
the Nelson Provincial Council passed an educa-
tion ordinance and it then recorded its thanks
to the Society for the great benefits that had
accrued to the Province from the zed and the
disinterested exertions of the Society’ animated
as it has constantly been by Mr. Campbell's
never-ceasing devotion to the advancement of
the cause.’ In 13 years, 2,074 pupils had been
educated. The esteem in which Campbell was
held was evidenced by his being repeatedly
elected to the education board for 27 years.
Campbell was a man of wide human sym-

135

-----------------------Page 84 End-----------------------

CAMPBELL

hau and disapproved of the war, which he be
lieved was being deliberately waged for the
benefit of the settlers. In Feb 1865 he resigr
and returned to England, with the approval
the War Office and the thanks of the Leg
tive Council of New Zealand. He became I
general 1868; general 1874; governor of Sanu-
hurst College 1868-75; G.C.B. 1873. He died
on 7 Jun 1888.

D.N.B.,. App. H.R., 1861-66; Cowan; Rusden;
Gudgeon (p); Rees; Gisborne; Gorton.

CAMPBELL, EWEN ALEXANDER (1843-1934)
was born at Wanganui, the son of Captain
Moses Campbell (q.v.). He was educated pri-
vately in Wanganui and as a young man served
in the Wanganui Cavalry in the Maori war. He
farmed successfully for many years at Bruns-
wick, and took his part in local government as
a member and chairman of the Waitotara
county council and of the Wanganui harbour
board, the chamber of commerce and the
Farmers’ Union. He was one of the founders
and for 30 years chairman of directors of the
Wanganui Meat Freezing Co. until its merger
with the New Zealand Refrigerating Co. (1927).
He was a director also of the New Zealand
Farmers’ Institute and of the Mauriceville Lime
Co. Campbell was a keen racing owner and a
successful breeder. He was for 30 years presi.
dent of the Wanganui Jockey Club. He died
on 18 Dec 1934.

Cycl. NZ., i (p); Wanganui Herald, 19 Dec 1984.

CAMPBELL, FRANCIS EASTWOOD (1823-
1911) was a son of Lieut-col. James Campbell
(qv.). He held a commission in the 23rd regi-
ment, in which he was the youngest captain
when he retired to come to Canterbury with his
father (1851). After farming for three years he
was appointed clerk of the House of Represen-
tatives, a position which he held until 1889.
Campbell was at first clerk to both Houses of
Parliament. His position was a difficult one
since there were no precedents to guide him in
recording the proceedings. He retired in 1889
and resided at Palmerston North, where he died
on 27 Sep 1911.

N.Z.P.D., pass. and 27 Sep 1911. Portrait; Parlia
ment House.

CAMPBELL, GEORGE FREDERICK COLIN
(1858-1937) was born in Nelson, his father,

CAMPBELL

Alexander le Grand Camp'bell, having arrived
there in 1842. Educated at Nelson College
1869-74), he joined the Public Works depart-
- radet (1874) and transferred to the
tm 1877 and to the newly
+ tm 1879. In 1890
". Tax
Depa.
commissioné? Or _
also appointed deputy-van—__
1904 Valuer-general. In 1908 he Was=y-,.
General Manager of the State Fire Insurance
Department; in 1910 Commissioner of Taxes;
in 1913 Secretary to the Treasury and Recelver
General; and in 1922 Auditor-general. He held
the last position until his death on 3 Mar 1937.
Campbell was a fine athlete. He was a Tep-
resentative Rugby player for Wellington, was
president of the Athletic Football Club from its
inception in 1878 and one of the founders of
the New Zealand Rugby Union (1892) and
president in 1893. He was a keen yachtsman
and oarsman and president of the Star Boatmg
Club and the New Zealand Rowing Association.
As a volunteer he joined the Wellington Naval
Artillery in the ranks, became captain (1894).
lieut.-colonel of garrison artillery (1902) and
colonel on retirement. He was aide-de-camp to
the Governor-general in 1914 and received the
C.M.G. in 1919. Campbell married Miss A. Pike
(Dunedin).

Evening Post and The Dominion, 4 Mar 1967.

CAMPBELL, JAMES (1783-1858) of the Camp-
bells of Skerrington, Ayrshire, was an officer of
the 45th and 50th Regiments, with which he ser-
ved in the Peninsular War. He was on the staff
of Sir Thomas Picton's division, being brigade-
major of the right brigade. Campbell was pre-
sent at the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco,
Fuentes d'Onoro, Badajoz, Toledo and Sda
manca and was promoted major and lieutenant-
colonel, receiving the medal with 14 clasps. He
served also at Monte Video and Buenos Ayres
(under Whitelock), and in Ceylon and North
America.

After retiring from the army Campbell ex-
perienced many misfortunes until 1850, when
he became interested in the Canterbury Asso-
ciation and invested in land. On 25 May he
was elected a member of the committee of the
Society of Canterbury Colonists (with Tancred,

134

        

CAMPBELL

Sewell and Brittan). He came to New Zealand
in the London (arriving at Auckland in Feb
4851). A recommendation from the British gov-
ernment to Sir George Grey led to Campbell's
being appointed on 27 Sep a commissioner of
claims in New Munster and afterwards com-
missioner of crown lands and government agent
in Canterbury and senior justice of the peace.
In this capacity he was called on to investigate
all land dalDS and adjudicate upon them. He
came into conflict with the settlers and protests
were made to Grey against his administration.

In Jul 1853, though still holding his officia

* post, he contested the superintendency of Can-

terbury against Fitzgerald, in spite of the re
turning office’s warning that he was not quali-
fied by being on the electoral roll. The election
resulted; Fitzgerald 135 votes; Campbell 94,
Tancred 89. A few months later Campbell was
superseded and thereafter he persistently peti-
tioned for compensation for loss of offic In
his statement (dated | Nov 1856) he says that
he was opposed to provincialism and was a con-
sistent advocate of a strong central government.

He died on 7 Jul 1858. (See FRANCIS EDWARD
CAMPBELL.)

War Office records; memoria to Governor
Browne (in Hocken Library); App. H.R., 1856;
Cant. O.N.,. Andersen; Acland; Woodhouse; Hoc-
ken; Hempleman; Godley, Letters; Deans; Lyttel-
ton Times, 18 Oct 1851; 1853 (12 Feb5 Mar, 21
Apr, Il, 18 Jun, 2, 16 28 Jul); 7 Jul 1858.

CAMPBELL, JAMES PALMER (1855-1926) was
born in Helensburgh, Scotland, and educated
by his father and at ‘the Academy there, after-
wards qualifying as an accountant. He arrived
in Nelson in 1868 and was in business in Auck-
land (1869) and farming in Waikato and
Thames (1870). At Cambridge he was a con-
tractor for supplies to Armed Constabulary
parties making roads and the railway from
Mercer. In 1875, with his brother Hugh, he
took up land at Waihou. He was secretary to
the Patetere Land and Settlement Co. and later
joined Whitaker and Russell in Cambridge. He
was articled to F. A. Whitaker, admitted to the
bar (1883) and became a partner. In 1885 he
joined Russell in Auckland, and in 1893 he
opened a branch of the firm at Wellington,
where he became president of the Law Society.
About 1902 he returned to Auckland, retiring,
from practice in 1920.

CAMPBELL

Campbell contested the Waikato seat against
J. B. Whyte (1879). He was called to the Legis
lative Council in 1921 and died on 27 Feb
1926. Campbell served in the militia on patrol
duty in his early days, and was a sergeant in the
Cambridge Volunteer Cavalry (1873). He was
chairman of the Cambridge town board and
Piako county council, and later president of
the Auckland Reform League and Club. He
married a daughter of R. C. Barstow (q.v.).
N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Who's Who NZ., 1924;

NZ. Herald, 1 Mar 1926 Portrait: Parliament
House.

CAMPBELL, MATTHEW (1815-83) came to
New Zealand in the Thomas Harrison in 1842
to settle in Nelson. He was keenly interested
in education and on board the ship he ran a
school for the children and classes for the adults.
On arriving in Nelson he was struck by the
need for schools and forthwith opened one (in
May 1842). The committee which was formed
to control this institution included William
Fox, J. P. Robinson and T. J. Thompson (q.v.).
The Nelson School society was formed to pro-
vide for the education of children of all classes
and denominations. Campbell was the main-
spring of the Society throughout. He opened
most of the schools himself, and exercised per-
sonal supervision throughout. At one time he
had day or Sunday schools (and in some cases
both) in Stoke, Richmond, Appleby, River
Terrace, Riwaka, Motupipi, Waimea West,
Spring Grove, Wakefield, Wakapuaka and the
town of Nelson. He was one'of the first to
‘open a Sunday school in Nelson, and he did
much to place the Sunday schools of the pro-
vince on a sound footing. The Society was for
many years an unofficial education board for
the province, providing primary education for
the children of the town and district. In 1856
the Nelson Provincial Council passed an educa-
tion ordinance and it then recorded its thanks
to the Society for the great benefits that had
accrued to the Province from the zeal and the
disinterested exertions of the Society’ animated
as it has constantly been by Mr. Campbell's
never-ceasing devotion to the advancement of
the cause’ In 13 years, 2,074 pupils had been
educated. The esteem in which Campbell was
held was evidenced by his being repeatedly
elected to the education board for 27 years.
Campbell was a man of wide human sym-

135

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CAMPBELL

pathies, discreet and unassuming in his private
life, liberal and tolerant. He worked on terms
of complete amity with all religious denomina-
tions and with a single view to advancing the
interests of both secular and religious education
amongst the children of the province. His
death occurred on 30 May 1883.

Broad; The Colonist, 1 Jun 1883: Nelson Even-
ing Mail, 31 May 1883; 11 Dec 1926 (p).

CAMPBELL, MOSES (1787-1862) was a son of
John Campbell, of Auch, Perthshire. He was
a captain in the 72nd Highlanders and saw
service at the Cape and elsewhere. He came
to Port Nicholson with his wife (Jessie Cameron
of Glen Nevis) and their family in the Blen-
heim (1841) and in Nov proceeded in the
Clydeside to settle in Wanganui. Fifty head of
cattle were driven overland. Campbell's farm,
Wiritoa, between the south road and the sea
is still in the hands of his family.

In Dec 1841 Campbell was gazetted a magis-
trate. He represented Wanganui and Rangi-
tikel_in the Wellington Provincial Council
(1857-61). A strong supporter of the Presby-
terian Church, he was a member of the con-
ference (in 1861) on the union of the different
Presbyterian churches of New Zealand. He
died on 20 Sep 1862. (See EWEN A. CAMPBELL.)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; NZ.C., 60; L. J B.
Chapple: Woon; Wanganui Chronicle, 25 Sep
1862.

CAMPBELL, ROBERT (1848-89) was the son
of Robert Campbell, of Buscot Park, Berkshire,
England, and was educated at Eton College.
His father having emigrated to Australia on
the opening of the diggings, Campbell followed
after leaving school and in the early sixties he
landed with his brother at Auckland and made
his way southward to Otago, inspecting land
on behalf of his father. In 1866 they purchased
Benmore, South Canterbury, on behalf of R.
Campbell and Sons. Amongst other stations was
Otekaike, on tlle Waitaki river, where Camp-
bell in 1876 made his home. He married (1868)
Emma Josephine (d. 17 Ap! 1890), a daughter
of the Hon T. Hawdon (q.v.).

Campbell represented Oamaru in Parliament
(1866-69), being a whip for the Stafford gov-
ernment. Having resigned in 1869, he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member from 1870 till his death (9 Dec

CAPLES

1889). He was not prominent in parliament
or public life, but rendered considerable service
to North Otago as first chairman of the Wai-
taki county council (from which he resigned in
1881) and a member of the Oamaru harbour
board. He was on the New Zealand University
Senate (1871-79). Campbell was for a while a
figure on the turf, his most successful horse be-
ing Sir Modred.

Parltry Record; Col. Gent; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago
Daily Times, 8 May 1876, 11 Dec 1889.

CAMPBELL, THOMAS HEWITT (1830-63),
M.A. Oxford, was headmaster of the Wolver-
hampton Grammar School before being selected
as rector of the Otago Boys High School. He
arrived at Port Chalmers by the Matoaka and
was drowned in an accident to the harbour
steamer on the following day (4 Jul 1863).

Otago B.H.S. List; Hocken, Otago; Otago Daily
Times, 3 Aug 1933 (P)
CANNING, JOHN DAVIS (1822-84) was born
at Marlborough, Wiltshire, educated at Marl-
borough College and came to New Zealand in
the Cornwall in 1851. He was first employed
by John Harding at Mount Vernon, Hawkes
Bay, and then took up 2,000 acres at Poranga-
hau, where he established his Oakburne station,
afterwards increased by native leases to 40,000:
acres. Canning introduced the Cotswold sheep
into Hawkes Bay and always devoted his atten-
tion to the best strains of all stock. He was a
member of the Hawkes Bay Agricultural and
Pastoral society in 1858. He represented Pora-
ngahau in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council
(1875-76). He died in 1884.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p) ; Daily
Telegraph (Napier), 16 Oct 1925.
CANTRELL, RICHARD SEAWARD (1825-72)
was born in England and arrived in New Zea
land in 1858. He first contested a parliamentary
seat in 1866, when he was defeated by Artim}"
Burns for Caversham. In 1871 he was elected
to represent that electorate in both Parliament
and Provincial Council. A year later ill-health
compelled him to resign from both bodies, and
he died on II Aug 1872.

Parltry Record; Cycl: N.Z., iv; Otago Daily
Times, 12 Aug 1872.

CAPLES, PATRICK QUIRK (1830-1904) came
to New Zealand in the early days of the gold

136

 

\'l

 

CARGILL

diggings and had considerable success as a pros-
pector in Otago. In Jan 1863 Caples started
alone from Queenstown for the West Coast.
Crossing the mountains at the Head of the Dart
river, he descended to a river he called the
Hollyford, but was repulsed by want of food.
On a second attempt he crossed near the head
of the Greenstone river and followed the Holly-
ford down to Martin's Bay, which he reached
on 10 Mar. He found only traces of gold but
made a very accurate map of the country. His
report was confirmed by Dr Hector, who visited
the West Coast shortly afterwards.

Caples was elected a member of the Otago
mining board (1862). Moving to Westland, he
discovered the reefs at Point Reefton, Moon-
light and Capleston, and erected the first quartz
battery on the coast. He died on 27 Nov 1904.

Pyke; Press Association, 28 Nov 1904; Otago
Witness, 18 Nov 1930.

CARGILL, EDWARD BOWES (1823-1903), the
seventh son of W. Cargill, was born at Edin-
burgh, and received his education in Edinburgh,
and aftenvards (when his father moved to the
east of England) at the Grammar School at
Norwich and at Perone's School. At the age of
14 he was apprenticed to the sea in the mer-
cantile marine. There he spent six years, visit-
ing Australia and the Far East. In 1844, having
attained his majority, he settled down at
Colombo (Ceylon) in the service of the Bank
of Western India (afterwards the Oriental
Bank). From this he moved into a mercantile
office, and eventually went into business as
Dowdall, Cargill and Co. Later they took into
partnership Andrew Nicol, brother of the
founder of the Bombay firm of W. Nicol and
Co., and they continued to trade under the
name of Nicols, Cargill and Co.

Cargill moved to Melbourne where he was
in business (1855-57) as Eastern importers. In
1858 he settled in Dunedin. For the first two
years after landing he was in partnership with
John Jones as Jones, Cargill, and Co., mer-
chants, shipping agents and shipowners. This
was dissolved in 1861, and Cargill was then
joined by his brother John. On the discovery
of gold their business expanded rapidly, though
they had the misfortune to be burned out in
Dec 1861, and again in Feb 1864. In 1859 they
purchased the paddle steamer Geelong, which

CARGILL

was the first steamer to ply, under a provincial
contract, between Lyttelton, Dunedin and In-
vercargill. The City of Dunedin, specially built
for the firm, was delivered in 1863, after the
dissolution of the partnership, but Cargill re-
tained his interest in her. Jones and Cargill
together projected the Otago Steam Navigation
Co. for whjch ships were built on the Clyde
to run in the intercolonial trade. The first of
these, the Scotia, arrived in Mar 1864, but on
her first voyage to Melbourne ran ashore near
the Bluff. The Albion arrived in the same year
and was sold for service in the East. The City
of Dunedin sank in Jun 1865 and the Geelong
near Whangape in 1878. The firm of Cargill
and Co. was the first to import sugar direct from
Mauritius (1862), and imported some of the
earliest tea shipments direct from China. They
were agents for the Scottish firm of Patrick
Henderson and Co., whose ships carried emi-
grants under the Otago provincial government ,
scheme. For some time G. McLean (q.v.) was
in the firm (then Cargill and McLean) and on
his retirement W. C. Gibbs came in (Cargill,
Gibbs and Co.). In 1881 the business was pur-
chased by the British and New Zealand Mort-
gage and Agency Co. (formed for this purpose
by Cargill, Tolmie, Gibbs, Joachim and others).
The company, which had investments in station
lands in Otago, suffered heavily in the slump
of the eighties, and was wound up in 1889.
Cargill lost severely, and he was disappointed
also in the meat-preserving works at Green Is
land, in which he had invested much money.
Discouraged by these misfortunes, he retired
from business. He was a director of the New
Zealand Refrigerating Co., the Mosgiel Woollen
Co., the Union Steamship Co. (on the first
board), the Trustees, Estate and Agency Co.,
the Westport Coal Co., and the old City and
Suburban Tramway Co., and a founder of the
National Insurance Co. and the Colonial Bank
(of which he was for two years president).

In the first Otago Provincial Council Cargill
represented Western District (1862-63). In the
next Council (1863) he sat for Dunedin and
was for a month or so provincial secretary;
but he was defeated at the general election in
1867. He again successfully contested the seat
in 1871, and was again in the executive, but
was defeated in 1873. In the Council he intro-
duced resolutions aiming at the free selection

137

-----------------------Page 86 End-----------------------

CARGILL

of land in the interior of the province, but
they were withdrawn in favour of another
scheme. In Parliament Cargill represented
Bruce (1862-65), retiring at the general dec-
tion. He stood for Dunedin Central in 1887,
but was defeated by Fitchett. He was a mem-
ber of the old Dunedin town board, of the
Otago harbour board and of the city school
committee. In 1870-71 he was a member of the
City Council. When the jubilee of the pro-
vince was about to be celebrated Cargill, as a
son of the first Superintendent, was"mayor of
Dunedin (1897-98). Education aways had in
him a strong supporter. He was a member of
the High School board of governors and of the
council of Otago University (1869-1903), and a
vice-chancellor (1894-1903). Cargill was a
strong supporter of Knox Church, of which he
was an elder, and the last survivor of the first
kirk session.

Cargill was unwittingly the originator of the
term ‘Old Identity.’ Having in public utter-
ance exhorted the original settlers to stand to-
gether to preserve their identity, he was made
the butt of a joke by Thatcher, the comedian,
who represented him has ‘an Old Identity.’
Cargill married (1854) Dorothy (d. 1889),
daughter of Dr Nesham, of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
His death occurred on 9 Aug 1903.

Otago P.C. Proc.; NZP.D.; Cycl. N.Z., iv(p);
Ross; Mclndoe; Otago Daily Times, 8 May 1872,

10 Aug 1903, 17 May 1930 (P). Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

CARGILL, JOHN (1821-98) was a son of W.
W. Cargill (q.v.). As a young man he served
in the Royal Navy. He was for some years in
the West Indies in the sloop Ringdove and the
frigate Seringapatam. Retiring in 1840, he came
to Tasmania (1841) and Port Philip, cruised in
the Pacific islands and eventually settled in
Ceylon as a coffee planter. In 1846 he returned
to England to assist his father in the Otago
scheme, and they came out together in the John
Wickliffe (1847).

Cargill took up a run on the coast at Toko-
mairiro, and later at Mt Stuart (with his station
at Meadowbank). In 1861 (in partnership with
his son-in-law, E. B. Anderson) he took the
Teviot run, where they soon had a fine flock
of 55,000 well-bred merino sheep. They had
also a large property at Gladfield, in south
Otago. Losses resulting from the rabbits were

CARGILL

disastrous. Cargill was elected M.H.R. for the
country district (1853) and represented it to
1858. In 1866 he was elected for Bruce, which
he represented to 1870. In the Provincial
Council he represented Tokomairiro (1855-58)
and North harbour (1863-67). Keenly interested
in volunteering, he held a commission as ensign
in the Edinburgh corps and took a course at the
musketry school at Hythe (where he qualified
a a first-class marksman). He was colonel in
corhmand of the Otago volunteers and militia.

Cargill married first the eldest daughter of
John Jones. After her death (1868) he married
a daughter of Dr Featherston. In 1882 he left
for England and five years later settled in Brit-
ish Columbia, where he died on 2 Jan 1898.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times, 9 Feb

1898.
CARGILL, WILLIAM WALTER (1784-1860)
was born in Edinburgh and was descended frO|D
the Scottish Covenanter Donald Cargill, who
was beheaded in 1681. His father was James
Cargill, a writer to the signet, and the boy had
a Scots tutor, Thomas Chalmers, who was later
a famous divine. He dso attended the Edin-
burgh High School.

‘At the age of 18 Cargill received an ensigncy
in the 84th Foot, and went to Calcutta to join
his regiment. At the battle of Assaye (Sep
4803) the casualties suffered by the 74th High-
landers provided promotion, and Cargill was
appointed a lieutenant in that regiment. After
spending four years in India he returned to
England, and in 1810 the regiment went to the
Peninsula, where he served for four years. Sev-
erely wounded at Busaco, he was invalided to
England, but soon returned to his regiment as
captain and fought through to the concluding
victory at Toulouse. In 1813 he married at
Oporto, Mary Ann, daughter of Lieutenant
Yates, R.N. After the peace of 1814 the regi-
ment returned to Ireland and eventually to
Scotland, and in 1820 Cargill retired, with the
Peninsula medal and seven clasps.

Cargill now thought of going abroad, but the
family strongly opposed the idea, and he went
into business in Edinburgh as a wine merchant.
In 1834 he joined the service of the Yorkshire
District Bank, in charge of one of its branches.
In 1836 he became general manager for the
East of England, with headquarters at Norwich.
In 1841 he resigned and joined the board of

138

 

 

CARGILL

the Oriental Banking Corporation in London.
His attention was attracted by the correspond-
ence of George Rennie in the Colonial Gazette
in 1842 regarding the proposed Scots settlement
in New Zealand. He got into touch with Rennie
and for a year or two worked in close conjunc-
tion with him to further the scheme of a Free
Church colony. The New Zealand Company
favoured the project, and the Assembly of the
Free Church of Scotland adopted it. When
Cargill paid for two sections in New Zealand
(Jul 1843) he gave his address as ‘Bombay,
India.’ Troubles arose at both ends, and the
Otago scheme was suspended for about four
years.

When eventually the pioneers sailed in the
John Wickliffe, with Cargill as their leader, he
was already 64 years of age, with a military
career of 17 years completed fully a generation
earlier. But he had the ripe, shrewd sagacity
which a body of Scots wanted in their leader.
"| almost believe,’ said Sir George Grey some
time later, ‘that a more wise and sagacious
man than Captain Cargill never existed’ In
spite of his Nonconformist tradition and up-
bringing, Cargill was not more narrow than a
man of nearly three score and ten years must
necessarily be. If he opposed innovations that
were wisdly liberal, he also resisted some which
were too liberal for the good of posterity. When
the constitution of 1852 came into force (1853)
Cargill waited anxiously for weeks and months
after the other provinces lest his Council should
take any step in the appropriation of moneys
that was not fully justified by the law. He was
elected Superintendent without opposition;
and re-elected without opposition for a new
term (1855-60). For part of the time he was
also a member of Parliament, representing the
Dunedin Country District (1855:60). Tried by
the opposition of a small but able party within
the province, Cargill showed a tendency to
obduracy with his Council, which was obviously
the result of advancing years. He steadfastly
contended for his dignity and his prerogative
and chaffed sorely in the harness of responsible
government, under which all his utterances to
the Council had to be composed or approved
by his executive before he delivered them. Ac-
cused of nepotism in circumstances which left
him little option but to promote some of his
influential and brainy sonsin-law, he said (Oct

CARKEEK

1857): ‘This | "sy because of the untruthful
ribaldries that are on this occasion being cir-
culated. Nepotism and family clique are words
that must indeed be a farce, in the face of the
Otago public, whose Superintendent and sons-
in-law have been so openly opposed to each
other in politics, and that with perfect indepen-
dence on either side. Truly tliere never has
been, and on my part never shall be, a vestige
of favour or affection in any such matters. But
neither am | to be scared from public duty by
any such missiles as | have referred to. | would
have all to know that | am in no degree to be
swayed from doing what | have a right to do-
to put the right man into the right place-
whether that man might happen to be my son-
in-law or anyone dlse’ A greater insult to the
veteran was the suggestion that he was old.
-This at least is the truth,’ he admitted in a
message to the council, ‘and to the curious in
such matters | shall give a gauge not easily for-
gotten. Your Superintendent is just 50 days
older than Lord Palmerston, and can look back
upon half a century when, as a humble sub, he
had occasion to correspond with his lordship,
then Secretary at War. Subsequent experience
must have taught him something of public mat-
ters, but he will only notice that the last 14
years have been extremely devoted to the plant-
ing and progression of this colony, in whose
advancing prosperity he greatly rejoices, and
| should therefore lament its passing under the
slashing regime of a young assistant-young, at
least, in experience-and whose first vaunted
steps would be a breach of the law.’

Cargill held office for two years longer. He
handed over the superintendency to Macan-
drew on 3 Jan 1860, and several months later
resigned his seat in Parliament. He died on 6
‘Aug 1860 and his widow on 26 Oct 1871. (See E.
B. Carcrey, JOHN Carr, and WILLIAM H.
CUTIEN,) GH.S.

N.Z.C. (Otago Association); Otago Witness, Mar
1898 (p); Otago P.C. Proc.; Arnold; Cox: Reeves;
Hocken, Otago; Gisborne; Cyel. NZ, iv; Otago
Daily Times, 10 Jan 1930 (P).

CARKEEK, ARTHUR WAKEFHiLD (1843-97),
a son of Stephen Carkeek (q.v.). was born at
Nelson, educated and trained as a surveyor,
serving for many years on the staff of the pro-
vincial government. He was a keen oarsman
and cricketer. In the later stages of the Maori

139

-----------------------Page 87 End-----------------------

CARKEEK

war Carkeek was in the fighting at Tokaanu,
Pourere and Taupo (1869). In Feb 1870, when
Te Kooti attacked Ohinemutu, he volunteered
to carry a message to Colonel McDonnell at
Tapapa, a distance of thirty miles. He was
awarded the New Zealand Cross. Carkeek lived
after his retirement at Otaki. He died on 24
May 1897.

Cyol. N.Z., i; Gudgeon; Feilding Star, 27 May
1897.

CARKEEK, STEPHEN (1815-78) was born at
‘Swansea, Wales, educated there and went to
sea He artived in New South Wales as first
officer of a convict ship and took service under
the government in command of a revenue cut-
ter. He came to New Zealand in 1840 on loan
to .the administration, was appointed landing
walter at Russell and was employed for some
time with the cutter Ranger in the survey of
Waitemata harbour. After completing this duty
he was appointed collector of customs at Nel-
son, where in 1843 he was harbourmaster and
member of the board of management. In 1849
he was promoted to Wellington as collector. He
was nominated to the Legislative Council (19
May 1851) and attended the following session
(1852), the Council lapsing with the introduc-
tion of the new constitution. Carkeek stood for
Wellington City at the Parliamentary elections
of 1855. In 1858 he was appointed first in-
spector of customs for New Zealand, and in 1865
he opened the customs at Chatham islands.

Carkeek was a keen astronomer and the estab-
lishment of the time-ball in Wellington for the
convenience of shipping was due to him. When
he retired from the service (1866), he went to
live in Featherston, where he established a pri-
vate observatory. Carkeek married Miss Piotti
(d. 1893). His death occurred in 1878.

Cyel. N.., i; N.Z. Spectator, Oct-Nov 1855' Wel-
lington Independent, 23 Jun 1864, 18 Apr i868.

CARLETON, HUGH FRANCIS (1810-90) was
the eldest son of Francis Carleton, of Claremore,
county Tipperary, and Greenlands, county Cork,
Though born in England, he was of Irish
descent. Educated at Eton (under Dr Keate),
he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge,
im 1828, With the promise of high classical dis
tinction, but his studies were interrupted by rus-
tICafion as the result of what he called «an
affair of honour with the long carpenter,’ aris-

CARLETON

ing out of a town-and-gown disturbance. He
pulled No. 4 in the Privateer for Trinity in
4831, when it bumped Lady Margaret (Bishop
Selwyn pulling No 7), which had been head
of the river for three terms.

Proceeding to London, Carleton studied in
the Middle Temple under Sir John Bailey, but
took a dislike to law and was never called. In-
stead he went to Italy to study art and spent
the greater part of three years in travelling. He
came to Auckland in 1845, and was employed
for a while by Brown and Campbell. Then he
engaged in commercial speculations, notably
the importation of stock from Australia, for
which he chartered a small vessel, the Orwell.
She made three unprofitable voyages, and ended
her career by being cast away on the Orwell
Bank at Manukau (Mar 1848). At intervals
Carleton took part in editing the New Zea-
lander, which advocated the rights of the pre-
emption land claimants and FitzRoy's grantees.
Then he established on his own account (Apr
1848) the Anglo-Maori Warder, in opposition to
the government of the day. In spite of Carle:
ton’s ignorance of business, it paid its way for
about six months, and then closed down. Cal'le
ton next turned his attention in a desultory
manner towards the South Seas, and saw much
of the islands of Fiji. William Brown having
decided to despatch the schooner Noble to San
Francisco, agreed to take Carleton with him as
a cabin passenger. When Carleton was ashore
at Pitcairn island the vessd was blown off and
he spent three weeks on the island awaiting a
chance to leave. During this time, it is said,
he amused himself .teaching the natives part
singing. He was plcked up by the Colonist
(Capt. Marshall, from whom he had previously
chartered the Haidee), and reached San Fran-
cisco some time ahead of the Noble but in some
difficulty owing to the absence of his property.

Returning to New Zealand in time for the
first election of the General Assembly, Carle
ton was elected member for Bay of Islands,
which he represented continuously from 1853
to 1870, when he was regarded as «the father
of the House.’ He took a prominent part in
the controversy regarding responsible govern-
ment, and acquired a reputation as a polished
and higWy cultured speaker, though inclined
to be ponderous and dogmatic. A marked
attitude of superiority, and a facility in several

140

 

 

CARLETON

languages, with which he fredly adorned his
speeches, militated against his political popu-
larity. Responsible government at that stage
he considered a mistake. Carleton did not enter
the first Auckland Provincial Council, but at
the general election in Oct 1855 he was returned
for Bay of Islands. Here, too, he took a pro-
minent part in the early struggles, exciting
OppOSittOn often by his obvious attainments.
He was provincial secretary for most of the year
1856 (under the Superintendency of Campbell)
and again (1864-66) under Graham and Whit-
aker. He represented Bay of Islands (1855-57),
the City of Auckland (1859-61), Newton (1861-
65) and Bay of Islands again (1865-75). As
early as 1858 he supported the new provinces
bill in the hope of destroying the provincial
system by subdivision. Having taken his part
m defeatmg the Sewell government in 1856,
Carleton supported Fox for the sake of his
waste lands policy; then supported Stafford
and voted for the compact. In 1856 he took
charge (as editor) of the Southern Cross, to
which he had long been a contributor. "He
had strong views against the Waitara war, but
supported Stafford because he felt himself
pledged to a general support. Next year he
gave his casting vote to put the government out.
He agitated for direct purchase of native lands,
thus destroying the government monopoly.

Having paid a visit to England, from which
he returned in 1864, Carleton found Stafford
in office and supported him. For a period of 14
years (1856-70) he acted as chairman of com-
mittees in the House... At the general election in
1870 he was defeated for Bay of Islands by John
McLeod, the lessee of the coalmines, and this
practically closed his political career. He was
nominated again in 1878 for the Eden seat,
which he could have won if he had pledged
himself to support Grey, but he answered that
+if he were to follow any man blindfolded it
was not worth having the seat.’ A scholarly
man even amongst many fine classical scholars
in the early Parliaments of New Zealand, Carle-
ton nevertheless had limitations of manner
which were politically disastrous. He knew
nothing of compromise, and was often consid-
ered *crochety’ in his fine distinctions and
punctilio. His speeches, though at times they
struck a high note of oratory and sentiment,
often bored the House. Nor was he a stranger

CARNELL

to invective, as witness his scathing indictment
(during the debates on responsible government)
of Edward Gibbon Wakefield's sense of honour.

On retiring from politics Carleton lived
quietly at his home at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands,
only emerging to maintain his steady interest
in higher education. As early as 1851 he had
urged the establishment in each province of a
secular university supported by the state. In
4871 he was elected vice-chancellor of the Uni-
versity of New Zealand, a position which he
occupied until his departure for England in
4880, and was one of the leaders of the success-
ful struggle against the foundation of a single
university institution in Otago. He represented
the university at the tercentenary celebrations
of the University of Edinburgh (1884). Carle-
ton spent the last ten years of his life in Eng-
land, and when he died on 14 Jul 1890. he had
been almost forgotten in the Colony. He mar-
ried on 30 Nov 1859 Lydia Jane (1835-91),
daughter of Archdeacon Henry Williams (q.v.).

Carleton's life of Archdeacon Henry Williams
is an important, though controversial, contribu-
tion to the early history of New Zealand. He
published several controversial pamphlets,

‘Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.P.D., pass.; Registry of
Cambridge University; Thomson; Rusden; Beagle-
hole; P. A. Carleton, Memorials of the Carletons,
1869; Otago Guardian, 8 Oct 1873; N.Z. Herald, 27
Feb 1871.9 Apr 1878.20 Sep 1890. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

CARLYON, GEORGE GWAVAS (1824-75) was
a son of Major-General Edward Carlyon, and
himself served for some years in the Imperial
amy. He was in the Crimea with the 1st Foot
regiment and afterwards came to New Zealand.
He spent a year or two at the Hutt and in 1859
bought portion of Gwavas station, Hawkes Bay.
He represented Waipukurau in the Provincial
Council (1862), and died on 17 Oct 1875.

A brother, EDWARD AUGUSTUS Carton (1823-
74), M.A., was a barrister at law. He represen-
ted Te Aute in the Hawkes Bay Provincial
Council (1867-71), and died on 4 Dec 1874.

Burke, Landed Gentry; Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.;
Cyel. N.Z., vi. 398-9. 505.

CARNELL, SAMUEL (1832-1920) was born in
Nottinghalnshire, educated at Old Lenton and
trained as a mechanic in the laceindustry. He
turned his attention to photography and after
the discovery of the collodion process came to

141

-----------------------Page 88 End-----------------------

CARPENTER

New Zealand in the Caduceus (1860). For some
time he was employed by Crombie and Webster
in Auckland. He visited Hokitika at the time
of the rush and opened a studio at Nelson. Be-
fore long he returned to Auckland and then
proceeded to Napier (1869) as manager of the
business of Swan and Wrigglesworth, which he
soon purchased. He sold out in 1905. Carnell
was mayor of Napier (1904-07) and was many
years on the Napier harbour board, the Hawkes
Bay hospital board, the land board and the
Napier school committee. In 1894 he won the
Napier parliamentary seat as a Liberal (defeat-
ing Swan). He was defeated in 1896 by R. D.
D. McLean. He had advanced views on land
tenure and in 1895 carried a resolution in
favour of abolishing the totalisator. He died
on 14 Oct 1920.

Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); Hansard, 11 Mar 1921;
Hawkes Bay Herald, 15 Oct 1920.

CARPENTER, ROBERT HOLT (1819-91) was
born in England and trained as a bookbinder.
After marrying he came to New Zealand in the
Birman (arriving at Port Nicholson Mar 1842).
He left shortly aftenvards for Nelson but the
vessd being wrecked, he returned to Welling-
ton and opened a second-hand bookshop in
Molesworth street. He represented Wellington
City in the Provincial Council (1856-61, 1864-
65) and was a member of the town board and
of the borough council (1867-71). Carpenter
died on 24 Feb 1891.

Parltry Record; Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward;
Evening Post, 24 Feb 1891

CARPENTER, WILLIAM (1832-1914) was born
at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, and travelled
widely before coming to Victoria in 1856. In
1863 he came to Auckland, where he was em-
ployed in the native department (1867-68). Set-
tling at Thames in 1870, he became mayor,
chairman of the harbour board and highway
board and M.P.C. (1873-75). He died on 30
Jul 1914,
N.Z. Herald, 14 Feb 1874, 31 Jul 1914.

CARRINGTON, FREDERIC ALONZO (1807-
4901) was born at Chelmsford, Essex, his father
being later barrackmaster at Douglas, Isle of
Man. His grandfather and great grandfather
were prebendary and chancellor respectively in
the diocese of Exeter. Frederic studied under
Robert Dawson, a distinguished military en-

CARRINGTON

gineer, and received an appointment in 1826
in the Ordnance Survey. In this service he sur-
veyed a large tract of country in Wales and
adjacent English counties and revised blocks of
original survey work in various parts of Eng-
land. After the passing of the Reform Bill
(1832) he did much of the work entailed in
determining the boundaries of parliamentary
boroughs between Bristol and Manchester.

In 1839 Carrington met at the surveyor-
general's office in the Tower Captain W. M.
Smith (q.v.), who was discussing the duties that
he would be called on to carry out in New
Zealand. Carrington was attracted by the idea
of emigrating and eventually accepted the posi-
tion of chief surveyor to the Plymouth Com-
pany, to select, purchase and survey the land
required for the settlement. He sailed in the
London, arrived at Port Nicholson in Dec 1840
and carried out his task with complete success.
Owing to the difficulties of the Company his
engagement terminated in 1843 and he returned
to England. There he gave evidence before
the select committee of the House of Commons
and he exhibited at Sir Roderick Murchison's
house his valuable collection of New Zealand
fauna, canoes, weapons, carvings, minerals and
timber. He twice had an audience of the Prince
Consort, who was much interested in his col-
lection and his delineation of country. There-
after he spent some time on surveys for pro-
jected railways and harbour works in Great
Britain. His system of surface delineation and
plan-modelling attracted much attention as a
guide in the planning of drainage and road
systems. He received a prize medal at the ex-
hibition of 1851 for his models. Between 1851
and 1856 he carried out important explorations
in California, France and Belgium in the in-
terests of British engineering firms.

Early in 1857 Carrington returned to New
Zealand with the intention of establishing iron-
works, constructing a harbour and managing
properties as agent. When the Maori war broke
out he was appointed road engineer for Tara-
naki. He took no part in government until
1869, when he was elected Superintendent of
Taranaki, and the following year he was re-
turned to Parliament for Omata. He was re-
elected Superintendent (against Brown and
Atkinson) and held office until the abolition. In
Parliament he sat for Grey and Bell (1871-79).

142

 

CARRINGTON

Carrington died on 15 Jul 1901. He was
mainly responsible for the earmarking of one-
fourth of the provincial revenues for the con-
struction of protective works at the harbour.

GB.OP., 1844/556; Cycl. N.Z., vi; Wells; Tara-
naki Herald, 15 Jul 1901; Taranaki Daily News, 31
Mar 1891.

CARRINGTON, WELLINGTON (1814-90),
who was a surveyor, first visited Bay of Islands
in 1835, and in 1839 was engaged 2s an asis-
tant surveyor to the New Zealand Company.
He sailed in the Cuba and worked on a survey
of the site of the town, which it was proposed
to establish at Petone. In Dec 1840 he visited
Wanganui to layoff sections for the town, and
then went to Taranaki, where his brothers
(F. A. and 0.) had already arrived. During the
Taranaki war Carrington was a captain in the
militia and he was later attached to the native
office. He interpreted at the arrest of Te Whiti
(1881). Carrington represented Omata in the
Taranaki Provincial Council (1872-73). He
married a daughter of T. Mace (q.v.). His
death occurred on 8 Feb 1890.

Wells; Taranaki Herald, 7 Nov 1872, 8, 10 Feb
1880. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Call.

CARROLL, SIR JAMES (1857-1926) was the
son of Joseph Carroll (1815-99), who was in the
botanical department of the government in
New South Wales in the thirties and settled in
Wairoa, where he engaged in agriculture and
sheep farming and imported stock and machin-
ery. Besides owning a large tract of land at
Hurumoa, he- engaged in business as a black:
smith and kept several small schooners for
whaling. He married Tapuke, a chieftainess of
the Wairoa hapu of Ngati-Kahungunu.

James was born at Wairoa on 20 Aug 1858,
the youngest child of the family. He spent his
childhood in the Urewera under leading to-
hungas, and at the age of six was sent to
Thomson's school at Napier. He showed no
aptitude for study, spoke little English and at
the age of 12 returned to work on his father's
station. In 1869 he enlisted with the native
allies (under F. E. Hamlin) in pursuit of Te
Kooti; in every skirmish with the enemy 'be-
haved in all cases with great steadiness, and
for his services received the war medal and a
bonus of £50. Then he spent 18 months as a
cadet under Locke, native commissioner and

CARROLL

magistrate for the East Coast. McLean trans-
ferred him to the native office in Wellington,
and a year later he was licensed as an inter-
preter and attached to the native land court
under Judge Rogan. In 1879 he was appointed
interpreter in the House of Representatives,
where he gained a close acquaintance with the
forms of parliament and became a fluent
specker.

In 1883 Carroll resigned to contest the East-
ern Maori seat, but was defeated by Wi Pere by
23 votes. Declining to return to his old post,
he became thoroughly intimate with the needs
of his people, and in 1887 he defeated Pere by
200 votes. He held the seat continuously until
4894, when he was elected for the European
constituency of Waiapu (afterwards Gisborne),
defeating De Lautour by 497 votes. That seat
he held for 25 years. Meanwhile Carroll had a
distinguished career. In 1892 he was appointed
a member of the executive representing the
native race, and he held that position through-
out the Ballance and Seddon administrations.
From 1896 he was also Commissioner of Stamps
and in Dec 1899 he became Minister of Native
Affairs. His native policy was conservative and
he carried some important measures extending
natfve government, notably the Maori councils
act 1900. His object was to conserve and ex-
tend the remaining rights of the Maori and to
encourage the co-operative farming of their
lands. Carroll had a dignified personality, was
a fluent speaker, practised in the imagery of
Maori lore, and equally eloquent in English.
He had great influence and mana, and did
much to make the Maori better understood by
the pakeha. He continued in office throughout
the Hall Jones and Ward administrations and
was for some years the senior member of the
Cabinet. In 1911 he was created K.C.M.G.

Reverting to the position of a private memo
ber when the Liberal government was defeated
in 1912, he lost his seat to Lysnar at the election
of 1919, and two years later was called to the
Legislative Council by the Massey government.
Carroll attended one of the conferences in Lon-
don of the Empire Parliamentary Association.
He died on 18 Oct 1926, nine days after deliver-
ing an eloquent oration at the grave of his
friend Sir William Herries (qv.). He married
early in life Heni Materoa, who survived him
until 1 Nov 1980. There were no children, but

143

-----------------------Page 89 End-----------------------

CARSON

Sir James and Lady Carroll brought up about
thirty foster children.

Parltry Record; Anny department record of war
service; N.Z.P.D. (notably 24 Jun 1927); Cowan;
Gisborne; Evening Post, 19 Oct 1926; Daily Tele:
graph (Napier), 29 Oct 1926; Gisborne Times, 10
May 1927; N.Z. Times, 21 Aug 1911; N.I. Herald,

lov 1926. Portrait: Parliament House

CARSON, GILBERT (1842-1924) was born at
sea in the ship Jane Gifford on the voyage from
Scotland to Auckland. His father, James Car-
son (1815-80), came to work the copper mines
at Kawau and Coromandel. Educated in Auck-
land, Carson served his apprenticeship on the
New Zealander (completing in 1863), and had
been appointed manager when the office was
burned down. He then went on active service
with the Auckland volunteers, assisting in the
building and defence of the Wairoa redoubt.
In 1867 he went to Wellington, where he was
engaged for some years as a compositor and
proof-reader in the Government printing office
In 1874 he purchased the Wanganui Chronicle,
with which he was associated for the remainder
of his life.

Carson contested a parliamentary seat on four
occasions before he defeated A. D. Willis for
Wanganui in 1896. He lost the seat to Willis
in 1899. In 1914 he was called to the Legis
tive Council, from which he retired when his
term expired (1921). He was for many years
in the Wanganui borough council and was
mayor for three years (1881-84). He was also
chairman of the harbour board, the hospital
board, the Girls’ College board of governors,
and the Wanganui education board. He was
a staunch temperance advocate and a Baptist
(being president of the Baptist union in 1904)
He died on 4 Mar 1924,

N.ILP.D., 27 Jun 1924; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's
Who N.Z., 1908. Portrait: Parliament House.

CARTER, CHARLES ROOKING (1822-96) was
born in Kendal, Westmoreland, the son of a
builder. He was intended for a profession and
went to Samuel Marshall's school (1835-6) but

CARTER

interested in the intelligence from New Zealand.
He was an ardent Chartist and a radical re
former. While working at Newcastle and Gates-
head (1839-43) he attended the exhibition of
arts, manufactures and practical science and
took classes in drawing.

Going to London in 1843, Carter was a good
deal out of employment and made use of his
leisure by studying in the Westminster Literary
Institute. He was interested in working-class
politics and was secretary of the movement
which resulted in many London shops stopping
work at 4 p.m. on Saturdays. Inspired by the
Liberal risings in Europe, he wrote many letters
to the papers in favour of emigration to New
Zealand. He was now employed as a builder's
principal foreman. When news reached London
of the earthquake in New Zealand (1848) he
wrote an article on the defective building con-
struction then prevalent in Wellington.

In 1850 Carter married Jane Robieson (or
Robertson), of Turriff, Aberdeenshire, and
sailed for New Zealand in the Eden. He at
once entered into business as a builder, erected
a fine country house for Fitzherbert, and in
1853 began to practise as a surveyor and valuer.
He helped to form the No 1 Building Society
and became interested in politics as a supporter
of Featherston and the Constitutional Associa
tion. He was nominated for the Provincial
Council in 1853 but withdrew on accepting a
government contract for the first reclamation in
the harbour. In Mar of that year he attended
the first public meeting with the object of form-
ing a small farms association. W. Allen (qv.)
presided and Masters (q.v.) and Carter were on
the committee. Carter saw the project through,
and was eventually liquidator of the association
(1858). In 1853 he purchased Wilson's brick-
yard. In 1855 he was one of the two members
of the earthquake commission, and was respon-
sible for the report (presented to the Superin-
tendent on 4 Sep 1855). He was an active
promoter of the first Steam Navigation Co.,
which purchased the Wonga Wonga and after-

in the latter year made an attempt to go to sea wards the Stormbird, paid 10 per cent. per

from Liverpool. On his father's death in 1837
he obtained employment as a property man,
scene-shifter and part-time actor, but a few
months later signed a seven years’ apprentice-
ship to a carpenter. In these years he became
a total abstainer and read deeply, being specially

annum and returned to shareholders £19 for
every £10 share. In 1857 a petition was sent
to the Provincial Council asking for another
small farm settlement to be proclaimed and to
be named! Cartervale: (' Carterton’ was duly
proclaimed in on 26 July 1859).

144

 

CARTER

Carter and Borlase were elected to the Pro-
vincial Council for Wairarapa, defeating Re-
vans and Jackson. In the political duel between
Wakefield and Featherston he supported the
Superintendent. In 1859 Carter was elected to
represent Wairarapa in the House of Repre-
sentatives, in which he sat until 1865. He
retired from the Provincial Council in 1859 on
accepting a contract for the bridge over the
Waiohine, but was re-elected unopposed. At the
end of 1863 Carter sailed for England, where he
acted as immigration agent for the province
and negotiated on behalf of the Provincial
Council for the patent slip in Evans Bay and
the iron bridge over the Wanganui river. Dur-
ing his absence he resigned from both Council
and Parliament. Carter suggested to the people
of Greytown to create an educational trust out
of unselected town sections (a plan afterwards
adopted in Masterton). In 1866 he published
the first of a three-volume autobiography which
gives a valuable insight into life and politics in
early Wellington. He lived for some years in
England, being employed by the agent general
as immigration officer (1871-74). On his wifes
death he returned to New Zealand, and died
on 22 Jul 1896.

Carter, op cit.; Cyel. N.I., i; Wellington P.C.
-Proc. and Gaz.; N.IP.D.; Wakelin; Wellington
Independent, 13 Jan 1860. Portrait: Parliament
House.

CARTER, HENRY was M.P.C. for Wellington
1873-75. He afterwards returned to England
and eventually settled as a builder in Cape
Colony, where he died on 8 Apr 1902.

CARTER, JOHN CHILTON LAMBTON (1816-
72) was the son of Lieut-colonel J. C.L. Carter
of the 44th Regiment, in which he received his
ensigney in 1834 after passing through the mili-
tary college. (Lieutenant 1836; captain 1844.)
He transferred to the 53rd Regiment and served
in the Punjab (being present at the battle of
Gujerat) and retired in 1852 to settle in New
Zealand. Carter was sheep farming in Hawkes
Bay about 1853 and was one of the signatories
to the Ahuriri petition (1857). He was one of
the representatives of Napier Country in the
Provincial Council (1859-63) and was Superin-
tendent in succession to T. H. Fitzgerald (1861-
62), and deputy-superintendent in 1865. His
wife (Susan Frances, daughter of vice-admiral

CASS,

dames Lillicrap) ‘died on 31 Dec 1862. Carter
died on 27 May 1872.
"Var Office records; Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc. and

Gaz; Hawkes Bay Herald, 7 Jan 1863, 31 May
1872.

CARTER, THOMAS (1827-1900). The third
Superintendent of Marlborough was born at
Winterton, Lincolnshire, educated there, and
left as a young man for the Californian
diggings, whence he moved to those of Austra
lia and finaly, in 1855, landed in Nelson with
his two brothers.

In New Zealand Carter devoted himself to
pastoral pursuits and acquired wide landed in-
terests in Marlborough, including such runs as
Stronvar, Wantwood, Hillersden, the Wither,
Glenfield, Te Arowhenua, Richmond Dale, the
Clarence and Burleigh. He paid some attention
to flax and erected a mill at Hillersden. In
4886 Carter visited England and thereafter
spent 10 years visiting Australian and New Zea
land cities before settling at Burleigh, near
Blenheim. In public life he was shrewd and
reliable, and his services were of great value in
the troubled politics of the province. In 1862
he became member of the Provincial Council
for Wairau Valley, which he represented con-
tinuously until the abolition. Eight months
after his entry into politics he was elected
Superintendent of the province, administering
that office until Jul 1864 when the demands of
his business required his time. In 1867 and
1870 he was a member of the executive. Carter
was for some years chairman of the Marl-
borough county council, a member of the board
of education, the Wairau road board and the
Land and Railway League and was president
of the A. and P. Association. He took a pro-
minent part in establishing the Marlborough
High School, for which he gave the site and
endowed a scholarship. Carter died on 27 Feb
4900.

Cycl. N.Z,, vi; Buick, Marlborough.

CASS, THOMAS (1817-95) was a native of
Yorkshire. He received his education at Christ's
Hospital, where he was for four years on the
Royal Mathematical foundation. On leaving
school he went to sea, and for the next three
years sailed chiefly in the East India trade. On
returning home he studied architecture and
surveying and was an assistant in the tithe com-

145

10

-----------------------Page 90 End-----------------------

 

CASS,

mission office at Somerset House. This involved
much surveying and land valuing, and Cass re-
ceived a thorough grounding in field work.

In 1841, on the recommendation of Captain
Dawson, R.E., he was appointed to the survey-
ing staff of the New Zealand Company at a
salary of [200 a year. Ligar (the surveyor gen-
eral), embarked with his staf in Apr 1841, in
the Prince Rupert (owned and commanded by
Sir Henry Esch Atkinson). Amongst the pas-
sengers was William Spain (chief land claims
commissioner). Provisions ran short and Atkin-
son put into Bahia. On 4 Sep, when about to
enter Table Bay, the Prince Rupert struck a
rock and became a total wreck. Cass and the
other surveyors, who lost much of their outfit,
were brought on by the Antilla and reached
Auckland in Dec. For some months Cass was
employed on surveys under the land claims
commission, first on the north shore of Waite-
mata harbour and then in the vicinity of Bay
of Islands. He assisted in surveying the town
of Kororareka, exploring the country to the
northward, and cutting lines for the roads to
Hokianga, Whangaroa and Mangonui.

At the end of 1844 a reduction of the survey
staff threw him out of employment, and he
joined the government brig Victoria, first as
second officer and then as chief. He saw much
rough work, and not a little fighting, first in
connection with the sack of Kororareka (1845)
and later in the operations about Cook strait.
While on the coast of the South Island Cass
took in custody to Auckland men who had
stuck up the Greenwoods' station at Purau and
threatened the DeanS family at Riccarton. In
1847 he returned to England. There he rep-
resented to the New Zealand Company the loss
he had sustained by the termination of his em-
ployment, and as a result he was appointed
assistant-surveyor_ under Captain Thomas to
prepare for the Canterbury settlement. Sailing
in the Bernicia, he reached Canterbury in Dec
1848, the other members of the party being E.
Jollie, C. O. Torlesse, Gollan, S. Hewlings and
John Boys. In 1849 Cass took part in the sur-
vey of Lyttelton harbour and Banks Peninsula,
and then in the triangulation of the Canterbury
Block. His name was given to a river flowing
out of the Alps, a peak in Banks Peninsula and
one of the bays in Port Cooper.

Shortly after the arrival of the Canterbury

CASSIUS

pilgrims Thomas retired and Cass succeeded
him as chief surveyor (1851). He was present
at the first allotment of town and country lands
and until failing health compelled him to re-
tire on pension (1868) Cass administered the
post with efficiency and vigour. In 1854 he went
to the site of Timaro and with W. Brittan re-
ported on the steps that were necessary. Though
holding an official position Cass was not de-
barred from membership of the Provincial
Council. He was one of the first members for
the City of Christchurch (Sep 1853). Standing
for cheap land and improved communications,
he polled 77 votes, followed by S Bealey74,
Packer 71, Fooks 51, Dobson 21. He retired
from the Council in 1855, but was in again
(1857-60). He was repeatedly a member of the
provincial executive and on two occasions led
an executive of his own. In 1858 he was on a
commission appointed by Moorhouse to report
upon the best route for the railway to the port.
In 1853, with Sewell and the Rev R. B. Paul,
he fixed the site for Christ's College. For 10
years Cass was a commissioner of the waste
land board, and from 1858 a commissioner of
native reserves. Mter retiring from the council
he was several times in the executive, and again
in 1863 he led an executive. In 1864 he was
chairman of the railway and bridge commission.

Cox remarks that Cass was 'the lightest-
hearted and youngest man that ever went
through 30 years of the toughest work.’ On
retiring he paid a visit to Great Britain. There
again his services were requisitioned as emigra
tion officer (until 1868). Returning to Canter-
bury, he served another three years on the waste
lands board. He was for many years a church
warden at St Michaal's.

Cass married (1856) the widow of David
Theodore Williams, manager of the Deans
estate. She died in 1886. Cass died on 17 Apr
1895.

N.Z.C.; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Wigram; Alpers;
Cox; The Press, 3 May 1930 (p).

CASSIUS, MICHAEL ALBERT (?-1892) was
born in Germany and came to Otago with the
gold diggers in the sixties. He was in business
in Southland and afterwards in Westland,
where he represented Hokitika in the Canter-
bury Provincial Council (1866-67). In 1864,
with his partner (Comisky), he took up one of
the first sections in Hokitika. He was very

 

146

r

 

CAUTLEY

successful in goldmining ventures and was the
principal in the Ross Creek Deep Levels, from
which in the first two years 22,000 oz. of gold
was taken. In 1872 Cassius offered £200 to-
wards an award of [1,000 for the discovery of
goldfields south of the Teremakau river. Later
he acquired the Duke of Edinburgh hotel and
theatre at Hokitika. He died in 1892.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Kinross; Harrop, West-
land; N.z. Herald, 4 Oct 1892.

CAUTLEY, WILLIAM OLDFIELD was educated
at Cambridge University, and came to New
Zealand in the Mary Ann (1841). He took up
land at Wensley Hill, Richmond (Nelson),
where he was sheep-farming for some yeas.
In 1847 he accompanied Governor Grey to the
upper Wairau, where he had already established
a sheep station. In 1849 he was called to the
Legislative Council of New Munster and on 3
Jun 1851 he took the oath as a member of the
Legislative Council of New Zealand. When the
new constitution came into force Cautley was
elected to represent Waimea in Parliament and
im the follOWing year he was returned for Wai-
mea East to the Nelson Provincial Council, in
which.he sat till 1857. He resigned from Parlia-
ment m 1854 and from the Provincial Council
in 1857 and returned to England.

N.Z.P.D., 1853-54; Nelson P.C. Proc.; L.C. of

New Munstel’, mmutes : Jour. L.C. of N.Z.; Arnold:
C. A. Macdonald. '

CAWTHRON, THOMAS (1833-1915) was born
at Camberwell, London, received a good edu-
catlon at Hoxton school and at the age of 15
came to New Zealand with his father, arriving
im.Nelson in the Mary (1849). His strength
being unequal to working on his father's farm
at Richmond, Thomas went to Wellington and
obtained clerical employment with W. B.
Rhodes. In 1852 he was attracted to Australia
by the gold discoveries and spent several years
on the diggings at Bendigo and Ballarat. His
health had greatly improved and he made a
considerable amount by contracting and carry-
ing on the goldfields.

Owing to his father meeting with an accident
Cawthron returned to Nelson on a visit (1857),
but eventually decoded to remain. He accepted
mining contracts, the first being for the Jenkins
HII coalmine. While carrying out a contract at
the Dun Mountain copper mine he pushed a

CHALMERS:

heavy wheelbarrow all the way from Nelson
to the site, round Wooded Peak. About 1859
Cawthron went into business in Nelson as a
merchant and shipping agent, and for the next
30 years he represented the Sydney and New
Zealand Royal Mail Co. and other shipping
Fines and carried out many coal contracts.
Possessed of acute business judgment and vision,
he steadily amassed a large fortune and late in
the eighties was able to retire from business and
devote his attention to the management of his
estate. His gifts to the city and district were
on a munificent scale, directed towards social,
charitable and church objects, the beautifying
of the oty and finally to scientific research. He
gave £15,000 towards the new hospital and
[30,000 for a solar research laboratory, and
when he died (8 Oct 1915) he left a large sum
for the establishment of an industrial and tech-
nical school, institute and museum. Out of this
bequest originated the Cawthron Institute.

The Colonist, 9, 12 Oct 1915; Cawthron Institute
Lectures (p).

CHAFFERS, EDWARD MAIN, was an officer of
the Royal Navy, in which he was promoted
master in 1830. In the following year he was
appointed to H.M.S. Beagle for her second voy-
age to the Pacific (1831-36) and in 1833 had
command of the Unicorn in South America. In
1839 he gave up his naval career to accept com-
mand of the Tory bringing the New Zealand
Company's expeditionary party. She reached
Queen Charlotte Sound in 96 days from Lands
End. Chaffers surveyed Port Nicholson, and
the Company was able from his data to publish
agood map before Apr 1841. He was appointed
harbourmaster early in 1840, but returned to
England shortly afterwards.

Public Record Office, C.0. 207; N.L. 1832; N.Z.C.
reports and papers; E. J. Wakefield; Ward.

CHALMERS, NATHANIEL (1830-1910) was
born in Rothesay, Scotland, and at an early
age taken to London, where he got his educa-
tlon at Christ's Hospital. In 1845 he entered
a shipbroker's office in Liverpool and afterwards
took service in a London bank. In 1846 he
sailed in the Ajax for Otago. Having selected
a farm at Omaro bush, he chartered the
schooner Jumping Jackass to carry his belong-
ings to the Molyneux and then proceeded over-
land to the Waihopai river. In 1852 he and a

147

-----------------------Page 91 End-----------------------

 

CHAMBERLIN

brother were attracted to the Forest Creek
diggings in Victoria, where they had little luck.

They then proceeded to Sydney to take delivery

of sheep from Bathurst and the Hunter river

‘on account of Edwin Meredith. Arriving of
Stewart island in the schooner Otago, 70 tons,

in Jul 1853 they landed 450 sheep on the island
to recuperate; then took them into the New
River estuary, where the voyage ended and
drove the flock overland to Moa Hill. Chalmers
took up a property at Popotunoa. In 1856 he
married Miss McGrath and moved to Otaka
ramu; and in 1858 he purchased McNab's Ho-
konui run.

Chalmers did fairly well, and in 1861 sold out
his sheepfarming and timber milling interests
to live in Invercargill. He was first elected to
the Southland Provincial Council (for Inver-
cargill) in Jul 1861. In Dec he was appointed
provincial treasurer so had to contest his seat
again. He was then elected for Mataura, which
he represented (1861-64). He was a member of
the executive in 1861 and again from the end
of that year until Feb 1864, and during the last
few months was provincial treasurer and
deputy-superintendent of the province. In
1864 he retired in ill-health and moved to Moa
Hill.

Chalmers made many explorations in South-
land, including a noteworthy journey to Waka-
tipu with the chiel Te Reko (1853). In 1856
he found gold in potholes at Mataurafdls As
deputy-superintendent he cut the first sod of
the Southland and Great Northern railway
(1863). In Nov 1868 Chalmers settled at Fiji,
where he engaged in cotton planting at Rewa,
Labasa and Koro. In 1870-74 he was deputy-
warden and magistrate at Levuka, and in 1879-
83 he was a member of the Legislative Council.
Mter 12 years sugar planting (1879-91) he was
again magistrate (1891-1906). He died on 2
Dec 1910.

Southland P.C. Proc. and Gaz.,. Beattie, ii; Moss;
Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 31 Dec
4910.

CHAMBERLIN, HENRY (1825-88) was born
at The Close, Norwich, England, the son of
Henry Chamberlin, of Narborough Hall, Nor-
folk. He came to New Zealand with capital in
4853 and purchased the Waihoihoi estate, near
Drury, and land at Raglan. He married in
1859, Elizabeth, daughter of G. H. Heard (Nor-

CHAMBERS

folk). Chamberlin later bought a large block
of land at Hobsonvi le, extending to Riverhead.
His brother Charles assisted him in the manage-
ment. In 1866 he came to live permanently in
New Zealand. He was much interested in coal
and prospected a great deal of what was later
the Drury coalfield. His farming operations
were not successful.

In 1869, after failing in a Provincial contest,
Chamberlin was called to the Legislative Coun-
cil, of which he was a member until his death.
He was not successful in politics and was gen-
efally averse. to publicity. He did, however,
each session, many years before its acceptance,
introduce a motion prohibiting the employment
of women in hotel bars; and he cordially sup-
ported the deceased wife's sister bill. Chamber-
lin throughout his life gave liberally to chari-
ties in his native town of Norwich, and to good
causes in New Zealand. In later years he was a
director of the South British Insurance Co. He
devoted much attention to inventions, especially
in the hope of coping with the rabbit nuisance;
and until his death he was prospecting energe-
tically for coal. In the early eighties he cut up
much of his Raglan property to meet the de-
mand for small farms. He died on 12 Apr
1888.

Cyl. NZ, ii; N.z. Herald, 17 Apr 1888. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

 

CHAMBERS, JOHN (1819-93) belonged to a
family of Quakers. He married the daughter
of a Presbyterian minister of Burntisland, Fife-
shire, and about 1840 left for Australia, where
he gained much experience of station life, main-
ly in South Australia. He is said to have driven
one of the first wagons across the continent.

Chambers came to Hawkes Bay in the fifties
and erected a home at Taradale. In 1855 he
took up the Te Mata block, which he carried
on successfully for many years and then cut up
amongst his three SOIS He was a strong sup-
porter of the Presbyterian Church, and with
his wife assisted in establishing regular services
at Havelock North (1865) and a church (1869)
of which he was a trustee. Chambers was of a
retiring disposition and took little part in
public life. He was, however, a member of the
first Napier harbour board (1875) and of the
waste land board (1861). He died on II Jul
4893 and his widow on 23 Feb 1904.

148

 

CHAPMAN

Daily Telegraph (Napier), 16 Oct 1925; Hawkes
Bay Herald, 13 Jul 1863, |’ Mar 1904.

CHAPMAN, CHARLES ROBERT (1847-1928)
was born in Edinburgh, the son of Robert
Chapman (1812-98), and came to New Zealand
with his parents in the Blundell (1848). He
was educated at the Otago Boys High School
and Otago University and apprenticed in law
tou. Macassey. In 1873 he commenced to prac-
tise. He contested the mayoralty of Dunedin
int 1888, was elected to the City Council in 1890
and mayor in 1891. During his term he secured
from Andrew Carnegie a grant for the erection
of the free public library. Chapman died on
15 Aug 1928.

1 N.Z., iv (P); Otago Daily Times, 17 Aug

CHAPMAN, SIR FREDERICK REVANS (1849-
1936) was born in Wellington on 3 Mar 1849,
the fifth son of H. & Chapman (q.v.), and
Catherine, daughter of T. G. Brewer, barrister,
London. He was educated at the Church of
England Grammar School, Melbourne, and in
France, Gennany and Italy. For"some time he
Was with a special pleader in London, and then
With Charles Russell (afterwards Lord Kill-
owen). He was called to the bar at the Inner
Temple in 1871, practised at the common law
bar in London and on circuit, and was later
with Russell Roberts, a chancery barrister.
Chapman returned to New Zealand and prac-
tIsed in Dunedin (Smith, Chapman and Sin-
clair) from 1872 to 1903. Chapman was a mem-
ber of the Dunedin'City Council in 1875 and
the following year was law lecturer at Otago
University. For some years he was on the New
Zealand council of law reporting, and he was
a member of many societies connected with
scientific pursuits. Like his brother judge of
later years (Sir Theophilus Cooper), he was for
some time a deputy inspector of lunatic asylums.
He was also chainnan of the board of Indus-
trial Conciliation. From 1903-07 he was Presi-
dent of the Court of Industrial Arbitration,
and laid the foundation of the work since done
by that court. Thereafter he sat on the regular
Supreme Court bench. He retired in 1921, but
his judicial work was not finished, for on more
than one occasion of emergency he returned
to the bench. He was president of the war
pensions appeal board (1923-24), and for some

CHAPMAN

years acted as compiler of statutes. A large
number of the consolidation acts now on the
statute books are the fruit of his labour. He
was knighted in 1923, and finally retired from
the bench in 1924.

Apart from his celebrity as a jurist, Chapman
was an authority in many branches of learning
He had a.high literary bent, and his studies
took him into the fields of ethnology, botany
and other branches of natural history, the love
of which was inherited from his father. He was
for many years a member of the Otago Institute
and was president in 1877; a member of the
‘Wellington Philosophical Society; of the Poly-
neSlan SOCiay; and of the Geographic Board
(from its inception in 1924). It was to the
Otago Institute that he contributed his classic
paper Maori Methods of Working Greenstone,
which is still an authoritative work on the sub.
ject, and also Moa Remains in the Mackenzie
Country. In the field of botany he discovered
the red manuka, which now bears his Latinised
name. He was a writer also on mountaineering
and historical matters.

Chapman married in 1879, Clara, daughter
of George Cook, barrister, of Dunedin. He
died on 24 Jun 1936. His brother, MARTIN
CHAPMAN, K.C., was with Cracknell, an equity
draughtsman and conveyancer, and never went
into common law chambers. He was a member
of the firm of Chapman, Skerrett, Wylie and
Tripp (Wellington). JH.B.S.

Who's Who N.z., 1924, 1932; N.Z. Law ¥
Jul 1838. (p): Tet

 

CHAPMAN, GEORGE THOMSON (1824-81)
was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, Soot-
land, and educated there. Mter serving his
apprenticeship to a general storekeeper he went
into busftiess and married. Becoming interested
iti Otago, where the Free Church was founding
a settlement, he and his brother purchased land
and sailed in the Blundell (1849). They settled
as missionary teachers at East Taieri but soon
withdrew and entered mercantile life in Dune-
in.

Chapman originated the Mechanics’ Institute
and was secretary of it (1851), and in the same
year was vice-president of the Otago library.
At the end of 1851 he left for Sydney, found
his way to the Victorian goldfields and, having
some luck there, paid a visit to Scotland (1853)

149

-----------------------Page 92 End-----------------------

CHAPMAN

Having remarried, he sailed again for Sydney.
There his ship became involved in litigation,
so he started in business in Pitt Street, but
finding this not promising he came to Auckland
in the brig Heather Bell (1855) and set up a
bookseller and stationer's business in Queen
Street, with a circulating library attached. There
he published the first of his New Zealand
Almanacs and guide books, the first of the
guides being dated 1872. His centenary mem-
orial of Captain Cook's discovery of New Zea
land appeared in 1870. Chapman died on 24
Jun 1881. (See C. R. CHAPMAN)

N.Z. Herald, 25 Jun 1881.

CHAPMAN, HENRY SAMUEL (1803-81) was
born at Kennington, London, on 21 Jut 1803,
the son of Henry Chapman, for many years
connected with the department which had the
duty of constructing barracks and defensive
works throughout the Kingdom. The elder
Chapman was secretary and afterwards one of
the higher officials under the American loyalist
general, Oliver de Lancey.

Young Chapman was educated partly at the
private school of Mr. Peters at Bromley, in
Kent, and partly on the continent. Owing to
defective eyesight, he left school at an early
age, but he cultivated a love of literature, and
on the Continent arid in Canada acquired a
good facility in French and German. He also
indulged in rowing and skating. Chapman
first took a position with Esdaile's Bank in
London, but soon transferred to the office of a
Dutch financial agent in the city. In 1822 he
was sent on a mission to Holland, where he
profited by a winter spent in Amsterdam to
acquire a knowledge of Dutch. In 1823, while
still in his teens, he commenced his colonial
career as a merchant in Quebec, with connec-
tions in England and New York. In Canada he
spent 10 years, doing well enough without
amassing a fortune. Each winter he visited Eng-
land, keeping in touch with old friends, and
in particular with John Stuart Mill. In sum-
mer he made extended business tours in North
America, which had a profound influence upon
his later life. On a steamboat excursion on the
lakes in 1824, he made the acquaintance of
John A. Roebuck, with whom he was afterwards
closely associated.

In 1833 Chapman went again to Canada. Im-

CHAPMAN

pressed with the justice of the Canadian de
mand for self-government, he took a printing

press and settled down in Montreal, where,

with Revans (q.v.), he established the Montreal

Daily Advertiser. He did most of the literary

work himself for the Advertiser and other

papers issued from the same office. His friend-

ship with Papineau, the Liberal leader, rip-

ened; and through him Chapman made his

first public speech in French. The paper was

intensely disliked by the dominant party and
did not achieve permanent success. In 1834
Chapman disposed of his interest and returned

to England as the agent of the Liberal parlia

mentary party in Canada. This brought him

into close touch with leading reformers of the
time (including’ Buller, Ricardo, Mill, E. G.

Wakefield, and Dr Evans). He assisted Roe-
buck in the compilation of his pampWets (in
every number of which he had an article) and
in other ways promoted the demand of the
Canadian Liberals for representative govern-
ment. When Roebuck got into Parliament
again in 1837 he became the parliamentary
agent for the Canadian Liberals, as Burke had
been of the American loyalists, and with the
changes resulting from the Papineau rebellion,
Chapman's arrangement came to an end. He
then devoted himself more to journalism and
the writing ofpampWets in the cause of col-
onial reform. It has been suggested that Chap-
man had an active part in the Papineau rising,
but he had left Canada two years earlier, and
was in no way involved. He always regarded
the resort to arms as a mistake. Revans, how-
ever, was deeply involved and fled from
Canada,

In the late thirties Chapman read for the bar
as the pupil of Dodgson, an eminent pleader,
and he was called at the Middle Temple on
42 Jun 1840. A week earlier he was married
to Catherine, daughter of T. G. Brewer, bar-
rister, of Nottingham place. As a beginner,
Chapman had a fair practice on the Northern
Circuit, but he still relied for his main income
upon journalism, writing to the reviews and
many pampWets on economics. This work,
about 1832, brought him into cose touch with
Cobden. A lifelong freetrader, he took an
active part in the anti-corn law agitation. He
was also employed on various royal commis-
sions, including that relating to the condition

150

 

CHAPMAN

of the handloom weavers of Yorkshire. This
experience resulted in his being asked to write
the article on wool and woollen manufacturing
in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the mechani-
cal drawings for which he did himself. He
then pointed out to the editor that New Zea
land had been omitted from the work, and he
was commissioned to write it. But, as the letter
+N' had been passed the article had to be
placed under +Z"

Chapman was deeply interested in the New
Zealand project of Wakefield, and in Feb 1840
published the first issue of his New Zealand
Journal, which he brought out continuously
(as editor and owner-proprietor) until the
middle of 1843. Owing to the indifferent health
of his ‘wife he contemplated living in New
Zealand. The opportunity came in 1843, when
Lord Derby appointed him a jUdge of the
Supreme Court for the southern division
(which included Wellington and Nelson). He
sailed with his wife and son in the Bangalore
in Jun 1843 (amongst the passengers being
Governor FitzRoy). At Sydney Chapman
renewed his acquaintance with Robert Lowe
(afterwards Lord Sherbrooke). While there
he reported favourably to the government
on the system of having a resident judge
at Port Philip. At Auckland on 26 Dec
the Governor and the judge took their oaths
of office Chapman lived at Wellington for the
next nine years. During the native troubles
of 1846 his home at Karori was one of the
defensive posts against possible attacks. When
the two judges (Martin, C. J, and Chapman)
had to confer on the making of rules they met
in Taranaki. The vessd in which Chapman
took his passage landed him at Kawhia from
which he had to walk back to New Plymouth
and later to Wellington.

In 1852, unsought by himself, Chapman was
appointed Colonial Secretary in Van Diemen's
Land (under the governorship of Denison)
There he found pUblic opinion highly in-
censed against the Colonial Office and the
Governor on the question of transportation
When a division was forced in the Council
lifelong convictions compelled Chapman to
‘Side With the coforuists, and he declined to vote.
Denison wes furious at the recalcitrance of his
new offici, and Chapman had to sacrifice his
post to his convictions and proceed on leave to

151

CHAPMAN

London to place his case before the Colonial
Office. Transportation was soon abolished and
responSible government granted later to both
Tasmania and Victoria Having declined a
governorship in the West Indies, Chapman in
1854 took passage in the Lightning to Victoria,
and engaged in a lucrative practice in Ma-
bourne. [1n, 1855 he was elected to the Legis
lative Council (still partly nominated) for the
district of South Bourke. The Ballarat riots
brought him into prominence as counsel for
some of the accused, who were acquitted. In
the last session of .the Council in 1855 Chap-
man and others tneoJ to have inserted in the
reform bill provision for the ballot system of
voting. It was carried against the government
with the assistance of the votes of eight mem-
bers sent from the goldfields (including Vincent
Pyke, q.v.). Chapman's part in this episode
proved to be of considerable future importance.
When the vote was carried against the govern.
ment the Attorney-general (Stawell) reflised to
draft the ballot clauses. Nicholson, the mer-
chant who had carried the resolution, was un-
able to do so, and a meeting of his supporters
appointed Chapman to draw the clauses. The
result was the scheme now known as + the Aus-
tralian ballot.’ It discarded the method of the
voter putting a mark against the name of the
favoured candidate, in favour of striking out
the names of those not favoured. This idea
was Chapman's.

At the first elections under the new con-
stitution (1856) Chapman was defeated, but in
Mar 1857 O'Shanassy persuaded him to accept
office as Attorney-general, and a seat was soon
found for him (for Rodney) by the resignation
of Mr Baragwanath. The ministry lasted only
four or five weeks. Within a year the succeed-
ing government was defeated and Chapman was
entrusted with the formation of a ministry.
O'Shanassy again became Premier, and re
mained there for 18 months. He was on bad
terms with the Governor (Sir Henry Barkly),
and the ministry was kept together mainly by
the tact of the Attorney-general. The govern-
ment's defeat in Oct 1859 practically marked
the end of Chapman's political career. He was
returned late in 1861 as member for Morning-
ton, but a few months later was appointed a
temporary puisne judge. Mter serving on the
bench for a considerable time he returned to

-----------------------Page 93 End-----------------------

CHAPMAN

his practice and resumed an appointment he
had previously held as lecturer in law at Me-
bourne University (where he was vice-president
of the forensic society). In journalism he was
Melbourne correspondent of the London
Times.

Early in 1864 Chapman accepted a new
appointment to the New Zealand bench and in
Apr took up his duties at Dunedin, where he
was to live for the remainder of his life. Be
sides earning credit for sound law and patient
and painstaking administration of his office, he
took a keen interest in the Otago community.
He was a member of the council of Otago Uni-
versity (1870-81) and chancellor (1876-79). He
was a strong supporter of the Otago Institute,
before which he read an important paper on
the political economy of railways. He was a
lover and patron of music in all its forms. In
business life he was a director of the Victoria
Insurance Co. after his retirement from the
bench, and for a while he had an interest in
a run in the Maniatoto district.

Early in 1866 Mrs Chapman and two of her
sons and a daughter were drowned when the
ship London foundered in the Bay of Biscay.
In 1868 Chapman married (in Victoria) Selina
Frances, daughter of the Rev T. C. Carr, rector
‘of Aghavoe, Queen's county, Ireland, and a
sister of the police magistrate at Avoca. He
visited England and returned to New Zealand
in 1870. Five years later he retired from the
bench. He was granted the title of 'honour-
able’ in 1877. He died on 27 Dec 1881 and his
widow on 27 Dec 1902 (See SIR FREDERICK.
CHAPMAN.)

Family information from Sir F. R. Chapman;
Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Scott; Chapman papers in Can-
adian Archives, J. A. Roebuck, Pamphlets for the
People (Van Diemen's Land); Cox; Wakelin;
Godley, Letters; Melbourne Herald, 20 Dec 1855;
Otago Daily Times, 28 Dec 1881, 7, 24 Jan 1803, 12
Sep 1990 (P). Portrait: Supreme Court, Dunedin.

CHAPMAN, THOMAS (1791-1876) was born
in England. He was for some years at sea and
seven years farming before he offered his ser-
vices to the Church Missionary Society for work
in New Zealand. Arriving in Jul 1830 with his
wife he soon made a place for himself in the
mission as a simple-minded, hard-working
Christian. In 1831 he volunteered to serve in
the first mission to be established in the Thames

CHAYTOR

district, and he made the first exploration _of
the field in company with Henry Williams
(q.v.). Chapman was stationed at Thames and
afterwards opened a mission at Te Koutu, on
the western shore of Rotorua, which was sacked
during Te Waharoa's war against the Arawa
(6 Aug 1836). He then established himself on
Mokoia island, but, finding it remote, estab-
lished the mission at Te Ngae, where he lived
for many years. Later he was appointed 10
Wharekahu, near Maketu, and shortly before
his death (on 22 Dec 1876) he returned to Ro-
torua and assisted in teaching. Busby in 1836
wished Chapman to act as British resident dur-
ing his absence from the country. He was
ordained by Bishop Selwyn (1844) and was for
some time on the staff of St Stephen's College.

Stock; Carleton; Bay of Plenty Times, 8 Jan
487.

CHAPPLE, WILLIAM ALLAN (1864-1936) was
born at Alexandra, Otago, the son of John
Cole Chapple (1828-99, a farmer who was
four times mayor of Alexandra). Educated at
Alexandra school and Otago University, he
graduated M.B., Ch.B. (1890) and M.D. (1899).
From 1892 he practised in Wellington. He mar-
ried Sarah Douglas, daughter of Thomas Turn-
bull, architect.

Chapple was a member of the council of Vic-
toria College (1898-1906). After contesting the
Newtown parliamentary seat in 1902 and 1905,
he won Tuapeka at a by-election in 1908, but
was defeated by Macpherson at the general
election that year. Proceeding to England, he
was elected in 1910 to represent Stirlingshire
in the House of Commons, holding the seat till
1918, and representing Dumfriesshire (1922-
24). Chapple published The Fertility of the
Unfit, 1903, First Principles in the Art of
Physical Development, How to Impress the
Evils of Alcohol, Cases and Comments fTom a
Doctor's Practice, and other pamphlets on
social and educational subjects. He died on
19 Oct 1986.

Parltry Record; Chapple, op. cit.; Who's Who
N.Z., 1932; Otago Witness, 8 1931; The Do-
minion, 20 Oct 1936. Portrait: Parliament House.

CHAYTOR, JOHN CLERVAUX (1836-1920)
was born in London, the son of an English

barrister, educated at Dedburgh grammar
school, Yorkshire, and as a young man did gar-

182

 

CHEESEMAN

rison duty with the Forfar and Kincardine
militia artillery during the Crimean war and
Indian mutiny. At 22 he was captain. On the
regiment being disbanded (1860) Chaytor came
to New Zealand and took up Coverham station,
in Marlborough, and afterwards (in 1880)
Marshlands. He served on road boards, county
council and school committees, and was in the
Marlborough Provincial Council for some years
(for Awatere 1871-74; Picton. 1875). Chaytor
married 1867 Emma, daughter of Edward
Fearon (q.v.).

His son, SR EDWARD WALTER CLERVAUX
CRAYTOR (1868-1939) was educated at Nelson
College and served in the South African war
with the New Zealand forces (brevet lieut.-
colonel 1902). In the war of 1914-18 he com-
manded the New Zealand mounted brigade in
Palestine and Egypt. (C.B., 1915; C.M.G.,
1917; K.C.M.G., 1918; Order of the White
Eagle, Serbia, 1916; Order of the Nile, Egypt,
1918). He commanded the forces in New Zea-
land (1919-24).

The second son, Aurreo Henry CRAYTOR
(1870-1931), who was educated at Nelson Col-
lege; Durham and Clare College, Cambridge,
was a fellow of his college, a barrister of the
Inner Temple and K.C. He published books
on law, sport and forestry.

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Burke, Landed
Gent; Cycl. N.Z., v_(p); Who's Who NZ., 1908,
1924, 1932; Nelson Dioc. Gazette, 1 Oct 1931.

CHEESEMAN, THOMAS (1815-1907) was born
at Tetney, Lincolnshire, the son of a tenant
farmer, and educated at Humberston Grammar
School. His parents intended to put him to a
trade, but he chose the church and at the age
of 25 was ordained to the Methodist ministry.
An eloquent and popular preacher, he held
charges at Hull, Scarborough and Doncaster,
but suffering in 1854 from an affection of the
throat he migrated to New Zealand in the
Al-temisia. In Auckland Cheeseman threw him-
self with vigour into educational, church and
public affairs In 1861 he was elected to the
Provincial Council for Parnell, which he rep-
resented till 1869, and thereafter he was mem-
ber for Newton from 1873 till the abolition.
In 1865 he was member of the executive. He
was one of the promoters of the Auckland-Drury
railway and chairman of the board of railway

CHEESEMAN

comlllissOners (tlie other members being New-
man, J. Cadman and William Rowe). They
carried the work almost to Onehunga. Cheese-
man was a member of the first provincial edu-
cation board and was the first chairman of the
Remuera road board (of which he was a
member for many years). Through his instru-
mentality the provincial government was in-
duced to sef aside reserves for education in
Remuera and other districts. He was interested
also in the Y.M.C.A. and other organisations.

Cheeseman entered into business with his
brother in 1858 as auctioneers and estate agents,
the firm later being known as Cheeseman and
Hunter. He retired in 1866 and was appointed
valuer and assessor under the land tax act, act-
ing in this capacity for government departments
until 1899. Cheeseman was a student of astro-
nomy and constructed many telescopes for use
on his own observatory at Remuera, where he
collaborated with American astronomers who
visited New Zealand to observe the transit of
Venus. He was a shrewd and far-seeing adminis-
trator, a calm and incisive speaker and a politi-
cian of outstanding integrity. He died on 24
Sep 1907. (See T. F. CHEESEMAN)

N.Z. Herald, 26 Sep 1907.

CHEESEMAN, THOMAS FREDERIC (1846-
1923) was born at Hull, Yorkshire, the son of
Thomas Cheeseman (q.v.), with whom he came
to New Zealand at the age of eight. He atten-
ded first the Parnell Grammar School and later
St John's College. He started farming.
Stimulated, it is thought, by reading Hooker's
Handbook, Cheeseman conceived an interest in
New Zealand flora, of which he had acquired
such a sonnd knowledge by 1876 that he was
able to publish a comprehensive account of the
plant life of the Waitakerei hills. In 1874 he
was appointed secretary of the Auckland In-
stitute and curator of the museum, then in its
infancy. His duty led him to the gathering to-
gether of invaluable natural history collections
and to studies in botany, agriculture, horticul-
ture and forestry, which he continued with un-
abated interest till his death (on 15 Oct 1923).
Though primarily a botanist, 22 out of the 101
papers that he wrote for the scientific publica-
tions of New Zealand were on ethnology and
zoology. As a botanist he was pre-eminent, and
he made a keen search for plants, notably in

153

-----------------------Page 94 End-----------------------

CHEVALIER

Nelson province and in the Three Kings and
the Kermadecs. He also visited Polynesia and
published in the transactions of the Linnaean
Society an account of the flora of Rarotonga. In
1906 appeared his monumental Manual of New
Zealand Flora, to which was added in 1914 his
own and Dr W. B. Helmsley's Illustrations of
the New Zealand Flora. He described the vas
cular flora of the Macquarie islands for the Aus-
tralian Antarctic expedition of 191I-14. He
wrote many papers of a philosophical character
dealing with New Zealand sub-Antarctic flora
and, in his earlier writings, were some dealing
with the pollination of certain species. He had
sound judgment and infinite patience so that
his Flora, to quote the words of Dr L. Cockayne,
*stands out the equal of any of that brilliant
series of floras dealing with various parts of
the British Empire which were conceived and
in part executed by Bentham and Hooker: He
presented to the Auckland Institute his almost
complete herbarium and the most extensive
collection illustrating Maori ethnology.
Cheeseman was early elected a fellow of the
Linnaean society, which awarded him its rare

gold medal, and he was a corresponding mem-.

ber of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. In
1911 he was president of the New Zealand In-
stitute, in 1918 he received its Hector memorial
medal, and in 1919 was elected a fellow.

L. Cockayne in Trans. NZ. Institute, vol 54, xvii
(P) (Hamilton's bibliography in vol xxxvi lists
his publications); Cheeseman, 0p. cit.; Gycl. N.Z.
iii, 209; N.Z. Herald, 16 Oct 1923 (P).

CHEVALIER, NICHOLAS (1828-1902) was
born at St Petersburg, his father (a Swiss) hold-
ing a post in the household of the Tsar. He
studied art at Lausanne, architecture at Munich
and lithography under Grunner. In 1852 he
exhibited two water colours at the Royal
Academy. He became naturalised and lived in
England, obtaining some important commis-
sions, assisting in the illustrations of Layard’s
Nineveh and designing the setting of the Koh-i-
nor diamond. In 1853-54 he studied in Rome
and in 1855 visited Australia to inquire into
his father's investments. There he spent some
years engaged in painting and in ‘illustrated
journalism. He introduced chromolithography
for illustrating newspapers and drew some of
the first cartoons for Melbourne Punch.
During these years Chevalier turned to oil

CHEW CHONG

pamung. In 1857 he exhibited at the exhibi-
tion of fine arts in Sydney. In the early sixties
with his wife (Carrie, daughter of Sir David
Wilkie, R.A.), he visited New Zealand, where
he did much artistic work. Late in 1865 he
commenced a tour of the lakes and mountains
of Otago which yielded about 70 sketches, many
of which he completed in later years in London
and Paris. The provincial government of Can-
terbury voted him £200 as preliminary expenses
of a sketching tour of the Southern Alps. Many
of his New Zealand sketches he showed at the
International Exhibition in Melbourne (1866-
67). His widow afterwards presented a large
collection of these to the New Zealand govern-
ment. Others he completed in later years and
showed in London and Paris (1868). He re
turned to Europe with the Duke of Edinburgh
in the Galatea (1868) and some years later was
commissioned to paint the picture of the Duke's
wedding at St Petersburg. Settling at Porchester
terrace, London, Chevalier in the next 20 years
did many oils and water colours which he ex-
hibited regularly in London and Paris. He was
one of the promoters of the Melbourne Art
Gallery, the first in Australia, and his picture
The Buffalo Ranges, won the prize of £200
offered by the trustees for the best painting by
a resident artist. Another of his works, A Race
to Market, Tahiti (Royal Academy, 1880) is in
the New South Wales Art Gallery, for which he
acted as honorary purchaser for many years.

Owing to ill-health Chevalier did little work
after 1886. He died at his home, Ashmore,
Sydenham Hill, on 15 Mar 1902.

Otago Witness, 31 Mar 1866, 19 Jan 1867.

 

CHEW CHONG (1830-1920) was born in
China, educated there but went as a youth to
Singapore, where he spent several years in Eng-
lish households.

In 1855 he emigrated to Victoria, where he
was storekeeping and goldmining for II years.
He landed in Dunedin in 1866, spent two years
there and then commenced travelling, mainly
buying old metal for export to China. .While
so employed he became aware of the presence
of edible fungus in the New Zealand forests,
especially on the tawa, pukatea and mahoe
trees, and in 1868 he commenced collecting it
for export to China. During 1870-1904 he ex-
ported fungus to the value of over £375,000,

154

 

CHILMAN

and many struggling Taranaki farmers received
welcome increments of income from this source.
Chew Chong opened a store in New Plymouth
(with branches later in Eltham and Inglewood),
selling toys and Chinese goods and buying
fungus. In 1875 he purchased butter from
farmers and sent a consignment to Australia,
but without success. Finding that he could not
sell in New Zealand at a profit, he made a
shipment to Great Britain, again incurring fin-
ancial loss. In 1887 he established the Jubilee
dairy factory at Eltham. Two years later he in-
stalled a separator which is believed to have
been the first in New Zealand, and he had two
creameries augmenting the supply of milk. At
the Dunedin Exhibition (1889) he received a
prize for the best half-ton of butter for export.
He himself milked 200 cows and gradually ex-
tended his business. He became interested in
box factories and himself invented an impressed
brand. In 1893 Chew Chong bought the Manga-
toki factory, which he sold two years later to
the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency
Co. He retired from business about 1900 and
settled in New Plymouth. He married a
daughter of Joseph Whatton (Masterton).
Chew Chong died on 7 Oct 1920.

Philpott (p); Taranaki Herald, 7 Mar 1874;
NZ. Times, 11 Jan 1892; Gycl. N.Z., vi (p).

CHILMAN, RICHARD (1816-77) was born in
London on May 5, 1816, received a good com-
mercial education and at the age of 16 went
to America. He returned to England after an
extended tour througli Canada and the United
States. Having recently married, he sailed in
the William Bryan for New Plymouth in 1840.
On the voyage he was appointed clerk fo Cut-
fidd, leader of the expedition, and he remained
in the service of the New Zealand Company
until its winding-up. Then he farmed on the
east bank of the Henui river, near the coast.
After a year or two on a suburban section near
New Plymouth he took -up bush land at Ma-
ngorei. In 1853, o11 the inauguration of the
provinces, he was elected to the Provincial
Council for Grey and Bell, which he represented
to 1856. He was appointed provincial treasurer
in 1853 and retained that position till 1861,
when he became collector of customs. Other
posts which he held were those of provincial
auditor and receiver of land revenue. He was a

CHILTON

member of the first New Plymouth borough
council.

Chilman in 1871 visited England to obtain
capital for the working of ironsand. He was
chairman at different times of the Petroleum
Co., the Pioneer Steel Co. and the Opunake
Flax Co., a trustee of the Savings Bank and the
New Plymout;h Building Society, and chairman
of the harbour board. He devoted much of his
energy to the improvement of the harbour. He
was one of the founders of the Taranaki In-
stitute and its treasurer for many years. He
died on 12 Mar 1877.

Wells; Taranaki Herald, 13 Mar 1877.

CHILTON, CHARLES (1860-1929) was born
in Leominster, Herefordshire, and came to New
Zealand with his parents, who took up farming
at West Eyreton, Canterbury. He decided on a
professional career, and attended the West
Christchurch district high school and Canter-
bury College, where he gained his B.A. degree
in 1880, and M.A. in 1881 (with first-class hon-
ours in zoology)

Working under Professor Hutton, he made a
study of the crustacea of the Southern Hemis-
phere, about which little was known at that
time. He taught in Christchurch till 1886, when
he was appointed a tutor at the Dunedin Train-
ing College. Continuing his studies at Otago
University, he gained his B.Sc. in 1887 (the
first in New Zealand), and his D.Sc. in 1893.
In 1888 he was made rector of the Port Chal-
mers District High School and in the same year
married Elizabeth Jack. Seven yearslater Chilton
began to study medicine at Edinburgh, where
he graduated M.B.C.M. with honours (1898).
Later at Heidelberg, Vienna and London, he
specialised in the eye, ear and throat. Return-
ing to New Zealand he practised in Christchurch
for a year, and then filled the chair of biology
and palaeontology at Canterbury College
(1902-10), and later the chair of biology (1910-
28). In 1921 he became rector of the College
and on his retirement in 1928 he was created
professor emeritus. Chilton was an original
fellow, at one time president, and Hector med-
dllist, of the New Zealand Institute; president
of the Philosophic institute of Canterbury
(1903-04); he was an original member of the
Australasian society, an honorary member of
the Royal Society of New South Wales, a fellow

155

-----------------------Page 95 End-----------------------

CHISHOLM

of the New Zealand University (1909-18), a
member of the North Canterbury education
board (1903-05), as well as of the West Christ-
church school board, and of the Canterbury
Agricultural College board of governors (be
ing chairman in 1927). He was instrumental
in establishing the Canterbury College biolo-
gical station at Caso His writings include many
papers on crustacea, especially subterranean and
sub-antarctic forms. His death occurred on 24
Oct 1929.

Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1924; Hight and Candy
(p); Trans. N.Z. Inst., Mar 1930 (p); The Press, 25
Oct’ 1929,

CHISHOLM, JAMES (1843-1916) was born at
Scotlandwell, Kinrossshire, on the shores of Loch
Leven, where he attended the parish school to
the age of 13. He came to New Zealand in the
Three Bells (1858) and worked with his father
zs a carpenter for three years. Then he visited
the diggings at Gabriel's Gully, where he won
sufficient to fulfil his desire of studying for the
ministry.

Returning to Scotland in 1863, he took tlle
regular arts course at Edinburgh University,
where he won prizes in English literature and
mental and moral philosophy. His health broke
down at this stage and he returned to Dunedin,
where he completed his theological studies. In
1870 he was inducted to the charge of the To-
komairiro Church, where he laboured for 28
years. In 1883 he was moderator of the Otago
synod and in 1886 he acted temporarily as pro-
r of theology. Chisholm married Jessie,
daughter of J. B. Park (of Loanhead, Scotland,
and afterwards master of the High street school,
in Dunedin). As a pastor and as a preacher
he stood very high in the Church. He also had
a graceful literary style and contributed freely
to the Outlook and other Presbyterian jour-
nals. In 1898 he published Fifty Years Syne (a
memorial volume of the Presbyterian Church in
Otago) and in 1908 a Memoir of }. A. Tor-
rance. For 27 years he was a member of the
foreign missions committee of the Otago Church
and for 15 years of the United Church

In 1898 Chisholm resigned the charge at Mil-
ton from a sense of duty. Taking charge of the
church at Palmerston North in- 1899, he suc-
ceeded in healing a breach in the congregation
and then resigned in order that someone alto-
gether unconnected with either section might

 

CHURCH

be appointed. In 1901 he took charge of Ros-
lyn, where he died in 1916. Chisholm was
moderator of the General Assembly in 1908.

Who's Who N.Z.; A. Brown; Cycl. N.z., iv (p)
Chisholm, op. cit.; Rev J. Chisholm, Rev James
Chisholm, 1917 (p).

CHOLMONDELEY, GEORGE JAMES (1833-
1901) was born at Peel, Isle of Man, and was
related to the Marquis of Cholmondeley and
Lord Delamere. He came to New Zealand in
the fifties to join his brother, but returned to
England and studied at St Aidan's College,
Birkenhead, being ordained deacon (1858) and
priest (1859). He was curate of Great Cressing-
ham and Bodney (Norwich) and Sydney and
Aylburton (Gloucestershire), and returned to
New Zealand in the Tasmania, to take up the
curacy of St Michael and Ail Angels, Christ-
church (1861). He became vicar of the pastoral
district north of the Waimakariri; in 1862 of
Heathcote and Sumner, and in 1875 of Opawa.
He was made a canon in 1882 and archdeacon
of Christchurch in 1890. From 1887-90 he was
diocesan secretary. Cholmondeley wrote Re-
trospect and Prospect (1882), Church Work
(1883) and Clergy Pensions (1885). He died
on 11 Dec 1901.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Lyttelton Times and The
Press, 12 Dec 1901.

CHRISTIAN, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1867-
1934) was born in London and educated at
Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1890. He was engaged for
some years in journalism and literary work and
travelled widely in the Pacific and published:
The Caroline Islands (1899), Eastern Pacific
Lands: (1910), Vocabulary of the Archaic Dia-
lect of Mangaia and other works in Polynesian
philology. He was schoolmaster at Mangaia
(1918-20) and public librarian at Palmerston
North from 1923 till his death in 1934. He
married (1911) Ethel Lilian, daughter of W.
G. Mares (Romsey, Hampshire).

Who's Who N.z., 1932.

CHURCH, HUBERT (1857-1932) was born at
Hobart, Tasmania. He was taken to England
as a child and received his education there,
eventually proceeding to Oxford. Returning to
New Zealand in 1873, he studied law in Blen-
heim and then entered the civil service. He

156

 

CHURTON

was a treasury officid for 33 years, retiring in
1912. Church published verse at various times,
his best known books being West Wind (1902);
Poems (1904), Egmont Poems (1908). He died
at Melbourne on 8 Apr 1932.

Jessie Mackay in The Press, 14 May, 1932.

CHURTON, JOHN FREDERICK (1797-1853)
was born in London and educated there for the
bar, taking his degree of LL.B. He afterwards
read for holy orders, was ordained, and in 1840
was appointed by the Church of England So-
ciety as chaplain at Wellington. He arrived in
the Bolton (Apr 1840), and a few months later
was appointed by the Bishop of Sydney to the
church at Russell, Bay of Islands. Hobson
gazetted him colonial chaplain, and in that
capacity he read the prayers at the opening sex
sion of the Legislative Council in 1846. Soon
afterwards he was appointed also vicar of St
Paul's, Auckland. Churton ministered to the
troops serving in New Zealand during Heke's
war. He died on 26 Jan 1853.

Buick, First War; Buller; Ward; New Zealander

26 Jan, 2 Feb, 19 Mar 1853; NZ. Herald, 27 Mar
1879.

CHUTE, SIR TREVOR (1817-86) was born in
county Kerry, Ireland, entered the army in
1832, and served for a few years in the Ceylon
Rifles. He then joined the 70th Regiment, with
which he served till attaining the rank of
major-general. He saw service in Ireland and,
being at Peshawur when the Mutiny broke out,
he succeeded in rescuing the British officers and
disbanding the mutinolls sepoys. As brigadier
at Lucknow he formed several flying columns
to pacify the country.

In 1864 Chute came to New Zealand with the
regiment. Returning to Australia on being pro-
moted brigadier, he came back to New Zealand
in 1865 to succeed General Cameron as major-
general commanding. He carried out a swift
and successful campaign on the West Coast, re-
ducing seven fortified pas and many open vil-
lages and making a march from Ketemarae to
New Plymouth east of mount Egmont and back
by the westward route (Jan 1866). He thus
effectivdy demonstrated that the troops could
follow the natives into their forest fastnesses.
(K.C.B.)

Chute was afterwards colonel of the Cheshire
regiment (22nd foot). He married (1868)

CLARK

Ellen, daughter of Samuel Browning (q.v.), of
Auckland, and died on 12 Mar 1886. .

Gorton; Morton; Gudgeon; Grace; Cowan;
Illustrated London News, 1 May 1886 (p); Welling-
ton Independent, 13 Mar 1866; The Times (Lon
don) , 20 Mar 1886.

CLAPCOTT, HENRY (1830-97) was born in
England and,. educated for the church, but
decided to emigrate and came to Otago in the
Carnatic with his brother (1853). He walked
as far as Riverton and visited Ruapuke, taking
up land at Inch Clutha and Spylaw, which he
exchanged for Popotunoa. Losing these runs
by the declaration of hundreds, he went to the
goldfields and made a good profit by runming
a slaughterhouse on the diggings between
Gabriel's and Munro's gullies. In 1864 Clapcott
was elected to the Provincial Council for Waka-
tipu, and he was treasurer in Paterson's execu-
tive. On the executive being defeated, he
resigned from the Council to contest the super-
intendency, but withdrew before the poll. He
was a trustee of the Dunedin Savings Bank
(1864). In 1873 he was registrar of the Univer-
sity of Otago, and he was engaged in the
eighties lecturing for the Government Life In-
surance department. Clapcott died on 19 Sep
4897.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Beattie, ii; I.M.I. in Evening

Star, 21 Sep 1897; Otago Daily Times; 21 Sep 1897,
23 Mar 1898.

CLARK, ARCHIBALD (1805-75) was born at
Beith, Ayrshire, and educated for the Presby-
terian ministry at the University of Glasgow,
where he acquired a love of literature. Before
completing his course he had to take charge of
his father's business. In 1849 he came with his
family to Auckland, where he established the
firm of Archibald Clark and Sons. Taking an
immediate interest in public affairs, he was the
first. mayor of Auckland (1851). Clark was
M.H.R. for City of Auckland (1860), for City
East (1866-70) and for Franklin (1871-74). He
also represented Auckland East in the Provin-
cial Council (1867-68), and took a great in-
terest in education and in the Presbyterian
Church, being an elder of St Andrew's. (See
J. M. CLARK, K. M. CLARK.)

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cyc. N.Z., ii (p); Morton.

CLARK, CHARLES (1824-1906) was born near
London and educated at the Chingford Gram-

157

-----------------------Page 96 End-----------------------

CLARK

mar School. He was apprenticed to an architect
and afterwards worked with one for 15 years.
For health reasons he came to Canterbury in
the Egmont (1856), and after farming at Hals-
well road for four years, he carried on business
(at first in partnership with Isaac Luck) as land
agents and auctioneers. Clark was a member
of the Halswell road board, of the Christchurch
rifle volunteers and later of the Canterbury
Yeomanry Cavalry. He represented Lincoln in
the Provincial Council (1862-66), in which he
generally supported Moorhouse, but he was
partly responsible for bringing out Rolleston in
provincial politics. His death occurred on 30
Dec 1906.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; The Press, 31 Dec 1906.

CLARK, EDWARD HENRY (1870-1932) was
the son of Edward Clark, of Macraes, Otago;
was educated there and at the Palmerston Dis
trict High School and apprenticed to his father
(a builder). In his youth he was a successful
athlete, especially on the cycle track, and was a
member of the North Otago Mounted Rifles
and captain of the Palmerston Rifles. On com-
ing of age he took control of his father'sbusi-
ness. He was chairman of the SOO) commit-
tee, a member of the borough council from
1895, and mayor (1904-10 and 1919-23). In
4905 Clark contested the Waihemo seat against
T. Mackenzie, and at the following election,
standing as an Independent Liberal for Chal-
mers, he defeated E. G. Allen. Being re-elected
in 19U he supported the Ward ministry, but
on Mackenzie taking office crossed the floor
with J. A. Millar and voted against him. He
retired in 1914, and in 1920 was called to the
Legislative Council (in which he was chairman
of committees 1930-32). He was keenly interest-
ed in social reform.

Clark married (1897) Helen, daughter of
David Ross (Palmerston). He died on 10 Sep
1932.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Otago Daily Times, 11
Sep 1982 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

CLARK, HENRY (1821-1905) was born in
Berwickshire, educated in the parish school at
Polwarth and took to farm work. He was later
apprenticed to carpentry and at the age of 22
he went to Edinburgh and worked at that trade.

Having married (1844) Christian, daughter
of David Heron (Dunfermline) he sailed in

CLARK

1848 in the Blundell for Otago, where in part-
nership with Garvie and later with W. Lang-
lands, he carried on business as builder and
contractor. His |O-acre section at Mornington
he sold, and on the dissolution of his partner-
ship, bought land at Tokomairiro, and in 1864
960 acres at Glenore. He continued building
until about 1884, when he settled on his farm
at Clarksville. In the first provincial elections
Clark actively canvassed against the enrolment
of Maori voters. He was elected M.P.C. for
Tokomairiro in 1864 and sat in the Council
for that seat till 1870 and for Matau (1871-75)
In 1865 he was for a few days in the executive.
Clark was a member of the first Bruce councy
council and chairman to 1897. He was on the
Otago education pond (1878-98) and chair-
man tluee years; a governor of the Otago High
Schools (1891-95), and on the council of Otago
university (1898-1901). He was a member of
the Otago land board, the hospital board and
the charitable board, and an elder of the Dean
Free Church in Edinburgh and of First Church.

Dunedin (Apr 1849). Clark died on 15 Aug.

1908.
Chisholm; A. Brown; Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Hoc:
ken, Otago; Otago Daily Times, 16 Aug 1905.

CLARK, JAMES McCOSH (1833-98) was born
at Beith, Ayrshire, Scotland, and arrived in
Auckland with his father (Archibald Clark,
qv.) in 1849. In 1856 he became a partner in
the business, and later senior and managing
partner. He commanded No 6 company Auck-
land Volunteer Rifles in the Waikato campaign
(1863), being at Galloway's redoubt. Clark
was M.P.C. for Newton (dan-Oct 1870), a mem-
ber of the City Council (1886-87), and mayor
of Auckland (1880-83). During his mayoralty
the city tramways were built and sites fixed
for the public library and the town hall. He
was chairman of the Auckland education board
and president of the chamber of commerce. He
died in London on 27 Jan 1898.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Cowie; N.Z. Herald, 18 Feb
1898.

CLARK, KATE EMMA McCOSH (1847-1926)
(nee Woolnough) was born at Ipswich, Suf-
folk, England, educated there and studied art.
In 1875 she married James McCosh Clark (q.v.)
and came to reside in New Zealand. She ex-
hibited for many years at the Auckland Art

158

 

 

CLARKE

Society's exhibitions. Mrs. Clark took an in-
terest in St Mary's home, the Blind Institute
and the Girls’ Friendly Society. She resided in
England (1889-1900) and during that period
published A Southern Cross Fairy Tale, with
notes by Reischek (1891); Persephone and
Other Poems (1894), and Maori Tales and
Legends (1896). She died on 30 Nov 1926.

Cowie; Annals N.Z. Lit.; N.Z. Herald, 27 Jan
1898, 1 Dec 1926.

CLARKE, GEORGE (1798-1875) was born in
England and apprenticed to a gunsmith. He
was early interested in mission work. Arriving
in New South Wales in Oct 1822, he stayed with
Samuel Marsden at Parramatta until Jan 1823,
when he was sent to assist in the formation of a
settlement for the benefit of Australian natives.

Early in 1824 Marsden arranged for him to
proceed to New Zealand with his wife and son
in the French corvette Coquille, which arrived
at Bay of Islands on 3 Apr. Stationed at Keri-
keri, and living at first with the Kemps, he
knew Hongi well and enjoyed his friendslup,
though Hongi always resented his refusal to
practise his trade of a gunsmith. Teaching in
the native school, Clarke acquired the language
<0 rapidly that he was able to assist Marsden
,on his next pilgrimage in New Zealand. When
the Wesleyan mission at Wesleydale was sacked
(early in 1827) Clarke hastened to assist the
distressed missionaries to the Bay of Islands.
Governor Hobson, impressed by his knowledge
of the Maori and his success in establishing a
farm colony at Waimate, offered him the post
of protector of aborigines (May 1841). In
the next few years he rendered capable and
interesting reports upon native affairs in all
parts of the country. His advocacy of the rights
of the natives made him unpopular in the Com.
pany's settlements. It was on his advice that
Hobson concluded the purchase which led to
Nopera's war. He advised also on the claims
of Waikato in north Taranaki and on the pur-
chase of the Waitemata (which was never im-
pugned). He had great influence aso with
Governor FitzRoy, who relied upon his advice;
but Governor Grey was less impressed with his
qualities. He recognised the incongruity of a
protector taking part in the purchase of native
lands, and later questioned the validity of his
own landed possessions. In 1846 Grey abolished

CLARKE

the protectorate and assumed personally the
management of native affairs.

Clarke returned to duty as New Zealand seo-
retary of the Church Missionary Society, but
his connection was terminated by the Society
(with that of Henry Williams) in Nov 1849.
Returning to settle at Bay of Islands, Clarke
was elected in Sep 1852 to the Legislative
Council of Néw Ulster (which never met). In
the following year he was elected to the Auck-
land Provincial Council for Bay of Islands, but
at the following election (1855) he was de-
feated. Clarke was a judge of the native land
court for some years. He died on 29 Jul 1875.

Two of his sons were the Rev GEORGE CLARKE
(q.v.), and Henry TACY CLARKE (d. 1902, who
was a judge of the native land court and M.P.C.
for Bay of Islands 1859-60).

GB.OP, 1847; Parltry Record; Clarke; Stock;
Ramsden; Thomson; Marsden, L. and ].; E. Wil:
son; Queen v. George Clarke (report of action to
annul a land grant) 1844; SM. Martin.

CLARKE, GEORGE (1823-1913), son of George
Clarke (q.v.), was born at Parramatta and came
to New Zealand in the following year with
his father. At the age of seven he was taken
to Australia and lived with Marsden at Parra
mata for a while.

In 1833 he went to Hobart for his education,
returning to New Zealand early in 1837. He
lived at Waimate and studied the classics under
the Rev William Williams, with whom he
moved to Poverty Bay (1839). He made many
missionary journeys with his tutor in the East
Cape country, where the news of the Gospel
preceded them, borne by slaves returning from
captivity in the north. Clarke studied Greek
and Latin assiduously, and in his daily life be
came familiar with the character and language
of the Maori people, of whose rights he was an
ardent champion. In Dec 1840 he rejoined his
father at Bay of Islands and shortly afterwards,
resisting the desire to enter the Church forth-
with, was appointed clerk in the Native Depart-
ment. As interpreter at the trial of Maketu for
the murder of a European family at Bay of
Islands (Feb 1842) Clarke, under the instruc-
tions of the Chief Justice (Martin) explained
to the natives with the utmost care the pro-
cedure of British law, and so helped materially
to reconcile them to the transfer of authority

159

-----------------------Page 97 End-----------------------

CLAYTON

to the crown. He was afterwards attached to
Spain's land claims commission as interpreter
and Maori advocate. ;

The protectorate of aborigines being abolish-
ed in 1846, Clarke noW desired to follow his
bent, and in 1848 he sailed for England to com-
plete his education tor the ministry of the
Congregational Church. He .returned to the
colonies in 1851 and was appomted to the Con-
gregational Church in Collins street, Hobart
(afterwards in Davey street), where he minis-
tered for 52 years. As a minister he was do-
quent, learned, zealous and broadminded. He
took a great interest in higher educat/On and
was partly instrumental in bringing into exis:
tence the University of Tasmania, of which he
was chancellor 1898-1907. Clarke died on 10
Mar 1913. In 1903 he published Notes on
Early Life in New Zealand,

G.B.ap., 1847/837; Cyel. N.z., ii; Chambers
Cycl.; Clarke, op. cit. (p); Marsden, L. and J.;
N.Z. Herald, 19 Mar 1913.

CLAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1822-77) was
the eldest son of Henry Clayton, of Wickford,
Tasmania. He qualified in Brussels as an archi-
tect and in London (under Sir John Rennie)
and practised for some years in Australia before
coming to Dunedin, where he became a partner
of W. Mason in the early sixties. He made the
acquaintance of Vogel (who married his
daughter, 1867). In 1869 Clayton was appoin-
ted Colonial Architect, in which capacity he
designed many important buildings, including
the Government block in Wellington and the
old Parliament House (destroyed by fire in

1907). He also practised privately, designing
among other buildings St Mary of the Angels
Church. He was the first to use concrete in a
private house, portion of his own residence in
Hobson street (afterwards Queen Margaret Col-
lege) being of that material. Clayton died on
23 Aug 1877.

Personal information from J. L. F. Vogel; Otago
Dally Times, 24 Aug, 1877: Wellington ‘Almanac
1878; N.Z. Times, 1 Mar 1912 (Obit. H. C. Flag) .

CLEARY, HENRY WILLIAM (1859-1929) was
born at Oulart, county Wexford, Ireland, the
son of a farmer. He was educated at St Aidan’s
Academy, Enniscorthy (187476), at St Peter's
College, Wexford, and then at Maynooth Eocles-
astical College, near Dublin. From there he

 

CLEARY

proceeded to the Pontifical Seminary at the
Lateran, Rome, pursming higher studies in.theo-
logy and canon law at the Papal University of
the Apollinaire (1880-83). His health suffered
from close study in Rome and he had several
times to retire for rest periods. On leavmg
Rome he completed his studies at the College
of St Sulpice in Paris (1884). .

In the following year Cleary was ordained
priest in the Shannon chapel at Enniscorthy
and was appointed to the house of missions
there. Owing to indifferent health he did not
remain in mission work but was sent as asSistant
tO the parish priest at Monagheer. He was then
appointed professor of modern languages 1,, his
old college at St Peters, where one of his pupils
was Sir James O'Connor, afterwards lord chief
justice of Ireland. It seemed imperative that he
should seek change of climate and in .1888 he
took up duty as assistant priest in the diocese of
Ballarat, in Australia. In 1890 he went .to
Hamilton (Victoria) and later to Ararat. While
there, in addition to intense devotion to paro-
chia) duties, he undertook the task of defending
the Catholic faith in the press. Working at high
pressure he published a book, The Orange. So-
ciety, which ran into 12 editfons.

This Work attracted the attention of Bishop
Verdon and Cleary was in 1898 invited to as
sume control of the Catholic organ in New
Zealand, the New Zealand Tablet. HIS term #7
charge of that paper was distinguished by bni-
liant journalistic success and in 1900 the paper
received the apostolic blessing. While im
Dunedin Cleary published An Impeached
Nation, giving the Irish version of the agrarian
outrages which were constantly occurring jn
Ireland. He also published Secular v. Religious
Education and wrote a number of articles for
the Catholic Encyclopaedia. In recognition of
the notable work done in this sphere the Pope
in 1908 conferred upon him the doctorate of
divinity. He made an extensive tour abroad

in 1910, including a long visit to Central and
South American countries for the purpose .of
establishing a number of Catholic news ageno.es
which should combat hostile propaganda at ItS
source. He was made a life member of the In.
ternational Catholic Truth Sooety. While
Cleary was on this tour the death occurred of
Dr Lenihan (q.v.), Bishop of Auckland, and
the nomination of a new bishop was unamim-

160

 

CLEARY

ously in favour of Dr Cleary. He was conse
crated on 21 Aug 1910 at Enniscorthy and he
took possession of his see on II Jan 1911.

The new Bishop made the Maori people his
especial care, and for that purpose learned the
language thoroughly. He was mainly responsible
for the establishment of St Peters rural training
college at Takapuna, in which the Mill Hill
Fathers co-operated and which they afterwards
controlled. There selected native boys are not
only trained for service as catechists, but learn
technical work of various kinds which they may
afterwards impart to their own people. Cleary
saw the Star of the Sea home for orphans at
Howick replanned on generous lines. He wrote
many fairy tales for children: and personally
told them to the orphans. He.was most zealous
in the cause of Catholic education, building
schools wherever he could find the means, and
publishing many pampWets in defence of the
Catholic standpoint on the Biblein-Schools
question. He envisaged a Camolic school in
every parish. During his episcopate of Auck-
land he saw the number of parishes increased
from 88 to 57, of primary schools from 30 to
51, of secondary schools from 8 to 9, of children
receiving Catholic education from 3,300 to
7,200, and the total Catholic population from

31,000 to 55,000. He took the interest of a
scholar and a historian in the preservation of
Camolic archives, which he left complete and
well organised as a legacy to posterity. In 1916
he had to go abroad for the medical advice and
spent some months in various private hospitals
in Australia, America and Great Britain. Find-
ingin England that there was only one Catholic
chaplain for the military camps of the New
Zealand division in Great Britain, and that the
2nd brigade in France had none, he volunteered
for service and on 31 Oct 1916 was gazetted a
chaplain of the 4th dass From Dec 1916 to
Feb 1917 he was with the troops in the front
line. Though he received injuries in attending
the wounded under fire he did not Hinch; and
found time also to write his observations of the
effect of shell fire upon birdlife. (O.B.E. 1918)
He rernrned to New Zealand in Oct 1917. In
1918 Cleary founded a Catholic newspaper in
Auckland, The Month. His death occurred on
9 Dec 1929.

The Month, pass. (notably 17 Dec 1929 (p);
N.z. Tablet, pass.; Studholme; Cleary, op. cit.;

CLENDON

Father Martindale, The Risen Sun; H
Official Hist. of N.Z's War Effort, vol i
Herald and The Dominion, 10 Dec 1929.

CLENDON, JAMES REDDY (1801-72), who
was born at Deal, Kent, was a London mer-
chant and shipowner, and commenced trading
to New Zealand with his bromer, John Chitty
Clendon, atleast as early as 1828. In 1831, he
brought back two Maori chiefs, Taraia and
Ahouiffe' to England to see the King, and also
made an interesting report to Lord Goderich
on conditions in New Zealand. While in com-
mand of the City of Edinburgh he had bought
land in the Bay of Islands from Pomare and
others in Dec 1830, and on this he settled in
Sep 1832, opening a trading establishment in
partnership with Samuel Stephenson at Okiato.
During the officia residency of Busby (qWv.),
Clendon, being one of the wealthiest settlers
and influential with the natives, played a pro-
minent part. When Bnsby's house was attacked
(May 1884), he protested against Busby's weak
handling of the natives and joined his falow-
settlers in petitioning for military protection.
He was one of the leading agitators for the pro-
hibition of spirits (1835), and gave a practical
lead by starting all his own casks. He supported
Busby, however, in his attempt to confederate
the Normern chiefs, and he (not, as usually
stated, James C. Clendon) was a witness to the
Declaration of Independence (28 Oct 1835). In
the war of 1837, he saved the lives and property
of several Europeans at the Bay, and asdsted
the Rev Henry Williams in the peace negotia-
tions. Buick's suggestion that Clendon acted
as assistant-resident at Hokianga is mistaken. He
was the first consul at Bay of Islands for the
United States (1888-42). From the beginning
of 1839 to Apr 1841, Clendon acted as Amen-
can consul at the Bay of Islands. Though the
Colonial Office had anticipated that the Ameri-
can government might protest against the estab-
lishment of British sovereignty Clendon did not
consider that his office obliged him to oppose
Hobson's mission. On the contrary, he actively
supported Busby and Williams in winning over
the chiefs to the treaty of Waitangi, his influ-
ence with the natives being the greater because
his office created the impression that he was dis
interested. He signed the memorial witnessing
Hobson's assumption of aumority, and was one
of the witnesses to the treaty.

  

161

1"

-----------------------Page 98 End-----------------------

CLENDON

The decision to fix the seat of government
temporarily at Bay of Islands, and to form a
government township there, gave Clendon an
opportunity for profitable speculation. Felton
Mathew (q.v.), 2 acting surveyor-general, re-
ported that Clendon's estate at Okiato (some
380 acres) was the only site in the Bay suitable
for government purposes. Clendon, anticipat-
ing this, had had his land surveyed and laid out
as a township, and commenced selling lots. He
was willing enough to sll to the Government,
and started by asking £23,000; he refused to
suspend sale of lots till Hobson referred to
Gipps for authority to buy; and eventually
(22 Mar) he agreed to accept £15,000. The
price was not unduly high compared with the
speculative prices then prevailing and the very
high cost of building material and labour. The
buildings consisted of a comfortable dwelling
house, a large store, two small cottages, and
blacksmith's and carpenter's shops, valued at
£13,000, the land being valued at £2,000. In
the event, it proved that Clendon had not made
as good a bargain as he thought. Gipps refused
to sanction the purchase, the sale of lots in the
government township of * Russell’ was held up
sine die, and without the income from sales
neither capital nor interest due to Clendon was
forthcoming. He had received only the first
instalment of £1,000. In Jun 1841 he was per-
suaded to accept £1,250 as rent plus interest
(on the debt to date, and 10,000 acres of govern-
ment land in lieu of the capital sum still due.
His selection of this land was limited, and in-
stead of getting a block. at Tamaki (near the
new capital of Auckland) he had to take 10,000
acres at Papakura. The value of these lands fall
sharply, to about 1/6 per acre, and in 1845
Clendon complained (in a petition to Lord
Stanley), that he was the loser, in capital and
accumulated interest, to the tune of nearly
£18,000.

In Mar 1840 Clendon was appointed magis
trate, and he was a member of the Legislative
Council (1841-44). Mter the destruction of Ko-
rorareka, he was made police magistrate at Bay
of Islands in place of Thomas Beckham. His
confidential reports to the Governor throw much
light on the conduct of the war in the north
(1845-46), the condition of the Natives, and the
intrigues of the few disaffected Europeans. His
nominal census of the Bay of Islands and Ho-

CLIFFORD
kianga districts in 1846 is an interesting com-
pilation. He was superseded as magistrate (Dec
1846) by the senior military officer, but was
reappointed in Jun 1850 and held other offices
(sub-treasurer, 1850; registrar of births, etc.,
1854; and inspector of police, 1859). About
the end of 1861, he removed to Herd's Point
(Rawene) on the Hokianga, resigning his Bay
offices, and becoming magistrate, inspector of
customs, and registrar at Hokianga. He was
superannuated in 1866 with a pension. He
continued trading till the end of his life, but
latterly his affairs went badly, mainly through
giving too much credit. He died at Rawene, 24
Oct 1872. JR.

N.Z. Archives, G. 1, B.R. 1 and 2; N.Z. Gaz.;
Journals L.C. of N.Z.; GB.O.P., 1842/569; U.S.
Department of State (consular service); Glendon
MSS. ; Felton Mathew MSS.; P.R.O., Series C.O. 202
and 209; Carleton; McNab; Whaling; McNab,
Hist. Rec.; Marsden, L. and J; Ramsden; Buick,
Waitangi

CLIFFORD, SIR CHARLES (1813-93) was born
at Mount Vernon, near Liverpool, the son of
George L. Clifford, and grandson of the Hon
Thomas Clifford. Educated at Stonyhurst Col-
lege, he came to New Zealand in the George
Fyfe and at once set to work to clear his section
near Porirua, on which he and Vavasour enter-
tained their fellow passengers at a picnic be
fore they went on to Nelson.

Having been gazetted a justice of the peace
in 1844 and a member of the Legislative Coun-
ail, Clifford went to Auckland to attend the
sittings of that body. In 1845 he, in view of the
unrest amongst the native tribes, took his part
in the mobilisation of the militia and volunteers
for the defence of the Port Nicholson settle-
ment. With Vavasour and Weld he took up
land in the lower valley of the Wairarapa and
their sheep, driven round the rocks from Wel-
lington, were actually the first to reach their
station in the valey, though C. R. Bidwill
reached the valley first and cut the track by
which the others overtook him. Meanwhile Clif-
ford was conducting a land agency in Welling-
ton. His attention was attracted to pastoral
land in the northern part of the South Island,
and he made some explorations there which
resulted in the partnership in 1846 taking up a
large area of open country on lease. They at
once brought a flock of merino sheep across and

162

 

CLIFFORD

occupied what was afterwards known as Flax-
bourne and Stonyhurst stations, on the borders
of Canterbury and Marlborough. In 1850 they
had 10,000 merino sheep thriVing on the native
grass and were so well satisfied with the outlook
that they parted with their interests in the
North Island and concentrated on their new
station.

_In 1847 Clifford married Mary Anne (who
died jn 1899), daughter of John Hercy, deputy
lieutenant of Berkshire. He was now actively
engaged in the agitation for self-government,
and took part in the work in England, where
he spent most of the years 1848-50. On his return
the partners decided to dispose of their property
at Wharekaka, jn south Wairarapa, They were
soon reafising the highest prices in New Zealand
for their rams bred in the South Island.

At the inauguration of the new constitution
Clifford, although a Catholic, was returned at
the head of the poll as representative for Wel-
lington City in the Provincial Council. He
was at once elected speaker of the Council a
position which he filled -with credit until jis
voluntary retirement in 1857. He took a great
interest in the development of provincial in-
sututions and was a member of the education
commission in 1854. In 1853 also he was elected
to Parliament for the City of Wellington. When
he took his seat at Auckland on the opening of
Parliament he already had a reputation as a
speaker. Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and others
who desired him to be Speaker of the House
feared that he might use his position to favour
his own faith. Clifford, on the other hand, with
his co-rdigionist Weld, was actuated by one
thought only as regards religion. He wished
to ensure, 2s Bishop Pompallier had done at
Waitangi in 1840, merely that all religions

should have equal freedom in the new colony;
that there should be no suggestion of a state
religion. He declined to give Wakefield any
assurances and was eventually elected Speaker
without opposition. Though he had refused to
give any undertaking to get a Church of Eng-
land clergyman to open with prayer, he had
arranged that one of that denomination (the
Rev J. F. lloyd) should be in the vicinity at
the moment when Parliament commenced its
deliberations. Having been elected Speaker, he
stated that he believed it would be the wish of
members that they should open their meeting

CLIFFORD

with some sort of prayer and he requested the
sergeant-at-arms to go: outside and bring in the
first clergyman he could find. Lloyd Soon made
his appearance, and said a prayer. The House
afterwards debated at length the manner of
saying prayers and eventually referred it to a
committee of two to recommend a procedure
(Clifford and Weld being the committee). They
recommended that the Speaker should read
prayers at the opening of each Sitting of Parlia-
ment, a course that has been followed to the
present day.

.In 4858 Clifford was knighted. He paid a
VISt © England in 1860 and, having decided to
Temain there, resigned his seat in Parliament
and the Speekership. In England he was a

rector of several financial companies. On

16 Jul 1887 Clifford was created a baronet (Of
Flaxbourne). His death occurred on 27 Feb

Wellington P.C. Proc. and Gaz.. NZ. Gaz.

N.z.P.D. Burke; Actand; Bidwill; D.N.B.:
Ward (P); Lovat; Rusden; Gisborne; Godley,
Letters; Wellington Independent, 7 Jul 1847;
Taranaki Herald, 3 Mar 1893.
CLIFFORD, SIR CHARLES LEWIS (1885-
1938), 3rd baronet, was the only son of Sir
George (qv.). He was educated at the Marist
Brothers’ school at Christchurch, St Patrick's
College, Wellington, and Stonyhurst College,
England. Being rejected for service with the
New Zealanders in the war of 1914-18, he ser-
ved with the Lancashire Yeomanry Hussars (as
lieutenant), and afterwards with the Lancashire
Fusiliers, being part of the time in Salonika.
©n returning.to New Zealand he was mainly
interested during his father's lifetime in yacht-
mg and shipping, but after his father's death
he continued both the stud at Stonyhurst and
Chokebore Lodge at Riccarton and raced with
great success. With horses of his own breeding
he was at the head of the winning list on six
occasions. Some of his most successful horses
were Fast Passage, Wild Chase, Cricket Bat and
Fracas. H. and A. Cutts were his trainers
throughout. Clifford was unmarried, and on his
death (13 Sep 1938) was succeeded by his uncle,
WALTER LOVELACE CLIFFORD (1853-), son of
the first baronet.

N.z. Racing Calendar. The Press, Sep 14, 1938.

CLIFFORD, SIR GEORGE HUGH (1847-1930)
2nd baronet, was the eldest son of the first

163

-----------------------Page 99 End-----------------------

CLIFFORD

baronet (Sir Charles, q.v.). Educated at Stony-
hurst College, Lancashire, he was called to the
bar in London and returned to New Zealand
well equipped for public life, for which, how-
ever, he had no bent. He assumed the manage-
ment of his father's estates, Flaxbourne and
Stonyhurst, and took a keen interest in sheep
breeding and in racing. About 1886 he com-
menced breeding at Stonyhurst halfbred Lin-
coln-Merinos, which soon achieved a high repu-
tation, gaining prizes at many shows and
becoming dispersed fairly widely over the type
of conntry in which Stonyhurst was situated.
He was chairman of the New Zealand Sheep-
breeders’ Association (South Island) from 1902
and president of the Canterbury Agricultural
and Pastoral Association (1911), and was one
of the founders of the Canterbury Frozen Meat
Co. (of which he was a director from 1901 and
chairman from 1902). He was chairman also
of the New Zealand Shipping Co. for a term
(before the merger with the P. and O. Co.), of
the Christchurch Press Co. and the Gas Co.
(from 1908), Hayward brothers, the Blackball
Coal Co. and Booth Macdonald and Co.

In public life Clifford took little part beyond
being chairman of the Waipara county council
for some years. He was, however, very prolDI-
nent in the government of racing. He was life
member of the Canterbury Jockey Club and
the Wellington and Auckland Racing Clubs,
and for 34 years president of the New Zealand
racing conference. During this time he intro-
duced many reforms in the government of the
sport and the conditions of those connected
with it. Clifford first raced at Burnham Water,
Wellington, at the age of 11. He saw much of
the sport while in England and established his
own racing stud at Stonyhurst in the early
eighties with horses purchased from Henry Red-
wood. Tiger Tim and Cruchfield were two of
his earliest successes. Amongst the animals
which he purchased for stud purposes were
Aurifera, Maligner and Clanranald, and he bred
many horses of the highest records. In 1903-
04 for the first time he was at the head 9f the
list of winning owners for the season. He won
all the leading races in the Dominion and most
of them on several occasions. The -Clanranald
stock were most famous in their day, but up
to his death Clifford allowed no diminution in
the quality of his stud and raced with unin-

COATES

terrupted success. Winning Hit won the two
Derbies and created a record for the IDlle and
a quarter for Australia and New Zealand which
has stood for many years. All of Clifford's
trainers were of the Cutts family. Edward Cutts
trained for more than thirty years, his sons H.
and A. Cutts succeeding him.

Clifford married first (1880) Mary, daughter
of Sir John Lawson. She having died in the
same year, he married (1884) Janet (d. 1885),
daughter of James Burnett (Nelson). He had
fone son. In 1891 he married Helen Frances,
daughter of the Rev James Dennis. He died on
17 Apr 1930.

Burke, Peerage; N.Z. Racing Calendar; Acland;
Chadwick; The Press, 19 Apr 1930 (p).

COATES, DANDESON (1778-1846), the lay sec-
retary of the Church Missionary Society, joined
the committee of the Society in 1817 and from
1820 (on the retirement of the Rev E. H.
Bickersteth) took up his residence in the Mis
sion House. An able correspondent and a man
of great business ability, he drew up the regu-
lations for the control of the vast machinery of
the Society, expounded the Society's point of
view in controversy, and guarded it jealously
against officid church control. He became
assistant-secretary on the retirement of the Rev
Josiah Pratt in 1824, and lay secretary in 1830.
From 1840, when the Rev William Jowett, the
clerical secretary, retired, Coates was sole secre-
tary. He had long been the ruling mind of the
Society. He was against Bickersteth in the theo-
logical controversy of 1831, and was an uncom-
promising opponent of the various schemes to
colonise New Zealand. On 27 Nov 1837 he
wrote: *Only let New Zealand be spared from
Colonisation, and the mission have its free and
unrestricted course for half a century more, and
the great political and moral problems will be
solved: In evidence before the various parlia-
mentary committees he adhered firmly to this
view. Coates died on 23 Apr 1846.
GB.OP, 1838, et. seq.; Stock.

COATES, ISAAC (1839-1932) was born near
Richmond, Yorkshire, educated there and
brought up to farming. He came to Lyttelton
in the Lancashire Witch in 1867 and moved to
Auckland in 1868. He spent one year on the
Thames goldfield before settling in Waikato,
as one of the earliest purchasers of land near

164

 

COATES

Hamilton. He took a number of important con-
tracts for drainage, railways and other works
and was engaged in flaxmilling, being interested
in several mills. As a farmer he was one of the
first to introduce agricultural machinery into
the Waikato. Coates was a member of the first
borough council in Hamilton and mayor of
the town for five years to 1892. He also sat on
the Waikato hospital board and charitable aid
board and the Waikato county council and was
chairman of the Kirikiriroa road board for three
years. He died on 1 May 1932.

N.Z. Herald, 2 May 1932.

COATES, SIR JAMES HUGH BUCHANAN
(1851-1935) was born at Auckland, the son of
James Coates (1815-54), who was born in
Jamaica and came to New Zealand in Jul 1841.
James Coates was gazetted sheriff on 3 May
1841 and appointed clerk to the Legislative
Council. He martied in 1841 Sarah Anne (1819-
92), only daughter of G. H. Bendall, of Somer-
setshire, who arrived in the Chelydra from New
South Wales. In 1846 Coates was appointed
chief clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office
in 1853 clerk to the Auckland Provincial Coun-
cil and in 1854 clerk to the House of Represen-
tatives, but he did not live to assume the last
post.

The son James was educated at the Church
of England Grammar School (under Kinder)
and joined the Bank of New South Wales in
1868. On the establishment of the National
Bank of New Zealand in 1873 he joined its
staf, and in 1893 became general manager. The
head office was then in Dunedin. After a visit
to London Coates moved the headquarters to
Wellington (1894). He retired on pension in
4914 and joined the London directorate. Coates
was one of the Wellington commissioners for
the visit to New Zealand of the Duke and
Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901. In that
year he was appointed by the London deben-
ture holders of the Midland Railway Co. as
their receiver in the settlement with the New
Zealand government. A Liberal in politics, he
frequently advised the Seddon and Ward
administrations, and he was offered the post of
president of the Bank of New Zealand under
the legislation of the nineties. During the war
of 1914-18 Coates rendered valuable service to
New Zealand organisations in England. He was

COCKAYNE

knighted in 1922. His death occurred on 11
Oct 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908-32; N.2. Gaz, 1841-54
Auckland P.C. Proc.: Cycl. N.z.,i (p); Schoteietd,
Hobson; N.z. Herald and Evening Post, 11 Oct
1935; Otago Daily Times, 3 Jan 1922

COCK, RICHARD (1851-1936) was born at
New Plymouth, the son of Richard Cock (1820-
85), and educated at Crompton's school. At an
early age he was apprenticed for seven years
as a chemist under Dr E. L. Humphries, who
also managed a wine and spirit business. Dur-
ing this period (1864) he accompanied the 43rd
Regiment into the field on active service. He
connnenced volunteering in 1868 and was a
keen soldier throughout, being colour-sergeant
to the left half-company at Parihaka (1881).

In 1875 he went into business as a wine and
spirit merchant. For many years he took a lead-
ing part in local government. He was a
borough councillor (1881-85, 1889-91) and was
mayor (1903-06); a member of the harbour
board (sometime chairman) and a sinking fund
commissioner; a trustee of the New Plymouth
Savings Banks from 1893 (chairman 1921-36);
chairman of the hospital board; chairman of
the school commissioners until their abolition;
a director of the Taranaki Building Society
from 1884 (chairman 1892-1936) and a founder
of the Taranaki chamber of connnerce. He was
one of the promoters of the Crown Dairy Co.,
a director of the New Plymouth Sash and Door
Co.; chairman of the Petroleum Co. in the
eighties; one of the first directors of the Mo-
turoa Freezing Co., and a director of several
of the ironsand companies during the manager-
ship of E. M. Smith and D. Atkinson. He was
president of the Industrial Exhibition (1904
05).

Cock was a prominent freemason and an
officebearer of the M.U.I.0.0.F. He married
(1876) Alice Maud, daughter of James Taylor
(Wellington). He died on 28 May 1936.

Philpott; Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1982; Cyol. N.Z.,
vi (p); Taranaki Herald, 28 May 1936.

COCKAYNE, LEONARD (1855-1934) was born
at Norton Lees, Derbyshire, the son of a mer-
chant, and was educated at private schools, at
Wesley College, Sheffidd, and at Owens Col-
lege, Manchester. He emigrated to Australia in
1876 and spent several years teaching. There

165

-----------------------Page 100 End-----------------------

COCKAYNE

he married (1881) Maria Maude Blakeley, of
Harcourt, Victoria. In 1880 Cockayne came to
New Zealand, and was employed for a year on
the staff of the Tokomairiro Grammar School.
Having a bent for botany and natural history,
he became interested in New Zealand plant
life, and when he took up farming in Canter-
bury, he devoted much attention to the culti-
vation of trees and shrubs and the reclamation
of sand dunes. Between 1887 and 1903 he con-
ducted a private experimental station for
research in the flora of New Zealand, and made
botanical explorations of various parts of the
Dominion and the Antarctic and Chatham
islands. From 1906 he was engaged by the
Lands Department making reports on the re-
clamation of sand dunes, on Kapiti island, the
Waipoua forest, Tongariro National Park’ and
Stewart island.

As early as 1903 Cockayne's work attracted
the recognition of learned societies abroad. In
that year he received the honorary doctorate of
philosophy of Munich University. In 1905 he
was elected honorary corresponding member
of the Botanic Sociey of Edinburgh, in 1910
a fellow of the Linnaean Society, and in 1912
of the Royal Society. He received the Hector
medal and prize for botany in 1912 and the
Hutton medal in 1914; was president of the
New Zealand Institute (191819) and an
original fellow (1919); and the first honorary
member of the Philosophical Institute of Can-
terbury (1923). Cockayne was a member of the
royal commission on forestry (1913); of the
Cawtbron commission (1919); of the pastoral
commission (1920); of the Kapiti island board
and the Christchurch domain board, and a
governor of the Cawthron Institute and of the
New Zealand Institute.

In 1916 he was appointed to carry out re-
searches regarding mountain pastures, and in
the following year he investigated the causes
of yellow leaf in flax. From 1922 he was en-
gaged in an economic study of forests. His
contributions to the study of ecology were
recognised abroad by honorary membership of
such bodies as the Plant-Geographical Society
of Sweden (1927), the Botanical Society of
America (1927) and the Forestry Society of
Finland (1926). The Royal Society in 1928
awarded him the Darwin medal, the first to be
awarded to a scientist in the Southern hemis-

COHEN

phere. Cockayne received the Mueller medal
from the Australasian Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. He placed the city of
Wellington under a debt of gratitude to him
by the creation of the Otari plant reserve. In
1929 he was awarded the C.M.G. Cockayne's
publications include: New Zealand Plants and
their Story (1910); The Vegetation of New
Zealand (1921); The Cultivation of New Zea-
land Plants (1923); numerous official reports,
and about 120 shorter papers and memoirs on
floristic, ecological and economic botany, ex-
perimental morphology of plants, evolution,
plant distribution and life history. He collab-
orated with E. Phillips Turner in New Zea-
land Trees (1928).

Cockayne died on 8 Jul 1934 and was in-
terred in the Otari reserve. His son, ALrRep
HYDE CoCKAYNE (1880 -) became Director of
Agriculture.

App. H.R., pass,; Trans. N.z. [nst.; Cockayne,
op. cit.; The Dominion and Evening Post, 9 Jul
1904,

COCKER, JAMES (1862-1935) was born at
Calver, Devonshire, and educated there and at
Hartley College, Manchester, and ordained in
the Methodist ministry in 1890. He was nine
years at Buxton works and one year at Ashton-
under-Lyme Primitive Methodist church before
coming to New Zealand (in 1890). He held
many charges here but was notable for his work
in the temperance movement and in journalism
as editor of the N.Z. Primitive Methodist (1905-
13), associate editor of the New Zealand
Methodist Times (1915-19) and editor of the
Vanguard. He was a member of licensing com-
mittees in four cities. Cocker published a num-
ber of books on Biblical and social topics. He
married (1892) Sarah A. Holles (of Calver).
His death occurred on 6 Mar 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932.

COHEN, MARK (1849-1928) was born in Lon-
don, came to Victoria with his parents at the
age of seven, and was educated at Pope's and
Mitchell's schools at Ballarat and at the Jewish
school in Melbourne.

In 1863 he came to Otago, and was appren-
ticed to a signwriter and painter, but left this
for a legal office, where he began to study law.
In 1865 he joined the Otago Daily Times staff
as a junior, and in 1866 went over to the Even-
ing Star. Except for a short time on the

166

 

 

COHEN

Indepe.ndent and the Sun in 1869, Cohen spent
the rest of his life in association with the Star.
He was in succession reporter, sub-editor and
associate editor, and in 1893 became editor. A
very capable journalist and forceful writer, he
had aso a knack of choosing brilliant men to
write for the Star, notably M. J. S. Mackenzie,
Rutherford Waddell, H. D. Bedford and P. W.
Fairclough.

Cohen was a member of the Dunedin City
Council (1888, 1890-93) and in 1891 contested
the mayoralty against C. R. Chapman. He took
a great interest in every class of education. For
some years he was a member of the Union
Street school committee, and he helped to
organise the Dunedin and Suburban schools
association, of which he was chairman. He was
a member also of the technical classes associa
tion in Dunedin and of the Otago education
board (from 1896, and chairman 1898-99). For
some years he was honorary secretary of the
Dunedin free public library, and he was one of,
the founders of the New Zealand Library Asso-
ciation. Cohen was also a founder (in 1881)
of the Dunedin Free Kindergarten Association,
of which he was elected a life member, and he
helped to establish the Prince Edward convales-
cent home at Forbury.

He attended the World press congress in
1907 and the first Empire Press Union conter-
ence in 1909. In 1920 he was called to the
Legislative Council, of which he was a member
till his death (on 3 Mar 1928). Cohen married
(1876) Sara, daughter of Woolf Isaacs.

N.z.P.D., pass, (notably 8 Jul 1928); Scholeidd,
Union Catalogue; Otago Daily Times and Evening
Star, 5 Mar 1928 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

  

COHEN, MAURICE (1862-1934) was born at
Cooma, New South Wales, the son of Sigismund
Cohen, and came to New Zealand with his
parents as a child. He was educated partly at
Christ's College and at the New Zealand Univer-
sity and commenced mercantile life in 1878 with
Mason Struthers and Co., Christchurch. In
1881 he joined J. Nathan and Co., Wellington,
and shortly aftenvards was appointed manager
of the Palmerston North branch. On the in-
corporation of the Manawatu Farmers’ Co-
operative Association, he was appointed general
manager, and in 1895 he became manager in
Palmerston North of the United Farmers’ Co-

COLEMAN

operative Association. He retired in 1920.

Cohen was mayor of Palmerston North (1905-
07), a member of the Wellington harbour board
(1908-32), president of the Palmerston North
chamber of commerce (1899) and of the Mana-
watu A. and P. association (1906). He was
keenly interested in music. In Sydney he was a
member of the Musical Union and in Palmers-
ton he wasfor 20 years conductor of the Orches-
tral Society. Cohen was an advocate of the
separation of Palmerston North from Wanganui
in hospital administration. He was a prominent
freemason and held office in many sports bodies.
He died on 8 Jul 1934.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; Cycl. N.Z., i (P).

COLBECK, WILLIAM HENRY (1829-1901)
was born in Yorkshire, educated there and
brought up to the woollen trade. Coming to
New Zealand in 1877, he lived for seven years
in the north of Auckland, where he purchased
a large block of land in the Kaipara district and
laid out the town of Batley with the intention
of settling English immigrants upon it. He was
M.H.R. for Marsden (1879-81) and was one of
the four Auckland members who crossed the
House to support the Hall ministry. In 1884
he settled in Auckland, becoming interested in
many companies and the chamber of commerce,
and being for a while president of the Bank
of New Zealand and of the Auckland Club. He
stood for Rodney in 1887 but was defeated.
Colbeck died on 25 Jun 1901.
Saunders, ii; Auckland Star, 26 Jun 1901.

COLEMAN, WILLIAM (1830-89) was born in
county Waterford, Ireland; educated at the
seminary of the Vincentian brothers in Cork
and at Maynooth, and held several curacies in
the diocese of Cloyne. At Ballymacada, county
Cork, he was parish priest when Dr. Moran was
appointed Bishop of Dunedin and he volun-
teered to come with him (1871). He was
appointed vicar-general almost immediately, did
much of the work of organisation and in 1874
visited Ireland to procure young priests and
nuns of the teaching order. In 1876 he was
appointed to charge of the Oamaru district and
in 1882 became archdeacon of the diocese. He
was later advanced to the dignity of a mon-
signor and domestic chaplain to the Pope. He
died on 15 Dec 1889.
Otago Daily Times, 22 Jan 1890.

167

-----------------------Page 101 End-----------------------

COLENSO

COLENSO, WILLIAM (1811-99) was born at
Penzance, Cornwall, a son of Samuel May
Colenso and first cousin of John William
Colenso, Bishop of Natal. Educated privately
in Penzance, he was apprenticed to printing
and bookbinding there and afterwards worked
as a compositor in London.

In 1833 the C.M.S. appealed for a mission
press to be established in New Zealand. The
SP.C.K. responded, and Colenso was engaged
as a catechist and printer. He landed at Paihia
on 30 Dec 1834. Though lacking much of the
requisite equipment, he produced on 17 Feb
1835 the first proofs of the first book printed
in New Zealand, the epistles to the Ephesians
and the Philippians (in Maori). In Dec 1837
he completed his new testament, an octavo
volume in small pica type, of which 6,000 copies
were printed. In Jan 1838 he accompanied W.
Williams on a visit to the East Coast. When
Captain Hobson arrived Colenso carried out
most of the printing in connection with the
treaty of Waitangi (of which he published in
1890 an authentic narrative based on his diary).
From this time Colenso devoted himself to mis-
sionary work. He travelled a great deal in the
north, the East Coast and Waikato in 1841-42,
and in Oct 1843 sailed with Henry Williams
for Port Nicholson. Landing at Castle Point,
they walked overland to Hawkes Bay, where a
site was chosen at Ngaruroro for a station to
be opened by him.

Having completed two years at St John's
College, Colenso was ordained deacon (Sep
4844) and four months later he took up his
station. For some years he had charge of a
very wide district, involving a great deal of
travelling and affording opportunities of study
in Maori language and lore and the natural
sciences. He devoted much study to Maori arts,
antiquities, myths and legends, and had a high
reputation among scientists. In 1842 he pub-
lished in the Tasmanian Journal of Science
papers on New Zealand ferns and in 1843 a
paper on fossil remains of the moa (discovered
by W. Williams in 1838). In 1845 he traversed
the Ruataniwha plains and travelled by inland
Patea to Rangitikei. In 1844 he published in
Tasmania an account of his explorations in
1841-42 and in 1845 a classification and descrip-
tion of some of the ferns he discovered. In
1847 he made a journey across the Ruahine

COLUER

range and thence by Onetapu and Roto-aira to
the headwaters of the Mowhango. His authority
on Maori subjects and the natural history of
New Zealand was unquestioned. In 1851 (with
Sir G. Grey) he founded the New Zealand So-
ciety for the Furtherance of Scientific Research,
and in 1868 he was one of the most active
members of the New Zealand Institute. He was
a founder of the Hawkes Bay Philosophical So-
ciety (of which he was president) and a con-
stant contributor to the transactions of the
Institute. Abroad he was a fellow of the Lin-
naean Society and the Royal Society. In 1865
he wrote for the Dunedin Exhibition papers
on the botany of New Zealand and the Maori
race, and in 1871 a plea for Kereopa (Fiat
Justitia); in 1888 Fifty Years Ago in New Zea-
land; in 1889 Ancient Tide-lore and Tales of
the Sea; and in 1898 the first section of his
Maori-English Lexicon, the dimensions of which
have prohibited its continuation.

On the separation of Hawkes Bay from Wel-
lington Colenso was elected to the Provincial
Council for Napier Town (1859-67, 1871-75).
He was acting-speaker for a while in 1871. In
the Parliament of 1861 he represented Napier,
but lost his seat to D. McLean (146 votes to 32).
He was for many years inspector of schools for
Hawkes Bay. He died on 10 Feb 1899. Colenso
married Elizabeth (1821-1904), daughter of W.
T. Fairburn.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Colenso, op. cit.; Bul-
ler; J. G Wilson; Dunedin Indust. Exhibition
(1881) catalogue (containing a list of Colenso's
publications 1835-40); Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 31, et
pass; Dinwiddie; Hawkes Bay Herald, 11 Feb
1899: Evening Post, 7 Sep 1904; Daily Telegraph
(Napier), 11 Feb 1899, 26 Nov 1924.

COLLIER, JAMES (1847-1925) was born at Dun-
fermline, Scotland, and educated at St Andrew's
and Edinburgh University, but did not grad-
uate. Herbert Spencer found him fully quali-
fied to do the compilation and tabulation re-
quired in his Descriptive Sociology, and Collier
appeared as collaborator in the third division
of that work. In 1876 Spencer relieved him of
the heavier and more mechanical portion of
the work and employed him as his culture and
powers suggested. He was a candidate for a
professorship, but anxiety and extra work led
to a breakdown in health late in 1876. In 1881
he was still fit for only an hour's work ina day.

168

GS

COLUNS

Shortly afterwards he came to New Zealand for
his health, and became private tutor in the
family of Judge T. B. Gillies (q.v.).

In 1885 Collier was appointed parliamentary
librarian, and four years later he published his
bibliography, The Literature Relating to New
Zealand, which set a standard and form for
more important bibliographies since published.
It is particularly rich in periodical references
(especially German). He also published Sir
George Grey . + . and Historical Biography
(1909) and an account of the English Colony
in New South Wales (1910) and The Pastoral
Age in Australia (1911). He lived for 30 years
in Australia and died on 21 Jun 1925.

Hocken, Bibliog.; H. Spencer, Autobiography
(1904); David Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert

encer (1908); Collier, op. cit.; Josiah Roberts,

jerbert Spencer (1904, chapter of reminiscences by
Collier) .
COLLINS, ANDREW (1850-1937) was born at
Egham. near Windsor, England, and left school
at the age of nine to earn a living bird-scaring.
He was later apprenticed to a baker in London
In 1870 he came to Napier as steward in the
Ballarat, and after another voyage in the Hal-
cione (1872) settled in Wellington and worked
at his trade. He helped to establish a bread
bakers’ union, four previous attempts having
failed. This union first achieved permanence
in 1888, and Collins was president for several
years, during which the union entered into an
agreement with the employers. He was secre-
tary of the bakers’ union for 45 years, and held
office also in the saymillers’ union and the
gardeners’ union, and was president of the
tailoresses’ and pressers union. He assisted to
form the Wellington Trades and Labour Coun-
cil (1888) and did much organising work
throughout the colony. He was president of
the Eight Hours demonstration committee for
some years and was a director of the New Zea-
land Times, appointed to guard the interests
‘of the workers. An ardent believer in trades
unionism and conciliation, Collins was for 16
years a member of the conciliation board in
Wellington. He retired from trades unionism
in 1980 and died on 11 Nov 1937. He married
(1874) Catherine L. Hutchison (Wellington).

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Even-
ing Post, 12 Nov 1937.

COLLINS, ARTHUR SHUCKBURGH (1832-

COLUNS

1911) was born i Devonshire and came to New
Zealand in the Pekin (1849). In 1868 he was
gazetted a justice of the peace and elected a
member of the Nelson Provincial Council for
Nelson (which he represented till 1872). He
was a member of the executive in 1870. He
represented Collingwood in Parliament (1868-
73) and Nelson Suburbs north (1880-81).

Collins did much exploring in the province.
In 1869, with A. Mackay, he crossed the mount
Arthur range to fix a feasible track to Karamea.
In. 1872 he blazed the track across the Rai
saddle, which had been discovered by Mackay;
and afterwards with provincial funds opened
‘out a horse track. As chairman of the Waka-
puaka road board he laid out the track from
Wakapuaka to the Saddle and afterwards in-
duced the General Government to construct the
Rai road. In 1887 Collins returned to reside
in Nelson. He was a governor of Nelson Col:
lege (1880), a member of the Marlborough
land board, chairman of the Kaikoura county
council (1887) and a member of the Nelson
diocesan synod and the general synod. He died
on 27 Sep 1911.

Cycl. N.z., v (p); The Colonist, 28 Sep 1911.
Portrait: Parliament House.
C()LLINS, JAMES FRANCIS (1833-1909) was
born in Cavan, Ireland, the son of the Rev Dr
Collins, dean of Killala. Educated for the army
at the Royal school in Cavan, he entered the
Provincial Bank of Ireland at Monaghan, and
in 1853 left for T:ictoria._In the following year
he entered the post office at Bendigo, and after
mining for some years at Castlemaine, returned
to Ireland and married. In 1859 he arrived in
Canterbury and in 1860 he moved to New
River, Southland, where he farmed till 1888.
Collins represented Waianiwa in the South-
land Provincial Council (1864-65) and was on
various local bodies, including the road board.
He was a promoter of the Southland Frozen
Meat Co. and of the acclimatisation society. He
died on 29 Jul 1909.

Southland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Southland
Times, 30 Jul 1909.
COLLINS, ROBERT JOSEPH (1848-1924) was
born at Cavan, Ireland, the son of Captain
Robert Collins, of the 57th regiment. Educated
in Ireland, India and New Zealand, he became
a clerk in the militia pay office at Taranaki in
1865, five years later was inspector of stores in

169

-----------------------Page 102 End-----------------------

COLUNS

the Public Works Department and, transferring
to the Treasury, he became accountant in 1890.
In 1903 he was assistant-secretary; 1906 Secre-
tary and Paymaster-general; and in 1910 Con-
troller and Auditor-general. At the age of 15
Collins joined the Taranaki militia and in 1899
he assumed command of the 1st battalion Wel-
lington rifles. In 1896 he was appointed to the
council of defence. He won the Taranaki rifle
shooting championship in 1874 and 1875; was
for many years president of the Wellington
Rifle Association and was commandant of the
New Zealand rifle team at the inauguration of
the Australian Commonwealth (1901). He was
chief executive officer of the Dominion Rifle
Association from 1904 and commandant of the
team which won the Kolapore cup at Bisley in
that year. He received the long and efficient
service medal (1893), the Imperial volunteer
medal (1902), the 1.S.0. (1909); and was
created C.M.G. (1911).

Collins married (1875) Annie, daughter of
Richard Cock (New Plymouth). He died on
1 Dec 1924.

Tvho's Who N.Z., 1924; Evening Post, 2 Dec
1924.

COLLINS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1853-1934)
was born at Darjeeling, India, the son of J. G.
Collins, M.D., 1.M.S. Educated at Cheltenham
College, England, and London University, he
qualified at St George's Hospital, London
(F.R.CS. 1876, M.B. 1877). He played Rugby
football, representing England for several years
against Scotland and Ireland. After gaining ex-
perience in London, Collins came to New Zea
land, and settled in Wellington. He was for
30 years honorary surgeon to the Wellington
hospital; was interested in ambulance work,
and held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the
volunteer medical service. He was chairman of
the residential nursery from its inception in
1920, and was five years chairman of council
of the British Medical Association, and twice
president (1904, 1916). — .

Collins was called to the Legislative CounCiL
in 1914, and was a member until his death (on
Il Aug 1934). He served in a hospital ship
during the war of 1914-18 and was afterwards
chairman of the New Zealand executive of the
Red Cross Society, which he represented at con-
ferences at Geneva (1926) and the Hague
(1928). To him is due the Junior Red Cross

COLQUHOUN

movement, and he inaugurated a «disaster
fund’ to be released immediately upon. the
occurrence of any national disaster in New
Zealand. Collins was on the senate of the Urri-
versity of New Zealand (1904-30). He married
Isabel Georgiana, daughter of David Warren
(Melbourne)

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Studholme; Evening
Post, 11 Aug 1934. Portrait: Parliament House.

COLLINS, WILLIAM wmTEHOUSE (1855-
1923) was born at Harboume, Staffordshire,
with a strong radical inheritance from his
father, who had been a Chartist prisoner.
Educated at a private school, at Midlaw in-
stitute and Mason College, Birmingham, he
intended qualifying for the Baptist Ministry.

"While studying in the science and art depart-
ment at South Kensington Collins became asso-
ciated with the Seculaists, and made the
acquaintance of Charles Bradlaugh and Mrs.
Besant. Having obtained his diploma as a lec-
turer of the National Secular Society, he left
for Sydney in 1885 under engagement to the
Freethought Association. During five. years
there, lecturing and organising, and a similar
period in Tasmania he obtained a wide know-
ledge of the colonies. In 1890 he settled in
Christchurch, where he established the Lyceum
and was leader of the Canterbury Freethought
Association (afterwards the New Zealand Ra-
tionalist Association). In 1907 he established. a
Rationalist paper, The Examiner, which he car-
ried on till ill-health compelled him to return
to Sydney (1917).

In 1893 Collins was induced to contest a par-
liamentary seat for the City of Christchurch,
which he won. He represented that electorate
in 1893-96 and again 1899-1902. In 1896 he
was narrowly defeated, but in 1899 he was re-
elected as senior member in the triple electorate.
Having lost his seat in 1902, he contested
Christchurch East in 1905

Collins married a daughter of E. Skinner, pre-
sident of the Freethought Association in New
South Wales. He died on 12 Apr 1923.

NZ.P.D., 15 Jun 1923; H. H. Pearce (informa.
tion); Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Who's Who N.z., 1908;
Sydney Morning Herald, 14 Apr 1923. Portralt:
Parliament House.

COLQUHOUN, DANIEL (1849-1935) was
born at Glasgow, Scotland, where he received

170

 

COLVIN

his early education. He studied medicine at
Charing Cross Hospital, London (M.R.C.S.,
England, 1877; M.D., M.R.C.P. 1880). He was
afterwards assistant physician and one of the
lecturers at this hospital and conducted a pri-
vate practice until 1883, when he came to New
Zealand. He practised with distinction in
Dunedin for 40 years. In 1883 Colquhoun was
appointed lecturer on the practice of medicine
at Otago University, and later professor
(F.R.C.S,, London, 1907). He went to the war
of 1914-18 with the New Zealand Expeditionary
Force-(Lieut.-colonel; D.S.O.)-and afterwards
lived in retirement in England, where he acted
as representative of the New Zealand Red Cross.
sociay. Colquhoun died on 17 Feb 1935.
Studholme; Otago University Calendar; Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 18 Feb 1935.

COLVIN, JAMES (1844-1919) was born in
county Donegal, educated there and emigrated
to Victoria in 1861. He was engaged goldmin-
ing at Creswick Creek and Daylesford, and in
1862 came to Otago, where he followed the
rushes to Dunstan, Wakatipu and Waka-
marina, eventually opening a store at the last-
named place. He moved later as storekeeper to
Waimea, Hokitika, Grey Valley, Addison's Flat
and Westport (1872).

Colvin was a member of the Buller county
council (1885-89), chairman of the Westport
harbour board (1890), a member of the Nelson
education and harbour boards and mayor of
Westport (1898-1900). In 1899, as a supporter
of Seddon, he defeated O'Regan for Buller,
which he represented in Parliament till his
death (on 29 Oct 1919). He was senior govern-
ment whip in 1906, chairman of committees in
1910, and held office as Minister of Mines in
the Mackenzie government (1912).

N.ZP.D., pass. (notably 30 Oct 1919); Who's
Who N.z., 1908; Evening Post, 30 Oct. Portrait:
Parliament House.

CONGREVE, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS
(1826-260), 3rd baronet, was the son of the
second baronet (who invented the Congreve
rocket). He came to New Zealand in the Ber-
nicia (1848), and a year or two later took up
the Ugbrooke flas in Marlborough. His sheep
becoming badly infected with scab, he aban-
doned his run (which was taken over by
the Redwoods). Congreve was appointed a

CONNETT

magistrate of the territory in New Munster (23
Apr 1849). A keen sportsman, he did not suc-
ceed on the land though he had a wide colonial
experience. After his failure at Ugbrooke he
moved to Canterbury, where he took up a run,
on the Rakaia. He was appointed inspector of
sheep and registrar of brands under the pro-
vincial government in 1854, but relinquished
the post in'1858. Congreve witnessed the pur-
chase of the Kaiapoi block by W. J. W. Hamil-
ton (q.v.) in 1857. He had a fund of informa-
tion concerning the Ngai-Tahu. He was last
heard of in New South Wales in 1860, when
he was intending to settle in Fiji.

Canterbury Gaz. 1854-59; Mackay, ii, 22; Arnold;
Acland; Debrett, 1880; Buick, Marlborough; Lyt:
telton Times, 10 Jun 1854.

CONNELL, JOHN AITKEN (1841-91) was
born in Ayrshire and educated in Glasgow, and
arrived in Auckland in 1858. A few years later
he went to Dunedin, where for 20 years he was
in business as a land agent and surveyor. In
partnership with T. Moodie, he carried out
extensive contracts for the provincial govern-
ment. In 1884 they sold the business to the
Perpetual Trustees, Estate and Agency Co., in
which he had an interest till 1887, when he
returned to Auckland. Connell read papers on
land tenure as early as 1876. In 1873 he pub-
lished The Otago Waste Lands Act 1872 (with
analytical index). In Auckland he founded the
New Zealand Political Association (1887) and
in that year contested the Eden parliamentary
seat against Mitchelson. Connell died on 2t
Aug 1891

N.z. Herald, 28, 26 Jul, 2, 3 Aug 1887, 22 Aug
1891; Otago Daily Times, 5 Jun 1876.

CONNETT, JAMES BAXTER (1843-1919) was
born at Exeter, Devon, educated at King's Col-
lege there, and married (1864) Miss Lavinia
Snell. He arrived in Queensland in 1865 ; man-
aged a cattle run for two years and moved to
Taranaki (1867), taking up land at Bell Block.

Connett took an immediate and prominent
part in the affairs of the province. In 1872 he
was elected to the Provincial Council for Grey
and Bell, which he represented until the aboli-
tion. From 1872-74 he was honorary secretary
of the Agricultural Society. He was a member
of the harbour board for many years (1875-78,
1885-95, 1897-1917)’ and chairman (1902-17).

7

-----------------------Page 103 End-----------------------

CONNOLLY

He was chairman of the New Plymouth Co-
operative Society (1891-1904), the Taranaki
Freezing Co. (1895-1901), and the Taranaki
Producers’ Freezing Co. (1901-07); and during
the same period was a director of the New
Plymouth Investment and Loan Society (1882-
1919) and chairman (1904-19); director of the
New Plymouth Sash and Door Factory (1885-
4907), the New Plymouth Gas Co. (1893-97), and
the Stratford Bacon Co. (1898-1906). In local
government he was chairman of the Waitara
West road board (1883-84), a member of the
Taranaki county council, chairman of the Bell
Block school committee (1894-95), member of
the Taranaki charitable aid board (1894-96),
the New Plymouth borough council and the
Taranaki land board (1902-11) and a member
of the executive of the harbour boards associa
tion (1904-16). He contested the Grey and Bell
seat in Parliament against F. A. Carrington.

Connett died on 29 Mar 1919 and his widow
on 23 Jun 1926.

Taranaki P.C. Proc.; Taranaki Herald, 29 Mar
1919; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Parltry Record.

CONNOLLY, JEREMIAH (1875-1935) was
born in Geraldine and educated at the Hilton
school. At the age of 18 he took charge of his
father's farm. In 1902 he purchased the Rauka-
puka estate, which he sold in 1919, and pur-
chased Langley estate, Rakaia. He was a mem-
ber of the national efficiency board in the war
of 1914-18, and of patriotic societies. Mter con-
testing Ellesmere (1925) and Mid-Canterbury
(1928) he was elected to Parliament as an In-
dependent Liberal in 1931, defeating D. Jones.
Connolly died on 2 Oct 1935.

CONOLLY, EDWARD TENNYSON (1822-
4908) was the son of Dr John Conolly, an
eminent authority on the treatment of the in-
sane. Intended for the medical profession, he
preferred law and, having passed some years in
the office of a solicitor and parliamentary agent,
he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in
1852. He practised for 13 years as a member
of the Home Circuit and Sussex sessions.

In 1865 he came to New Zealand, was ad-
mitted to the bar and commenced practice at
Picton. Taking an active interest in public
affairs, Conolly was elected in 1867 to represent
Picton in the Marlborough Provincial Council

COOK

and remained a member until the provinces
were abolished. In 1870-71 he was a member
of the provincial executive. In 1881 he was
elected to represent Picton in Parliament, and
late in 1882 he was appointed Minister of Jus-
tice in the Whitaker administration, a post
that he retained, with the addition of the
attorney-generalship, when Atkinson recon-
structed the ministry in 1883. From 1884 he
was in opposition until he retired in 1887. In
1889 Conolly was appointed judge of the
supreme court and stationed at Auckland. He
retired in 1903 and died on Nov 8 1908.

Buick, Marlborough; Who's Who NZ., 1908;
N.Z. Herald, 9 Sep 1889.

COOK, CHARLES HENRY HERBERT (1844~
1910), born in London, went to Australia as a
boy, and after being taught privately, entered
Melbourne University. Proceeding to St John's
College, Cambridge, he took the mathematical
tripos in 1872, and was elected a fellow of the
College. In 1875 he was appointed professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy at Canter-
bury College. He served on the university royal
commission in 1879, and from 1884 to 1900 on
the New Zealand University senate. He was a
fellow of Christ's College, Christchurch, and a
founder of the Christchurch Musical Union and
the Canterbury Society of Arts. Retiring in
1908, Cook was created professor emeritus in
1909. After his death (in May 1910) the Cook
memorial prize in mathematics was established.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Hight
and Candy.

COOK, JAMES (1728-1779) was born at Cleve
land, Yorkshire, the son of a day labourer of
Marton. Mrs Mary Walker, the wife of a
respectable yeoman, taught him a little reading
and writing while he worked on their farm,
watering stock and doing other tasks. When he
was eight years old his father removed to Ayton
2 bailiff of Skottowe, and James continued his
schooling at High Green, where he showed con-
siderable aptitude at arithmetic and writing.

At 13 he was apprenticed to a grocer and
haberdasher at Staithes, 10 miles from Whitby,
and after 18 months there he was bound to
John Walker, a coal and shipping owner of
Whitby. He made several voyages in the Free-
love and the Three Brothers, carrying coal in

172

 

 

COOK

the North Sea and to Liverpool and Dublin.
In 1749 Cook went to sea before the mast for
three years, and in 1752 became mate of one of
Walker's ships, the Friendship. On the out-
break of war with France in 1755 he entered
a a volunteer seaman in H.M.S. Eagle, 60
guns, in which he was rated as master's mate a
month later. In her he saw his first naval
engagement (with the French Indiaman Due
d'Aquitaine, 50 guns, which was captured). In
1757 he was master of the Solebay, and a few
months later of the Pembroke, in which he saw
service again at the reduction of Louisburg in
Canada by naval and military forces under Ad-
miral Boscawen and Major-general Amherst.
Mter that the fleet moved to the St Lawrence
to harry the French forces in Canada. Cook
wintered at the He aux Coudres, where he was
engaged for many weeks in the boats of the
fleet sounding and charting the watenvay: for
the forthcoming operations. The excellence of
his charts attracted the attention of his com-
mander, and subsequently the senior officer,
Lord Colville, appointed him master of the flag
ship Northumberland. Wintering in Halifax
the following year, Cook spent some time study-
ing mathematics and obtaining a sound know-
ledge of astronomical navigation. Mter carry-
ing out a survey of Placentia harbour he was
in 1763 appointed marine surveyor of the coast
of Newfoundland and Labrador, with command
of the Gi"enville schooner. He held this position
until 1767, and published his results as volumes
of sailing directions which still retain a reputa-
tion for accuracy.

When in the following. year the Admiralty
prepared an expedition to observe the transit
of Venus in the Pacific, Cook was given com-
mand, and raised to the rank of lieutenant. He
sailed in the Endeavour (370 tons) on 26 Aug
1768, and arrived at Tahiti in Apr 1769 by way
of Cape Horn. The transit was successfully
observed in Jun. On the way home (on 7 Oct)
New Zealand, which was believed to be part
of the southern continent, was sighted. On 9
Oct Cook anchored at Turanganui. Six months
were spent on the coasts of this country, which
was for the first time circumnavigated, ex-
amined and charted with some approach to
accuracy. Cook had several encounters with the
Maori, whom he considered intelligent and
comparatively civilized. Though he desired to

COOK

make friends they were often hostile, and fire
arms had at times to be used to compel them
to observe fairness in trading or to desist from
aggression. Many points on the coast were
named during this voyage (including Poverty
Bay, Cape Kidnappers, and Cape Palliser) and
the scientists, Joseph Banks and Dr Solanda!’
made valuable collections of new plants. On 15
Nov he took possession of Mercury Bay, and
on 31 Jan 1770 of Queen Charlotte Sound,
where he had careened his ship for cleaning.
Mter circumnavigating the South Island, Cook
made his departure from Cape Farewell on 31
Mar and proceeded to examine the north-east
coast of Australia. Mter two months at Batavia,
the Endeavour reached England by way of
South Africa on 12 Jun 1771.

The sucess of the voyage and the importance
of the discoveries being recognised, Cook was
promoted to the rank of commander and given
command of a new expedition for the explora-
tion of the Pacific. This expedition, which
sailed from Plymouth on 13 Apr 1772, consisted
of two ships, the Resolution (460 tons) com-
manded by Cook, and the Adventure (330
tons) commanded by Tobias Furneaux, with a
staff of competent astronomers, naturalists and
artists. Proceeding by way of the Cape of Good
Hope, and following a southerly route in the
hope of sighting the southern continent, the
Resolution arrived at New Zealand alone and
anchored at Dusky Bay on 26 Mar 1773. On
48 May the two ships met in Queen Charlotte
sound, where friendly relations with the Maori
were established, provisions taken on board,
and pigs and goats liberated. On 7 Jun the
ships left. Mter a visit to Tahiti and the
Friendly Islands, on which the position of
numerous islands was noted or rectified, the
two ships returned to New Zealand on 21 Oct.
On 2 Nov Cook discovered the entrance of Port
Nicholson and anchored off it, but did not
enter. He spent some time in Ship Cove re-
fitting and sailed on 25 Nov for the far south.
He reached the latitude of 62° 10” south and
explored many leagues of the Antarctic, after-
wards sailing north to the New Hebrides and
discovering New Caledonia. On 17 Oct 1774
he again saw mount Egmont. He overhauled
his ves in Ship Cove and, having waited in
vain for the Adventure, he sailed on 10 Nov
for England. Proceeding by way of Cape Horn,

173

-----------------------Page 104 End-----------------------

COOK

he discovered South Georgia and reached Eng-
land on 29 Jul 1775, the Adventure having
arrived more than a year earlier. She had had
a fatal experience in Grass Cove (Wharehunga
Bay), Queen Charlotte Sound, where a boat's
crew was massacred and eaten.

Cook was promoted to captain and appointed
to the Greenwich Hospital. He was given per-
mission to publish his account of the voyage,
which besides being important from the point
of view of discoveries was remarkable for the
high standard of health of the crew and the
absence of scurvy. In the following year Cook
was given command of a third expedition which
was sent out to investigate the North West Pas-
sage. It consisted of the Resolution and the
Discovery (commanded by Captain Charles
Clerke). The expedition, with a large supply
of livestock, sailed on 12 Jul 1776 and reached
New Zealand by way of South Africa on 10 Feb
1777. Some of the animals were landed at
Queen Charlotte Sound, and on 23 Feb Cook
sailed for Tahiti (where the rest of the stock
was landed). After visiting other Pacific islands
they sailed to the west coast of North America,
which was followed northward as far as Icy
Cape, in Behring Strait. In Jan 1779 Cook
anchored at Karakakoa Bay, Hawaii. There the
natives, with whom he aways tried to deal
fairly, were friendly but dishonest,"and in a
scuffle which occurred as a result of thieving
Cook was killed (on 14 Feb 1779). Portions of
his body were given up by the natives and
buried at sea

In Dec 1762 Cook married Miss Batts, of
Barking, by whom he had six children, all of
whom died fairly young.

Cook's life was written by Arthur Kitson
(1907) and good articles appear in the Diction-
ary of National Biography and the Encyclopedia
Britannica. The earliest Life, by Andrew Kippis
(1778) is of little biographical value. Many
editions of his voyages have been published,
notably the narrative of the first voyage (edited
by Hawkesworth, 1773); of the second voyage

“(1777); and the third voyage (1784). Cook's
own journal of his first voyage, much garbled by
Hawkesworth, was published by Wharton in
1893. The fullest bibliography, based on ma-
terial in Australian libraries, was published by
the Public Library of New South Wales in 1928.
There is also a short critica bibliography by

COOPER

Maurice Holmes (1936). The most important
portraits are by Nathaniel Dance (1776) now
in Greenwich Hospital, and frequently repro-
duced, and by William Hodges.

COOKSON, ISAAC THOMAS (1817-81) was
born in England. He came to Canterbury with
the first settlers and established himself in busi-
ness with William Bowler as merchants and
shipping agents. He represented Lyttelton in
the Provincial Council (1853-61) and City of
Christchurch (1861-62). In 1860 he was elected
to Parliament for Christchurch Country and in
the following year for Kaiapoi (which he repre-
sented till 1863). He was the first president of
the Canterbury chamber of commerce (1859).
Cookson married Jannetta Maria (1812-54),
daughter of Sir Matthew Ridley. He died in
1881.

Acland; Cycl. .z,, iii; The Press, 1 Dec 1900.

COOLAHAN;HUGH (1800-72). Born at Stra-
bane, county Tyrone, Ireland, Coolahan learned
baking and carried on a successful business in
his native town before emigrating. Arriving in
Sydney at the end of 1840, he crossed to Auck-
land,spent a few months at Bay of Islands, but
returned when Auckland was made the capital
and conducted a successful bakery there for
some years. He selected valuable city sections,
including that on which some years later he
erected the ‘Waitemata Hotel. A man of untir-
ing energy, shrewd commonsense and high in-
tegrity, he was able to let his hotel to a tenant
and was living in Parnell when the great fire in
Queen street (1866) destroyed most of his
property and his financial prosperity. To re-
trieve his fortunes he moved to Thames (1867)
and had built up a lucrative bakery when he
died 25 Jun 1872.

Coolahan took an early interest in the poli-
tics of Auckland, to which he devoted much
time. He was a zealous adherent of John Wil-
liamson, whom he supported throughout his
provincial career. He was a member of the
Provincial Council for Suburbs in 1857 and
again 1859-61 and for Auckland West from 1864
until his resignation in Nov 1867.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Thames Advertiser, 28
Jun 1872.

COOPER, GBORGE SISSON (1825-98) was
born in Ireland, the son of George Cooper (of

174

 

COOPER

the controller's office, New South "Vaes, who
was appointed collector in New Zealand 9 Feb
1840; and was treasurer and receiver-general to
4844). Cooper came to New Zealand with his
father and was appointed a junior clerk in the
Colonial Secretary's office (1841). Showing apti-
tude and capacity, he was appointed private
secretary to Governor FitzRoy (1844) and to
Grey (1846). In 1852 he succeeded McLean as
inspector of police at New Plymouth and native
officer. In Feb 1854 he became sub-commis-
sioner for the purchase of native lands in
Taranaki, and later in the year district commis-
sioner for Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay in the
land purchase department (constituted by
McLean). For a short time he was magistrate
at Waipukurau. In 1868 he was appointed
under-secretary of the native department, and
in 1869 of defence aso. In 1870 Cooper was
appointed Colonial Under-secretary. In 1892 he
retired on pension. Cooper married (1858)
Ellen Chaffers (1840-1928), daughter of Daniel
Riddiford. He was a fine type of civil servant,
who owed much to his first appointment under
Dr Sinclair. He died on 16 Aug 1898. Cooper
wrote an interesting journal of Grey's expedi-
tion overland from Auckland to Taranaki
(1849-50).

N.Z. Gaz; Cooper, op. cit.; Sinclair papers; App.

' ALR, 1867 'A 15, 1A; Evening Post, 16 Aug 1898;

Public Service Journal, 1892; N.z. Times, 14 Apr
1892, 17 Aug 188. Portrait: Department of In-
ternal Affairs.

COOPER, ISAAC RHODES (?-1889) entered
the army as an ensign in the 58th Regiment
(1839) and became a captain (1851). He came
to New South Wales with the regiment and re-
mained there in charge of the mounted police
when the headquarters came to Auckland under
Colonel Wynyard (1845). He came to New Zea
land in 1847, and was adjutant to the regiment
until being promoted captain, when he sold his
commission and engaged in farming at North
Shore.

Cooper was M.P.C. for the Northern Division
(1857-61 and 1865-69). In 1861 he stood for
Parliament unsuccessfully, being defeated by
Henderson and O'Neill. In 1868 he was gaz~
etted major in the militia. The same year he
moved in the Provincial Council to petition the
Queen to resume control of the militia and
volunteers in New Zealand. For a short time he

COOPER

held an offic appointment at Thames. He
died in Sydney on 6 Oct 1889.

Army List, 1840; Auckland Star, 4.Nov 1889.

COOPER, SIR THEOPHILUS (1851-1925) was
born in Newington, South London, the son of
Theophilus Cooper (1813-92), who worked for
London newspapers before coming to New Zea
land with the Albertland settlers by the Ger-
trude (1863). _Disliking the rough conditions
in Albertland, his father moved to Auckland
(1866) and was connected with the publishing
departments of the Southern Cross and the New
Zealand Herald. He was choirmaster of the
Wellesley street Baptist Church. The elder
Cooper died on 22 Jun 1892.

His son was educated at a private school in
London. Mter residing for two years at Port
Albert, Kaipara (where he held a position on
the composing staff of the Albertland Gazette)
he removed to Auckland with his father and
obtained employment as a compositor on the
Southern Cross (1865). Four years later he
entered the office of J. B. Russell as a law clerk.
He soon rose to be accountant, but resigned to
study law, serving his articles to Russell. He
was admitted a barrister and solicitor on 20
Jun 1878. His employers then took him into
partnership under the name of Russell, Devore
and Cooper, the partnership subsisting until
1883 when Russell retired. Cooper was leading
counsel for the Bank of New Zealand in the
proceedings before the banking commission in
1897. He appeared (with Chapman and Har-
per) to oppose the Attorney-General's applica-
tion to the Court of Appeal for the cancellation
of the first appointment of Mr Justice Edwards
(an appointment which the Privy Council held
the Government had no power to make); and
represented the Midland Railway Co. in the
arbitration proceedings before the Hon. Edward
Blake, M.P. He was for many years a member
of the council of law reporting in New Zealand
and of the council of the New Zealand Law
Society. Cooper was a member of the Auckland
education board (1883-1901) and did much use-
ful work in this capacity; but lack of leisure
compelled him to decline the chairmanship. He
was a governor of Auckland College and Gram-
mar School and for ten years deputy-inspector
of lunatic asylums. For very many years he gave
valuable assistance at Sunday afternoon services

175

-----------------------Page 105 End-----------------------

COOTE

held in Auckland under the auspices of the
Y.M.C.A. and in other ways contributed to the
welfare of the city.

On 14 Feb 1901 Cooper was appointed a
judge of the Supreme Court and president of
the Arbitration Court. He presided over the
Arbitration Court till Sep 1903, and thereafter
assisted the Chief Justice in the Wellington
judicial district. He retired from the bench in
1921 (in which year he was knighted) and
lived at Eltham. His death occurred on 18 May
1925. Cooper married (1888) Bessie, daughter
of A. A. Alexander (Auckland). J+H.B.S.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Brett, Albertlanders;
Butterworth's Fortnightly Notes, 28 May 1925 (p);
N.I. Herald, 23 Jun 1892, 19 May 1925.

 

COOTE, HENRY JOSEPH (1819-67). Born in
London on 9 Jun 1819, Coote entered the Royal
Military College in 1834, and received his en-
signcy in the 22nd Foot (1836) with which he
proceeded to India. As a lieutenant he served
under Sir Charles Napier in the conquest of
Scinde and was his aide-de-camp on the desert
expedition to Emaunghur. He was at the battle
of Meanee (1843) and acted as engineer in
forming the line at Hyderabad, where he was
the first man to enter the enemy's position and
captured the first colour. ‘The intrepid Coote’
(as Napier described him) was severely
wounded while leading his men out of a nul-
lab. Promoted captain in 1844, he returned to
England suffering from his wounds. He ex-
changed in 1848 into the 28th and later into
the 36th Regiment, with which he saw service
in the lonian islands (1849-51). In the insur-
rection in Cephalonia in command of a com-
pany of the reserve battalion he defeated the
enemy three times, and was mentioned by Sir
Henry Ward for his energy and gallantry.
Returning to England, Coote came to New
Zealand as brigade-major at Wellington, where
he arrived by the Northfleet (1852). Promoted
major, he returned to England and retired in
1859. Having decided to come to New Zealand
he sought sanction of the War Office to raise
and train a special force for bush service. The
matter being delayed, he sailed for New Zea
land and bought the Carleton run, near Oxford,
Canterbury, where he spent two or three years.
He then sold out (1864) and purchased a
property near Masterton, where he built a

COPLAND

homestead. His health again failed and he had
to give up farming. Coote was called to the
Legislative Council by Weld (Jul 1865). In his
first session, moving the addressin-reply, he
expressed constructive views on the amalgama-
tion of the pakeha and Maori races. He died
at Wellington on 25 Mar 1867. He married in
1844 Rhoda Carlton Holmes, of Leominster,
Sussex.

N.L.P.D., 28 Jul_1865; R. Cannon, Hist. Records
of 36th Foot, 1853; Wellington Independent, 28
Mar 1867.

COPLAND, JAMES (1837-1902) was born at
Edinburgh and educated at the High School
and University. He graduated M.A. in 1854,
and Ph.D. at Heidelberg in 1858. He had
meanwhile been attending the Theological Hall
of the United Presbyterian Church and was
licensed to preach in 1858. Intending to go to
China as a medical missionary, he proceeded to
Aberdeen University, where he graduated M.D.
in 1864.

Then he came to New Zealand as surgeon in
the E. P, Bouverie, was received by the presby-
tery of Dunedin, and in 1865 called to the pas-
toral charge of Lawrence, where he spent six
years. He was the first settled minister on the
(Otago goldfields and besides his ecclesiastical
duties he gave medical attention where neces-
sary. In Lawrence he started in 1869 a church
paper, The Evangelist (merged in The Presby-
terian 1874). In 1871 Copland was called to
North Dunedin, then just organised. There he
spent 10 years, resigning in 1881 to practise
medicine at Dunedin and from 1888 at Gore.
He was a member of the Gore borough council
and once mayor, and did duty also on the Gore
school committee, the Southland education
board and the charitable aid board. He was
clerk of the Mataura presbytery from its incep-
tion, convenor of the Bible in schools commit-
tee and of the missions committee. Besides
lecturing on social and religious topics he gave
some of the earliest lectures in New Zealand on
socidlism. In the late seventies he published
pampWets on the doctrines of the French and
German socialists. In 1874 he published in
Edinburgh The Testimony Attested, and in
1885 The Origin and Spiritual Nature of Man
(a rebuttal of Darwinian evolution). He wrote
a great deal to the press.

176

 

CORBETT

Copland married, firs, Miss Anderson, daugh-
ter of a city missionary, and, second, a daughter
of Dr Gillies, Dunedin. He died on 9 Nov 1902.

Cyc. N.I., iv; Ross; Don; Chisholm; Fulton
(P); Evening Star and Otago Daily Times, 10 Nov
1902.

CORBETT, JOHN GLASFURD (1830-89) was
a son of Maj-General Sir Stuart Corbett (of the
Bengal army), and was educated for the East
India service. He came to Taranaki in the late
forties, bringing two English farm labourers to
assist on his bush farm. After four years there
he sold out and went to the Australian diggings,
where he was employed bullock-driving, timber-
felling, stock-riding and gold digging. He was
about to join the expedition of Burke and Wills
when the opportunity occurred of bringing a
cargo of horses to Otago. While there hostilities
broke out in Taranaki, and Corbett hastened
there and volunteered. In 1861 he was com-
missioned as ensign, in 1862 was promoted lieu-
tenant and in 1863 gained his company in the
Military Settlers. He was present at Mahoetahi
and other engagements. With eighty men he
made a night attack on the right Hank of the
enemy position at Kaitake, which he captured
and held throughout the engagement next day
(25 Mar 1864). For this service he received the
thanks of General Cameron, and was offered a
recommendation for a commission in the army.
Later, with the same men, he made another
night march and turned the enemy's Hank at
Waikoukou, for which he received the thanks
of General Chute. Corbett died on 16 Apr 1889.
Gudgeon (p); Cowan.

CORFE, CHARLES CARTERET (1847-1935)
was the son of the Rev Arthur T. Corle, M.A.
(Oxford), principal of Elizabeth College,
Guernsey. Educated at Elizabeth College, he
was champion athlete and captain of the eleven
(1865). He proceeded to Jesus College, Cam-
bridge, and graduated B.A. with distinction in
mathematics (1870). Corfe had a brilliant ath-
letic career, representing the University for
three years in sprints and hurdles and weight-
throwing and at cricket, and being'president of
the athletic club (1868-69).

Mter a year or two as a private tutor and
master at Rossall School, Lancashire, Corfe was
appointed mathematics master at Christ's Col-
lege, Christchurch (1871). In the following year

CORRIGAN

he was acting headmaster, and on the retirement
‘of Archdeacon Harris he became head, a posi-
tion he occupied with great success until 1888.
Corfe was one of the founders of the United
cricket club in Christchurch and captained the
Canterbury eighteen against JuPP's English
team (1877) and the Canterbury fifteen which
defeated Australia. He was a founder of the
Canterl;mry athletic club and competed in
weight-throwing events. On retiring from the
headmastership of the College in 1888 he pro-
ceeded to England.

In 1889 he came to Australia as headmaster
of the Toowoomba Grammar School, and in
1907 was appointed headmaster of the Church
of England Grammar School in Sydney. About
1913 he retired from teaching, but during the
war of 1914-18 he relieved at Wanganui College.
He died on 27 Jun 1935. Corle married a
daughter of Commander J. C. Evison (Tas-
mania). A son, ARTHUR Ceci CORFE, dis-
tinguished himself in the South African war and
the war of 1914-18 (Lieut-col.; D.S.0.; Croix de
Guerre). He was a member of the League of
Nations commission for repatriation in Greece
and Bulgaria.

Christ's Coll. List (p); Otago Daily Times, 28
Sep 1888; The Press, 28 Jun 1906.

CORRIGAN, JAMES RANDALL (1865-1935)
was born at Woodend, Canterbury, and at the
age of 10 commenced working ona farm. He
received some of his training at Longbeach.
About 1895 he acquired a farm at Hawera,
where he was a well-known breeder of pedigree
Jersey cattle and the owner of a large dairy
herd. Corrigan was a member of the Patea har-
bour board, chairman of the Hawera Dairy Co.,
the Winter Show, the West Coast Refrigerating
Co. and the South Taranaki Shipping Co. He
was chairman of the Farmers’ Union and re
presented Patea in Parliament (1922-25). From
1926 to 1932 Corrigan was a member of the
dairy control board. He was a keen judge of
sheep dogs, owned many valuable animals, and
was on the executive of the New Zealand Sheep
Dog Association. He was also a breeder and
owner of trotting horses. He died on 19 Mar
1935.

N.I.P.D., 20 Mar 1933; Who's Who N.I.,_ 1932;
Taranaki Herald, 19 Mar 1935. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

17

12

-----------------------Page 106 End-----------------------

COSTER

COSTER, JOHN LEWIS (1838-86) was born
at Exeter, Devon, the son of a medical prac-
titioner; educated there and came to Sydney at
the age of 16 There he entered into com-
mercial life and showed a striking faculty for
business. In 1859 he was sent by the Union
Bank of Australia as its agent at Lyttelton, and
he was shortly afterwards appointed manager
of the branch at Christchurch. His enterprise,
boldness and tact soon placed the business of
the bank in Canterbury on a flourishing basis.
In particular Coster negotiated important loans
for the Provincial Council. He was also associ-
ated in the management of the New Zealand
Loan and Mercantile Agency Co., especially in
their shipping department, and thus conceived
the project of founding the New Zealand Ship-
ping Co., which he successfully carried through
(1873). He was chairman of directors from the
commencement and in 1881 resigned from the
Bank to accept the dual position of chairman
and managing director. In 1883 he proceeded
to England to inaugurate the new services of
the company. On his return to the Colony in
1884 he was elected M.H.R. for Heathcote.
Coster died on 17 Dec 1886.

Lyttelton Times, 18 Dec 1886. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.
COSTLEY, EDWARD (1794-1883) was born
and brought up in Ireland and seems to have
left for Australia in 1833. He apparently spent
some time at Cape of Good Hope and Tas-
mania, and arrived at Bay of Islands in the
early forties. Costley made careful investments
in the early days of the colony, lived very
frugally and never married. On his death (18
Apr 1883) he left a fortune of £135,000 for
charities and public purposes in the city of
Auckland.

N.Z. Herald, 19 Apr 1883.

COWAN, CUTHBERT (1835-1927) was born
at Ayr, Scotland, and educated at Ayr Academy
and at Glasgow University. He joined the staff
of the Union Bank of Scotland in his native
town and afterwards spent several years in Glas-
gow. He came to New Zealand by the Burma
in 1857 and, in partnership with Macandrew,
purchased the Okaiterua run (Hokonui). Hav-
ing disposed of this property, Cowan bought a
farm of 2,400 acres (1876) on which he com-
bined agriculture and breeding Romney sheep.

COWELL

In 1863 he became a member. of the South-
land Provincial Council for Oreti, which he re-
presented 1863-64 and 1866-67. He was a mem-
ber of the executive in three administrations
(1863-64). In 1869 he was elected to Parliament
for Wallace, sitting for a few months. He con-
tested the Hokonui seat in 1881; won in)1884
and held it until 1890. He was a consistent op-
ponent of the Liberal party, and contested
Awarua against Ward in 1896. A. strenuous
advocate of Southland rights, he strongly sup-
ported the legislation under which the govern-
ment purchased the Waimea plains and other
local railways. He also supported the revalua-
tion of land act which saved many deferred
pa} ment settlers from abandoning their hold-
ings. He was a member of the first Southland
county council, and for many years of the land
board.

Cowan took a great interest in refrigeration
and was an original director and chairman of
the Southland Frozen Meat Co. (1882-1922).
He represented New Zealand at the inter-
colonial stock conference in Melbourne in
1889. He married (1869) a daughter of the
Rev George Wallace (Dumfries). His death
occurred on 4 Apr 1927.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Han-
sard, 24 Jun 1927; Southland Times, 17 May 1897.
Portrait: Parliament House.

COWELL, JOHN (1813-80) was a twine spinner
by trade and was brought to New South Wales
in the Saracen (1819) to join the New Zealand
mission. He showed no enthusiasm, and only
proceeded to his post at Rangihoua after many
admonitions from Marsden. In 1823 Marsden
removed him from the mission and took him
and his family back to Sydney in the Dragon.
He afterwards went as supercargo in trading
vessels from Sydney, and made frequent jour-
neys into the interior negotiating purchases of
flax and other native produce. Marmon says
he acted as interpreter for the captain of the
Elizabeth when Te Rauparaha trapped Tamai-
haranui (1829). He was friendly with the
northern tribes in 1823-26 and was present when
Hongi returned from his devastating expedition
to the Waikato (1823). Travelling from W:
hopuhopu (on the Hauraki gulf) to Mahurangi
in 1832, Cowell saw no signs of life; the local
tribes had fled from the wrath of Hongi

 

178

 

COWIE

Seeing the chance of profit by supplying the
Waikato with arms to resist Ngapuhi, Cowell
settled for some years at Kawhia. He was there
when Te Wherowhero and Kati returned from
their expedition against Taranaki. Later Cowell
resided at Awhitu, near. Manukau. In 1869 he
gave important evidence in the Orakei case, He
was an accomplished Maori scholar and had a
profound knowledge of Maori history and lore.
He died on 12 Jul 1880.

Marsden, L. and ].; do. Lieutenants; N.Z
16 Aug, 11 Dec 1880) wereld

cowm, WILLIAM GARDEN (1831-1902) was
born in London, the son of Alexander Cowie,
of Auchterless, Aberdeenshire. Educated at
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he graduated B.A. in
1855, was a scholar of his College and was in
the first class of the civil law tripos and the
theological examination.

After holding curacies in Cambridge and
Suffolk, he was appointed in 1857 chaplain to
Sir Colin Campbell's army advancing to the
siege of Lucknow. He crossed the Gumti with
Outram's column, with which he remained until
Lucknow fell, when he accompanied Sir Hope
Grant's flying column, which defeated the
enemy at Kursi. In 1858 he was present at the
assault at Ruyah, the battle of Aligun and the

* capture of Bareilly. In 1863 he was chaplain to

the Viceroy's camp, and after Lord Elgin’s death
he served with Sir Neville Chamberlain's col-
umn in Afghanistan. During the next three
years he was resident and examining chaplain
to B{Shop Cotton of Calcutta, the metropolitan
of India.

In 1867 he was presented to the rectory of St
Mary's, Stafford, and on 29 Jun 1869 he was
consecrated Bishop of Auckland by Archbishop
Tait and others (including Selwyn, who had
been entrusted with the task of selecting his
own successor). Having married Eliza, daughter
of Dr W. Webber (Moulton, Suffolk) he sailed
for New Zealand, arriving early in 1870. Dur-
ing the 32 years of his episcopate the number
of churches in the Auckland diocese increased
from 28 to 85. Bishop Cowie visited every cor-
ner of the district and opened many churches
in new settlements. He was practically the
founder of the Sailors’ Home, which was en-
dowed by a large bequest made out of respect
to Cowie himself (1883). The Institute for the

cox

Blind received mich of his attention from 1889
and he crowned the work of Lady Martin when
he opened the Women's Home in Auckland.
He was a member of the New Zealand Uni-
-versity senate from 1879 and of the Auckland
University College council from 1883. In 1888
and 1897 Cowie attended the Lambeth confer-
ence. In 1895 he was elected by the general
synod to be'primate of New Zealand.

His publications include Notes on the Tem-
ples of Cashmere, A Visit to Norfolk Island and
Our Last Year in New Zealand (1888). He died
on 26 Jun 1902 and his widow on 18 Aug.

Cowie, op. cit.; Proc. of General Synod of N.Z.
and Auckland Diocesan Synod, 1870-1902; Jacobs;
Morton; NZ. Herald, $0 Jun 1882, 27 Jun 1902

p) .

COWLISHAW, WILLIAM PATTEN (1839-
1903) was born in Sydney and educated there,
graduating M.A. at the University of Sydney.
He served his articles with Rowley, Holdsworth
and Garrick, and was admitted to the bar in
1863. In the same year he came to Canterbury
and entered into partnership with E. F. Hars-
ton, but in 1864 Garrick (q.v.) came into the
partnership in place of Harston. They con-
tinued to practise together for many years, with
the addition in 1883 of J. B. Fisher (q.v.). In
1865 Cowlishaw married Helen, daughter of
John Bossley, Edensor Park, New South Wales.

Cowlishaw was the first solicitor to the board
of governors of Canterbury College and was at
different times solicitor to the education board,
the City of Christchurch and the drainage board.
He was a member of the Canterbury Provincial
Council (for Avon 1865-66; for Heathcote 1870-
74) and was provincial solicitor and a member
of the executive (1864-66 and 1871-74). He was
a fine debater and once contested the Stanmore
seat in Parliament (against Pilliet). Cowlishaw
was a director of the Christchurch Gas Co., the
Press Co., and Ashby Bergh and Co., and some
time chairman of Manning and Co. He died
on 27 Mar 1903.

The Press, 28 Mar 1903.

COX, ALFRED (1825-1911), was born at Clar-
endon, New South 'Vales, the son of William
Cox, who came to the Mother Colony in 1788
as a captain in the 102nd Regiment, retired
from the army and became a prosperous settler.
Alfred received his education at the King's

179

-----------------------Page 107 End-----------------------

cox

School at Parramatta. As a pupil he was present
at the funeral of Samuel Marsden (1837). Cox
records that he was taught music by Samuel
Wallace, bandmaster of the 17th Regiment, and
father of William Vincent Wallace (q.v.). At
the first concert that he attended young W'allace
played on both piano and violin. Cox became
an accomplished musician. In 1844, with the
consent of his guardians, he paid a visit to Eng-
land and to improve his knowledge of farming
he stayed on a farm in Northamptonshire. In
Ireland he saw the intense distress of the peas-
antry during the potato famine (1846).

Returning to Melbourne (1847) Cox found
many Tasmanians taking up the cheap runs
offering in the Western District. On 26 Nov he
married a daughter of Lieut-colonel Macpher-
son, of the 99th Regiment. Being now settled
on the property in New South Wales, he made
many trips out west. In 1854, at Newcastle, he
met John Sidey, who was making large profits
by shipping stock from Australia to New Zea
land and selling to the owners of the new sta
tions in Canterbury. Cox later met in Sydney
one of the firm of Francis and Muter, from
whom he purchased licenses to occupy two graz-
ing runs, then unstocked. Getting together a
quantity of stock, he took his passage in the
Admiral Grenfell (1854), arranged temporary
grazing near Christchurch and made another
trip. He now had 3,000 sheep, 350 cattle and
40 or 50 horses. In company with Healey and
W. Du Moulin he drove to the run, which he
named Raukapuka, left Du Moulin in charge
and returned to Australia, where he witnessed
the first session of the General Assembly. It
was three years before Cox saw his property
again. In 1854 he was returned as having 826
sheep on 20,000 acres; three years later he had
2,600 on 60,000 acres.

In 1855 Cox and his family paid a visit to
England and on returning to New Zealand he
decided to stay in the colony. The homestead
was built in 1860 at the foot of the Raukapuka
bush. At the first stock show (1859) Cox won
commendation for his fine-woolled sheep.
Eventually he freeholded 1,500 acres at IOs an
acre and, having made an excellent profit by
fattening 2,000 merinos in time for the Otago
diggings, he purchased another 2,000 acres at
42s 6d an acre.

As a public man the treatment meted out to

CRAIGIE

the settlers of south Canterbury brought him
into prominence. In 1862 he was elected for the
Geraldine seat in the Provincial Council
Though he hated the idea of separation, it
seemed to him the only way open to the Timaru
settlers to get control of their own money. In
1863 he was elected to the General Assembly
for Heathcote. In Feb 1864 he was elected a
member and chairman of the first Geraldine
road board. His parliamentary duties increas-
ing, he resigned in 1865 from the Provincial
Council and in 1866 was elected to the General
Assembly for Timaru. In 1866 and 1867 he
presented three petitions asking for self-govern-
ment, and at length got a favourable recom-
mendation from the House. In Sep 1867 he
obtained the passage of a bill for the establish-
ment of the Timaru and Gladstone board of
works, and a month later he was elected a mem-
ber of the first board.

Meanwhile Cox had become interested in the
prospects of settlement in the North Island
During 1867 he paid a visit by way of Hawkes
Bay to the native land in the interior. In 1869,
having accomplished his main task in Parlia-
ment, he resigned the Timaru seat, and next
year he sold a large portion of his property.
During 1870-71 he was again in the Provincial
Council as member for Papanui. In 1873, in
company with James Williamson (Auckland),
he visited Waikato to inspect a property which
Williamson had purchased through the govern-
ment. He invested a large amount in land in
the Thames district which called for much out-
lay on draining, and he resided in the Waikato
for the next seven years. In 1876-78 he was
again in Parliament as member for Waipa. His
land venture turned out a costly failure and in
1882 he sold out and returned to Christchurch,
where he passed his remaining years. He con-
tested the Geraldine seat in 1884.

In 1884 Cox published an interesting volume
of Recollections and two years later a bio-
graphical dictionary entitled Men of Mark in
New Zealand. Cox died in St Albans on 23
May 1911.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Hansard, pass.; Cox, op.
cit.; Godley, Letters; Acland; Lyttelton Times, 24
May 1911; The Press, 11 Oct 1930 (P). Portrait:
Parliament House.

CRAIGIfi, JAMES (1851-1935) was born at
Cupar Angus, Perthshire. At the age of 15 he

180

 

CRAWFORD

came to New Zealand with his parents and, hav-
ing tried Christchurch and Timaru, was appren-
ticed at Dunedin to a painter and paperhanger.
At the age of 21 he entered into business in
Timaru and prospered.

In public life he was first chairman of the
Kingsdown school committee and a member of
the South Canterbury hospital board (eight
years). He was elected chairman of the Timaru
harbour board on the day he first sat as a mem-
ber, and was chairman for four years. He was
only afew months in the borough council when
he was elected mayor, a position which he held
for ten years (1902-12). In 1905 he inaugurated
the free public library with the assistance of a
grant of £3,000 which he obtained from Andrew
Carnegie, supplemented later by £1,500. He
promoted electric lighting of the streets and the
Coleridge supply of hydro-electricity for the
town, and developed Caroline Bay.

Craigie represented Timaru in the House of
Representatives (1908-22) and was in the Legis
lative Council (1922-29). Amongst his gifts to
Timaru were a statute of Burns and an avenue
of trees. Craigie was one of the foremost Burns
authorities in New Zealand and had also a com-
prehensive knowledge of Byron, Shakespeare,
Emerson and the Bible. He was for many years
a freemason in lodge St John, E.C.

He married (1875) a daughter of Alexander
Orr, of county Donegal. His death occurred on
17 Aug 1935.

NZ.P.D., 30 Aug 1935; Who's Who NZ., 1932;

Timaru Herald, 19 Aug 1935 (P). Portrait: Par-
liament House. >

CRAWFORD, GEORGE (1810-80) arrived in
Wellington by the Bengal Merchant from Scot-
land (1840) and took employment first as clerk
to J. Telford, merchant, at Petone. After serv-
ing Willis and Co. and Bethune and Hunter in
the same capacity he went into partnership with
A. Yule as merchants. Their premises on Cus-
tomhouse quay were destroyed by fire (1856).
Crawford was member of the Provincial Council
for Wellington City (1861-69 and 1871-75). He
took a keen interest in sports and the Basin
reserve, and was president of the Caledonian
society and a generous supporter of charities.
Crawford was a good rifle shot and won many
prizes. He married (1845) Miss Gosling. His
death occurred on 21 Dec 1880.

CRAWFORD

Parltry Record; Ward; NZ. Times, 22 Dec
1880.

CRAWFORD, JAMES COUTI'S (1817-89) came
of a naval family and was the son of a captain
in the Royal Navy, and the grandson of an
admiral. He was sent to the Royal Naval Col-
lege at Portsmouth (where he won the gold
medal), and was posted to the Prince Regent,
4120 guns (Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker). He
saw service on both coasts of South America;
in Spanish waters during the Carlist war, 'and in
the Sapphire at Corfu (1836). Here he received
the Royal Humane Society's medal for life
saving. In 1837 he was promoted sub-lieuten-
ant, but seeing no likelihood of further promo-
tion resigned and came to Sydney in the Cora~
mandel (1838).

Crawford bought a herd of cattle and drove
them overland from Braidworth to Adelaide.
Late in 1839 he came to New Zealand in the
schooner Success, landing at Titahi bay and
walking across to Port Nicholson. Chartering
the cutter Harriett from the whaler Toms, he
did some exploring in the northern bays of the
South Island. While camped on the beach at
Pito-one he bought from Henry Moreing five
of the New Zealand Company's land orders, en-
titling him to five town acres and 500 country.
He acquired a tract of land on Watt's Peninsula,
where he established the Glendavar cattle farm
(north of Burnham lake). Some years later, in
order to drain the lake, he had a tunnel 100
yards long cut through the hill to Evans Bay.
This is said to have been the first tunnel made
in New Zealand, and is still being used for
sewerage and for oil pipelines. The’ name
Miramar was given to the estate by Crawford's
brother-in-law, Major McBarnett. After acquir-
ing his land Crawford returned to Sydney by
way of Bay of Islands, and brought back cattle.
In that year (1840) he made an overland jour-
ney to Auckland, and then left for England by
way of the Philippines and India.

In 1846 he returned to New Zealand and was
present in H.M.S. Driver with Sir George Grey
at the apprehension of Te Rauparaha. Next
year he made a journey on foot with Clifford
and Stafford to reconnoitre the Wairarapa, and
was much struck by the remarkable sense of
locality that Stafford possessed; the future
premier readily recognised from the reverse side

181

-----------------------Page 108 End-----------------------

CRAWFORD

trees and natural features that they had passed
on their outward journey. Later Crawford
visited in H.M.S. Inflexible the settlements at
Nelson and Taranaki. As a geologist he ren-
dered great service both to the General Govern-
ment and the province of Wellington. In 1861
he rode overland to the upper Wanganui to
inspect the coal measures of the Tangarakau
river. Next year he accompanied the Super-
intendent (Featherston) to Waitotara. He ex-
plored the Tararua range, portion of north
Auckland, and finally (1864) the Waikato basin.
In 1841 he started a flax dressing company in
Wellington. He was a member of the Geo-
logical Society of Edinburgh and of the Imperial
and Royal Geographical Society of Austria. He
was president of the Wellington Philosophical
Society and a governor of the New Zealand In-
stitute, in whose transactions appear many
Papers recording his ebservations. In 1880 he
published in London Recollections of Travel
in New Zealand and Australia, and in 1883
The Reform of English Spelling.

Crawford was a member of the Legislative
Council (1859-67), resigning on accepting the
post of resident magistrate and sheriff at Wel-
lington, which he held until 1882. He was a
captain in the New Zealand militia and also
in the Lanarkshire militia in Scotland. He
married (1843) Sophia (d. 1852), daughter of
Sir James W. D. Dundas, G.C.B. In 1857 he
married Jessie (d. 1880), daughter of Alexander
McBarnett, of Torridon and Attadale, Ross
shire, Scotland. Crawford died in England on
8 Apr 1889.

GB.OP,, 1844/556; Col. Gent.; N.Z.P.D., 1859-
67; Ward; Cycl. N.Z., i (p):; E. J Wakefield;
Crawford, op. cit.; Wellington independent, 8 Nov
1861; Evening Post, 5 Oct 1929 (P).

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM FITZGERALD (1843-
1927) was born at Templemore, Tipperary,
Ireland. Educated in Ireland, he came to New
Zealand in the Statesman (1863) and spent two
years in the employ of Robert Cashman, gum-
digging at Awhitu, and in a grocery establish-
ment in Auckland which was furnishing pro-
visions to the troops. Attracted to the West
Coast goldfields, he was manager of stores at
Hokitika and Ross. Then he visited the dig-
gings at Terawhiti, worked on a reclamation
contract in ‘Wellington and on the survey in

CREED

Wairarapa, and eventually moved to the
Thames goldfields, where he was storeman to
C. Petschler at Shortland. Crawford prospected
at Ohinemuri and Waitekauri, struck gold on
Hapu creek and engaged in sharebroking. He
martied about this time and was then employed
by the Albert brewery in Auckland (1871) and
storekeeping at Onehunga. In 1874 he went to
Gisborne in the Pl'etty Jane with the engine
for the South Pacific Oil Co., which was set up
at Waiongaromia. In 1875 he took charge of
the brewery at Gisborne and when a company
was formed in 1895 he became manager.
Crawford was the first mayor of Gisborne
(1877-78) and was a member of the harbour
board. He was a keen amateur photographer.

Cycl. N.Z., ii; Gisborne Jubilee.

CREED, CHARLES (1812-79), who was born
in Somersetshire, was a man of great physical
strength and determination. He entered the
Wesleyan ministry in 1837, was accepted for
the mission fied and sailed from Gravesend
on 20 Sep 1838 with five others in the ship
James. After touching at Hobart they reached
Hokianga in Feb 1839.

Creed had two years’ experience at Hokianga
and Kaipara and then went with a mission
party in the brig Triton to Taranaki. This
landing on the beach at Ngamotu under the
superintendence of Waterhouse (14 Jan 1841)
is pictured in Baxter's famous print. They were
tlle first resident missionaries in Taranaki and
Mrs Creed was the first European woman to
settle there. In Mar the missionaries met on
tlle beach their fellow West-Countrymen of
Cornwall and Devon coming to settle the pro-
vince. Creed spent three years in charge of the
Maori population between Cook strait and
Waikato. In 1844 tlle conference sent him to
succeed Watkin (q.v.) in Otago, a charge which
extended from Stewart island in the south to
Kaikoura. His supply of literature was in the
Waikato dialect but, being a good Maori
linguist, he was able to overcome the difficulty
of the Ngai-Tahu variations. He was a tireless
traveller, whether on foot, by canoe or on
horseback. In Sep 1845 he tramped all over
Banks peninsula visiting Maori settlements;
explored the site afterwards occupied by the
city of Christchurch and returned by way of
lake Ellesmere and Temuka to Waikouaiti, He

182

 

CREIGHTON.

was the first white preacher of any denomina-
tion to hold a service on the site of Dunedin.
In Feb 1846 Kettle (q.v.) arrived to carry
out the survey, and a firm friendship sprang up
between the two men. The infant son of
Robert Park (q.v.), which was born at Akaroa,
was baptised by Creed on 29 Oct, the first
European child to be baptised at Dunedin. He
also baptised the first white boy (John Ander-
son) and the first white girl (Elizabeth Kettle)
born in Dunedin. He held a sevice in the
immigration barracks on 13 Apr 1848, a few
weeks after the arrival of the John Wickliffe.
Dr Bums found him .an excellent devoted
man,’ but Cargill resented his influence with
the Anglicans and charged him with deserting
his own flock and intruding upon the field of
anotller pastor. Creed replied establishing his
priority in the fied and he continued his work
until the arrival of the first Anglican minister
(Rev J. A. Fenton) early in 1852. Creed's mis-
sionary work amongst the natives was much
hampered by the extent of his circuit, and the
lack of native teachers. On this account he
entrusted the care of those at Otakou to
Thomas Ferens, a Durham Methodist. In 1852
he was transferred to the North Island, where
he was a colleague of Buller at Hutt (1854).
He died in New South Wales on 19 Feb 1879.
Buller; Morley; Hocken, Otago: M. A. R. Pratt

(information); G. Smdes'in N.Z. Herald, 6 Jan
1894.

CREIGHTON, ROBERT JAMES (1835-93) was
born in the north of Ireland and apprenticed
to the printing trade in Belfast. He graduated
to be a reporter and eventually to an editorial
staff in Londonderry.

In 1861 he arrived in Auckland and in May
1862 joined with Scdes and Tothill in tlle
control of the Southern Gross, which they ac-
quired from Brown and Campbell and turned
into the first daily paper in the province, reduc-
ing the price from sixpence to threepence.
Creighton succeeded McCabe as editor and by
the withdrawal of Tothill (in 1863) and Scales
(in 1867) he became sole proprietor. He was
a vigorous writer and a sound political com-
mentator, and the paper was very successful
while the province prospered. During the Wai-
kato war Creighton went into the fidd as a
correspondent. He sent interesting despatches

CREWES

from all the fronts, including the East Coast
and Gate Pa, and his brilliant descriptions of
the fighting were copied by the London Times.
Creighton was member of the Auckland Pro-
vincial Council for Newton (1865-69 and 1870-
73) and was provincial secretary on two occa
sions (1868-69 and 1870). He was three times
in Parliament (for Parnell 1865-66, Newton
1869-70, Eden 1871-75).

In 1868 Vogel purchased the Southern Cross
and Creighton with some of his staff established
the Auckland Free Press (May 1868), but it
soon succumbed in the financial depression fol-
lowing the withdrawal of the troops from New
Zealand. He then went to Dunedin where he
managed and edited the Otago Guardian from
its beginning (Jul 1873) till Oct 1874, when he
became manager of the New Zealand Times,
which had just absorbed the Independent. He
later returned to Auckland to the editorial
chair of the New Zealand Herald. Anxious to
see more of the world, Creighton left for San
Francisco, where he obtained an appointment
on the Post and acted as American correspon-
dent of the Otago Daily Times. He was mail
agent for New Zealand in San Francisco and
acted for the New Zealand government in vari-
ous capacities. In 1880 he was instrumental in
introducing Ligurian bees from California to
New Zealand. For some time in the eighties he
was in Honolulu, where he edited the Honolulu
Commel'cial Advertiser

In 1891 Creighton visited New Zealand in
connection with the mail services, and two years
later he died in California (22 May 1893).

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.z., ii (P); Morton;
N.z. Herald, 28 Aug 1880, 26 May 1893; Otago
Dail) Times, 3 Oct 1874; Creighton on federation
in Victorian Review, vol 5, p. 719.

 

CREWES, JOHN (1847-1925) was born at
Grampound, Cornwall, and educated in Lon-
don for the Methodist ministry. As a young
man he! was closely associated with city mis
sions. He came to Christchurch in 1879 to
take charge of the Bible Christians, for whom
he erected a church in High street. He was
greatly interested in. prison-gate and other
social work.

Crewes stood against Vogel for Christchurch
North in 1884 and against R. M. Taylor for
Sydenham in 1887. While in Christchurch he

183

-----------------------Page 109 End-----------------------

CREYKE

published and edited the Liberal Herald to
support that party's social legislation. A sermon
which he preached in 1889 on sweating in
Christchurch aroused deep interest. About 1890
he moved to Wellington, where he engaged in
preaching, lecturing and journalism. He was a
justice of the peace and gave evidence before
the police commission in 1898. He was also
chairman of the conciliation board in Welling-
ton. He founded the Zoological Society (1900)
and was editor of the Zoo Standard. His death
occurred on 80 Dec 1925.

App. H.R., 1898, H2; Saunders, ii; The Press,
48 Jun 1889; Evening Post, 30 Dec 1925.

CRBYKE, ALFRED RICHARD (1828-93), a son
of the vicar of Okeover, England, arrived in
Canterbury in 1851. He took up land, includ-
ing Racecourse Hill, and in 1853 took up an
additional 15,000 acres. J.C. Watts Russell and
Creyke worked these properties together,
Creyke's homestead. being on the Waimakariri.
Shortly after 1860 he sold out and lived in
Christchurch. He represented Avon in Parlia-
ment from 1861 till the middle of 1862, when
he retired. Creyke married the widow of Watts:
Russell.

Acland; eycl. N.Z., iii

CROKE, THOMAS WILLIAM (1824-1902) was
born at Mallow, county Cork, and educated at
the Charleville endowed school, at the Irish
College in Paris and the college of Menin, Ba-
gium, and the Irish College in Rome, where he
won the gold and silver medals. In 1847 he
graduated as doctor of divinity and was or-
dained. For nine years (1849-58) he was a mis-
sionary priest in the diocese of Cloyne.

An intensely human man, athletic himself
and with an ardent interest in the sports and
daily life of his people, Croke had a passionate
enthusiasm for Irish nationalism. He held
great hopes of something being achieved dur-
ing the revolutionary movement in Europe in
4848 and he became a leading member of the
party of organised opposition. When that hope
failed he withdrew from the movement and
stood aloof. He was president of St Colman's
College, Fermoy (1858-65), and parish priest
of Doneraile and chancellor of the diocese of
Cloyne (1865-70). From that post he was con:
secrated as Bishop of Auckland (1870). He had

CROMPTON

only been four years in New Zealand when he
was chosen as Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland.

Shortly after taking up his residence in the
palace of Thurles Croke was waited upon by
Parnell, who implored him to give his coun-
tenance to the Irish Land League, round which
the best brains of the Irish movement were now
rallying. Stead says that Parnell, though a
Protestant, valued so highly the influence of
Croke that he threw himself on his knees before
the Archbishop and begged his assent. Croke
finaly yielded and flung himself heart and soul
into the League. He resisted firmly the no-rent
manifesto, which he considered immoral and
unjustifiable and shattered with his condemna-
tion. He later proposed a great testimonial to
Parnell, but it was banned by the Pope. Croke
disapproved the plan of campaign which fol-
lowed the rejection of the first home rule bill.
After the fall of Parnell he again withdrew
from the movement, waiting for the appearance
of aleader around whom Irishmen could really
unite. He believed that if a good land bill
were passed which would make the Irish farmers
independent their innate conservatism would
bring to an end the demand for separation
from England. Croke died on 22 Feb 1902.

D.N.B.; W. T. Stead in Reviews of Reviews,
1895; The Times, 23 Feb 1902.

CROKER, EDWARD (1821-92) was an officer
of the 17th Regiment who served in Cashmere
and other parts of India, attaining his brevet-
majority. He was aide-de-camp to Lieut-general
Sir John Littler, deputy-governor of Bengal,
whose daughter Marion (then the wife of Major
Ling, of the 4th Dragoons), he afterwards mar-
ried. Selling his commission in 1858, Croker
came to New Zealand and took up a farm at
Tokomairiro in Otago. He was appointed com-
missioner of the Tuapeka goldfields (Oct 1861)
and later warden at Lawrence. Retiringin 1867,
he spent some years in Australia and eventually
returned to England, where he diedin 1892.

D.N.B. (Littler); pyke; Otago Daily Times, 29
Jul 1878; N.Z. Herald, 4 Jul 1878.

CROMPTON, WILLIAM MORGAN (1811-86)
was born in Birmingham, the son of a Brazil
merchant; and was educated at Dr Carpenter's
academy in Bristol when Dr James Martineau
was on the staff. During a period of several

184

em

CROSSLEY

years when he was teaching at a college in the
north of France he accepted the Roman Cath-
olic religion. In 1851 he came to Taranaki in
the Lord William Bentinck (arriving in Jan
1852) and at once took up land at Ornata,
where he built his home. On the Taranaki
Herald being established (Aug 1852) Crompton
became editor, but he resigned after the ninth
issue owing to a difference of opinion with the
proprietors. During the war he served in the
commissariat and his home and property were
destroyed. He started a school in New Ply-
mouth at which many of the children of lead-
ing colonists received their education.

Always actively interested in politics, Cromp-
ton was elected in Aug 1853 to represent Ornata
in the first Parliament (1853-55). He was a
member of the Provincial Council for Ornata
from 1862 until the abolition and Speaker
throughout; and on many occasions he acted
as deputy for the Superintendent of the pro-
vince. Crompton was an early justice of the
peace and visiting justice and deputy-sheriff;
a member and chairman of the New Plymouth
town board, and a member of the land board,
the cemetery board and court Waireka, A.O.F.,
and a trustee of the New Plymouth Savings
Bank. On the passing of the education act in
1877 he became inspector of schools for Tara-
naki, a position he held with great efficiency
until ill-health caused him to retire (1884).
Crompton died on 27 Dec 1886.

N.z.P.D., 9 Sep 1854; Taranaki p.e. Proc. and
Gaz; Taranaki Herald, 4 Feb 1884, 28 Dec 1886.

CROSSLEY, OWEN THOMAS LLOYD (1860-
1926) was educated at Trinity College, Dublin.
He was curate of St John, Birkenhead (1888),
vicar of Egremont (1892), and other parishes;
lecturer at St Aidan's, Birkenhead (1900), arch-
deacon of Geelong (1904-11) and incumbent of
All Saints, St Kilda (1905-11). In 1911 he was
appointed Bishop of Auckland, a position which
two years later he resigned to become chaplain
to the Archbishop of Melbourne. In 1914 he
was appointed rector of St Andrew's Major,
Dinas Powis, Cardiff, where he died on § Mar
1926.

Who was Who; Crockford.

CROWTHER, WILLIAM (1834-1900) was
born in Lancashire. At the age of 19 he emi-

CULLING

grated to Australia and worked on the Victorian
diggings, mining and contracting. About 1862
he came to Otago and had several teams carry-
ing to the Dunstan fidds The war attracted
him to Auckland, where he took up army con-
tracts and imported horses from Otago and Aus-
tralia for army purposes. After the war he pur-
chased in Melbourne ten buses with which he
initiated services in the vicinity of Auckland,
and eventually established the Victoria stables
in Wellesley street. Retiring with a competence
after twelve years, he devoted his attention to
public service. He was a member of the City
Council (1878-94) and mayor (1891-92), a gov-
ernor of the Auckland College and Grammar
School and a member of the council of Auck-
land University College, the city schools com-
mittee, the charitable aid board and the sailors
home. He was a member of the harbour board
and for one term chairman. In 1893 Crowther
was elected to Parliament for Auckland City,
which he represented till his death (15 Mar
1900).

Russell; Morton, p. 21; Cycl. N.z., ii (p); N.Z.
Herald, 16 Mar 1900; N.zP.D.,22 Jun 1900. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

CRUISE, RICHARD ALEXANDER (71784-
1832) belonged to a county Meath family. He
received his commission as ensign in the 44th
Foot (1804), was promoted lieutenant (1807),
transferred to the 84th Foot (1808) and pro-
moted captain (1819), and major (1823), re-
tiring as lieut-colonel (1826). He served in the
Peninsula and was wounded at the passage of
the Nive (Basses Pyrenees) in 1813. In Jul 1819
Cruise sailed in H.M.S. Dromedary for New
South Wales, with a guard of the 84th Regiment
(including Ensign McCrea). He spent 10
months in New Zealand (Feb-Dec 1820) and
published in 1823 one of the most important
of the early works on the country and people,
Journal of a Ten Months Residence in New
Zealand. Cruise died on 6 May 1832.

Family information from C. J. OKedfe; Cruise,
op. cit.; Thomson

CULLING, THOMAS (1832-1901) was born in
England and brought up to the printing trade.
He came to Otago in the Ajax (1849) and was
employed snccessively on the Otago News to
Dec 1850, on the Lyttelton Times (1851-54),
the Otago Witness and The Colonist, eventually

185

-----------------------Page 110 End-----------------------
CURLING

retiring to go on the land in Taieri. He was
chairman of the East Taieri road board, con-
tested two provincial council elections and one
parliamentary election. He then joined Coull
brothers as printers and papermakers and even-
tually bought the Mataura paper mills. Culling
was chairman of the Mataura town board for
four years and first mayor. He died on 23 Mar
1901.
Otago Daily Times, 25 Mar 1901

CURLING, EDWARD SPENCER (1815-68) was
one of the earliest settlers in Hawkes Bay and
was an original member of the Settlers’ Associa
tion (1856) and of the A. and P. Association
(1858). In 1859 he was elected to the Provin-
cial Council for Te Aute, and he sat for that
district to 1862 and for Waimarama (1863-66).
He was a lieutenant of the Napier militia
(1863). Curling died on 3 Jan 1868.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc. and Gaz; Hawkes Bay
Herald, 4, 14, 21 Jan 1868.

CURLING, JOHN was sheep farming in Hawkes
Bay in the early fifties. In 1856 he was gazetted
a J.P. and in the same year was one of the
original members of the Ahuriri Settlers’ As
sociation. In 1857 he was called to the Legis
tive Council, and on the same date was ap-
pointed resident magistrate at Napier. He pre-
sented in Parliament (20 Apr 1858) the petition
of Hawkes Bay for separation from Wellington.
Speaking on the New Provinces bill (16 Aug),
he expressed the hope that the Superintendent
of Hawkes Bay would sit in council and do away
with ceremonial inasmuch as +a plain sheep-
farmer, who might be superintendent, would
object to ceremony: In Nov 1858 Curling was
appointed receiver of land revenue for the dis
trict. He resigned from the Legislative Council
in 1861. In 1863 he wasappointed captain in
the Napier militia (unattached from May 1864).
He retired in 1869 and was aftenvards for some
years a schoolmaster.

Parltry Record; Cycl. NZ., vi

CURTIS, GEORGE (1816-94) was born in New-
ington Common, Hackney, London, educated
in the city and brought up to commercial life.
For some years he was in business with his
father and brothers in Hackney. In 1850 he
ame to New Zealand in the Pekin, landing at
Wellington and walking overland to Wanganui

CURTIS.

with S Percy Smith and others. Settling in New
Plymouth, he engaged in business (with I. N.
Watt) as importers and took up land at Ornata.
His homestead was destroyed in the war. As a
member of the militia, in which he served for
two years, Curtis was concerned in the construc-
tion and defence of the Ornata stockade and
took part in the fighting at Ratapihipihi and
Waireka. He afterwards returned to his farm.
Curtis first stood for the Provincial Council
in 1855 and was a member (for Omata) in
1861-62, being part of the time provincial treas-
urer. He was a member of the first harbour
board (1875). Curtis died on 9 Jun 1894. His
sons, G. N. and H. B. CURTIS, were pioneers of
Stratford (1877).

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz; Taranaki Her-
ald 11 Jun 1894. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

CURTIS, HERBERT EVELYN (1818-90) was
born in England and came to New Zealand with
his younger brother (0, Curtis, qv.) in the
Mohammed Shah (1853). She was burned off
Tasmania and the passengers landed there.
Curtis was the senior partner in a Nelson firm
of merchants for many years. He was provincial
auditor in the later period of the provinces, but
did not enter the Council. In 1856 he was
elected to Parliament, in which he represented
Motueka and Massacre Bay (1856-60) and Mo-
tueka (1861-66). He then retired and his
brother entered Parliament. Curtis died on 10
Aug 1890.

Saunders; Cycl. N.Z.,
1890.

CURTIS, OSWALD (1821-1902) was the son
of Stephen Curtis, a London merchant, and was
educated at private schools and Hackney Gram-
mar School, matriculating at the University of
London. He went into commercial life and in
1853 came to New Zealand and entered into
business at Nelson with his brother, H. E. Cur-
tis (q.v.) as merchants.

Curtis was M.P.C. for Nelson (1857-67) and
in 1866 he was elected to Parliament for the
same constituency, which he represented till
1879. Early in 1867 the Superintendency of
Nelson became vacant owing to the resignation
of Saunders, and Curtis was elected to the posi-
tion, which he held until the abolition of the
provinces. In 1872 he was Postmaster-general
and Commissioner of Customs for four weeks in

 

; The Colonist, 11 Aug

186

2

 

CUTFIELD

the Stafford ministry. He had been a consistent
opponent of Stafford in his earlier political life.
Curtis retired from Parliament in 1879 and a
few months later was appointed chairman of
the royal commission on railways. He was after-
wards a resident magistrate and acted on several
commissions of inquiry, notably that in connec-
tion with the Dunedin gaol (1883). He was a
governor of Nelson College (1874), a trustee of
the Nelson Savings Bank, and a member of the
New Zealand University senate (1870-87). He
died on | Mar 1902.

Nelson P.C. Proc; Cycl. N.Z., V (p); Saunders;
The Colonist, 3 Mar 1902. Portrait: Parliament
House,

CUTFIBLD, GEORGE (1799-1879) was born at
Deal and was a naval architect in the naval
dockyard at Devonport. He was in charge of
the expedition of the Plymouth Company in
the William Bryan, which sailed from Plymouth
Sound on 19 Nov 1840. After calling at Cloudy
bay and Port Nicholson they arrived off the
Sugar Loaves on 30 Mar 1841. Cutfield's re
port to the directors (2 May 1841) shows that
Carrington had already selected the site for the
town. Cutfield took energetic measures to carry
out his mission. While acting as storekeeper
and immigration agent (until 1843) he was also
a justice of the peace. In 1847 he endeavoured,
with his brother-in-law (Henry King) to lease
the Tataraimaka block, but being unsuccessful
they farmed together at Brooklands.

In 1851 he was appointed to the Legislative
Council of New Zealand and in 1853 he was
elected to represent Grey and Bell in the Tara-
naki Provincial Council, in which he sat until
the end of 1856. In 1853 also he was called to
the new Legislative Council, from which he re-
tired a few months later. Early in 1857 Cutfield
was elected Superintendent of the province.
During his term of office hostilities broke out
over the Waitara purchase. Though warned by
his executive (J. C. Richmond and T. King)
against the grave results that were likely to
ensue, he pledged the province to assist in
carrying out the government's policy. On the
completion of his term as Superintendent (Jul
1861) he withdrew from the election and a-
lowed C. Brown to be returned for another
term. In 1858 Cutfield was recalled to the
Legislative Council and he was a member until

CUTHBERTSON

his resignation in 1867. He assisted the govern-
ment in obtaining the Tataraimaka block, upon
whidl for many years he had a large cattle run.
He acted as deputy-Superintendent in 1870.
Cutfield did much to introduce English garden
seeds into Taranaki. In later years he was a
warm patron of the turf. He died on 22 Jan
TAF Se22

Taranaki P.C. minutes; Taranaki Herald and

Budget, 18 Deo 1926 (p); Taranaki News, 25 Jan
189. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

CUTHBERTSON, JOHN ROBERT (1834-82)
was born in Glasgow, educated at the Academy
and University there and entered commercial
life. In 1854 he came to Melbourne and in
4860 to Southland, where he took up land at
Waiau. In the following year he was joined by
his brother, R. F. Cuthbertson (qv.), with
whom he carried on as sheepfarmers till 1876.
In 1876 Cuthbertson became a member of the
firm of Macrorie and Cuthbertson, auctioneers
and land agents.

He was a member of the Southland Provincial
Council, representing Longwood (1865-67) and
Oreti (1867) and was a member of the execu-
tive in 1866, as secretary for works. He was
deputy-superintendent on one occasion. The
provincial finances being in a highly precarious
condition, creditors sought to put the bailiffs
into the offices, but Cuthbertson had the win-
dows barricaded and eventually compounded
by issuing land orders in settlement of tle
debts. He represented Invercargill in Parlia-
ment (1873-75). Cuthbertson was for some time
editor of the Southland Times, for which he
wrote with considerable effect. He died on 9
Oct 1882.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Southland P.C. Proc.; Southland
Times, 10 Oct 1882,

CUTHBERTSON, ROBERT FERGUSON (1840+
1913) was born on the Clyde and educated at
the Glasgow Academy and Edinburgh Uni-
versity. Trained as an accountant in Liver-
pool, he was engaged in business there till 1860,
when he came to New Zealand and joined his
brother sheepfarming in Southland.

After being almost ruined by the ravages of
rabbits, he practised his profession in Inver-
cargill, where he was a foundation member of
the New Zealand Institute of Accountants.
Cuthbertson was a member of the Southland

  

187

-----------------------Page 111 End-----------------------

CUTTEN

Provincial Council for Waiau (1864-65 and
1868), and was in the executive in 1865. He
was afterwards a member of the first Wallace
county council, secretary of the Southland Agri-
cultural and Pastoral Association, a visiting
justice and agent for the public trustee. He
married a daughter of Thomas Denniston (qwv.)

He died on 1 Jun 1913.

Southland P.G. Pme.; Gycl. NZ., iv (p); Who's

Who N.Z., 1908; Ross; Southland Times, 2 Jun
1913.
CUTTEN, WIILLIAM HENRY (1822-83) was
born in London. After receiving a good educa-
tion he studied law, and in a few years received
a post in the department of the commissioner
of bankruptcy.

At the age of 26 Cutten emigrated to New
Zealand in the John Wickliffe, and established
himself as a merchant and auctioneer in Dun-
edin. In 1849 he was appointed emigration
agent, and he was also a land claims commis-
sioner. He took a prominent part in the Otago
Settlers’ Association, which worked for full salf-
government, and was one of the founders of
the Mechanics’ Institute in Dunedin. The first
newspaper in the settlement, the Otago News,
came to an end in Dec 1850. A group of busi-
ness men financed the Otago Witness, which
made its first appearance in Feb 1851. It was
intended that they should take week about
editing the journal, but before long Cutten
was appointed editor at £1 a week. In Oct
1851 the proprietors presented the property to
him. Soon afterwards the plant was transferred
to Cutten's auction rooms, whence the paper
issued for some years. On the outbreak of the
diggings (1861) Cutten and his associates estab-
lished the Otago Daily Times, and engaged
Vogel as editor of both papers. B. L. Farjeon
took charge of the mechanical side. Cutten
found his temperament unsuited to the hurly-
burly of journalism, and before long he parted
with his interest in the company.

In the first Provincial Council he was one of
the members for the City of Dunedin (1853-63).

CUTTEN

During most of that time he was a member of
the executive, often as provincial treasurer, and
he held from the General Government the post
of commissioner of crown lands for the pro-
vince. These combined offices caused embar-
rassment, and he had to choose between the
service of the province and that of the Colony.
A tule had been passed by the Provincial Coun-
cil forbidding its members holding office under
the General Government. Cutten retired from
the Council and continued in the office of com-
missioner of crown lands until 1867, when it
was combined with that of chief surveyor, and
J. T. Thomson assumed the post.

Cutten was elected in 1853 as member for
Dunedin Country district in Parliament. The
long journeys to Auckland made it impossible
for him to leave his business for so long, and
he resigned in 1855. In that year he was elected
a member of the Dunedin town board (which
preceded the City Council). In 1863 Cutten
tried again to enter Parliament, but was de-
feated for Dunedin and Suburbs by Reynolds
and Vogel. Having resigned his General Gov-
ernment appointments, he was free in the early
seventies to. take public office, and he returned
to the Provincial Council as member for Dun-
edin. He was for 18 months a member of
Donald Reid's executive, and he foreshadowed
the Liberal land measures of Rolleston by intro-
ducing resolutions in the Council providing for
the system of land purchase by deferred pay-
ment. Having retired from the Council, Cutten
in 1873 paid a visit of two years to the Old
Country.

On returning he was again elected M.H.R.
(for Taieri, which he represented from 1878-
79). In 1881 he tried to get himself elected for
Peninsula, but without suocess. He was a mem-
ber of the Otago University council 1871-83.

Cutten married (1850) a daughter of Cargill.
He died on 30 Jun 1883.

Otago P.G. Pmc.; Hocken; Arnold; Otago News,
pass; Otago Daily Times, 1 Jul 1883, 4 Jul 1930
(p)°

 

 

 

 

D

 

DACRE, HENRY (1840-80) lived for 25 years
in the province of Auckland. He started a
cattle-station on the Okura river, where he was
the only settler for some time. He was a mem-
ber of the Provincial Council for the Nortllern
Division (1867-68). He was appointed inspector
of sheep shortly before his death (on 27 Aug
1880).
NZ. Herald, 13 Sep 1880.

DACRE, RANULPH (1795-1882) was born at
Marwell Hall, Hampshire, a son of Col. Dacre,
of the Hampshire Light Fencibles, high sheriff
of the county. He joined the Royal Navy as a
midshipman at the age of 12 and served in the
American war (1812). Soon afterwards he re
signed and joined the mercantile marine, hav-
ing exciting experiences with privateers in the
West Indies.

About 1820 Dacre first visited New Zealand.
He was at Whangaroa in 1824 in his own
schooner, the Endeavour, which brought the
Quaker missionaries :ryerman and Bennett on
a visit to many of the South Sea islands. He
then traded between London and Sydney in
command of ships belonging to Robert Brookes.
In one of these, the Surrey, in which he had a
part interest, he called at Hokianga, Mercury
Bay and Whangaroa in search of spars. Later
in his own vessd, the Mary Ann, he established
at Mercury Bay an agent (Gordon) to super-
vise the cutting of spars for fulfilling contracts
with the Admiralty. Dacre took his first cargo
of spars out of Hokiangain 1827. He was there
again in 1832 and gradually opened up a large
trade. He left the sea about 1838 and estab.
lished the firm of Dacre and Wilks, shipping
agents, in Sydney. The partnership was soon
dissolved and Dacre carried on as agent for
Brookes, running a regular line between Syd-

ney and London. He was a director of the
Union Bank of Australia and of the Alliance
Insurance Co. and was largely interested in
whaling ventures, including the voyages of the
ships Porteous, Governor Hallett, Lucy Ann
and Arabian. He also opened up a large trade
in sandalwood between the South Sea islands .
and the Far East, for which he fitted out the
brig Alfred and the schooner Wave. Greenstone
for the Chinese market seemed a profitable
speculation, and he sent the schooner Royal
Mail to Nelson and Milford Sound and ob-
tained about two tons of stone of high quality,
but so hard that the tools were not equal to
working it. Owing to the imminence of war
between Britain and China this cargo remained
at Manila and Dacre lost heavily upon it. He
had the brig Julian engaged in the trade with
Tahiti and Sandwich islands. In 1841 Dacre
began an extensive voyage to New Zealand and
the islands to liquidate his liabilities. He had
taken up land in Victoria at the first sale by the
government and he was also deeply involved
in a station carrying 50,000 sheep on the Gam-
mon plain. In the slump of 1843 he was glad
to cut his losses, and he removed with his fam-
ily to Hexham, on the Hunter river.

In 1842 he visited New Zealand in the clipper
schooner Diana (which he owned) and two
years later he visited Tahiti in the Rambler. He
now engaged in business in Auckland with J.
Macky until 1854, when he went into partner-
ship with Thomas Macky.

Dacre was greatly interested in St Paul's
Church, Auckland, and was a member of the
Diocesan synod. He was also a benefactor of
the orphans’ home. He died in 1882.

Gypl. NZ,, ii (p);_Sherrin and Wallace; Mont-
gomery; Darroch; NZ. Herald, I! Oct 1884.

-----------------------Page 112 End-----------------------

DALDY

DALDY, WILLIAM CRUSH (1816-1903) was
born at Rainham, Essex, educated there, and
went to sea in one of his father's colliers, the
Mayflower. His father died in 1832 and he ob-
tained a post as third mate in the transport
Briton, sailing for Ceylon. He then tried a
shore post, but found it advisable to return to
the sea For some time he commanded the
schooner Shamrock, 85 tons, trading to New-
foundland and the Baltic.

In Dec 1840 he left LiverpOO! for Tasmania
and he arrived in the Waitemata on 1 Jul 1841,
the day on which the first customhouse was
opened at Auckland. For three years he traded
between Auckland and Sydney, varied by a voy-
age to Tahiti for cattle and an arrest there for
using political language. In 1845 Daldy com-
manded the Bolina, taking home the first cargo
of New Zealand produce, in the interest of
Brown, Campbell and Co. Two years later he
bought land near Auckland and started to work
a timber station, for which there was a good
market in Auckland. In 1849 the firm of
Combes and Daldy, wholesale and shipping
agents, was established. His partner died in
1869 and thereafter Daldy carried on alone.

In 1855 he contested the Northern Division
seat in the Provincial Council without success,
but in the same year he was elected to Parlia-
ment for City of Auckland, which he repre-
sented until 1860. Shortly after making his
appearance in Parliament he was appointed a
member of Fox's short-lived government (May-
Jun 1856). In 1857 he was elected to the Pro-
vincial Council for Suburbs, but he lost his
seat a few months later when the Council was
dissolved. In 1861 he was again elected, for
Auckland West, and he sat until early in 1864.
During this time Daldy was an active advocate
of the interests of the city, and in Dec 1862 he
succeeded Pollen as provincial secretary. He
carried through the Council the half million
loan bill and the first fencing bill. When he
visited England in 1865 he acted as emigration
agent for the province, sending out some thous-
ands of settlers, and he also purchased the first
railway plant for Auckland and managed the
provincial funds in London during the Overend
Gurney smash in a most advantageous manner.
He was a member of the harbour board (being
chairman for the first seven years), captain of
the fire brigade and for 30 years a justice of the

DALRYMPLE

peace (a post which he resigned in 1886).

Daldy was one of the promoters of the New
Zealand Insurance Co., chairman of the South
British Insurance Co., an auditor of the Bank
of New Zealand and a trustee of the Auckland
Savings Bank. He was one of the first volun-
teers sworn in in New Zealand, being lieutenant
of the Coastguards. During the Waikato war
they were on duty at Miranda and Drury, and
Daldy was under fire in carrying despatches to
the head chief at Wairoa. From 1874 to 1876
he was a member of the City Council.

Daldy was a staunch Congregationalist and
held many offices in that denomination from
1851 (including those of treasurer and Sunday
school superintendent). He took an interest in
many philanthropic movements. He married
first (1841) the daughter of Captain Pulliam
(Launceston). Mter her death (1877) he mar-
ried Miss Hamerton (who was a leader in social
and feminist movements, being a member of the
New Zealand Women's National Council).
Daldy died on 5 Oct 1903.

Parltry Recol'd; Auckland P.C. Proc. and Gaz;
Darroch; Cyel. N.Z,, i. ii_(p); Cowan, i; Morton;
N.Z. Herald, 2 Jul 1881, 6 Oct 1903; N.Z. Graphic,
23 ut 1892 (p).

DALRYMPLE, JOHN TAYLOR (1839-1904)
came to New Zealand in the sixties and settled
on the west coast of the North Island about
1868. He represented Manawatu in the Wel-
lington Provincial Council (1873-75). He died
on 12 May 1904.

DALRYMPLE, PETER (1813-1901) was born
in Galloway, educated in the parish school and
reared on the farm at Newluce. As a young
man he went to Manchester, where he engaged
in the drapery trade with considerable success
until 1853. During this time he was deeply in-
terested in Liberal politics, took a part in the
activities of the Anti-Corn Law League and saw
something of Bright and Cobden.

In 1853 he purchased 60 portable houses con-
structed at LiverpOO! and shipped with them
to Melbourne, where he sold them at a good
profit. Mter two years in Australia he shipped
a supercargo in the schooner Caledonia, bound
for Port Chalmers and the Chatham islands.
Enamoured of Otago, he finished his engage-
ment at Melbourne and came to settle in New
Zealand (Nov 1855). From Dunedin he walked

190

 

 

DALZIELL

to Bluff, taking 19 days on the journey. In Apr
4856 he took up a 100-acre section which he
named Appleby after a Wigtownshire village,
erected one of his houses upon it and lived and
farmed there for the remainder of his life.

A Manchester Liberal by upbringing, Dal-
tymple was a progressive in politics and as a
member of the Southland Provincial Council
(Oreti 1867-69, Roslyn 1869-70), he voiced ad-
vanced opinions on many subjects. He was a
strong advocate of the Seaward Bush railway,
and in his later years, incapacitated from work,
interested himself in the establishment of a
woollen mill in Southland, an object which he
saw achieved, though not in his way. Dalrymple
died on 17 Sep 1901.

Parltry Record; Kinross; Southland Times, |S

Sp 1901.

DALZIELL, FREDERICK GEORGE (1865-
1931) was born at Auckland, the son of ‘William
Daziell (Leith, Scotland), and educated at
Ellis's private school, New Plymouth. There he
entered the civil service in the Deeds Registry
Department. Being transferred to Dunedin, he
began to study law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1892. Entering the office of Stout and
Mondy, he was invited in 1894 by J. G. Find-
lay (q.v.) to take charge of his practice at
Palmerston. Thereafter he practised on his own
account in Lawrence. As a young man he was
a keen cricketer, footballer and tennis player
(being champion of Otago on one occasion).

In 1899, on the appointment of Stout to be
chief justice, he joined Findlay in his Welling-
ton practice and continued in that partnership
for many years. He was a recognised authority
on company law and was a director of the New
Zealand Times Co. and managing director of
tlle Taupo-Totara Timber Co.

Dalziell was a serious student of philosophy
and social politics, and from 1919 published
many pamphlets on current politics and ex-
pounding his theory that most of the ills of
civilisation would yield to recognition of certain
fundamental rules of life and a simplified ys
tem of living. In 1919 he published The Truth
of Life, as Disclosed in Half a Century of the
National Life of New Zealand, and thereafter
about 18 pamphlets on various phases of social
organisation and Christianity. For some years in
succession he petitioned Parliament seeking re-

— NS

DANIEL

cognition of his" truth of life’ statement. The
petitions were referred to parliamentary com-
mittees and were the subject of debates in the
House of Representatives. Dalziel married
(1906) Pearl, daughter of Dr M. S. Grace (q.v.)
He died on 14 Apr 1931.

Hansard, 30 Jul 1926, 11 Sep 1930; Who's Who

Z., 1924; Evening Post, 15 Apr 1931.

DAMPIER, CHRISTOPHER EDWARD was an
English solicitor, of Lincolns Inn Fields, and
arrived in Lyttelton by the Phoebe Dunbar in
4850 with tlle documents of the Canterbury As-
sociation, of which he was the solicitor. He was
admitted to the bar in that year. Dampier re-
presented Lyttelton in the Provincial Council
(1853-57). In 1859 he took up Esk Head sta
tion on the Hurunui, which was managed by
his son, C. E. Dampier-Crossley. He died in
1905.

Cant. P.C. Proc. and Gaz. (notably vol. xiii, 13) ;
Acland.

DANIEL, THEOPHILUS A. J. B. (1817-93)
was born at Hastings, Sussex, and at the age
of 19 landed in Australia from the ship Her-
cules, of which his brother was captain. Mter
gaining some experience of station life, he was
sent by a Sydney firm with 1,200 head of cattle
to establish a run in the Riverina. Later, with
his brother Sylvanus, he squatted in the same
district.

Having sold his interest in the station, he left
to visit England, but the ship in which he
travelled went ashore at Farewell Spit and was
got off and taken to Wellington by Captain
Howell. As a result of this meeting Daniel de-
cided to make his home in Southland. He took
charge of 500 sheep for Howell from Sydney,
and in partnership with Howell and Stevens
engaged in whaling and trading. When the
agreement was dissolved he ran a store in
Riverton and farmed in the neighbourhood.
Daniel was mayor of Riverton on several occa.
sions (1879, 1880-81). He acquired consider-
able property, and was a strong advocate of
railway construction in the western district of
Southland. He was a member of the Southland
Provincial Council (for Longwood) from 1867-
69, and after the reunion with Otago sat in the
Otago Council for Riverton (1871-75). He also
represented the district of Wallace in Parlia-
ment (1881-84).

191

-----------------------Page 113 End-----------------------

DANIELL

Daniel married a sister of Captain Stevens
(who had been at Jacobs river since 1842). He
died on 22 Mar 1893.

Southland and Otago P.C. Proc.; Riverton Rec
(p); Beattie, ii; Cyel. N.Z., iv; Southland Times,
24 Mar 1893. Portrait: Parliament House.

DANIELL, CHARLES EDWARD (1856-1939)
was born at Malvern, Worcestershire. Brought
up to the building trade, at the age of 18 he
was employing 20 men. In 1880 he came to
New Zealand and established a business in
Masterton as a builder and contractor. Daniell
took part in the establishment of the Master-
ton Technical School, of which he was a gover-
nor and chairman for many years; and was a
governor of the Wairarapa High School and of
Solway Girls’ College, and a member and chair-
man of the Wairarapa secondary education
board. For 30 years he was a member (and for
44 years chairman) of the Masterton Trust
Lands Trust. He was for some time on the
borough council and the licensing committee
and was a member of the Wellington harbour
board from 1903-23 (including four years as
chairman). For 50 years he was superintendent
of the Methodist Sunday school, and for some
years chairman of the Methodist children’s
home.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Wairarapa
Times-Age, 12 Jul 1939.

DANIELL, EDWARD (1802-66) was the son
of Ralph Allen Daniell, of Cornwall. He
served in the army in the 75th (Gordon High-
landers) and having attained the rank of cap-
tain and adjutant, sold his commission and in-
vested in the lands of the New Zealand Com-
pany. He was one of the first committee of
settlers. Arriving by the Adelaide in Mar 1840,
he was a member of the provisional committee
of government.

He had bought 1,100 acres from the Com-
pany, but being unable to gain possession of it
he lived in Wellington for 10 years. Meanwhile
he found a suitable piece of land for a farm
at Ngaio, which he called Trelissick, and he
constructed a road up to it which was after-
wards widened and continued through to Pori-
rua (1845). At the request of Colonel Wake-
fidd Daniell and Duppa visited the South Is
land in 1848 to report on its suitability for the
Canterbury settlement. In 1849 he was allowed

 

DARGAVILLE

to select 250 acres for every 100 that he had
bought, and he picked 2,500 acres of very good
land at Bulls, where (after visiting England in
1855) he erected his Killeymoon homestead. A
portion of his land he cut up in 1866 for the
town of Bulls.

Daniell bred fine horses at his run at Hiku-
ngarara. He represented Wanganui and Rangi-
tikei_in the Wellington Provincial Council
(1853-55). He died on 5 Aug 1866.

E. J. Wekefidd; Ward; J. G. Wilson.
DARGAVILLE, JOSEPH McMULLEN (1837-
96) belonged to a Huguenot family and was
born at Cork, his father being a physician.
Educated at Fermoy College, he left for Aus
tralia.as a young man and after some experience
in Victoria entered the service of the Union
Bank in Sydney as a junior clerk. In five years,
when only 25 years of age, he was a branch
manager; and two years later he came to New
Zealand as branch inspector on the West Coast.
In 1868 he became manager at Auckland, and in
1869 he resigned from the bank and started in
business as a wholesale merchant (under the
title of Must and Co.). Later he entered the
timber and kauri gum trade in northern ‘Wa-
roa, where he acquired land and laid out the
town which bears his name.

Dargaville was a member of the Auckland
City Council (1871-84). While M.P.C. for City
East (1873-75) he carried through the Provincial
Council a water scheme for the city, but it was
reversed during his absence. He contested the
Superintendency with John Williamson and H.
H. Lusk (1873), and came forward again in
1875, but retired in favour of Sir G. Grey. In
4881 he was elected M.H.R. for Auckland City
‘Vest, and in 1884 was re-elected as a supporter
of the Stout-Vogel government. In 1887 he was
defeated for Marsden; in 1890 for Bay of Is-
lands (by Houston), and in 1898 for Eden (by
Mitchelson). He was a promoter of the Kalliu
railway, a member of the Auckland harbour
board and chairman of the Parnell road board;
captain of the Auckland City engineers and of
the Dargaville rifles and president of the rifle
club; grand master of the Orange Lodge of
New Zealand; a prominent freemason, and
consul for the United States. Dargaville died
on 27 Oct 1896.

Cyel..N.Z., ii (p); N.z. Herald, 28 Oct 1896. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

]92

 

 

DART

DART, JOHN RAYNOR (1855-1935). Born
at Toorak, Melbourne, he came to New Zealand
in 1865 and was educated at the public school
at Picton. He joined the service of the Post
and Telegraph Department as a cadet in 1874,
became telegraphist at Blenheim in 1881 and
senior clerk in 1882, from which position he
retired in 1883. He then spent seven years in a
legal office and three in a mercantile office
Meanwhile he took a very active part in
Anglican Church matters, first in 1884 as vicar's
churchwarden at the Church of the Nativity in
Blenheim; as lay member of the synod (1885)
and lay secretary for several years. Following
the parochial mission of the Rev G. C. Grubb
(1890) he decided to read for holy orders, and
after the necessary term of study at Bishopdale,
Nelson, was ordained by Bishop Mules (28 Dec
1894) and appointed curate of Brunnerton and
Grey Valley. Next year he became vicar of
Reefton. A man of splendid physique, he threw
himself with great energy into the difficult work
of his parish and distinguished himself at the
disaster at the Brunner mine (26 Mar 1896), to
which he hastened on foot and by bicycle. In
1895 he became clerical secretary to the synod,
a position he held until his retirement in 1931
In 1901 he became vicar of Westport and in
4913 of Wakefield. On the formation of the
cathedral chapter in 1916 he was appointed
one of the first canons. At the outbreak of the
Great War he offered his services to the govern-
ment asa telegraphist as being more useful than
in the capacity of a chaplain. Following the
death in action of the diocesan secretary (A. E.
Hedges), Dart carried on the diocesan office in
addition to his great burden of parochial and
cathedral work. He was for many years a mili-
tary chaplain and received the military decora-
tion. In 1925 he became vicar of All Saints,
Nelson, and in 1926 Archdeacon of Waimea
His retirement in 1931 was necessitated by fail-
ing health, largely due to unceasing church
work over a period of nearly fifty years. He
had been vicar-general, lay and clerical secre
tary to the synod, diocesan secretary and regis-
trar, member of the standing committee, and
of the diocesan trust board; chairman of St
Andrew's Orphanage, clerical secretary of the
N.Z. Church Missionary Society and a member
of the executive of the N.Z. board of missions;
and a director of the Y.M.C.A. His social work

DAVIDSON

was noteworthy. He died on 27 May 1935.
Dart married (1901) a daughter of W. H. Boase,
Greymouth.

Nelson Evening Mail, 5 Oct 1926, 27 May 1935;
The Witness (Nelson diocesan journal), Jun 1935;
Cyel. of N.Z., v., 174.

DAVEY, THOMAS HENRY (1856-1934) was
born at Liskeard, Cornwall, and educated at
Uxbridge, Middlesex. He came to New Zealand
in the Douglas in 1874 and settled at Feilding,
where he obtained employment in the Star
office He afterwards moved to Christchurch
and was employed by the Lyttelton Times as
printer. There he took an interest in trade
unionism, being president of the typographical
union and vice-president of the Trades and
Labour Council. He was mayor of St Albans
in 1897.

In 1902 Davey was elected as one of tlle
members of Parliament for Christchurch City,
which he represented till 1905. Thereafter he
sat for Christchurch East, defeating successively
Collins, McCombs and Thacker, and retiring in
1914. He was at different times a member of
the hospital and charitable aid board, the drain-
age board, the boards of governors of Canter-
bury College and the Technical College, and of
the licensing committee. For many years before
his death (on 5 Apr 1934) he was chief stipen-
diary steward of the New Zealand Trotting
Conference.

Hansard, 29 Jun 1934; Star-Sun, 5 Apr 1984 (p).
Portrait: Parliament House.

DAVIDSON, JAMES (1829-98) was born at
Aberdeen. He went to sea, and after serving
his time in ships running to Baltic ports, he
joined the expedition sent by Lady Franklin
in search of her husband (Sir John Franklin).
He was a member of the crew of the Lady
Franklin, which was accompanied by the
Sophia. Dr Peter C. Sutherland, surgeon to the
expedition and doctor of the Sophia, published
a narrative of the expedition. Davidson reached
\Helbourne in 1852 and spent some years on the
Victorian goldfields, subsequently returning to
the sea and coming to New Zealand in 1857 in
the schooner Maraquetta (owned and sailed by
Captain George Gray, and later chartered by
George Hunter, qv., of Wellington). David-
son took charge of the schooner Randolph,
which he subsequently purchased and ran in the

193

13

-----------------------Page 114 End-----------------------

DAVIDSON

coastal trade between Kaikoura, Wellington,
Lyttelton and Napier. Miter selling her he pur-
chased (1860) the schooner Caroline, which was
the second armed vessel owned by the New
Zealand government. In Davidson's service she
was called the Ruby (her original name), and
she included Salt-water creek and the Heath-
cote river among the ports of call. Davidson
settled in Kaikoura in 1867 and opened a gen-
eral store, which he carried on successfully until
his death (on 15 Apr 1898). He was a member
of the Kaikoura road board (subsequently
merged in the county council) and of the school
committee. He represented Clarence in the
Marlborough Provincial Council (1871-74). The
journey to and from the sessions in Blenheim
was an arduous one with many dangerous rivers
to ford. Davidson was a justice of the peace
for many years.

Family information from James Davidson, JP.;
Marlborough P.C. minutes; Press Association, 15
Apr 1898.

DAVIDSON, JAMES (b. 1836), a native of
Canonbie, Dumfriesshire, was educated in the
parish school. He came to New Zealand by the
Mallard (1865) and was for six years in the
store of Franklyn and Hirst, at Turakina. He
then started for himself in Hawera and sold out
in 1897. Davidson was first chairman of the
Hawera town board (1875-79) and four years
mayor of the borough (1889-92). He served
also on the Patea county council, the Taranaki
charitable aid board, the Hawera licensing com-
mittee (chairman for several years), the Hawera
county council and the Patea harbour board.
As sportsman he was chairman of the Egmont
Racing Club and the Hawera Trotting Club.
He was president of the Hawera branch of the
Farmers’ Union, of the Agricultural and Pas-
toral association (1896) and the Caledonian
society.
Cycl. N.Z., vi (p).

DAVIES, ARTHUR WILLIAM OSWALD
(1875-1928), one of a family of 22, was a son
of D. P. Davies, of Carmarthenshire, Wales. He
learned the game of chess when he was 21, be-
longing to the London Polytechnic Club before
coming to New Zealand (in'1902). An account-
ant by profession, Davies settled in Wellington,
where he became a prominent member of the
Wellington Chess Club. He won the New Zea

DAVIES

land championship four times-in 1905, 1908,
1927-and on the last occasion a fortnight be
fore his death (which occurred on 16 Jan 1928).
He was runner-up three times, and was the only
New Zealander to defeat the European cham-
pion, Kositch. Davies was one of the best play-
ers the Dominion has produced. He wrote chess

columns in the Wellington newspapers.
N.Z. Chess Book, 1922 (p); Evening Post and
The Dominion, 17 Jan 1928.

DAVIES, RICHARD HUTTON (1862-1918)
was born in London and came to New Zealand

in early life. Trained as a surveyor, he took an

interest in volunteering, and joined the Hawera

mounted rifles, in which he became captain.

He went to the South African war as captain

in the North Island company (1899); served

there in five contingents and commanded the

3rd, 4th and 8th and a composite column.

(C.B. 1900; brevet lieut-colonel 1902).

Davies commanded the Auckland district in
1901 and was appointed Inspector-general of
the Forces in 1906 and third member of the
Military Council. He passed the staff college in
England and was attached to the British army .
for training, with the command of an infantry
brigade. When the war of 1914-18 broke out
he went to France in command of the 6th
brigade, with which he served with distinction
in the retreat from Mons. Promoted major-
general, he commanded the 20th division in
training and in France (1916), but was again
invalided and eventually retired from the ser-
vice. He died on 9 May 1918. Davies married
a sister of Commander N. Cornwall, R.N.R.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Times (London),
16 May 1918.

DAVIES, WILLIAM (1824-82) arrived in New
Zealand in the early forties and settled at Manu-
kau. In 1863, in partnership with Thomas Wil-
liamson, he contracted for the carriage of com-
missariat stores during the Waikato war. He
was aftenvards for some years in business at
Onehunga as a ship chandler and commission
agent, also owning several small coasting vessds.
On the opening of the Thames goldfield he
established himself as a storekeeper at Grahams-
town. He was chairman of the road board and
afterwards mayor of Thames. In 1875 he de-
feated Rowe for the Provincial Council seat,
which he held until the abolition. He was

194

fe

 

DAVIS

afterwards harbourmaster until his death on 29
Dec 1882.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Thames Advertiser, 30 Dec
1882. e

DAVIS, CHARLES OLIVER BOND (1817-87)
was born in Sydney, the son of an Irish stone-
cutter with strong national sympathies. He was
educated in Sydney and, having come into con-
tact with Maori who were visiting there, he
became interested in New Zealand,

About 1830 he arrived in north Auckland,
and while acting as tutor to the Wesleyan mis-
sionary children he taught himself Maori and
gained a deep knowledge of the people, their
traditions and customs Davis attended the
meeting held at Hokianga in connection with
the treaty of Waitangi (1840) and attracted
attention "by his competent interpretation.
When the native office was established he was
appointed an interpreter, and he later became
chief translator to the government. For many
years he acted in this capacity in delicate rela-
tions between the government and the Maori
chiets.

After he left the government service (1857)
native chiefs continued to come to him for ad-
vice and at the time of the King movement he
came under suspicion of having instigated it
by some remarks he was reported to have made
to Wiremu Tamihana te vVaharoa (qv.). Giv-
ing evidence before a select committee in 1860
Davis admitted having suggested, in answer to
proposition put forward by them, that they
should have a species of ' assembly’ to manage
native afars. He attended the meeting at
Ihumata to solicit subscriptions for the pur-
chase of a printing press with which to produce
books and a newspaper. It was to him also that
Wi Tamihana came to ask advice when his
application for money for a flourmill was re-
jected. Amongst Davis's friends were Taipor-
utu, Putini, Rewi, Ngapora and Te Whero-
whero. In 1865 he was prosecuted by the gov-
ernment for publishing a seditious libel in the
Maori language, the charge being based on the
fact that he had been implicated in the printing
of a Ngaiterangi satire upon the capture of
Tupaea by Arawa, Amongst the witnesses were
Archdeacon Maunsell and Bishop Selwyn. Davis
was unanimously acquitted.

He was subsequently for some years in the
employ of the Native Land Purchase Office

DAVIS

(particularly in connection with the Arawa
lands). His great ability as a Maori scholar is
evidenced by his publications, which include :
Maori Mementoes (1855), The Renowned
Chief Kawiti and other New Zealand Warriors
(1855), Temperance Songs tor the Maori
(1873), Maori Lesson Book (1874), The Life
and Times of Patuone (1876). Davis contri-
buted mucli to the Maori Messenger, of which
he was for a time editor. In his later years he
continued to act as a licensed interpreter, but
was much occupied with work amongst the poor
of Auckland and was attracted to the Salvation
Army on this account. Davis died on 28 Jun

App. H.R. 1860; Davis, op. cit.; Southern
147 ap 1665, NZ. Herald, Ql 188 CTO
DAVIS, MOSS (1847-1933) was born in Lon-
don. After some years in Australia with his
parents he returned to England (1855), where
he entered Dr Vickers’ school in Lombard
street. In 1861 he caine to New Zealand and
entered business first with his uncle in Lyttel-
ton and later with his father, a merchant in
Nelson. He married (1867) Leah Jacobs (0£
Melbourne). In 1871 he took over the business,
from which he was soon able to retire, and in
1885 he joined the firm of Hancock and Co.,
brewers, Auckland, of which he became the
sole owner on the death of his partner, Samuel
Jagger. Davis retired and took up his residence
in London in 1908. He made valuable gifts to
the Auckland Art Gallery and Public Library,
and served as commissioner in London for the
Auckland Art Exhibition (1913-14). He was a
member of the New Zealand War Contingent
AssodatlOn (1915-20). His death occurred on
1 Jan 1933. A son, ERNEST HYAM DAVIS
(1872-), became mayor of Auckland (1935)
and was knighted (1937).

. Cyel. NZ., ii; Who's Who N.Z., 1932; The Dom-
Infon and N.Z. Herald, 2 Jan 1983 (P).

DAVIS, RICHARD (1790-1863) was born in
the village of Piddletrent, Dorsetshire. As a boy
he assisted his father on the family farm at Stur-
minster-Newton and he received the poor
educatfOn which was usual with the sons of
tenant farmers. This he gradUally remedied by
reading and study which extended to the Scrip-
tures In Hebrew, geology, mechanics, mathe-
matics and surveying.

 

195

-----------------------Page 115 End-----------------------

DAVIS.

At the age of 20 Davis was led to consider
his way of life and by the time of his marriage
to Mary Crocker (in 1812) he was thoroughly
established in religious observance. He became.
an overseer of the poor in the parish of Stour-
LOn Candle, Dorset. In association with the Rev
John Noble Coleman, M.A., he spent some
years teaching the parish school and in other
activities of a semi-teligious character. The
Church Missionary Society wished to find a
pious agriculturist to send to the mission in
New Zealand. The regulations precluding his
appointment, Coleman organised a missionary
association at Bridgewater for the express pur-
pose of getting him recommended. He was
eventually accepted and with his family left for
New Zealand in The Brothers on 26 Nov 1823.
After spending a few weeks at Parramatta with
Marsden, the family crossed to New Zealand in
the Governor Macquarie (Aug 1824). Mter
spending a week with the Williams family at
Paihia, Davis proceeded to Gloucester Town,
Kerikeri, where he found Kemp growing
wheat, barley and oats on land that had been
broken up seven years. He fixed on a spot 20
miles inland that would be suitable for farm-
ing, but for the first few years he remained at
Paihia. In 1827 he was sent to Sydney to con-
fer with the committee and to see through the
press portion of the Scriptures which had been
translated into Maori. At Paihia Davis created
a valuable garden in which he grew most vege-
tables and English trees. He shared in the
alarms and dangers of the mission from warring
tribes, especially after the death of Hongi,
which removed the greatest restraint that had
existed in favour of the missions. At length in
1831 Davis moved to Waimate, where he estab-
lished a farm which was the admiration of Dar-
win and other visitors.

Mter the arrival of Bishop Sdwyn (1842)
Davis was recommended for ordination (which
occurred in 1843). He was now appointed to
the charge of Kaikohe, which involved a good
deal of travelling. In 1852 Davis was ordained
priest. His death occurred on 28 May 1863.
Davis was married three times. Several of his
daughters married missionaries. (See JOSEPH
Mattuews, W. euckey, Henry Burr, E. M.
WILLIAMS and JAMES KEMP). Charles Davis,
who accompanied Davis to New Zealand and
remained for two or three years, was not a

DAVY

relative. He returned to England and, having
married, came back to New Zealand but, with
his wife, was lost in the brig Haweis, in which
they sailed from New South Wales late in 1829.

Carleton; Marsden, L. and ]. and Lieuts; J N.
Coleman, A Memoir of the Rev Richard Davis,
1865; Ramsden; Stock; Sherrin and Wallave.

DAVIS, ROWLAND (1809-79) was working at
his trade in London in 1829 and took a keen
interest in social politics. He was president of
the engineers, smiths and machinists of the
western district of London and a member of
the national union formed to promote the re-
form bill, anti-slavery and Catholic emancipa-
tion. As a member of the Bridge Ward inquest,
he defeated an attempt to hand over certain
poor families to the court of aldermen for
Prosecution on charges of unlawfully selling
milk. Davis came to Port Nicholson in the
Aurom (1840) and erected the Aurora tavern
with the theatre attached and the Britannia
saloon. With John Wade he collected evidence
of the ill-treatment of emigrants. He was a
member of the Constitutional Association, a
founder of the first lodge of oddfellows and was
on the committee of the Working Men's As-
sociation. Davis afterwards settled in Canter-
bUry. He contested the Lyttelton seat in the
Canterbury Provincial Council, in which he
represented Akaroa (1856-57) and Lyttelton
(1857-64). He died on 27 Feb 1879.

Ward; Evening Press, 26 Aug 1886 ; N.Z. Mail, 3
Sep 1886; N'z. Times, 28 Mar 1879; Lyttelton
Times, 4 Jun 1853,

DAVY, GEORGE BOUTFLOWER (1836-
1929) was born in London, the son of Dr Ed-
ward Davy (1806-85), the inventor of the Davy
blowpipe and of the relay or electrical renewer,
and a pioneer in the development of electric
telegraphy. G. B. Davy carne to South Aus-
tralia with his father (1839), finished his educa-
tion there and began life on a sugar plantation
and cattle station in Jamaica. He then re
turned to England, qualified for law and came
to New Zealand in the Indian Empire (1862).

After acquiring land at Whangarei he was
admitted a solicitor (1863) and practised his
profession for some years there and in Auck-
land. He represented Auckland West in the
Auckland Provincial Council (1867-68) and
was for a short time in the executive. In 1869

196

 

 

DAWSON

he was appointed warden and resident magis-
trate for Hauraki and in 1871 was selected to
inaugurate the land transfer system in Auck-
Jand province. In 1875 he succeeded J. S. Wil-
liams (q.v.) as Registrar-general, which position
he held until his retirement in 1904. Davy was
also for a time judge of the district court in
Wellington and Wairarapa, New Zealand Com-
pany's Jand claims commissioner and a judge of
the native land court. He married (1863) Mar-
garet Liddell. Davy died on 31 Aug 1929.
D.N.B.; Parlt!')) Record; Who's Who N.Z., 1924.

DAWSON, JOHN (1859-1925) was born at
Keighley, Yorkshire. Being left fatherless he went
to work at an early age, and was thus denied
scholastic advantages. He attaclled himself to
the Primitive Methodist church and at 17 years
of age he became a local preacher and at 2!
years a lay evangelist. In this capacity he served
for five years. He married (1883) Miss Nancy
Hoyle (Keighley).

. Seeking better equipment for his work he, as
a married student, entered the Grattan Guin-
ness Missionary Institute, now known as Cliff
College, near Calver, Derbyshire. In 1888,
under the direction of the Primitive Methodist
conference of Great Britain, he came to New
Zealand as a probationer for its ministry. His
first charge was at the Thames, after which he
served in Christchurch and in 1897 was ap-
pOlnted to Wellington, where he served for
twelve years. For 10 years he was chairman
of the executive committee of tlle New Zealand
Alliance. He had an' encyclopaedic knowledge
of temperance matters and of licensing legisa-
tion. He represented New Zealand on two
occasions in America and once in Switzerland
at the world congress dealing with alcohol. Few
men have done so much as he in seeking to
promote the prohibition cause in the Dom-
inion. In 1909 he was chosen to succeed Isitt
as general secretary of the Alliance, and for 16
years he laboured strenuously in his advocacy
of total abstinence for the individual and pro-
hibition of liquor for the state. He held many
Important offices in the Primitive Methodist
church and was president in 1898. He was an
ardent advocate for Methodist union in New
Zealand and was elected president of the
united church in 1915. He was a practical
preacher, a sympathetic pastor, a tactful ad-

DEANS.

vocate and a capable organiser. He was super-
annuated in Apr 1925 and died on 13 Sep.
M.A.RP.

DAWSON, WILLIAM (1852-1923) was born in
Aberdeen and educated at Montrose. His
father was a brewer in Aberdeen and after-
wards moved to Bishop Middleham, Durham.
There the Son learned the trade and in 1892
went to Burton-an-Trent to complete his
stud’es. He was for some time with W.
Younger and Co. in Edinburgh. Dawson was a
member of the Dunedin City Council in 1885.
In 1887 he was elected mayor and he again be-
came a coundilor in 1892. He represented the
suburbs of Dunedin in Parliament (1890-93).
He was a member of the hospital board and of
the harbour board. He died on 27 Jul 1923.

N,Z.P.D.; Cycl. N.Z., iv (P)

DAY, RICHARD (1805-79) was born in county
Cork, of an Irish Methodist family. He quali-
fied as a doctor, but his health was not robust
and he came on a voyage to New Zealand.
During his stay at Mangungu with the Rev N
Turner (q.v.) he was so impressed by the New
Zealand climate that he decided to remain,
and he became an unofficial member of tlle mis
sion staff, rendering medical service to both
missionaries and natives on the Hokianga.

Day persuaded other Irish families to emi-
grate, and with Turner selected land for them
in the Kaihu valley, which they purchased
through the chief Parore. Four families (the
Salters, Wilkinsons, Stannards and Stewarts)
arrived in Auckland and chartered the schooner
Sophia Pate to take them to Kaipara. Stewart
and Stannard left the ship at Bay of Islands to
travel overland. When die Sophia Pate reached
Kaipara heads she was totally wrecked and only
one child (Wilkinson) was saved (Sep 1841)
Day was much attached to the Rev John Hobbs
and acted as tutor to his family. He moved to
Auckland with them and there took up the
practice of his profession. He died in 1879.

Buller; Morley; A. Strachan, Life of Samuel
Leigh; w. J. Williams; M. A. R. Pratt (informa
tion)

DEANS, WILLIAM (1817-51) was the son of
John Deans, of Kirkstyle, in the parish of Ric-
carton, Ayrshire, and was educated at the Kil-
marnock Academy and at Mr jamieson's school

197

-----------------------Page 116 End-----------------------

DEANS

at Colmonell. He and his brother JOHN (1820-
54) were intended for the law and had already
entered their father's office when they became
interested in New Zealand. Both accordingly
were placed as cadets on good Scots farms to
prepare for their colonial life.

William purchased his land orders from the
New Zealand Company as soon as they were
available (1839) and sailed in the Aurora on
48 Sep to take up his land in the Wellington
settlement. He brought several agricultural
labourers under engagement to work for him.
The Aurora reached Wellington on 21 Jan
1840, beating into the harbour in company
with the Sydney schooner Eleanor (Captain W.
B. Rhodes). Deans's sections in the town were
in St Hill street and in Wharepouri street, but
to his mortification he found that the country
sections could not be allotted owing to the land
purchases not having been completed. Unwil-
ling to waste time in waiting for the removal
of doubts of this kind, Deans first joined Jern-
ingham Wakefield and Heaphy in the official
exploration overland to Taranaki. He aso
visited the Wairarapa, but finding no land yet
available took contracts for cutting survey lines.
Disappointed in this direction, he went with"
Captain Daniell and others in a small schooner
to prospect the South Island. Mter proceeding
as far south as the Bluff, Deans came back de-
termined, if his brother would join him, to
establish himself on the plains at the back of
Port Cooper.

John arrived at Nelson in the Thomas Har-
vison on 25 Oct 1842 and, having seen his
section there, readily fall in with William's sug-
gestion, trusting to be able later to exchange
their Wellington and-Nelson land orders for a
similar area in Canterbury. William left Wel-
lington 11 Feb 1843 (having obtained the con-
sent of the Governor to his plan) in Sinclair's
schooner Richmond. He was accompanied by
Samuel Manson and John Gebbie with their
families, some live stock and provisions, and
timbers prepared for a house. Most of the
company disembarked at Port Levy, while
Deans, with Manson and a few others, took a
whaleboat up the river Avon to a spot where
later settlers landed their bricks. In a small
canoe they penetrated some distance farther up
the river and its tributaries. They landed near
the point where the gully crosses Riccarton

DEANS.

road, and completed the journey to Riccarton,
or Pataringamotu, on foot. There the party
made their own bricks and sawed the timber
for a house of three rooms, one for the Geb-
bies, one for the Mansons, and the sitting-room
for the Deans brothers. The house was finished
in May and the rest of the party were brought
across from Port Levy. John meanwhile took
passage to Sydney to purchase stock, and on 17
Jun came into Port Cooper in the Princess
Royal with 61 head of cattle, three mares, and
43. sheep, which with great difficulty were
driven to Riccarton.

Within the year the Deans brothers erected
two other houses on their property. Other ship-
ments of stock were imported (1847 and 1850).
For the rest of the forties the brothers steadily
improved their holding. In 1844 they were
milking a score of cows and making cheese and
butter for a good market in Sydney. They had
also vegetable gardens and an orchard, raised
oats, barley and wheat, threshed with flails, and
ground wheat into flour for their own needs in
a small hand flourmill purchased in Welling-
ton. In 1845 they clipped 130 pounds of wool,
which brought 10d a pound. In 1846 Riccar-
ton produced a crop of wheat, 60 to 70 bushels
to the acre, and over 30 tons of potatoes from
two and a half acres of ground. In 1846 the
brothers got leave from the government to lease
land from the natives. Year by year the estate
was consolidated.

In 1848 the New Zealand Company having
purchased most of the surrounding land from
the natives for the Canterbury settlement, the
Deanses were able to exchange their land
orders for land in their own district, and thus
obtained a total of 400 acres in Riccarton. In
1849 Sir George and Lady Grey spent a few
days with them. By 1850 the brothers were
selling 14 bales of wool in London. At the end
of the year the first four ships arrived with
Canterbury settlers. Meanwhile the Deans
brothers were troubled by a misunderstanding
with Godley as to their title and they had to
dispose of part of their property to obtain
money to defend themselves in the courts. For-
tunately the Governor used his influence and
the dispute was settled.

In Apr 1851 Grey offered William a seat in
the Legislative Council, but he declined it as
being’ quite out of the way.’ In 1851 William

198

 

DE CASTRO

Deans left for Sydney in the schooner MaTia to
obtain more stock. She was wrecked on Tera-
whiti and he was drowned. In consequence
John hurried his visit to his father in Scotland
leaving early in 1852. While there he married
Jane, daughter of James Mcllraith, of Auchen-
flower, Ayrshire, and they sailed on their re-
turn to New Zealand in the Minerva, arriving
im Feb 1853.

John now took the lead in the settlement
He, too, was pressed in 1853 to stand for Par-
liament, but preferred to devote his whole at-
tention to his affairs. He died on 23 Jun 1854,
leaving a widow and one son. For many years
the estate was worked in trust, until the boy
came of age, when he was able to take it over
intact.

NZ. Archives; NZ.C; Cant. O.N.; Deans (p);
Acland; Wigram; Godley, Letters: Shortland, 262;
E. J. Wakefield; Guthrie Hay: The Press, 20 Jun
1902, 20 Jan 1911, 18 Jan 1900.

A son, JOHN DEANS (1853-1902), was born at”
Riccarton and educated at the Lincoln Road
High School (now West Christchurch). He
served his articles with Duncan: and Williams,
solicitors, but did not go on with law. On at.
taining his majority he took over the manage-
ment of the estate. Deans was president of the
Canterbury A. and P. association, chairman of
the Christchurch drainage board and the Ric-
carton road board, and a governor of 'Canter-
bury College. He was a progressive farmer and
stock owner, and constantly improved his flocks
and herds by importations. His Shorthorn
cattle had a very high reputation. Deans mar-
ried (1879) Catherine Edith, daughter of Rob-
ert Park (q.v.).

Deans (p); The PTess, 20 Jun 1902.

DE CASTRO, CHARLES DANIELL (1832-98)
was born in London and educated in England
and France and at the Royal Agricultural Col-
lege, Cirencester. In 1853 he came to New Zea
land in the Comwall and after teaching a
school took up a farm at Porirua. He repre-
sented Wellington Country in the Provincial
Council (1863-65). In 1867 he was secretary
to the colonial commissioner of Imperial claims
and in 1868 he joined the civil service, serving
m the Treasury and the Public Trust office to
1892. In 1875 de Castro took holy orders as a
deacon and he officiated in Wellington and

DE LA PERRELLE

Nelson as required. He died on 23 Jun 1898.
Cycl. N.Z., i; N.Z. Times, 24 Jun 1898.

DEIGHTON, SAMUEL (1822-1900) was born
in England and came to New Zealand in the
Aurora (Jan 1840). Soon acquiring a know-
ledge of Maori, he was clerk and interpreter
to the resident magistrate at Wanganui in 1846
and was elected captain of the first Wanganui
company of volunteers (1860). He soon re-
tired and, being fond of sport and horse-racing,
spent much time with Maj. Trafford in Rangi-
tike.

During the war he was an inspector in the
Colonial Defence Force and captain in the
Militia) He saw service on both coasts and
notably against Te Kooti in Poverty Bay and
Wairoa. Mterwards he was in the Native Land
Purchase department and magistrate at Wai-
roa (1865) and findly at Chatham islands
(1883). He compiled a Moriori vocabulary
which was published in 1889. Retiring in 1898,
he died on 9 Nov 1900.

His elder brother Riczarp DEIGHTON (b.
1819) arrived in Wellington in the Cuba on
22 Jan 1840, and was engaged on the survey.
After the Waray affray he had a stormy en-
counter with Te Rangihaeata (1843). Being at
Wanganui in 1846 when a war party was about
to start to join the disaffected natives at the
Hutt, he volunteered to carry a letter to the
Governor. This he achieved at great risk by
joining the war party and eluding it on the
Journey. Grey was thus enabled to se Wi
Kingi te Rangitake and Tamihana te Ran-
parah.a and to prevent the recruits joining
Rangihaeata. Deighton served in several en-
gagements in the later Maori wars.

‘App. H.R. 1883 J4; 1889 G5; Gascoyne; Ward;
J. G. Wilson; Cowan; McKillop; Lyttelton Times,
1 Nov 1900.

DELAMAIN, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1835-
1910) was born at Heavitree, Exeter, a son of
Colonel Delamain, C.B. He came to Canter-
bury in 1854 and squatted on the Alford run,
with the Kennaways. He was a successful rac-
ing owner. Delamain represented Riccarton in
the Canterbury Provincial Council (1866-74).
He died in 1910.
Canterbury P.C. Proc; Adland.

DE LA PERRELLE, PHILIP ALDBOROUGH
(1872-1935) was born at Arrowtown, a son

199

-----------------------Page 117 End-----------------------

DE LAUTOUR

of E. de la Perrelle. Educated at the Arrow-
town school, he served his apprenticeship in
the office of the Lake County Press (Queens-
town), which he purchased in 1895 and con-
ducted till 1912, when he bought the [Hinton
RecO1t-d. He was for some years on the South-
land hospital board and education board (of
which he was chairman); a member of the
Queenstown borough council and the Awarua
licensing committee and a justice of the peace
(1899). He was captain of the Wakatipu and
the Southland Mounted Rifles.

De la Perrelle married (1902) Annie Louisa,
daughter of F. Grant (Milton). He was mem-
ber of Parliament for Awarua (1922-25, 1928-
35) and was Minister of Internal Affairs in the
Ward and Forbes cabinets (1928-31). His death
occurred on 7 Dec 1935.

Who's Who N.I., 1932; Cycl. N.I., iv (p): Otago
Daily Times, 9 Dec 1935. Portrait: Parliament
House.

DE LAUTOUR, CECIL ALBERT (1845-1930)
was a son of a judge of the high court in Cal-
cutta, where he was born. Educated at Chel-
tenham College, he was intended for the army
and was nominated for the East India Com-
pany's military college (Addiscombe). ‘When
the Company's forces were amalgamated with
the British army he decided to come to New
Zealand, to which he was attracted by Hurst-
house's book, The Bt'itain of the South.
Landing at Auckland from the War Spirit in
4863, he found no openings there and moved
to Otago. There he was engaged for some years
in pastoral pursuits at Mount Ida, where he
took a great interest in the youth work of the
Presbyterian church. Having been disabled by
an accident he purchased a part interest in the
Mt Ida Chronicle, of whid! he was editor for
some years. He contested the Mt Ida seat in
the Provincial Council and was elected (1873).
After the abolition of the provinces he was
elected M.H.R. for Mt Ida and represented the
district 1876-84. About 1879, on the advice of
Wilson Gray (q.v.), de Lautour decided to
qualify for the bar, and he moved to Napier
and was articled to W. L. Rees (q.v.). When,
three years later, he applied for admission to
the bar he was refused on the ground that a-
tendance to parliamentary duties was incon-
sistent with the work of an articled clerk.

DENNISTON

Partly in consequence of this incident the law
practitioners act of 1882 was passed, its retro-
spective action admitting de Lautour to the
bar. He practised at Gisborne in partnership
with William Sievwright, retiring in 1910.
Having been several years away from Otago he
retired from the representation of Mt Ida, and
at the request of the Liberal party contested
the Newton (Auckland) seat. In 1893 he con-
tested Waiapu against Carroll. He was one of
the small coterie in Parliament who formed the
Young New Zealand party in 1879

De Lautour was always prominent in public
dfairs. He was a member of the first education
board in Otago (1878) and was mayor of
Naseby. In Gisborne he was a member of the
borough council for many years and twice
mayor, besides being on the harbour board and
other public bodies, and a member of the
Anglican synod. He was 25 years on the Gis
borne High School board (some time chair-
man); was chairman of the Gisborne Farmers’
Meat Co. (1902-23), and president of the North
Island Freezing Companies’ Association.

De Lautour married (1872) Sarah Ann,
daughter of Robert Bust (Melbourne). He
died on 15 Dec 1930.

Cyol. N.I., ii; Who's Who N.
Pme.; Hansard, 30 Jun 1930.

DENNISTON, GEORGE LYON (1846-1934),
a brother of Sir John Denniston, was born
in Glasgow, and educated at the Glasgow,
Greenock and Blair Lodge Academies. In 1862
he arrived in New Zealand, where he was en-
gaged in farming till 1867, when he entered
business in Dunedin. After being for 11 years
managing director of Neill and Co. (1882-93),
he established a business of his own. In 1884
he became Doyds agent in Dunedin, and in
4899 consul for Belgium in Otago, for which he
was created a chevalier of the Order of the
Crown of Belgium. He was a member of the
Dunedin City Council (1897-1900) and mayor
during the Royal visit (1901-02).

Denniston was several times president of the
chamber of commerce, a director of the West-
port Coal Co. and of the Otago Daily Times
Co., president of the Dunedin Savings Bank,
and commissioner of the Dunedin. sinking
funds. In sport he was a member of the first
Otago interprovincial football team, and for a

1924; Otago P.C.

 

200

DENNISTON

time president of the Dunedin athletic dub.
He married (1878) the eldest daughter of W.
H. Reynolds (q.v.). Denniston died on 12 Jul
1934.

Cycl._N.1., iv (p); Who's Who N.I., 1908, 1924.
1932; The Dominion and Otago Daily Times, 13
Jul 1984,

DENNISTON, SIR JOHN EDWARD (1845-
14919) was born at Bishopton, Renfrewshire,
Scotland, the son of Thomas Denniston (q.v.),
and received the usual public school education
at Greenock Academy and Blair Lodge. Matric-
ulating at Glasgow University and winning an
entrance scholarship, he came to Otago with his
parents in 1862 and followed various occupa-
tions, including those of civil servant and a
clerk in the Bank of New South -Wdes He
then became a law clerk with W. Downie
Stewart in Dunedin, and in 1874 was admitted
to the bar. After practising for a few montlls
in Wanganui he became a partner with Stew-
art, and for many years conducted the court
work of the firm of Stewart, Holmes and Den-
niston. In 1889 Denniston was appointed to
the Supreme Court bench. In 1919 he was
chairman of the epidemic commission. He
married (1877) Mary Helen, daughter of John
Bathgate. He was knighted in 1917 and was
senior judge at the time of his death. He was
associated with the Canterbury Caledonian
Society, the Society of Arts, and the Savage
Club. Denniston died on 22 Jul 1919.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); The Press, 22, 23 Jul 1919.

DENNISTON, THOMAS (1821-97) was born
at Greenock, Scotland, and educated at Green-
ock Academy and Glasgow University. He
spent some time travelling in Europe and then
became a partner with a sugar merchant. He
was much influenced by the religious move-
ment in 1843 and gave his full support to the
Free Church. He married early and his wife
died in 1855.

In 1862 Denniston came to New Zealand in
the Nelson and took up a run at Hillend, to
which he walked with his sons. It did Tuat pay,
and he exchanged it for a smaller run in the
Oteramika district, Southland. A man of deep
culture, with a graceful literary style, he drifted
naturally away from country life towards jour-
nalism. For many years he was literary editor

DE QUINCEY

of the Southland’ Times, of which he was editor
(1879-85) and a director. He contested the
Oteramika seat in the Provincial Council
against F. D. Bell (1871), but made no later
advance towards political life. He was for many
years a justice of the peace both in Renfrew-
shire and in New Zealand, and was a member
of the Southland land board, the Otago school
commissioners and the Southland education
board. He founded the paper mill at Mataura.
A conservative Christian, he was an elder-elect
of the Free Church of Scotland (of Dr Buch-
anan's congregation) but declined ordination.
He was, however, a deacon of First Church,
Invercargill. Denniston lived for a short time
at Duvauchelles, Banks Peninsula, returning to
Southland, where he died on 14 Sep 1897. (See
J. E. Denniston, R. F. CUTHBERTSON).

Ross; Southland Times, 15 Sep 1897, 12 Nov
1912; Weekly Press, 22 Sep 1897.

DE QUINCEY, PAUL FREDERICK (1828-94),
the son of Thomas de Quincey, the English
writer, was born at Grasmere, Westmoreland,
and educated at che High School, Edinburgh,
and at Lasswade School. In 1845 he gained his.
ensigncy in the 70th Regiment, with which he
served in India (1846-60), being present at
Sobraon and other battles as captain and major
of brigade. He was on the permanent staff of
the Bengal presidency, but rejoined his regi-
ment for New Zealand (arriving here in May
1861). He commanded the 1st company of the
Transport Corps.

‘When the regiment was about to return to
India de Quincey sold out and commenced
farming. On the outbreak of the Waikato war
he was appointed to command the left wing
of the 3rd battalion artillery, with which he
served without pay. He was aftenvards military
secretary to Maj-general Galloway (command-
ing the colonial forces) with the rank of major,
being promoted later lieut-colonel. This ap-
pointment he held also under Haultain. After
the war he lived in this country and repre-
sented Pensioner Settlements in Parliament
(1866-67), and in the Provincial Council (1865-
69). In 1889 he was appointed sergeant-at-arms
of the House of Representatives. He was a
justice of the peace and a visiting justice at the
Auckland asylum. De Quincey died on 15
Apr 1894.

201

-----------------------Page 118 End-----------------------

DERROM

Parltry Record; J Hogg, De Quincey and His
Friends, 1895; NZ. Herald, 20 Apr 1894. Portrait:
Parliament House.

DERROM, JAMES (1818-98) was born at Corfu
while his father was serving with the army of
occupation in the board of ordnance. In 1824
he went to England. He was educated at a
private school at Plymouth and the Grammar
School at Glasgow and eventually at Deal,
where he studied military engineering.

His father having been appointed barrack-
master at Auckland, Derrom came with him in
the Tyne (1841) and entered into business as
an architect and builder. He was clerk of
works for the building of the district hospital
and the Avondale asylum. In 1853 Derrom was
selected, at a meeting of the operative and
working classes held at the White Hart hotel,
as a suitable candidate for the Provincial Coun-
cil, and he was duly elected to represent the
City of Auckland (1853-55). In 1860 Derrom
raised the Victoria Company of the Auckland
Volunteer Rifles, of which he was lieutenant
(1860) and captain (1862). He aftenl'ards
commanded the first rifle battalion. He was
also captain of the first volunteer fire brigade.
Derrom died on 26 Dec 1898.

N.Z. Herald, 28 Dec 1898.

DE THIERRY, CHARLES PHILIP HIPPOLY.
TUS (1793-1864) was born in England, the son
of a French emigre. Teaching music as a pro-
fession, and being engaged to teach the children
of Archdeacon Rudge he fell in love with a
daughter, with whom he eloped. Though their
marriage was condoned they were unprovided
for and it was decided that de Thierry should
prepare himself for ordination, but he was un-
able to qualify to the satisfaction of the Bishop
of Nonvich. Friends obtained for him an
appointment to a Portuguese embassy and he
attended the congress of Vienna, where he dis-
tinguished himself as a amateur musician. De
Thierry is said to have been for some time an
officer in a British cavalry regiment.

Meeting at Cambridge the chiefs Hongi and
‘Waikato, he negotiated with them through
Kendall (qv.) for the purchase of an estate
of 4,000 acres in New Zealand. He claimed
that this land was purchased for him on 7 Aug
1822, copies of the deed being sent to England
through the Church Missionary Society and to

DE THIERRY

the foreign offices of Britain and France. About
1834 de Thierry sailed for New South Wales
with his family, writing en route to apprise
Busby, the British Resident, of his intention: to
establish an independent sovereignty in New
Zealand in his own person. In this document,
dated from Tahiti, de Thierry described him-
self as ‘sovereign chief of New Zealand, King
of Nukuheva,’ and said that he was awaiting an
armed ship from Panama to escort him to his
domain. Alarmed at this intimation, Busby ad-
vised the Maori and pakeha residents to take
steps to assert their independence of France.

Governor Bourke refused to recognise his
claims on 23 Oct 1837. De Thierry proceeded
to New Zealand in the Nimrod with 93 re-
tainers. On landing at Hokianga he announced
to the assembled people of both races his in-
tention to establish a proper form of govern-
ment with himself as sovereign if he should be
acceptable to them. It would be a productive
government, with open ports, free trade and no
taxation, and he anticipated earning £50,000
per annum from the government farm of 5,000
acres. He expended what money he had in
building houses and the beginning of a carriage
road to Bay of Islands. When the money was
exhausted the scheme collapsed and de Thierry
was glad to accept the compassionate offer of
Tamati Waka Nene and Taonui of 300 acres
of land, on which he lived with his family,
making a livelihood from a sawpit. They after-
wards removed to Auckland, where he made a
living by teaching music, diversified by an un-
successful visit to the goldfields of California.
For years he prosecuted his claims against the
govemment. He experimented in later years
in the preparation of flax, and in 1857 at-
tempted to float a flax company. De Thierrv
died in Auckland on 8 Jul 1864. ’

The significance of de Thierry in the history
of New Zealand is due to the impetus his
scheme gave to Busby, to the government of
New South Wales and to the missionary body
in New Zealand to organise British interests in
the country towards the declaration of sover-
eignty. His scheme in itself was without im-
portance.

Hist. Rec. Aust.; Polack; Martin; Joubert; Mas-
den, L. and ]. and Lieuts; Shertin and Wallace
(p); Ramsden; Rusden; Thomson; Buller;
Hocken; Taylor, Past and Present; Turner; Web-

202

DEVENISH

ster; Busby's statement at bar of House of Repre-
sentatives, 30 Jul 1869; NZ. Herald, 1 Feb 1890,
30 Nov 1933; Taranaki News, 18 Jan 1872.

DEVENISH, WILLIAM (1819-66) was born
at Sydling, St Nicholas, Dorset, and came to
New Zealandin the Timandra (1842) with his
brother-in-law, Josiah Flight (qv.). They
farmed at Mangaoraka until they had to move
by order of Governor FitzRoy, and then took
up land at Mangorei. They brought some valu-
able Southdown sheep from England and at a
later date introduced stock from England and
Australia. Devenish married (1855) Mary
(1830-1917), daughter of Thomas Hirst (q.v.).
He was member of the Provincial Council for
Grey and Bell for a few months before his
death, which took place on 13 Nov 1866.
Taranaki p.€. minutes and Gaz; Taranaki Her-
ald, 17 Nov 1866. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll

DEVORE, ALBERT EDWARD TYRRELL (1843-
1916) was born at Devizes, Wiltshire, and edu-
cated at Marlborough College: Arriving in
Melbourne in 1859 he commenced the study of
law. In 1862 he came to Dunedin, where after
a few months on the diggings he entered the
office of Howorth and Graham. In 1866 he was
associated with W. L. Rees in Hokitika, where
he was afterwards manager for Rees and Tyler.
He was admitted to practise in 1871 and moved
to Auckland a few years later. He entered into
partnership with J. B. Russell and later was
associated with T. Cooper (q.v.),

Devore was a member of the City Council
(1882-86) and mayor of Auckland (1886-89).
During his term of office the public library and
the art gallery were opened officidly. He was
for many years a member of the harbour board,
chairman of the Ponsonby school committee
and a trustee of the Auckland Savings Bank.
In Otago he was a prominent freemason.

N.Z. Herald, 29 Jan 1890 (p).

DEWE, JOHN (1818-80) was born at Alston
Field vicarage, England, and was educated for
the Church of England but not ordained. He
was a stationer before coming to Otago with
his wife and family in the Blundell (1848). He
farmed his country section at Pelichet Bay and
then at Tokomairiro. While there he repre-
sented the district in the Provincial Council
(1868-64). He was resident magistrate and

DICK

coroner at Tokomairiro (1863-70) and then
took holy orders, being ordained by Bishop
Nevill and appointed successively to the par-
ishes of Roxburgh, Clyde (1872) and Glad-
stone. He died on 6 Sep 1880,

Otago P.e. Proc; Otago Daily Times, 23 Aug
4871, 10 Mar 1873,8 Oct 1880.

DEWSBURY, HENRY ROHAN (1849-1926)
was born at Alloa, Scotland, educated at Alloa
school, and came to New Zealand in 1863 with
his parents.

While he was serving his articles to Bury and
Mountfort, architects, Christchurch, he at-
tended a mission conducted by Bishop Taylor,
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and de-
cided to dedicate his life to Christian service.
As a local preacher he showed evidence of ora
torical gifts which in later years gave him pre-
eminence as a preacher. In 1864 he was ac-
cepted as a candidate for the Methodist min-
istry and studied under the Revs A. R. Fitchett
and Alexander Reid. A wide reader with a
retentive memory, he made himself familiar
with the masters of English prose and verse.
He enjoyed the reputation of being the most
eloquent preacher in a strong preaching de-
nomination. Dewsbury began his ministry at
Hokitika (1871), and subsequently served as
superintendent minister of circuits in Auck-
land, Wellington, Christchurch, Wanganui,
Oamaru and Cambridge.

In 1876 he married Elizabeth Boyd Parnell
In 1888 he visited England, where his broad
views, catholic spirit and social aptitudes made
him welcome in wide circles. He was for many
years a military chaplain, and served his
Church in secretarial positions and as chairman
of several synods. In 1891 he was elected presi-
dent. He was superannuated in 1911, and died
on 8 Jun 1926. M.A.R.P.

DICK, THOMAS (1823-1900) was born at
Edinburgh. A few years later his parents
removed to London, but as soon as he was old
enough Dick returned to his native city, where
he remained until the age of 15. He then en-
tered the office of John Roberts, merchant, of
London. When he had been 12 years with this
firm he was sent to St Helena as agent for the
Fenchurch street firm of James Morrison and
Co. There he married (1850) Miss Darling.

203

-----------------------Page 119 End-----------------------

DICK

Throughout life Dick revelled in religious
movements and work amongst the poor. In
London he worked earnestly in the slums,
especially in connection with the ragged schools
in Stepney and in Sunday school work. At St
Helena, where he spent seven years, he joined
the Baptist congregation and he remained a
Baptist throughout, though for many years he
was a pillar of the Presbyterian Church in Dun-
edin. In the little island also he took a great
interest in evangelical work and in the Sunday
school movement, and in later years in Dun-
edin he spent many a Sunday afternoon in
company with Dr Stuart, distributing tracts
amongst miners.

In 1857, with his wife and young children,
Dick arrived in Dunedin by the ship Bosworth,
primarily as the agent for Morrisons. Before
long he established himself as an auctioneer in
Dunedin and when the goldfields opened the
business expanded into a general agency. Al-
though he arrived in Dunedin late in 1857 he
was elected unopposed only a year later to a
seat in the Provincial Council for Dunedin
City. In 1859 he became a member of Rey-
nolds's executive. At the general election in
1860 he was returned at the head of the poll
for Dunedin, and he was again in the executive
for a few months that year. One of his first
acts in the Provincial Council was to secure a
vote of £1,000 for the Athenaeum and Mech-
anics Institute. In Apr 1862 he moved a vote
of no-confidence in the Cutten-Walker ad-
ministration, and took office himself as pro-
vincial secretary. At the general election in
1863 he was again at the head of the poll, but
he-resigned his portfolio shortly after the meet-
ing of the Council. He was again in the execu-
tive in 1863-64 and in 1865. In Aug 1865 Har-
ris resigned the superintendency and Dick
stood against E. McGlashan, whom he defeated
by 990 to 565. It was not altogether a happy
experience. There was lack of harmony be-
tween Superintendent and Council, and a good
deal of friction between the central and pro-
vincial authorities.

Meanwhile Dick also represented his fellow
citizens in the General Assembly. Reluctant to
enter Parliament, he had a habit of resigning
his seat on the slightest indication of lack of
confidence, but he was almost invariably re-
elected. First elected for Dunedin at the end

DICK

of 1860, he resigned in 1862; was elected again
and resigned in 1863. Elected for Port Chal-
mers (Mar 1866) he took a strong stand in
Parliament against the attempt to filch cer-
tain license fees from the municipality of Dun-
edin. When the members representing Otago
returned from Wellington (Oct 1866) there
was a strong feeling that they had not done
what they might have done to protect the in-
terests of the province. A public meeting in
Dunedin called upon them to resign. Two of
the fifteen did so-Dick and Reynolds. Dick
was returned unopposed, but resigned a few
months later. In the meantime his term as
Superintendent had come to a close, and in
Feb 1867 he was defeated by Macandrew by
2259 votes to 1392.

Retiring from Parliament in Jul, he re-
mained out of political life for a few years.
Mrs Dick having died in 1869, Dick married
the widow of Frederick Walker (q.v.) who had
been a fellow passenger in the BOSWO1th. In
1879 he again went into Parliament (as a mem-
ber for Dunedin City, with R. Oliver and Ww.
Downie Stewart as colleagues). In Mar 1880
he joined the Hall ministry as Colonial Secre-
tary, and later assumed also the portfolios of
Education and Justice. At the general election
(Dec 1881) he was elected for Dunedin West
(defeating Downie Stewart by 459 to 451
votes). He continued to administer his old
departments in the Whitaker ministry, taking
in addition the Postmaster-generalship (1882).
When Atkinson came into office (Sep 1883) he
retained the services of Dick as Colonial Secre-
tary and Minister of Education until the gen-
eral election in 1884, when Dick was defeated
by Stewart by 504 votes to 480. At the election
of 1887 he was again defeated by Stewart (by
708 votes to 695).

There he chose to terminate his political life,
declining a seat in the upper house, and con-
fining his attention to local affairs. He was for
some years a member of the Otago education
board, and from 1860 of the waste land board.
From 1858-60 he was on the Dunedin town
board. He was secretary of the Dunedin
Watenvorks Co. from its formation, and for
many years was treasurer of the Dempsey Trust.

When Dick came to Dunedin there was no
Baptist congregation, so he became an active
member of First Church and a teacher in the

204

_

 

 

DICKIE

Sunday school. He was a promoter of Knox
Church, and a member of the first board of
trustees, but (not being a Presbyterian) de-
clined to take office In 1863 the Baptist
Church in Hanover street was opened by the
Rev J. L. Parsons as first pastor. Dick was a
trustee. He began a Sunday school in the
Planet sawmill, and was its superintendent
until his death. He was one of the founders,
and the first secretary, of the Otago Bible Soci-
ety (1864), and he was vice-president of the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-
mals when it was founded (1882). From 1860
he was on the visiting committee of the
hospital.

Dick for some years lived a retired life owing
to persistent ill-health. He died on 5 Feb 1900.

Otago P.C. Pme.; Cycl. NZ, iv. (p); Hocken;
Melndoe; Cox, Men of Mark; Otago Daily Times,
6 Feb 1900, 23 May 1930 (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

DICKIE, WILLIAM JAMES (1870-1921) was
born at Cobden and educated on the Coast.
For some time he was employed in Greymouth
and thereafter in business with his father.
Owing to ill-health he turned to farming and
after some years experience in -Westland
bought a property near Rakaia He farmed
also at Methven. Dickie took a great interest
in public affairs, being for many years a mem-
ber of the Ashburton county council and
hospital board and of the Ashburton and
Methven A. and P. association. Defeating C.
A. C. Hardy in 1911, he represented Selwyn
in Parliament till 1919, when he was defeated
by Sir William Nosworthy. Dickie died on 24
Jun 1921. He married a niece of James Pery-
man (Greymouth).

Hansard, 23 1921; Gl'ey River Argus, 25 JUIL
1921. Portrait: Parliament House.

DICKSON, JAMES McCOLL (1854-1937) was
born in Victoria and came to New Zealand
with his parents in 1863. Mter finishing his
education at public schools in Otago he com-
menced sawmilling with his brothers at Catlins,
but shortly relinquished this to farm at Porto-
bello. Here he spent 40 years, having consider-
able success in raising stock.

He was a member (and chairman 1904-16)
of the Portobello road board; of the school
committee (also chairman); and of the Otago

DIEFFENBACH

harbour board: 1911-35 (chairman 1915-16,
1926-27, 1927-28). In early manhood he was a
keen cricketer and for many years he was a
leading rifle shot, being president of the Pen-
insula Rifle Association, captain of the Pen-
insula Club and a member of the New Zealand
rifle team at the Melbourne Exhibition. Dick-
son contested a seat in Parliament in the Re-
form interest in 1911, being defeated by E. H.
Clark (qv.); was elected in 1914 and repre-
sented Chalmers continuously until his retire-
ment in 1928. He was some time chairman of
the public petitions committee (M to Z). Dick-
son died on 16 Mar 1937.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932: Evening Star, 17 Mar
1967. Portrait: Parliament House.

DIDSBURY, GEORGE (1839-93) was born at
Windsor, New South Wales, and came to
Kororareka with his father, who held an official
position. Leaving the Bay during Heke's war,
they settled in Auckland, where Didsbury was
educated and apprenticed to the New Zea-
lander office. There he was soon employed in
the printing of offic documents. In 1861 the
Southern Cross received the contract for print-
ing and Didsbury went over to that employ.
When the Government Printing Office was
established he was second in control and on the
removal of the government to Wellington he
became Government Printer (at the age of 26).
He held that position until his death on 20
Apr 1893. Didsbury was a director of the
Palmerston North Gas Co. and the Gear Meat
Co. He was a vestryman and churchwarden of
St Peter's, Wellington.

Cy’. N.Z., i (p); Evening Post, 21 Apr 1

DIEFFENBACH, ERNST (1811-55) was the son
of a Lutheran clergyman and professor, and was
born at Giessen in Germany. Educated there,
he entered upon a medical course but became
involved in students’ political demonstrations
and fled to Zurich, in Switzerland. There he
graduated M.D. in 1835. Shortly afterwards,
owing to pressure from the Austrian govern-
ment, he had to leave Switzerland and take
refuge in London. He made a rather precari-
ous living for some years, contributing to medi-
cal and scientific journals, teaching German and
acting as a prosector in Guy's Hospital, and
for awhile as doctor to a factory in London.

 

205

-----------------------Page 120 End-----------------------

DIGNAN

In 1897, through the instrumentality of
Liebig, Dieffenbach’s prosecution was struck out.
Licensed to return to Germany for a limited
period, he maintained himself by translating
English works into German for publication. In
4839 he was appointed surgeon and naturalist
to the New Zealand Company, and sailed in the
Tory for this country. Dieffenbach made some
important journeys into the interior, including
one to Tongariro, Taupo, Waikato and Whai-
ngaroa, and he made the first ascent of Mount
Egmont. He also visited the Chatham islands.
With his reports to the New Zealand Company
he sent full collections in all branches of
natural history. His work for the Company be-
ing completed in 1840, he offered his services
to the Government to make a scientific explora-
tion of both islands, receiving only his travell-
ing expenses. Governor Gipps was unable to
sanction the expenditure from the revenues of
New South Wales, and Diefenbach returned
in Oct 1841 to England, where he published
his report on the Chatham islands in the New
Zealand Journal. His report on natural history
and the natives appeared in John Ward's sup-
plementary information; and his book Travel
in New Zealand was published in 1843. He also
contributed to the British Association in 1845
a report on New Zealand geology. In 1843 he
returned to Giessen, and two years later he was
sent to England by Liebig to advertise the use
of artificial manure. On this occasion he had
an interview with Lord Stanley in the hope of
getting further employment in New Zealand.
He was offered a scientific exploration on the
west coast of South America, but declined for
family reasons.

After the revolution of 1848 Dieffenbach
edited a Liberal newspaper and was offered a
seat in the German parliament, but declined.
In 1849 he was licensed to teach at Giessen
and in the following year appointed super-
numerary professor of geology. He died at
Giessen in Oct 1855.

GB.OP. 1842/569; NZ.C, reports; E. J. Wake-
field; Dietfenbach, op. cit; N.Z. Gazette (news-
paper), Aug 1840; Ausland 1874, No. 4 (Ernst
Dieffenbach der Erforscher Neu-Seelands); Allge-
meine Deutsche Biographie, vol v, 120.

 

DIGNAN, PATRICK (1814-94) was born at
Loughrea, county Galway, Ireland. In 1839 he

DIGNAN

emigrated to New South Wales, and two years
later came to New Zealand in the Sophia Pate
Oun 1841). Settling in Auckland he kept one
of the leading hotels in the city.

Dignan's high standing in the community
was evidenced by his election as one of the first
aldermen of the city (Nov 1851). Courteous,
generous and warm-hearted, he was a strong
Liberal in the early days of politics. In 1852 he
was elected by the Pensioner Settlements to the
Legislative Council of New Ulster (which never
met). In 1853 he was returned to the first Pro-
vincial Council, and he was almost continu-
ously a member (for Northern division 1853-
57; City of Auckland 1857-61; Auckland West
1865-75). For four years (186569) and again
in 1873 he was a member of the provincial
executive under the superintendency of Whit-
taker and Williamson, and finally under Grey.
He suffered defeat in 1855 in the contest for
the City seat in Parliament. Dignan first en-
tered Parliament in 1867 for City West, which
he represented from that date until 1870 and
again from 1875-79. In early years he was an
active member of the Constitutional Associa
tion which brought Whitaker out for the
Superintendency (1855). Later he was an ar-
dent supporter of the provincial system and
took a leading part in inducing Grey to re
enter the arena in its defence. In 1879 he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a painstaking and conscientious member
until his death.

Dignan was a member of the Auckland har-
bour commissioners for many years, a trustee
of the Auckland Savings Bank, one of the
largest original shareholders of the Bank of
New Zealand, and a director of the Auckland
Gas Co. He died on 20 Oct 1894.

His eldest son, PETER DIGNAN, was born in
Auckland (1847) and educated at St Peter's
school and aftenvards under the Franciscan
monks. After serving his articles to L. O'Brien
he was admitted to the bar (1868). He was for
12 years a member of the City Council and was
twice mayor (1897-99). He was also a member
of the harbour board, chairman of the hospital
board, a governor of the Auckland University
College and Grammar School, and a commis-
sioner of the Auckland Exhibition. He was for
23 years president of the Christian Doctrine
Society and a leading member of the Catholic

206

 

DILLON

Literary Institute. As a volunteer he was col-
onel of the 2nd Auckland battalion.

Hansard, 20 Oct 1894; Cycl. NZ., ii (p); N.Z.
Herald, 22 Oct 1894. Portrait: Parliament House.

DILLON, ALFRED (1847-1915) was born in
Wales and came to Hawkes Bay in the South-
ern Cross 1857. He was first employed as a cow-
boy by H. S Tiffen at Homewood, and then
went to Tamumu. He became a bullock driver,
and in partnership with C. Clark, carried be-
tween Napier and Waipawa, Patangata andTa-
mumu for 14 years. He then commenced sheep-
farming at Homewood and aftenvards moved
to Patangata. Dillon devoted much time to
local body work, being chairman of the Wai-
pawa county council, the Patangata road board,
the Waipawa river board and the vVaipukurau
hospital board, and a member of the Napier
harbour board, and six years a governor of the
Napier High Schools. He defeated Sir W. Rus-
sell for Hawkes Bay in 1905 and 1908 (offering
the seat on the latter occasion to R. McNab,
q.v.); and retired in 1911. He married a daugh-
ter of S Collins and died on 14 Nov 1915.
N.ZP.D., 10 May 1916; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); H.B
Herald, 15 Nov 1915. Portrait: Parliament House.

DILLON, CONSTANTINE AUGUSTUS (1813-
53), fourth son of the 13th Viscount Dillon,
setved in the Royal Navy, the 7th Dragoon
Guards and the 17th Lancers. He was aide-de-
camp to Lord Durham in Canada and to Lord
Ebrington, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He mar-
ried on 10 Feb 1842 Fanny, daughter of P. L.
Story.

Dillon arrived in Wellington in the Geot'ge
Fyfe on 7 Nov 1842 on his way to Nelson. In
1843 he became a magistrate of the territory,
and he drilled the Nelson volunteers after Wai-
rau and was a recognised leader in the affairs
of the province. It was he who proposed the
resolution demanding the recall of Governor
FitzRoy (1845). Dillon's land holdings were in
the Waimea and more extensively in the Wai-
rau, where he owned the Delta Dairy, the first
farm of its kind in Marlborough. He was one
of the first sheep owners (in partnership with
W. O. Cautley). In May 1848 he was ap-
pointed military and civil secretary to the Gov-
ernor (Sir George Grey) and removed to Auck-
land. Early in 1851 he returned to Nelson on
his appointment as commissioner of crown

DILLON

lands there and later in the year he was ap-
pointed also a commissioner for land claims.
On 3 Jun he was called to the Legislative Coun-
cil of New Zealand and he took the oath and
his seat that day.

Dillon was drowned while crossing the Wai-
rau river on 16 Apr 1853.

‘Burke, Peerage, 1935; Dillon Lette,'s, 1848-51;
Nelson Exaininer, Apr 1852.

DII.LLON, PETER (1785-1847) went to sea as a
young man. Tall and strong, he saw a great
deal of life in the South Sea islands in the
early years of the nineteenth century. He
seems to have visited the Friendly islands
(Tonga) as early as 1809 and in the next 20
years was almost constantly trading to the East
and the Pacific Islands, forming friendships
which were of great service to his employers.

In 1813 he was chief officer of the barque
Huntet', of Calcutta, and had a narrow escape
at Fiji in attempting to seize sandalwood which
he claimed to have paid for. Calling at Tikopia
later, the Hunter landed a Prussian, Martin
Buchert, and his Fiji wife. In 1814 Dillon com-
manded the Active -on her voyage to land Mars-
den's first missionaries at Bay of Islands. He
claimed during these years to have lived 14
months at Tahiti and a considerable time at
Bau (Fiji), and his friendship with the chief
Mafanga, of Tongatabu, was a long-standing
one. In 1823 when he was commanding the
brig Calder, he reported to Marsden at Hoki-
anga having discovered stowaway convicts on
board and suggested greater strictness in the
inspection of vessds at Port Jackson in order
to protect New Zealand from the influx of such
characters.

In 1825 Dillon lost the Calder at Valparaiso,
but acquired instead the St Patrick, 450 tons, a
Paraguay-built ship which had taken part in
the Chilian wars and had already visited New
Zealand for spars. Arriving off cape Colville
on 31 Dec, the vessel was boarded by Hinaki,
who reported that the local tribe had retreated
to the interior to evade Hongi. Pomare also
visited Dillon, who suspected that he premedi-
tated attacking the ship. When about to leave
New Zealand after a stay of three months bar-
tering muskets for spars, Dillon took on board
two sons of the Thames chief Tukurua. At
Tikopia Buchert showed Dillon a sword guard

207

-----------------------Page 121 End-----------------------

DILLON

and other articles which had been brought from
Vanikoro (Santa Cruz) and which were be-
lieved to have belonged to La Perouse, whose
ships were reported to have been cast away in
a storm.

On reaching Calcutta (Aug 1826) Dillon
introduced the young chiefs to Lord Comber-
mere and exhibited to the Asiatic Society of
Bengal the relics of La Perouse. The East
India Company consented to prosecute the
search, and gave Dillon command of the Re-
search, which left Calcuttain Jan 1827. Reach-
ing New Zealand in Jul, Dillon declined to
land the young chiefs at Bay of Islands for fear
of the vengeance of Pomare, but they and their
father were all killed in a battle with Hongi
shortly after they reached their home.

Disappointed in his hope of meeting D'Ur-
ville in New Zealand or Tonga, Dillon pro-
ceeded to Vanikoro (7 Sep) and gathered con-
clusive evidence of the fate of La Perouse, with
which he returned to Calcutta (Apr 1828).
When he reached Paris in 1829, his services were
liberally rewarded. He was made a chevalier
of the Legion of Honour and a member of the
Geographical Society of Paris, and was voted
an annuity of 4,000 francs a year. His Narra-
tive of the Successful Result of a Voyage in the
South Seas was published in 1829.

Dillon at this time saw much of the rector
of the Irish College in Paris. At his instigation
he wrote to the Vicar-general of the diocese of
Pamier (the Ven H. de Solages) who had just
been appointed prefect-apostolic of the Isle of
Bourbon, urging that the Catholic Church
should establish a mission with the help of the
naval ship which went annually to Valparaiso
with supplies for French naval units in the
Pacific. The Ministry of Marine having ac-
ceded to this request, the scheme was submitted
to the Congregation for the Propagation of the
Faith and approved. In 1830 a decree was
made creating a prefecture apostolic, and in
1833 two vicariates were created in the Pacific,
New Zealand being included in that of Western
Oceania. News having meanwhile arrived of
the death of de Solages (on 8 Dec 1832), it
became necessary to seek for a successor, and
the choice fell on Jean B. F. Pompallier (qv...
23 Dec 1835).

In 1832 Dillon's letter to an influential per-
son in London setting forth the advantages of

DINGLE

settling New Zealand was published. He was
appointed French consul in the South Seas, and
lived for a few years there, but resigned in
1838 and resided in Ireland until his death on
9 Feb 1847.

Dillon, op. cit; Marsden; Bayly; Thierry, Re-
miniscences; D. D'Urville, Voyage Pittoresque
autour du Monde, 1834; Zealandia, 24 Feb 1938.

DILWORTH, JAMES (1815-94) was born at
Dungannon, county Tyrone, Ireland, and edu-
cated at the Royal School there under Dr
Darney (aftenvards bishop of Kilmore). For
some years he assisted on his father's farm, and
about 1839 emigrated to Australia. He lived
for some time at Parramatta, New South Wales,
but finding the heat excessive he came to New
Zealand about 1841.

In Auckland he was interested first in the
New Zealand Banking Company and acquired
considerable pr9perty at Mount Hobson. Dur-
ing the war he contracted (in partnership with
Williams, of Bay of Islands) to supply meat to
the troops. He represented Southern Division
in the Auckland Provincial Council (1853-60).
Dilworth was a strong supporter of the Church
of England and a member of the diocesan trust
board. To the Young Men's Christian Associa
tion and the Auckland Jubilee Kindergarten
he made annual contributions of £100 each.
He was for some years on the Auckland Uni-
versity College council. Dilworth was largely
interested in the Thames Valley Land Co. and
was a trustee of the Auckland Savings Bank. He
left a large estate out of which a handsome en-
dowment was bequeathed for educational pur-
poses (notably the Dilworth Ulster Institute).
He died on 23 Dec 1894.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 24, 27 Dec 1894.

DINGLE, JAMES (1818-96) was born in Eng-
land. Engaging for service on the survey staf
of the New Zealand Company, he arrived
in Wellington by the Slains Castle early in
1841 and was one of the first party sent under
Carrington to layout the Taranaki settlement.
He settled in Taranaki, took up land at Omata
and married Hannah, daughter of T. Vede,
senior. He was a member of the Provincial
Council for Grey and Bell (1869-73) and of
the New Plymouth harbour board. He died on
23 Oct 1896.

208

 

DINWIDDIE

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz; Taranaki Her-
ald, 20 Nov 1886, 24 Oct 1896. Portrait: Taranaki
Hist. Call.

DINWIDDm, WILLIAM (1863-1937) was born
in London, the son of the Rev W. Dinwiddie,
and was educated at the University College
School. He aftenvards studied law, and on
coming to New Zealand was admitted a bar-
rister and solicitor (1889) and commenced to
practise in Napier. In 1901 he became editor
of the Hawkes Bay Herald, which he controlled
till shortly before his death (on 3 Jun 1937)
Dinwiddie was a profound scholar and was
deeply interested in education and cultural
movements. He was a member of the Napier
High School board (1918-25 and 1929-31), and
chairman of this and the combined high school
and technical schools board (1931-36). He was
for 26 years a trustee of the Hawkes Bay chil-
dren's home and was a vice-president of the
Royal Society and of the Hawkes Bay Arts and
Crafts Society. Dinwiddie published a short
history of early Hawkes Bay in two parts (1916,
1921).

Who's Who Nz, 1932; Dally Telegraph
(Napier) , 3 Jun 1967.

DIVE, WILLIAM EVANS (1831-1928) was
born at Rye, Sussex, England, and came to New
Zealand in the Sir Edward Paget (1850). He
was for many years farming and sawmilling in
Marlborough and Taranaki. In 1874-75 he re-
presented Queen Charlotte Sound in the Marl-
borough Provincial Council, and was a mem-
ber of the executive. Dive lived for 20 years in
Auckland, where his death occurred on 13 Jul
1928.

A son, BRADSHAW DIVE (1865-), was mayor
of Eltham and of Tauranga (1919-25), and
M.H.R. for Egmont (1908-11).

Marlborough P.C. Proc; Who's Who N.Z., 1932.

DIXON, MARMADUKE (1828-95) was born at
Caistor, Lincolnshire, the third son of James
Green Dixon, and grandson of Thomas Dixon,
a well-known sheep-breeder of Holton Park.
Educated at Caistor Grammar School, Dixon
was rather delicate. He was apprenticed at the
age of 14 to the shipping firm of Robert Brooks
and Co., and he sailed in their ships the whole
of the time he was at sea On one of his early
voyages he was wrecked on the coast of Brazil,
and spent six weeks at Pernambuco before get-

DIXON

ting a passage to England in the ship SWOId-
fish.

Dixon made several voyages to Australia in
the Senator, and about 1844 or 1845 he visited
New Zealand. When he was first mate his ship
arrived in Port Phillip to find 400 vessas lying
idle, their crews having deserted to try the gold-
fidds Dixon managed to keep his men to-
gether to discharge the cargo and get to sea
Re was due for command of a ship and had
been offered by Bishop Selwyn command of
the mission yacht, but on the advice of John
Murphy, an Australian squatter, who had taken
up arun near Cust, he decided to settle in New
Zealand. He accordingly left the sea (1851)
and took his passage in the Samarang (in which
Sir John Hall was a fellow-passenger), landing
in Canterbury early in 1852.

Dixon took up 6,000 acres on the Waimaka-
riri river and for the first five years lived in a
hut in the manuka. In 1854 The Hermitage
was running 3,000 sheep. Other runs were
added from time to time until in 1889 the land
was granted to the Midland Railway Co. in
consideration of the construction of the line.
The company gave the tenants the first right
of acquiring the freehold, and Dixon purchased
for 15s an acre his own run and two others.
Of a practical turn of mind, Dixon resorted to
ingenious means of getting the work done, and
in later years led the settlers in the adoption
of modern appliances. His property being
poorly supplied with water, he moved his camp
to the site of the present homestead, where
water was abundant. By 1860 there was a good
well, and bullock teams from the stations to
the westward and timber wagons from mount
Oxford made it a stopping-place. Dixon had
great confidence in manuka land. He spent
much money in crushing the scrub with rollers
and burning off preparatory to sowing tussock
seed on the bare soil, as a protection for the
finer varieties of grass which were to follow.
He was one of the first to use three-furrow
ploughs, of which he imported a dozen (1866).
He was an advocate of the Australian soil scoop
for roadmaking and imported some to demon-
strate their dficary. In 1868 he imported a
threshing machine and used straw elevators and
slipgates for drafting sheep. Dixon is believed
to have been the first to ship wheat in bags
from Canterbury to England. Perhaps he served

209

14

-----------------------Page 122 End-----------------------

DIXON

the province best by his courageous fight for
irrigation. In 1887 he started an irrigation
farm near the Waimakariri, and when he diéd
he had 1,200 acres watered. He and his son
engineered the intake from the 'Vaimakariri
for the Ashley-Waimakariri system. A flood
after the hard winter of 1895 carried it away,
but a year after Dixon's death Seddon officially
opened the system which he devised.

Dixon was first chairman of the Mandeville
and Rangiora, Cust, and East and West Eyre-
ton road boards. For five years he was a mem-
ber of all these boards. Dixon was elected to
the Provincial Council for Mandeville, which
he represented from 1865 until the abolition.
He was an earnest supporter of education, and
a promoter of the North Canterbury A. and P.
association, of which he was a vice-president.
When the Canterbury Frozen Meat Co. was
formed he sent to London 25 carcases of lamb,
of which the Duke of Edinburgh accepted five
and London editors smaller lots. A great reader
and thinker, Dixon devoted much study to
natural science. He believed that the atmo-
sphere ‘of the earth was affected by spots on
the sun.

In 1859 Dixon married Eliza Agnes, daughter
of the Rev Dr James Suttell Wood, of Wens-
leydale, Yorkshire, and sometime rector of
Cranfield, Bedfordshire. He died on 15 Nov
1895.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Acland; Col. Gent.; The
Press, 4 Oct 1930 (p).

DIXON, MARMADUKE JOHN (1832-1918)
was a son of Marmaduke Dixon (q.v.), and
was educated at Christ's College, Christchurch.
He was a successful farmer and a firm advocate
of irrigation, being for some years chairman of
the Waimakariri-Ashley water supply board.
Between 1885 and 1890, in response to the
stimulus given to mountaineering in New Zea
land by the visit of the Rev W. S Green, Dixon
accompanied G. E. I'viannering on adventurous
work in the Southern Alps, including several
attempts on the virgin Mount Cook, whi.ch he
ascended to within 100 feet of the summit. In
1890 they canoed down the Tasman river and
Lake Pukaki into the Waitaki. He was one of
the founders of the New Zealand Alpine Club
in 1891. Dixon married in 1897 Mabel Cour-
age (Amberley). He died on 31 Jul 1918.

J.D.P.

DOBSON

G. E. Mannering, With Axe and Rope in the New
Zealand Alps (1891); Christ's Call. List; Lyttelton
Times, 1 Aug 1918.

DIXON, WILLIAM GRAY (1854-1928) was
born at Paisley, Scotland, the son of a Free
Kirk minister. Educated at the Neilson In-
stitution there and at Ayr Academy (dux 1871),
he graduated M.A. at Glasgow after a distin-
guished career (1876) and was appointed pro-
fessor of English at tlle Imperial College of
Engineering, Tokyo, Japan. He was the first
secretary of the original. Christian Association
there and recording secretary and life member
of the Asiatic Society of Japan.

Returning to Scotland in 1880, he entered
New College to study for the ministry of the
Free Church. Gaining his exit with first-class
honours (1884) he was licensed as a minister
and appointed an assistant at Scotch College,
Melbourne, and a year later minister at Fitzroy.
He was in charge of St John's, Warrnambool
(1887-89), and in 1894 (having been admitted
M.A. ad eundem at Melbourne University)
he was appointed examiner in apologetics at
Ormond Theological College.

In 1900 Dixon came to New Zealand, where
he had charge of St David's, Auckland, for 10
years. He was president in that time of the
ministers’ association and editor of The Burn:
ing Bush. He was minister of Roslyn (Dun-
edin) 1910-21. In 1919 he was moderator of the
General Assembly. Retiring in 1921 owing to
ill-health, he was appointed minister emeritus.
Dixon was held in high esteem for his zeal,
fidelity and spiritual discernment, his ability as
preacher and writer, and his championship of
civic righteousness. Two months before his
deam he received the honour of doctor of
divinity of Edinburgh University. He pub-
lished The Land of the Morning, Romance of
the Catholic Presbyterian Church, John Calvin
and the Modern World, and The Church for
our Day.

Dixon married (1900) Elizabeth Aitken,
daughter of John Glen (Glasgow). He died on
4 Sep 1928.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Otago Daily Times, 5
Sep 1928 (p).

DOBSON, SIR ARTHUR DUDLEY (1841-
1934). The son of Edward Dobson (q.v.),
Artlmr was born in London. His education,

210

 

DOBSON

commenced in Nottingham and London, was
interrupted when the family migrated to New
Zealand in the Cressy (1850). In 1851 Arthur
and his brother were sent to Tasmania in the
brig Gazelle to the care of an uncle, the Rev
C. Dobson, vicar of Buckland. Two years later,
their momer having arrived in New Zealand,
the boys returned and continued their educa-
tion as boarders under the Rev G. Cotterill at
Lyttelton and Christ's College.

Asa youm Arthur commenced surveying and
engineering under his father. In 1860 mel’ sur-
veyed Lyttelton harbour and measured the
depth of the mud. The laying out of roads to
Kaiapoi and Rangiora, draining the Rangiora
swamp, surveying the upper Hurunui and lake
Sumner and marking out the road from Ric:
carton to the Rangitata kept him employed
for a few years. Under the provincial govern-
ment from 1861 he prospected for coal at Ko-
wai and Mt Torlesse and explored the range
as far as the Rakaia: carried out topographical
surveys (under von Haast) in the Port Hills
and the Mackenzie country (1862) and worked
quarries to supply stone for provincial build-
ings. In 1863 Dobson accepted a contract for
the sun'ey of a block of land in west Canter-
bury from the Grey river to Abut head (in-
cluding lake Brunner and the Teremakau to
the main ridge). Chartering tlle schooner
Gipsy in Nelson, he took his party south and
penetrated as far overland as the Hokitika
river, which he crossed on 1 Jan 1864. The
white surveyors being discouraged by frequent
fatal accidents in tlle riers, Dobson relied
upon Maori help and used native huts for
shelters.

Returning to Christchurch overland he
started for the coast again, hoping to bring
horses across the Alps. In Mar he discovered
Arthur's Pass (named after him some months
later) but had to use the Hurunui saddle to get
his animals across. Owing to the advent of the
diggers, the tracks had to be widened into roads
and Armur's Pass became the main route from
Christchurch to the west. His work in West-
land being completed (1864), Dobson was 2s
sociated with Travers (qv.) in opening up a
goldfield in the Appoo gully, Collingwood, but
after some months it was found to have been
worked over previously. He then undertook
survey work for Nelson province, trying to find

DOBSON

routes over the ranges to the goldfields. While

he was thus engaged his bromer George was
murdered (24 May 1866). Arthur was ap-
pointed in 1869 district engineer for the Nel-
son West Coast goldfields, with headquarters at
Westport, and later also chief surveyor. He
resigned from the provincial service to become
district engineer under the General Govern-
ment, in charge of railway construction, where
he remained until 1878, when he rejoined his
father in Christchurch. In 1880 they took the
contract for the Timaru harbour works, which
they completed in two years.

Dobson made surveys of various railway
routes over the Alps, mainly Arthur's Pass and
Hurunui. In 1884 the former was decided
upon, a preliminary company was formed to
obtain capital, and Dobson as engineer went
to London (with Alan Scott and Charles Fell).
As a result the Midland Railway Co. was
formed. During his visit to England Dobson
made many interesting contacts witll botanists,
geologists and other scientists, attended meet-
ings of learned societies and heard much music.
in which he was greatly interested. He took
flute lessons from a prominent master. On his
return to New Zealand (Sep 1885) he found
conditions so depressed that he went to Md-
bourne in search of employment. In partner-
ship with John Bowen Mackenzie and Robert
Reed he tendered for the Warrnambool har-
bour works ({150,000), which mel’ carried out
successfully. He then undertook alone the
building of a suspension bridge (span 500
feet) over the Merri river and other engineer-
ing works which he serviced from his workshops
in Warrnambool. Suffering severe losses in the
financial crisis in Victoria, Dobson returned to
New Zealand (Apt 1898) and took over the
business from which his father was about to
retire. He carried out important irrigation
works in the Rakaia district and reported on
the Waimakariri power scheme. As city engin-
eer in Christchurch (1901-21) he carried out tlle
Sydenham watenvorks, the city watenvorks with
reservoir in Cashmere hills and many import-
ant street works.

Dobson was knighted in 1931 and died on
5 Mar 1934. He married (1866) Eleanor (d.
1933), daughter of Henry Lewis, Nelson.

Cy'ct. N.Z., iii; A. D. Dobson, Reminiscences, 1930
(p); The Press, 13 Jul 1909.

211

-----------------------Page 123 End-----------------------

DOBSON

DOBSON, EDWARD (1816-1908) was born in
London, the son of a Mediterranean merchant.
He was educated in London and articled to a
well-known architect and surveyor (Herring)
from whom he learned the practical side of
his profession as a civil engineer. He studied
also at University College, London, under Pro-
fessor Vignoles, and spent several months in a
continental tour studying architecture. In 1842-
43 he won his first certificate in architecture as
a fine art, and in architecture as a science. For
two years in succession’ his drawings were ex-
hibited in the Royal Academy.

In 1844 Dobson joined the firm of John
Rastrick, railway engineers, and he had several
years’ experience in railway construction
throughout England. Dobson was one of the
original purchasers of land under the Canter-
bury Association and left for New Zealand
by the Cressy in 1850 with his two eldest
sons. He selected 50 acres of land at Sumner,
and built there and in Christchurch. Mrs Dob-
son followed a year aftenvards with the re-
mainder of the family in the Fatima. In 1854,
when the provincial government was fully
established, Fitzgerald appointed Dobson pro-
vincial engineer, a position which he occupied
for the next fourteen years. He not only de-
signed and carried out many of the more im-
portant public works in the province, but
undertook explorations, especially in the effort
to establish communications with the western
seaboard, which on the discovery of gold was
being visited by ships direct from oversea. First
was the track from the plains to Purau, at the
head of Akaroa harbour. The tunnel through
the hills, and the railway to Lyttelton were
impressive works for a colony at such an early
stage of its development. At Lyttelton Dobson
constructed the breakwater from Officer's Point,
which made the inner harbour safe for ship-
ping. He planned the system of railways for
the province and before he retired the Lyttel-
ton line was completed, and the southern line
had advanced 29 miles (to the Selwyn river).
Another important work was the draining of
the low-lying land about Rangiora, of which
he reclaimed 10,000 acres. His advice was sought
also by the province of Otago, which appointed
him to make a report on the harbours of Moe-
raki, Waikouaiti and Oamaru (1865).

In Sep 1857 Dobson investigated a Maori

 

DOBSON

track through the pass of the Hurunui river at
Mount Noble, and cut a track for horses to a
higher plateau, where they found flat land of
superior quality with several lakes through
which the Hurunui flowed. Along this track
(nowhere more than 1600 feet in height) he
laid out the road which eight years later was
the first thoroughfare to the west. When the
diggings broke out in 1865 Dobson (accom-
panied by Hall) laid out the road through the
Otira, and set gangs to work in the severest
weather in order to open a road for the diggers
to get through. He named the pass after his
son Arthur (qv.). Another son, George, was
murdered by the Burgess and Kelly gang in
1866.

Dobson was aftenvards city engineer in
Christchurch. In 1869 he became engineer to
the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay United Rail-
way Co. Two years later the company's lines
were purchased by the Victorian government,
under which Dobson took service and (until
1876) carried through the water supply scheme
and built the Anakies dam and the Malmesbury
reservoir. He was resident engineer at Geelong,
and for a while acting-chief engineer of the de-
partment.

In 1876 Dobson returned to Canterbury and
in private practice with his son constructed the
Timaru waterworks; surveyed the railway line
from Waikari through the Hurunui pass to lake
Brunner, erected many bridges, and constructed
irrigation races and river protection works.
Dobson was lecturer in engineering at Canter-
bury College (1887-92), and was for some years
on the board of governors of Christ's College.
He was in 1887 one of the electoral boundaries
commissioners. In 1842 Dobson was elected a
life member of the Oxford Architectural Soc-
ety, and an associate member of the Institute
of Civil Engineers (of which he became a full
member in 1881). The institute awarded him
the Telford Medal for a paper on the engin-
eering works of the Canterbury provincial gov-
ernment. In 1843 he was elected an A.R.I.B.A.
He wrote many other professional papers, not-
ably those on Foundation and Concrete, The
Railways of Belgium, Pioneer Engineering,
The A;t of Building, Museums and Stone-
cutting, and Bricks and Tiles. He was a mem-
ber of the Canterbury Philosophical Institute,
and president in 1866. Dobson was the first

212

 

DOCHERTY

man enrolled in the Heathcote Volunteers in
1861, and subsequently transferred to the en-
gineers. He died on 19 Apr 1908.

Canterbury P.C. Proc; Cycl. N.Z., ili (p); Cant.
O.N.; Cox; Dobson; Lyttelton Times, 14 Oct 1857 ;
The Press, 19 Apr 1908, 8 Feb 1930 (P); N.Z. Sur-
veyor, Jun 1908.

DOCHERTY, WILLIAM (21846-96) was born
in Glasgow. Coming to New Zealand as a
young man, he spent much of his time pros-
pecting and exploring in the western districts
and fiords of Otago. For some years he lived
at Dusky Sound where in 1878 he discovered
a copper lode which he hoped to develop. He
found coal on Coal island in Preservation In-
let, but not a considerable reef, and he brought
specimens of asbestos from the fiords, but again
the quantity was not sufficient. In company
with George Hassing (schoolmaster, of Heddon
Bush), Docherty once crossed the Southern
Alps in northern Otago to the West Coast. He
received some government assistance as the reo
sult of a recommendation by the-goldfields com-
mittee of Parliament. He died on 20 Mar 1896
at Cromarty, Preservation Inlet.

Hansard, 28 Oct 1884; Southland Times, 23 Mar
1896; Otago Daily Times, 3 Jun 1878, 10 Jan 1885.

DODSON, GEORGE (1821-1905) was born at
Malmesbury, Wiltshire. As a youth he went to
Nova Scotia but, disliking the cold, he returned
to England, and in 1842 landed in Nelson from
the Fiteshire. He joined the New Zealand Com-
pany's survey staff under Budge, and after
working in the Nelson district went in 1844
with F. Tuckett to explore Otago. The opera-
tions of the New Zealand Company being sus-
pended, Dodson remained at Otakou in charge
of the survey material. He returned to farm in
Nelson, and in 1854 bought land in the Spring
Creek district of Marlborough. As chairman of
the Spring Creek river board for 25 years and
a member of the Marlborough Provincial Coun-
cil (in which he sat for Tuamarina, 1869-74),
he exerted every effort to cope with the flood-
ing of the rivers. He first had a dairy farm and
then went in for agriculture, keeping abreast
of the times with the latest machinery. He was
one of the foremost advocates of separation
from Nelson. Dodson was also on the Nelson
land board for six years.
Cydl. N.z., v (p).

DOLBEL

DODSON, HENRY (1830-92) was born in
England, his father being an army officer. As
a young man he went to Canada. He then
spent some years on the Ballarat goldfields and
in the fifties came to Marlborough, settling at
Blenheim, where he established a brewery.

Dodson was in the Provincial Council (for
Lower Wairau 1860-62; Pelorus 1862-63; Blen-
heim 1866-70, and Lower Wairau 1874-75). He
led the Blenheim faction for some years. Hav-
ing been a member of the Blenheim town
board, he moved to have a borough created
and wes in the first borough council. In the
following year (1869) he was elected mayor by
popular vote and held office on four occasions
(1870-72, 1883, 1884). Holding Liberal views,
he represented Blenheim in Parliament (1881.
90), defeating A. P. Seymour (1881), and J.
Ward (1884). He retired in 1890 and died on
7 May 1892.

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Cycl. N.Z., v; Buick,
Marlborough (p). Portrait: Parliament House,

DODSON, JOSEPH REID (1813-90) came to
Nelson from Australia in the brig Return
(1854) and purchased an interest in a brewery,
which he operated until his death. In 1858 he
was elected to the board of works. He lived in
England 1860-66. In 1874 he was elected first
mayor of Nelson and he held that position
again in 1877-81. He was a liberal supporter
of all charities. Dodson died on 12 Oct 1890.
Cyd. N.Z., v; The Colonist, 13 Oct 1890.

DODSON, THOMAS (1807-98) arrived in Nel-
son by the Will Watch (1841), spent some
years in the town and then took up land at
Wrakapuaka, where he farmed for the rest of
his life. He represented Suburbs North in the
Nelson Provincial Council (1857-67). Dodson
was one of the first members of the Nelson
lodge of oddfellows. He died on 26 Aug 1898.
Nelson P.C. Proc; The Colonist, 27 Aug 1898.

DOLBEL, PHILIP (1827-1901) was born in
Jersey, Channel islands, and brought up to the
sea He owned a small vessel (the Hearty)
trading on the English coast. In 1855 he came
to New Zealand from Melbourne in the brig
Onkaparinga, and for 12 months was engaged
on bridge building and other public works at
the Hutt. Then he went to Clive, Hawkes Bay,
where he lived for 12 years. In 1865 he bought

213

-----------------------Page 124 End-----------------------

DOMETT

900 acres at Springfield and later a run of
24,000 acres at Petane. He represented Mohaka
in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council (i861-
75), was on the Hawkes Bay county council for
some years and the Napier harbour board and
a director of the Hawkes Bay Farmers’ Co-
operative Association. Dolbel was twice
burned out by Hauhau when running a sheep
station at Mangaharuru, and had several nar-
row escapes. He died on 28 Oct 1901.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc; Cycl. NZ, vi (p);
Hawkes Bay Herald, 29 Oct 1901.

DOMETT, ALFRED (1811-87) was born at
Cambenvell Grove, Surrey, the son of Nathaniel
Domett, a naval officer. He received his educa-
tion at a public school at Stockwell and pro-
ceeded to St John's College, Cambridge (1829).
Much interested in literature, he made many
literary friends, wrote verse and prose, travelled
a good deal and left the University in 1833
without taking a degree. In the same year he
published his first small volume of verse.
Domett spent the next two years travelling
in North America and the West Indies, and on
returning to England entered at the Middle
Temple (Nov 1835). His law studies did not
hold him very closdly and he passed most of
this period of his life in a dilettante manner,
literary interests being predominant. He had
many poems in Blackwood's in the period
4837-39, of which A Christmas Hymn attracted
attention. His life for the most part was one
of aimless leisure, diversified by tours on the
continent, in the course of which he did a cer-
tain amount of sketching. In 1839 his second
volume of verse appeared, a long poem on
Venice. In 1840, if not before, he met Robert
Browning, to whom he became closely attached
and with whom he made some of his tours.
Having been called at the Middle Temple on
43 Nov 1841, he shared chambers for a while
with Joseph Arnould (afterwards chief justice
of Bombay), but he never took seriously to law.
In May 1842 Domett purchased land in the
Nelson settlement of the New Zealand Com-
pany, and sailed in the Sir Charles Forbes, ar-
riving in Nelson in Aug 1842. He soon took a
leading position in the settlement. Within a
year of his arrival a fatal clash occurred with
the Maori owners of the Wairau plain (Jun
1843). Every man in the settlement was in-

DOMETT

volved either in the tragedy itself or in the
measures taken immediately after it to protect
the settlement. Domett shouldered a rifle in
the mobilisation of the Nelson militia. Almost
from the time of his arrival in the colony he
was a contributor to the Nelson Examiner. He
wrote vigorously in defence of the colonists,
demanding that the government should take
firm measures to punish the natives and ensure
that there should be no recurrence of such in-
cidents. He compiled from the depositions
taken a careful and effective narrative of the
Wairau tragedy and was deputed (with Dr
Monro) to proceed to Auckland to lay the
case of the settlers before the government. He
had the principal part in the correspondence
with the Administrator (Shortland) and found
himself in strong opposition to the policy of
both Shortland and FitzRoy, which he con-
sidered pusillanimous in the extreme.

In Feb 1845 he was chosen by the leaders of
the settlement, and strongly importuned by C.
A. Dillon and E. W. Stafford, to accept a seat
in the Legislative Council, but declined firmly
on public grounds. As editor of the Examiner
(1844-46) Domett was now the recognised pro-
tagonist of the settlers and the Company's land
purchasers and of the demand for self-govern-
ment. He was practically the sole author of the
petition drawn up in Nov 1845 demanding the
recall of the Governor. This masterful docu-
ment gained the warm approval of the directors
of the New Zealand Company, who recom-
mended Colonel Wakefield to find Domett en-
ployment, possibly as resident agent at New
Plymouth (20 May 1846). Domett's «utter and
perfect straightforwardness and fearlessness’
appealed to his fellow settlers, who at a public
dinner on 11 Dec 1845 thanked him for his
services to the settlements. He acted as arbi-
trator on behalf of the Company in deciding
the claims of the disappointed land purchasers,
a duty in which he showed firmness and discre-
tion. In 1846 he accepted from Governor Grey
a seat in the Legislative Council, and on the
inauguration of Grey's constitution he was ap-
pointed Colonial Secretary for New Munster
(14 Feb 1848). Three months later (II Nov
1851) he was made Civil Secretary for the
colony, holding these two posts together. Grey
was much impressed by his zealous administra-
tion, which included the correspondence with

214

 

DOMETT

the Otago and Canterbury Associations in con-
nection with the new settlements at Otago and
Canterbury.

In 1850 Domett published a useful classified
compilation of the ordinances of New Zealand
and New Munster. Having assisted in devising
the new constitution and fixing the proposed
boundaries of Nelson, Canterbury and Otago,
he resigned to make way for the inauguration
of the new machinerY of government (Jan
1854). He accepted the office of commissioner
of crown lands for Hawkes Bay, with which
were combined the duties of resident magis-
trate. From that date, till the middle of 1856
he was the sole official of any standing in the
Aburiri district. He established the machinery
of government, which he worked himself, con-
trolling the surveys, the making of roads and
the laying .out of towns. The street names of
Napier bear witness to his devotion to the
muse of poetry. In Hawkes Bay Domett had
no difficulty with the Maori, possibly because
white settlers were not yet clamouring for the
acquisition of land.

While there he was elected to represent Nel-
son in Parliament (1855). He returned to
Nelson as commissioner of crown lands in 1856
and he was chairman of the waste lands com-
mittee for the period 1856-71. In 1857 he was
elected to the Provincial Council for Nelson,
which he represented till 1863. During the
whole of that time he was provincial secretary
and a member of the executive. He reformed
the survey maps of the province and devoted
much attention to public works and’ to educa.
tion. He was one of the governors of Nelson
College under the act of 1858. At the parlia-
mentary election of 1860 Domett was again
returned for Nelson City (defeating J. P. Rob-
inson). During this Parliament native affairs
came to a crisis. Sir George Grey, who had
succeeded Browne as governor, was working in
reasonable harmony with Fox (who became
premier in 1861), when a no-confidence motion
was carried against the government by the
casting vote of the Speaker (Monro). Stafford
was sent for, but declined to form a govern-
ment and in tum proposed FitzGerald, as one
with a strong sympathy for the natives and not
too prominently associated with recent party
disputes. FitzGerald also declined, but took the
liberty of proposing Domett in the belief, he

DOMETT

said, that it would not be difficult to form a
ministry which would include both Domett and
Fox. Domett accepted the task without con-
sulting :Fox, who declined thereafter to accept
office.

Thus Domett became on 6 Aug 1862 the
leader of a government comprising T. B. Gil-
lies (Attorney-general), Bell (Native Minister),
Mantell (Lands), and Tancred and T. Russell
(both without portfolio). The prospect for
peace became somewhat gloomy. As Thomas
Arnold divined, Domett looked upon the
natives of New Zealand with Roman rather
than with Christian eyes With Russell as a
colleague his attitude was not likely to be any
less Roman. Gillies retired a week or two
later and Domett invited into his team Reader
Wood (as Treasurer), Crosbie Ward (Post-
master-general) and Sewell (Attorney-general).
It was soon clear that the ministry was still not
well disposed towards the natives. It cold-
shouldered FitzGerald's suggestion that the
Maori should have representation in Parlia-
ment, and only with the greatest reluctance
accepted Grey's proposal that the Waitara pur-
chase should be abandoned. The necessary
proclamation (gazetted on || May 1863) was
unfortunately preceded by the occupation of
the Tataraimaka block, thereby making the
renewal of war in Taranaki and ,Vaikato cer-
tain. Domett's premiership was never very real.
‘Compelled by certain sinister influences to take
Russell into his cabinet, he had not the strength
to accept Grey's suggestion and assume full
responsibility for native affairs, which the
Home government now insisted should be
borne by the colonial ministers. The govern-
ment, obviously tottering to its fall, insisted
that Grey should entirely manage native affairs.
War being inevitable, Russell became Minister
of Defence (22 Jul 1863). On the meeting of
Parliament in Oct Domett did at length recom-
mend the assumption of responsibility by the
cabinet, and pUt forward a policy which was
generally attributed to Russell and Whitaker,
of hard war and confiscation. Without waiting
to be defeated the ministry adjourned Parlia-
ment for a short time and then resigned office
(30 Oct 1863).

Grey consulted Fox and a species of coalition
was formed under Whitaker, with Fox as Col-
onial Secretary, Wood as Treasurer, Gillies as

215

-----------------------Page 125 End-----------------------

DOMETT

Postmaster-general and Secretary for Crown
Lands, and Russell again as Minister of De-
fence. Though Dometl's premiership was little
more than nominal, he did during his term of
office make proposals of a constructive char-
acter which originated entirely with himself
In the schemes of Vogel some years later are
evident the broad outlines of Domett's pro-
gramme of settlement and self-defence, involv-
ing the introduction of 20,000 immigrants and
the borrowing of £4,000,000 to settle them in
frontier districts and provide access. He also
proposed the establishment of land courts to
fulfil the promises that had been made of
grants of land for the natives.

On the resignation of his ministry Domett,
having retired from provincial politics (Feb
1863), was appointed Secretary for Lands (24
Dec). On 13 Jan 1864, when the post was
provided for in the civil service estimates, he
was confirmed in it. He acted as a commis-
sioner of land claims (1863-70); was appointed
in addition Registrar-general of lands (1865),
and in 1870 undertook the administration of
the confiscated lands. He retired on pension
on 1 Sep 1871. Meanwhile he had been for
some years a member of the Legislative Coun-
cil, to which he was called on 19 Jun 1866.
Owing to his unique qualifications for official
duty he was specially excepted in the disquali-
fication act of 1870, which allowed him to re-
main in Parliament, and he was a member of
the Council till 1874.

In 1871 Domett returned to live in England,
where for the remainder of his life he quietly
devoted himself to his interrupted muse. In
1872 he published his classic, Ranolf and
Amohia; in 1873 Roots, a plea {01' Tolerance;
in 1877 Flotsam and Jetsam: Rhymes Old and
New. His interests were always literary, and he
had throughout life a definite disinclination for
public affairs Gisborne's appraisement of
Domett is searching and discriminating: ‘He
abounded in imaginative’ and creative power,
in tender sensibility, in fine taste, in great aims
and in affiuence of expression. ... He was
a hero-worshipper and admired splendid auto-
cray.... The seamy side of political life
was not congenial to his taste, and he was not
fitted to work out what he regarded as a lower
level of public service... . Left to himself
he did great and good work... . As prime

 

DON

minister in 1863 he devised and embodied,
alone and unassisted, a large scheme for the
settlement and self-defence of New Zealand.
Its statesmanlike character is unimpeachable.’
His mind was one of great intellectual capacity
and high culture, and imbued with poetic
genius. His nature was thorougWy genuine
and had a refreshing ring which proclaimed
the sterling coin. But in political life Domett
was never a leader of men. ' He conceived great
ideas but loved to brood over them in poetic
solitude until his mind bodied them forth and
launched them living into the world, but he
had not the faculty of equally inspiring other
men. He was in, but not of, the world of poli-
tics’ Gisborne's contribution on Domett to
The Poets and The Poetry of the Century
(edited by A. N. Miles) is also noteworthy.
Longfellow used some of Dometl’s verse in his
Poems of Places and regretted that it was too
late to make use of others. Domett translated
into excellent verse some Maori songs which
appear in Grey's Polynesian Mythology.

One of Dometl's monuments in New Zee
land is the General Assembly Library. He was
on the committee which established it in 1858
and took a delight in laying the foundations
of the fine classical collection which that in-
stitution possesses. For some years he acted as
librarian (1866) and he was chairman in
(1868-69). He refers to that episode as ‘an
amusement and an occupation which | relin-
quished with great regret.’

Domett received the C.M.G. in 1880. He
died on 2 Nov 1887. He married (1856) Mrs
Mary George, a widow, who with her husband
had kept a small school in Wellington. (See
F. N. GEORGE and JOHN C. ST GEORGE)

Parltry Record, Nelson P.C. Proc. and Gaz;
N.z. Gaz; New Munster Gaz; N.Z. Archives
NZ.C.; GB.OP. 1844; N.Z.P.D., 1864-70 and 8 Nov
1887 Sinclar papers; D.N.B.: thes by V. M.
Thomson, M.A.; unpublished MS by C. Stuart
Perry; Arnold; Hocken; Ward; Macmorran; Gis-
borne (p); Saunders; Rusden; Domett, op cit.:
Nelson Examiner, pass; N.Z. Times, 7 Nov 1887;
N.Z. Herald do; The Times (London), 28 Jul
1934; Otago Daily Times, || Jan 1900, 28 May
4931. Portrait: Parliament’ House

DON, ALEXANDER (1857-1934) was born at
Ballarat, Victoria, the son of John Don. Edu-
cated at public schools, he left at the age of 10

216

DON

(having passed the sixth standard) and took
odd jobs in the mining industry at Bendigo
(1866-72). His Bible class teacher advised him
to qualify for teaching, and at 15 he passed the
entrance examination and commenced as a
pupil teacher. During his employment in that
profession (1873-79) he devoted himself to
entomology, taught in the Sunday school and
was precentor in the church, a member of the
board of management of the Y.M.C.A. and
later corresponding secretary.

Hearing Dr John G. Paton speaking on the
New Hebrides mission (1877), Don offered his
services and was advised to come to Otago.
After some correspondence he was appointed
second assistant at the Port Chalmers school
(1879). He took part in cricket and football,
sprinting and other field sports, taught music
at school, and wrote regular articles on New
Zealand for the Australian press. A young man
being required for the Presbyterian mission at
Canton, Don studied Chinese as well as he
could in New Zealand and left for China. In
46 months he had fully mastered the language.
Having suffered a severe attack of yellow fever,
he returned to New Zealand, entered Theo-
logical Hall and was sent to labour at River-
ton (1882). In 1883 he married Amelia, daugh-
ter of Francis Warne (Bendigo) and in 1886
moved to Lawrence, where there was a larger
Chinese community scattered between W'a-
tahuna, Glenore and Waipori. He toured the
goldfields regularly, mainly on foot or driving.
In 18 tours he walked 16,000 miles.

In 1889 the missionary centre was changed to
Dunedin, a Chinese church was opened and
Don contemplated the Otago church establish-
ing its own mission among the villages and
market towns north of Canton. He visited that
fied in 1898, and in 1901 the mission was
opened, G. H. McNeur being the first mission-
ay. In his address as moderator of the As
sembly in 1907 Don proposed opening a mis-
sion in India. He launched an appeal for
relief for sufferers from the famine in China,
and as a token of gratitude received from the
Chinese government the seventh council in-
signiaof the Excellent Crop. In 1913 he moved
his headquarters to Palmerston North, but a
year later returned to Dunedin to become
organising secretary of foreign missions In
1922 he again visited the mission fied and in

DONALD

1923 he retired'to live at Ophir.

Don continued his interest in the Sunday
school and the P.W.M.U., and for the jubilee
of the Otago presbytery compiled a volume of
recollections, Memoirs of the Golden Road
(1931). He wrote regularly to the Outlook
and published a number of books, including
Under Six Flags, Light in Dark Isles, and Peter
Milne of Nguna. He died on 2 Nov 1934.

Proc. General Assembly of New Zealand, 187
1934; The Outlook, pass; Don, op. cit. (p); Otago
Daily Times, 3 Nov 1934.

DON, JOHN ROBERT (1860-1919) was born
in Gisborne, Victoria, the son of John Don,
and educated in Victoria. He came to New
Zealand in 1880 and received an appointment
on the staff of the Oamaru south school, from
which he moved in turn to Forbury, the Nor-
mal School (Dunedin) and as first assistant to
Macandrew road (1884). At Otago University
he graduated B.A. (1886) and M.A. (1887),
with honours in chemistry. In 1887 he became
first assistant at the Normal School. In 1889
he graduated B.Sc, and in 1896 D.Sc.; in 1898
he was elected a fellow of the Chemical Society
and in 1900 of the Geological Society. He was
demonstrator in chemistry and lecturer in
geology at the University. In 1895 Don was
appointed vice-principal of the Training Col-
lege, and two years later rector of the Waitaki
Boys High School. His influence there was
very marked, changing the character of the
school from ultra-classical to ultra-scientific. As
in previous appointments, he had considerable
success in examination and scholarship results.
He paid great attention to school sports and in
1906 opened, a preparatory department. Fol-
lowing the death of his wife in 1906 his health
broke down, and he resigned. On returning to
New Zealand from a trip abroad (1909) he was
appointed inspector of schools under the Otago
board. Don died on 23 Mar 1919.

K. C. McDondd (p); Otago Daily Times, 24
Mar 1919,

DONALD, WILLIAM (1815-84) was born in
London of Scottish origin, and after receiving
his medical training and some years of prac-
tical experience at Southwark and in France,
he became surgeon to a railway construction
company, first in France and later in Wales.
Arriving.in New Zealand in 1849, he was ap-

217

 

-----------------------Page 126 End-----------------------

DONNELLY

pointed medical officer in Canterbury. For 20
years (1861-81) he was resident magistrate at
the port of Lyttelton. He represented Lyttelton
in the Canterbury Provincial Council (1855-
57), and for three years (1862-65) was chairman
of the municipal council. A prominent free-
mason, Donald was one of the founders in 1857
of the Lyttelton lodge, and from 1868 until a
few weeks before his death on 29 Jun 1884, he
was provincial grand master.

Barclay; Cox; Lyttelton Times, 1 Jul. 1884.

DONNELLY, GEORGE PRIOR (1847-1917)
was born in county Tipperary, the son of a
landed proprietor, and educated at Doom,
county Limerick. His father having died in
1861, he came to New Zealand with his mother
(1863). While living at Wairoa South, he was
a member of the Auckland Cavalry (1864) and
he rode his first race at Tamaki in the garrison
hunt steeplechase. In 1867 Donnelly moved to
Hawkes Bay, where he became manager for
Major Carlyon. He soon took up land for him-
sdf and was very successful, becoming the
owner of Crissoge, Waimarama, Mangaohane
and Okurukuru. He took his part in local
government, and was a successful racing owner
and a breeder of blood horses and cattle. He
died in Jun 1917.

Donnelly married (1877) AIRINI, daughter of
the Ngati-Kahungunu chief Karauria Pupu
(who was killed fighting for the Queen at Ma-
karetu, Nov 1868), and a descendant of Tiaki-
tai. She died on 6 Jun 1909.

Privy Council reports, Donnelly v. Broughton, 4 Jul
1891; Cyel. vi; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cowan;
The Press, 7 Jun 1909; 0.D. Times, 21 Jun 1909.

DONOVAN, PATRICK (1812-98) was born in
Ireland, and came to New Zealand in 1838, set-
tling at Bay of Islands, and at Auckland in 1840.
He was engaged in business for many years and
was prominent in public life, being a member
of the Provincial Council for Northern Divi-
sion (1853-55). Owing to injuries sustained in
an accident he was many years in retirement.
Donovan died on 30 Oct 1898. .

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 31 Oct 1898.

DORSET, JOHN (1807-56) was born in Lon-
don and completed his medical education at
Westminster Hospital. He then enlisted as an
assistant surgeon in the British Auxiliary

DOUGLAS

Legion in Portugal, defending the constitu-
tional government of Dom Pedro. He was pres-
ent at most of the engagements and the siege
of Oporto. After recovering from typhus, he
took the field under Bernardo da Sa (who had
served under Wellington), At the battle of Sao
Bartolomeo, when the Constitutional forces had
broken, da Sa and Dorset retrieved the day by
leading a cavalry charge, and Dorset, the only
officer unhurt, commanded the rearguard opera-
tions of the cavalry. He was promoted cavalry
commander in recognition of his gallantry.
Dorset went to England at the end of this
campaign and at once enlisted as surgeon in
the Legion for Spain. He was placed in charge
of the hospital at Vittoria during a severe win-
ter marked by outbreaks of disease in the army
and then joined the staff of de Lacy Evans. On
the disbandment of the Legion he immediately
enlisted for another term of service in the
auxiliary brigade.

Returning to England in 1839 he met his
fellow legionnaire, Colonel Wakefield, by
whose influence he was appointed principal
surgeon to the New Zealand Company. He
came to New Zealand in the Tory. In Welling-
ton Dorset took a leading part in the constitu-
tional movement. In 1853-56 he represented
Wellington City in the Provincial Council, and
in 1854 he was appointed provincial surgeon.
He died on 2 Oct 1856, and was succeeded as
M.P.C. by his brother, WILLIAM DORSET (1802-
77, arrived in Wellington 1841), who sat till
the following year.

NZ.C.; Cel. NZ. i, 271; Ward; Grimstone; E.
J. Wakelield; "Wakelin; Wellington Independent,
22, 25 OcU856.

DOUGLAS, JOHN (1829-1903) was born in
Perthshire, the son of a Strathmore farmer. He
gained some knowledge of business and estate
management in a lawyer's and factor's office
and after a short experience in a commercial
office came to New Zealand in 1862 as man-
aging partner for certain investors and agent
for others. In partnership with F. G. Alderson
he acquired Mount Royal and Waihao Downs
and many other estates, including Clydevate,
Edendate, Kurow, Kawarau, Deep Dell: and
Hakataramea. Several of these were taken over
in 1867 by. the New Zealand and Australian
Land Co., of which he was agent and manager

218

DOUGLAS

till 1870, after which he carried on his own
estates. In 1874 he took up:land between Car-
narvon and Oroua, in the North Island.

Douglas was a progressive farmer who intro-
duced machinery whenever possible and paid
great attention to his stock and pastures. He
was a pioneer of the frozen meat industry. In
1871 he contested the Waihemo seat in the
Provincial Council against J. McKenzie (q.v.),
but he took no further part in politics. In 1863
Douglas married a daughter (d. 1864) of
Thomas Rattray, of Brewlands, Perthshire, and
later a daughter of David Stark, of Dunedin.
He died on 12 Aug 1903.

Cyl. NZ., iv (p); cd G Wilson; Otago Daily
Times, 17 Aug 1903.

DOUGLAS,. SIR ROBERT ANDREWS MAC-
KENZIE (1837-84), 3rd baronet, son of the
second baronet, was educated in Jersey and
Hampshire and gazetted ensign in the 57th
Regiment (1854),I'lith which he served at the
storming of Sebastopol and the capture of Kin-
burn. He later served against the Arabs at
Aden (being present at the capture of Sheikh
Othman), and in the Indian Mutiny. Coming
with the 57th to New Zealand, he served
through the West Coast campaign under Gen-
eral Cameron, and was present at several skirm-
sishes, including Nukumaru.

Douglas commanded a company for 10 years
before selling out to settle at Whangarei. There
he took a keen interest in public afars. He
was a member of the Provincial Council for
Whangarei (1873 to ab.olition) and represented
Marsden in Parliament (1876-79). In 1880 he
was a member of the civil service commission.
Douglas married in 1866 Eleanor Louisa (d.
1919), daughter of T. H. Liffiton. He died on
28 Feb 1884.

ParUr)’. Record; Burke, Peerage, 1935; Gud-
geon; Auckland P.C. Proc,

DOUSLIN, WILLIAM, was an architect by pro-
fession and a man of some inventive genius.
He came to New Zealand from Tasmania at the
time of the Wakamarina ‘rush and settled in
Marlborough, first at Havelock and later in
Blenheim, where he was mayor in 1887. He
represented Pelorus in the Marlborough Pro-
vincial Council (1865-75) and was in the execu-
tive in 1865-66. Douslin afterwards went to

DRANSFIELD

South Africa, and was employed by the Char-
tered Company in Rhodesia.

Cyel. N.Z,, v; Buick, Marlborough, 452.

DOWNES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1868-1938)
was born in Wellington (his father being a
surveyor), and brought up in Bulls, where he
became interested in the history of the Ngati-
‘Apa tribe. In 1898 he entered into business in
Wanganui and in 1913 became superintendent
for the Wanganui river trust. He was a deep
student of Maori history, on which he wrote
many papers for the Polynesian Society. He
published Old Whanganui (1915) and a history
and guide to the river (1921, 1923). Downes
made many gifts to the Wanganui Museum.
He married (1890) Margaret, daughter of An-
drew Thomson. His death occurred on 6 Aug
1938.

Polynesian Journal, Sep 1938; Wallga7tui Chron-
icle, 8 Aug 1938.

DOWNEY, JOHN CUTHBERT (1832-95) was
born in Liverpool and in 1848 entered the
Benedictine order. Ordained priest at Rome in
1.855, he returned to England and in conjune-
tlon With Lord Abbot Alcock (who came with
the Benedictines to New Zealand) he founded
a branch of the order at Ramsgate. In 1868
he was appointed prior of the monastery of
Tenterden, at Ashford, Kent. After filling the
pOSitlOn of Vicar-apostolic at Decca, Bengal, for
three years he came to New Zealand with
Bishop Steins in 1879 and established a Bene-
dictine mission at Newton. powney died on
21 May 1895.

DRANSFIELD, JOSEPH (1827-1906) was born
at Huddersfield, Yorkshire, where his father
owned a woollen mill. He was educated at the
local school; as a young man sailed for Aus-
tralia in the Falcon, and spent five years in
and around Sydney. In 1857 he crossed to Wel-
lington, where his brother, C. E. Dranstield,
had established a merchant's business. They
worked together for a while and did well. In
1860 Dransfield was a coal merchant, carrying
out considerable contracts for the-New Zealand
Steam Navigation Co. and McMeckan Black-
woods. He widened his interests and in 1888
sold to the United Importers Co.

Dransfield was a member of the Provincial
Council (representing Wellington City 1863-

219

 

-----------------------Page 127 End-----------------------

DREYER

67, and 1869-73). Twice during that time he
was a member of the executive. He was chair-
man of the town board which preceded the
City Council, and was mayor of the City (1870-
74). Dransfield took the first steps towards the
reclamation of land from the harbour. He was
again mayor in 1878, and had been re-elected
when financial embarrassment led to his re-
signation. He was chairman of the Wellington
chamber of commerce (1878-79) and a director
of the New Zealand Steam Navigation Co.
Dransfield died on 21 Sep 1906.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cyel. N.Z., i; 'Ward;
Evening Post, 3 Oct 1929 (p).

DREYER, ALEXANDER SVEND (1820-1905)
was the son of an officer in the Danish army.
Owing to political troubles he came to New
Zealand in the sixties. In 1866 he bought land
in the Mount Patriarch run (Marlborough),
but was refused a crown grant on the grounds
of failure to improve. Dreyer then moved to
the West Coast, where he represented Grey
in the Nelson Provincial Council (1867-69).
On the inauguration of Scandinavian immigra-
tion he was appointed by the Wellington pro-
vincial government as interpreter and store
keeper at the camp north of Masterton, on the
edge of the Forty-Mile Bush (1871). He was
responsible also for reception of the immi-
grants from Scandinavia, and accompanied
many of them to their destinations. Dreyer
settled near Kopuaranga, the township being
named after him +Dreyer's Rock’ and later
*Dreyerton: He died on 4 Aug 1905.

Kopuaranga School Jubilee Souvenir, 1935; Wel-
lington Independent, 6 Nov 1871; Wairarapa Ob-
server, 5 Aug 1905.

DRIVER, HENRY (1831-93) was born in the
United States, came to the Victorian goldfields
when a young man, and went into business in
Melbourne, where he was a partner in Lord
and Co., importers. A few years later he be-
came a partner in a station on the Murray. In
1861 he came to Dunedin following the dis
coveries at Gabriels Gully, and established
himself as a merchant and stock agent under
the style of Driver, McLean and Co. When
this business was merged in the New Zealand
Loan and Mercantile Agency Co. he became
manager of that firm and later of the Mutual
Agency Co. He interested himself early in the

DUDLEY

telegraph line from Dunedin to Port Chal-
mers, for which he had the contract, in the
New Zealand Agricultural Co. and the Waimea
Plains railway.

Driver had a run at Horseshoe Bush, near
Clarendon. He first entered public life as a
member of the Dunedin City Council (1865-
69), being elected at the head of the poll. In
1866 he entered the Otago Provincial Council,
in which he sat for many years (for Taieri
1866-67; Wakari 1867-71, 1872-75). He was
elected to Parliament for Roslyn, which he
represented for one year, and in 1881 he was
returned for Hokonui. At the general election
in 1884 he stood for Bruce but was defeated
by Gillies, and he refused to stand again when
a vacancy occurred. He died on 23 Jan 1893.
For some time Driver was consul for the United
States. He was a prominent member of the
Dunedin Jockey Club, and was responsible for
laying out the course at Forbury (1877). In
1879-80 he was president and subsequently
starter. +

Chel. N.Z., iv; Barclay; Otago Daily Times, 24
Jan 1893 Portrait: Parliament House.

DUDLEY, BENJAMIN THORNTON (1838-
1901) was born at Ticehurst, Sussex, the son of
the Very Rev Benjamin Woolley Dudley (q.v.).
Educated first at Marlborough College, Eng-
land, he came to New Zealand with his par-
ents in the Cressy (1850) and finished at
Christ's College (1852-56), where he was head of
the school and Rowley scholar, He joined the
Melanesian Mission under Bishop J. R. Selwyn
(1857), was ordained by Bishop Patteson (1861)
but owing to ill-health had to retire from the
mission (of which he was secretary from 1883).
He was appointed curate of St Mary's, Parnell
(1864) and vicar of Holy Sepulchre, Auckland
(1865-97). In 1883 he was appointed archdea-
con of Auckland and secretary to the Melane-
sian Mission, and in 1887 and 1897 he acted as.
commissary for the bishop. He was a member
of the general synod for many years, and a gov-
ernor of St John's College and was interested in
the establishment of a college for Maori girls.
He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Dudley married (1862) Marion, daughter of
the Rev J. F. Churton (qv.). He died on 24
Apr 1901.

220

 

DUDLEY

Cyel. N.Z., ii (p); Christ's Coll. List; Auckland
Star, 24 Apr 1901.

DUDLEY, BENJAMIN WOOLLEY (1805-92)
was born at Dudley, Staffordshire, the son of
a merchant, whose evangelical leanings promp-
ted the son to turn from business to the
Church. He entered at St Catherine's Hall,
Cambridge, where he graduated (B.A. 1837;
M.A. 1840). Ordained priest, he was appointed
curate of EarDley, Chichester, and in 1838 of
Ticehurst, Sussex.

In 1850 he came to Canterbury in the Cressy
and was appointed incumbent of Lyttelton. In
1859 he moved to Auckland, where he had
charge of St John's College and Panmure. In
1860 he was appointed incumbent of Rangiora,
becoming a rural dean and canon (1866) and
archdeacon 1876. He retired in 1888 and died
on 28 Aug 1892. Dudley was a fellow of Christ's
College, Christchurch (1864-88), where he estab-
lished a scholarship. He endowed the church
at West Lyttelton. He was a coadjutor of Fox
in the Temperance Movement and president
of the Blue Ribbon Society and the North
Canterbury Political Temperance Union.

Cyel. N.Z., iii (p); Lyttelton Times, 29 Aug 1892.

DUNCAN, ANDREW (1834-80) was born in
the west of Scotland and came to Canterbury
with his parents in 1858. After working for
a while he established himself in business as
a nurseryman and seedsman. He represented
Heathcote in the Provincial Council (1867-70
and 1871-73) and was on the executive in 1869
and 1872. In 1870 he was mayor of Christ-
church. He once contested a Parliamentary seat
against E. J. Wakefield. Duncan was a member
of the education board (sometime chairman),
the waste lands board, and the South Waima-
kariri board of conservators. He acted for a
while as emigration agent in London for the
province.’ He died on 10 Dec 1880.

N.Z. Country Jour. vol 5; Cox, Men of Mark;
Cyel. N.Z., iii (p); Lyttelton Times, 11 Dec 1880.

DUNCAN, GEORGE (1826-79) was born in
Scotland and educated there. He arrived in
Otago by the Mooltan (1849) and was a pro-
gressive and successful farmer and business man.
He erected a flourmill‘at Water of Leith (1859)
and brought out modem machinery for it in
1866. He also at that time established a suc-
cessful brewery in Dunedin

DUNCAN

Duncan was a member of the town board
(1860). He was elected to represent North
Harbour in the Provincial Council in 1863 and
was a member of the executive in that year. He
retired early the following year to visit Soot-
land. Returning in 1866 Duncan was elected
in 1867 to represent the City of Dunedin and
he was in the executive in 1867-68, 1869-71 and
1871. Part of the time he was secretary for
public works and part provincial treasurer. He
was for six years a member of the administra
tion and was the leading spirit in the explora-
tion of the West Coast of Otago.

In 1873 he resigned to live in California,
where his death occurred on 13 Jan 1879.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times, 12 Jul
1873, 19 Feb 1879.

DUNCAN, JOHN (1848-1924) was born at
Dundee, the son of Alexander Scott Duncan
(d. 1886), an early settler of Marlborough, who
established a sawmill at the Grove (1861), had
a sheep run and represented Queen Charlotte
Sound in the Provincial Council (1869-70). He
introduced the first steam sawmilling plant in
Marlborough

John Duncan came to Australia with his par-
ents in 1851 and to Nelson in 1858, where he
completed his education at Nelson College
(1863-64). He worked at the Grove for some
years, but later established a sash and door
factory in Wanganui. Returning to the Grove
on his father's retirement, he finished milling
the bush and then started sheep farming. Dun-
can was chairman of the Pelorus road board,
the Marlborough land board, the Picton
hospital and charitable aid board, the Marl-
borough Land and Railway League and the
Cook memorial committee. He was chairman
also of the Marlborough education board and
an original governor of the Marlborough Col-
lege. In 1905 he contested the Wairau seat
against C. H. Mills (1905). He was elected in
1908, but defeated by R. McCallum at the
following election. Duncan was a fine oars
man and president of the Marlborough Rowing
Association. He died on 2 Feb 1924.

N.Z.P.D., 1 Jul 1924; Marlborough Express, 4
Feb 1924.

DUNCAN, RICHARD JOHN (1823-94), an
early colonist of Wellington, was many years in
business as a merchant there, and had land in-

221

-----------------------Page 128 End-----------------------

DUNCAN

terests in Hawkes Bay. A Liberal in politics
and an impulsive advocate of the rights of the
working class, he sat in the Provincial Council
of Wellington for Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay
(1856-57), and for Wellington City (1861-65).
He was sometime clerk of the Council and was
managing director of the New Zealand Steam
Navigation Co. Duncan died on 21 Sep 1894.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward.

DUNCAN, THOMAS SMITH (1821-84) was
born in Perth, Scotland, the son of the procura-
tor-fiscal. He was educated for law and prac-
tised for a short time in Scotland. In 1850 he
arrived in Canterbury in the Randolph and
took up land at Decanter Bay, where he spent
five years. His strength being unequal to farm-
ing, he began to practise law in Lyttelton, and
shortly aftenvards moved into Christchurch. For
some years J. S Williams (q.v.) was his partner.

Duncan was a member of the Provincial
Council of Canterbury (for Akaroa 1857-59;
City of Christchurch 1860-61; Avon 1861-66;
Papanui 1866-70). In 1858 he was appointed to
the executive as provincial solicitor, a position
he held twice (1858-63 and 1866-67). He was
then appointed crown prosecutor and held that
position until his death on 22 Dec 1884. He
was president of the Canterbury Law Society
from its formation in 1868. Duncan married
Miss Hunter.

Cox, Men of Mark: Guthrie Hay; Lyttelton
Times, 23 Dec 1884.

DUNCAN, THOMAS YOUNG (1836-1914)
was born at Plumbridge, county Tyrone. Ire-
land, educated at the Castledamph national
school, and brought up to farming. In 1858
he arrived in Victoria, where he worked on the
goldfields successively at Bendigo, Back Creek,
Daisy Hill, Lamplow, Charlton and Fiery Creek.
With a party of northern English, Welsh and
Scots he started a deep claim with an engine.
In 1862 the Dunstan rush attracted him to
Otago, and after working on the fidds for two
years without marked success he took up a farm
at Pukeuri (1864) where he remained for the
rest of his life.

Duncan was a member of the school com-
mittee and the first road board, was on the Wai-
taki county council for nine years from its for-
mation and on the Oamaru harbour board. He
was returned to the House of Representatives

 

DURIE

for Waitaki in 1881, 1884 and 1887, and there-
after for Oamaru, which he represented till
4911. He was a staunch Liberal and in 1900
became a member of the Seddon ministry (as
Minister for Lands and Agriculture). He was
not included in the Ward reconstruction in
1906, and retired from the elective house in
4911. In the following year he was called to
the Legislative Council, of which he was a
member till his death (on 18 Aug 1914). Dun-
can married a daughter of J. Begg, of Ballater,
near Balmoral.

N.Z.P.D. (notably 26 Aug 1914); Who's Who

Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 19 Aug 1914. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

DUPPA, GEORGE, was a younger brother of
Bryan Duppa of Hollingbourne, Kent, who
originally suggested the formation of the Nel-
son Company, and was descended from Bishop
Duppa. He came to New Zealand in 1840
and was a member of the provisional com-

mittee in Wellington. Then he settled in Nel-'

son, and brought cattle from Australia for his
places at Waimea and upper Motueka. Duppa
was one of the most enterprising explorers in
New Zealand, with a remarkable eye for
country. It was he who advised the McRae's
to take up land in Marlborough, and he took
up the vast St Leonards run, which he sold
to Rhodes and Wilkin.

At the request of Colonel Wakefield he re-
ported on the suitability of Nelson for the
second settlement and with Captain Daniell he
reported on Canterbury before Captain Thomas
was sent down to prepare the way for the
settlement. Duppa warmly recommended the
Canterbury plains. In 1856 he made an im-
portant exploration for a practicable route be-
tween Nelson and Canterbury. In 1843 he
resided in Wellington, where he had a resi-
dence at Oriental Bay. Duppa is said to have
been the first man to make a fortune in New
Zealand. He returned to England'and married
(1870) Alice, daughter of P. J. Miles, of Leigh
court, Somerset.

N.2.C., 31; John Wood, Twelve Months in Wel-
lington, Port Nicholson, 1843; Acland; Wood-
house; Cox; Ward; Roberts, Southland; Arnold;
N.Z. Spectator, 18 Jun 1856.

DURIE, DAVID STARK (1804-74) was born
in England and held a commission as ensign

222

 

DUTHIE

in the Scottish Fusiliers. He served under Sir
Charles Shaw at the sege of Oporto in Portu-
gal and was severely wounded while charging
the heights of Antes in 1833. He later joined
the British Legion for service in Spain (under
Sir de Lacy Evans) and was again wounded
at the battle of San Sebastian (1836). He
gained his company in an infantry regiment
commanded by the German Baron Rollenbach
and was present at the storming of Irun in
1837. Durie received the order of Ferdinand
(1st class).

Owing to his intimacy with other officers of
the Legion, notably Colonel Wakefield and Dr
Dorset, he joined the New Zealand Company
and came to Wellington in the Adelaide (which
arrived on 7 Mar 1840). Durie was appointed
a captain in the Wellington militia in 1845, and
served against Rangihaeata in 1846, being
stationed afterwards at vVaikanae. In (851 he
was appointed resident magistrate and(sub-col-
lector of customs at Wanganui and commis-
sioner of crown lands for the Wanganui hun-
dred. He retired from his officid positions in
1868, and died on 26 Sep 1874.

Grimstone; E. J. Wakefield; Ward; Wellington
Independent, 11 Jul 1868; N.Z. Times, 2 Nov 1868.

DUTHIE, JOHN (1841-1915) was born at Kin-
tore, Aberdeenshire, and educated at the Aber-
deen Grammar School. He was apprenticed to
the ironmongery trade and travelled for some
years for a Sheffield house. In 1863 he came
to New Zealand by the Helvell)'n and, after
acting for a short timé as traveller for an Auck-
land firm, he started in business in New Ply-
mouth. Opening a branch in Wanganui two
years later, he moved there and built up a
good business. In 1879 he established the firm
of John Duthie and Co. in Wellington.
Duthie took a prominent part in public
affairs. In Wanganui he was chairman of the
harbour board. He was a member of the Wel-
lington harbour board (1883-89) and chairman
(1887-88); and in 1889 he was mayor of the city.
He was president of the chamber of com-
merce and sometime chairman of directors of
the Gear Meat and other companies. He rep-
resented the City of Wellington in Parliament
(1890-96, 1898-99 and 1903-05). Being defeated
in 1905 by C. H. Izard, he did not again con-
test a seat. In 1913 he was called to the Legis-

DYER

lative Council by the Massey government, and
he remained a member till his death (on 14
Oct 1915). Duthie in his early public life had
Liberal leanings, which were evident in the
debates on the arbitration and conciliation
bill, but in later years he was a staunch Con-
servative.

N.Z.P.D., 19 May 1916; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); ‘Bear
champ; Taranaki News, 9 Dec 1890; Wanganui
Weekly Herald, 29 Jun 1872.

DUTHIE, JOHN ALEXANDER (1853-1933)
was the first white child born in the Toko-
mairiro district of Otago. He was educated at
the Tokomairiro Grammar School, at Nelson
College (1863-64) and Otago Boys High School
(1865-66). He entered the service of the Bank
of Otago, transferred to the National Bank of
New Zealand and at the age of 19 (in partner-
ship with R. W. Capstick) established a land,
stock and auctioneering business in Milton. On
the dissolution of the partnership (1878) he
continued in his own name. In 1917 he leased
his premises to the National Mortgage and
Agency Co., to which he afterwards sold. Duthie
was a member of the Milton borough council
for some years and mayor (1883-86 and 1908-
10). He assisted to promote and was a director
of the Fortification Coal Co., the Bruce Wool-
len Co. (1896), and the South Otago Freezing
Co., and was for 30 years president of the
Bruce Property Investment and Building So-
ciety. He was president of the Tokomairiro
Farmers’ Club (1876-77). Duthie died on 5
May 1933.

Bruce Herald, 13 Apr 1931, 8 May 1933.

DYER, ROBERT COATES (1834-1912) was
born in India, his father being in the service of
the H.E.I.C.S., and was educated at Chelten-
ham College, England. He came to Auckland
by the Joseph Fletcher in 1853 and farmed for
some years in the Mahurangi district. Dyer
represented Northern Division in the Provin-
cial Council (1870-73). Later he was teaching
under the Auckland education board, at Mau-
ngatawhiri (1880), Coromandet (1881), Pon-
sonby (1883) and head teacher at Cambridge
(1889). Retiring in 1901, he was afterwards
in charge at Kaitaia (1904-06). Dyer died on
1 Aug 1912.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.z., ii; Secretary,
Auckland Education Board. (information).

223

-----------------------Page 129 End-----------------------

DYER

DYER, WILLIAM JOHN, was in Sydney before
coming to New Zealand in 1857, when he
opened a store at the Bluff. He lived in Toko-
mairiro for many years and during that time
he was several times mayor of Milton and rep-

DYER

resented the district in the Otago Provincial
Council (1864-66). He contested the parlia
mentary seat without success.

Otago P.C. Proc.; ROberts, Southland; Oy'c!. N.Z.,
iv, 845, 965, 1014.

 

 

E

 

EARLE, AUGUSTUS (b. 1798) was an English-
man and was educated as an artist. Imbued
from his youth with a love of travel, he per-
suaded the Admiralty to allow him in 1815
to live in his brother's gunboat on the Medi-
terranean station. There he witnessed the
operations of Lord Exmouth against the Bar-
bary States and afterwards, with the help of
the Dey of Algiers, he made many sketches
of the ruins of Carthage and other places. It
was the middle of 1817 before he returned to
England with many beautiful sketches of the
Mediterranean.

In Mar 1818 he left for the United States,
where he spent two years, then proceeded to
South America, practising as an artist with con-
siderable success for six months in Lima and
working his way back to Rio in the hope of
finding a passage to India. The hoy in which
he sailed was driven into Tristan d'Acunha
where he had to remain some months before
the Admiral Cockbum arrived, bound for Van
Diemen's Land. Earle sketched with great pro-
fit in the Australian colonies and on 30 Oct
1827 landed in Hokianga from the Govemor
Macquarie. He spent six months sketching and
studying the manners of the Maori people from
his headquarters at Kororareka

By roundabout routes he found his way to
Madras, where also he made sketches for use
in Burford's panorama in Leicester square, Lon-
don. Eventually he reached England again in
the trader Resource. His journals were pub-
lished in 1832 as The Narrative of a Nine
Months Residence in New Zealand. By this
time Earle was again at sea as draughtsman in
H.M. surveying ship Beagle. This brought him
again to New Zealand and he made further
sketches, some of which were reproduced in

the New Zealand Association's portfolio in
1838.

Earle, op. cit. (biographical introduction) ; Hoc-

ken, Bibliog.
EARNSHAW, WILLIAM (1852-1931) was born
at Manchester, England, and educated there.
He displayed considerable ability at school and
was apprenticed to an engineering firm with
which he was trained as an all-round mechanic.
At the age of 21 he went to the United States,
where he spent two years. After visiting Austra-
lia and New Zealand Earnshaw settled in Christ-
church (1878) and was employed at the Adding-
ton workshops. In 1881 he removed to Dune-
din, where he-was engaged as a brassfounder at
Anderson and Morrisons.

In 1890 he was elected to the House of
Representatives for Peninsula, being one of the
first batch of labour members returned to Par-
liament. He represented that constituency for
three years, and the City of Dunedin in the
next Parliament, and was defeated in 1896
(under the triple-electorate system). In 1900
he stood for Wellington (unsuccessfully).
Earnshaw then lived in Westland, where he
was engaged in a beach dredging property at
Gillespie's. He was afterwards employed by
the Wellington harbour board. In 1913 he was
called to the Legislative Council by the Massey
government, and he remained a member till
his death, on 29 Dec 1931.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Feb 1982; Otago Daily Times, 30
Dec 1931; Taranaki News, 10 Dec 1890. Portrait:
Parliament House.

EARP, GEORGE BUTLER, was in business in
Liverpool before coming to New Zealand in
the Martha Ridgway (1840) to establish
branches of the firm of Guyton and Earp in
Wellington and Wanganui. He was appointed

225

18

 

-----------------------Page 130 End-----------------------

EAST

to the Legislative Council by Governor Hobson
and a magistrate of the territory (1841). He
returned to England in 1842 and gave evidence
before the select committee on New Zealand
in 1844,

GB.OP, 184/556; L.c. of NZ. 1842; Wel-
lington Independent, 11 Jan 1861; N.Z. Herald, 2
Mar 1842, 1 Jun 1895.

EAST, ALFRED WILLIAM, an early Taranaki
settler, was farming at Barrett road. He was
M.H.R. for Omata 1855-60 and member of the
Provincial Council for the same constituency
1855-56. He resigned from Parliament on
accepting a government appointment in 1860,
and for many years was a mail agent between
New Zealand, Australia and San Francisco.

ECCLES, ALFRED (1821-1904) was born at
Kennington, Surrey, the son of John Henry
Eccles, merchant, of Broad street. His parents
removing to Plymouth, he spent his early life
there, but at the age of 10 was admitted as a
pupil at Christ's Hospital, London, whose quaint
dress he wore for the next three years and a
half. There he developed a desire for the
career of medicine, and on leaving school he
apprenticed himself for five years to Samuel
Millard, M.R.C.SLL., resident proprietor of the
Whitchurch asylum for the insane, near Ross,
Herefordshire. The five years that Eccles spent
in the valley of the Wye and in Devonshire
had a profound influence upon his artistic
tastes.

Having completed his articles, Eocles entered
St Bartholomew's Hospital (1842) and, accord-
ing to Luther Holden (afterwards president of
the Royal College of Surgeons), was’ one of the
most distinguished students of his day.’ In
1843, he took his degree as member of the
Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1844 gained
the diploma of licentiate of the Society of
Apothecaries. He returned for a short time to
Whitchurch, and then practised from chambers
in London. By 1848 he had established himself
also in practice at Tunbridge Wells. In 1848
he married Alice Elizabeth (d. 1852), daughter
of T. S Withington, of Dulwich. They travelled
on the continent, and Eccles did research work
in Malta and Egypt. Eccles did further post
graduate work at St Bartholomew's and prac-
tised in London. He married (1853) Maria,
daughter of Sir James Caleb Anderson, of

ECCLES

Fermoy, county Cork. In 1858, Eocles was hon-
oured by election to the fellowship of the Royal
College. He had a prosperous practice in Lon-
don and Tunbridge Wells when he decided
(1861) to emigrate to New Zealand. He sailed
as surgeon in the ship Chile on 31 Aug. Mrs
Eccles died at sea.

Eccles was the first fellow of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons in Otago, and he soon had a
practice which took him far afield and paid
handsomely. In 1864 he was appointed by the
provincial goverrunent to a commission to re
commend measures to improve the sanitation
of the city. He acted as secretary to the com-
mission, and next year was appointed a member
of the Otago medical board, In less than a
year after his arrival Eccles was an accepted
leader in the public affairs of Dunedin. He
was one of the leading promoters of the build-
ing of St Paul's Cathedral, and a chief organiser
of the bazaar in 1862 at which a large portion
of the money was obtained. The small indus-
trial exhibition, which was a feature of the
bazaar, was most popular, and Eccles conceived
the idea of an industrial exhibition on a large
scale, which would demonstrate the economic
progress of the colony. In 1863 a preliminary
committee was set up, and by Nov 1864 a fine
block of buildings, which had cost the provin-
cial goverrunent £18,000, was handed over to
the regular commission. Here in Jan 1865, was
opened the first New Zealand exhibition.
Eccles was honorary secretary and the main
driving force of the committee, and when the
exhibition closed the committee voted that he
be made a special award of a gold medal’ as.
a recognition of his indefatigable labours in
originating and furthering the first New Zea
land exhibition.’ The exhibition building is
now the administrative block of the Dunedin
hospital.

A lifelong lover of art, Ecoles assisted at the
initiation of the Otago Fine Arts exhibition
(1869). In the same year he was one of the
founders-and a first vice-president with Arthur
Beverly-of the Otago Institute.

In 1869 Eccles married Mary (d. 1886),
daughter of John Jones and widow of-Dr
Henry Nelson. Two years later, to give his
family an English education, he sailed for the
Old Country and settled in Devonshire. Eccles
died at Plymouth on 11 Mar 1904.

226

 

EDGER

Hocken; Fulton; Otago Daily Times, 29 Aug

1930 (P).
EDGER, SAMUEL (1828-82) was born at Pix:
ton, East Grinstead, Sussex, of devout and
pious parents. He graduated B.A. at the Uni-
versity of London and entered the ministry of
the Baptist Church, accepting charge of a con-
gregation in Birmingham, and later at Kimbol-
ton (Huntingdonshire) and Abingdon, Berk-
shire.

As early as 1850 Edger came to the conviction
that sectarianism or denominationalism was a
sin against the New Testament, and when the
Albertland Special Settlement Association in-
vited applications for a minister to accompany
their emigrants (1861) he believed it would be
an excellent opportunity for putting his con-
victions into practice. With his wife and family
he sailed in the Matilda Wattenbach (Sep
1862). On arri\ing in Albertland, they en-
countered great difficulties, but, having antici-
pated farming, Edger had brought with him a
party of agriculturists with whose help his farm
was soon working on co-operative lines with
every prospect of success. There was no church
at Port Albert and he held unsectarian services
both there and at Te Arai for several years,
making provision for Church of England re-
quirements 2s well as those of the Noncon-

‘formists. While in Port Albert he contributed

regularly to the Gazette.

At the end of 1865, on the retirement of the
Rev T. Hamer, Edger went to Auckland to
supply his place for eight months. He returned
to his post at Port Albert, but losing his house
by fire (Aug 1866) he shortly afterwards moved
into Auckland and for many years preached
there, at first in the Parnell Hall and after-
wards in the Oddfellows’ hall and other places.
Though holding forward views, his style of
preaching was rather deep and scholarly for the
ordinary church-goer. Edger was a prominent
supporter of the temperance movement and
had a deep interest in music and art, being a
Vice-president of the Auckland Choral society
and a committeeman of the Artists’ society. He
died on 30 Sep 1882.

Two of his works, The Problem Of Life
(1884) and Autobiographical Notes and Lec-
tures, were edited by his daughters, Mrs K. M.
Evans (q.v.) and Lilian Edger. A son, Herpeet
FRANK EDGER (1854-1909), was a judge of the

EDWARDS.

native land court and Under.secretary for
Native Affairs,

Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1992; Edger op. cit. (p);
Brett, Albertlanders (p); Auckland Star, 6

1882; Albertland Gazette; N.Z. Herald, 6 Sep 1884,
12, 19 Feb 1887.

EDIE, JOHN (1856-1928) was born in New-
castle, New South Wales, and came to New
Zealand with his parents a few years later. He
was educated at Lawrence and in 1873 joined
the Survey department. He commenced field
work in the Catlins river district, where he
surveyed the Tawanui bush before the railway
was constructed.

In 1885 he became engineer to the Tuapeka
county council, a position he held till 1919,
when he resigned to contest the Bruce seat
against J. Allen. He won the seat the follow-
ing year at a byelection, and held it at the
following election against A. S Malcolm.
Standing in 1925 as a supporter of the National
Party, he was defeated by F. Waite.

Edie farmed for many years in Tuapeka and
was interested in a goldmining claim at Island
Block. He was a member of the Lawrence
borough council and for one term mayor, and
was a member of the domain board and an
elder of the Presbyterian church. For some
years he was captain of the Tuapeka Mounted
Rifles. He died on 7 Jun 1928.

N.Z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; Otago Daily Times, 8 Jun
1928.” Portrait: Parliament” House.

EDWARDS, GEORGE (1798-1865) settled in
Wellington about 1845. He was member of
the Provincial Council for Wellington City
(1856-57). Edwards was a keen horticulturist
and contributed to the gardeners’ calendar.
He died on 10 Nov 1865.

Wellington Independent, 11 Nov 1865.

EDWARDS, NATHANIEL (1822-80) was born
in England and arrived in New Zealand by the
Slains Castle in 1845. He was for some time
engaged on the government survey staff in the
Awatere and also in managing a flaxmill. The
failure of the mill threw him on his own reo
sources and he took employment as accountant
for Fell and Seymour. In 1857, with George
Bennett, he acquired the business. The firm
purchased a fleet of small steamers, with which
they founded the Anchor line (1862). Edwards

227

-----------------------Page 131 End-----------------------

EDWARDS

sold out to his partners in 1866, but soon re-
entered business as general merchants in Christ-
church in partnership with Bennett, Aiken and
Connell. Mter four years there he retired with
‘a competence and lived in Nelson.

Edwards took little part in public affairs and
had no aspirations in political life. He repre-
sented Nelson in the Provincial Council (1868-
69, and 1875-76), being a member of the execu-
tive in the last few months. He also represented
Nelson City in Parliament (1869-70) and two
years later was called to the Legislative Council,
in which he sat until his death (on 15 Jul
1880).

Cycl. N.Z., v; The Colonist, 17 Jul 1880; N.zZ.
Times, 13 Aug 1880. Portrait: Parliament House.

EDWARDS, SIR WORLEY BASSETT (1850-
1927) was born in London, the son of C. S
W. Edwards. He arrived at Port Chalmers in
4855 and received his education at the Boys
High School, Dunedin, where he gained special
prizes for English essays (1864-65). In 1871 he
returned to England to complete his education
and spent three years travelling in Europe.

In 1874 Edwards was articled to Julius and
O'Meagher, Oamaru, and, becoming a barrister
in 1875, he joined W. S. Moorhouse in partner-
ship. He practised in Wellington (1877-90),
for the first eight years in partnership with
Charles W. Cutten. He contested the Wellington
South Seat in 1881. In 1890 he was appointed
a judge of the Supreme Court and native com-
missioner, but in 1892 he left the bench, his
appointment being declared invalid by a
decision of the Privy Council (14 Jul1892) on
the ground that the law provided for only five
judges. The government intended to bring
down legislation to legalise the appointment,
but was defeated and the succeeding govern-
ment refused to fulfil the promise. He accord-
ingly retired to private practice until 1896,
when he was again appointed a judge, and
later became president of the Arbitration Court
(1898-1900). He was created a knight bachelor
in 1919, and retired from the bench as senior
judge in 1920.

Edwards married in 1886 Mrs Cutten. He
slied on 2 Jun 1927. JH.B.S.

Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1924; Butterworth's Fort-
nightly Notes, 2 Jun 1927; Evening Post, 8 Jun
1927; N.z. Graphic, 1 Oct 1892 (p)

ELIOTT

EDWIN, ROBERT ATHERTON (1840-191!)
was born in England. As a midshipman he ser-
ved in the Albion before Sebastopol (1854); in
the Elk at Canton, and in the Maori war. He
joined the civil service in New Zealand in 1871,
and in 1874 was appointed weather reporter
and examiner of masters and mates. In 1907
he became the first director of the meteorolo-
gical service. In that position, which he held
until his retirement in 1907, he created the nuc-
leus of the weather-forecasting service for the
Dominion. Edwin married a daughter of Com-
missary-general Bridgen.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., i; N.Z. Times,
17 Jul 1911.

ELAM, JOHN EDWARD (1823-88) was born at
Leeds, England, educated there and qualified
M.D. He had already made a competence at
his profession when he came to New Zealand
in the early sixties. He did not practise here
but for 25 years he lived at West Tamaki. On
his death (on 25 Jun 1888) Dr Elam left a
legacy valued at about £6,500 for the estab-
lishment in Auckland of a school of art and
design where pupils should be taught free of
charge.
N.Z. Herald, 29 Jun 1888,

ELIOTT, GEORGE ELIOT (1817-1901) came
to New Zealand with his parents in 1840 from
Sydney, and in Mar 1841 entered the civil ser-
vice at Auckland as a clerk in the Colonial
Secretary's office In 1843 he became record
clerk and in 1856 chief clerk. In Sep 1862 he
was appointed Secretary to the General Post
Office at Auckland. In 1863 Eliott was sent to
Sydney to recruit volunteers for the military
settlements in Auckland, a task which he accom-
plished with great credit. He moved to Welling-
ton with the Government in 1864 and retired
in 1873, going to live in England. In 1876 he
returned to New Zealand and lived in Dunedin,
where he took a great interest in church affairs
(as a lay reader) and in local government (as
amember of the Dunedin City Council). Eliott
married first in 1841. His first wife having died
(1883) he married in 1884 Mrs Levien (Nel-
son). He died on 17 Sep 190i.

HUNTLY JOHN HARRY ELIOTI, son of the
above, was born in Auckland in 1843 and
educated there. He joined the Colonial Secre
tary's department in 1858, became chief clerk in

228

 

ELL

2 the Public Works department 1870, and in
1877 Under-Secretary for Lands and Immigra-
tion. He was Under-Secretary for Mines when
he retired (1905). Subsequently he acted on
several royal commissions. A son, Gordon Eliott,
was M.P. for Oroua (1925-28).

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; D. Robertson, Early
Hist. of N.z. Post Office (1905); Otago Daily Times,
20 Mar 1883, 18 Sep 1901; N.z. Herald, 5, 19 Nov’,
17 Dec 1892.

ELL, HENRY GEORGE (1862-1934) was born
at Christchurch and educated at the West
Christchurch school and a private school. He
was a junior attendant at the Canterbury Mu-
seum and was then for a year or two on survey
work and sheep stations and in wool scouring
works. He served for three and a half years in
the Armed Constabulary at Parihaka and dse-
where. For four years he was printing and
stereotyping: for five years he was in a ware-
house in Christchurch and finally with a manu-
facturing stationer.

Always interested in labour politics, Ell be-
came a member of the Knights of Labour and
of the Canterbury Liberal Association, and was
three years secretary, and some time president
of the Progressive Liberal Association. The
last post he resigned to contest the Christ-
church election, for which he was nominated
by the Canterbury Women's Institute. He came
fifth (with 4,705 votes). At the following dec-
tion (1909) he was returned as the junior mem-
ber for Christchurch City (with W. W. Collins
and C. Lewis), and in 1902 he was second (with
T. E. Taylor and Davey as his colleagues). He
represented Christchurch South continuously
from 1905-19. He was defeated in 1919 and at
the three following elections. Ell was a strong
prohibitionist and an advocate of state banking
and the referendum with initiative. He was
Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie cabinet
(1912). Mter his retirement from Parliament
he continued to take an interest in social move-
ments and in beautifying. He was at different
times a member of the Spreydon road board,
the Addington school committee, the Canter-
bury College board of governors and the Can-
terbury Children's Aid Society. He married
(1892) Adelaide Eleanor, daughter of Alfred
Gee. His death occurred on 27 Jun 1934.

N.Z.P.D., 20 Jun 1934; Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); The
Press and Christchurch Times, 28 Jun 1934.

ELLIOTT

ELLES, ANDREW JAMffiSON (1816-86) was
the son of a Secession minister at Saltcoats,
Scotland. Brought up to the sea, he traded to
the West Indies and had his first command at
the age of 21

Elles came to New Zealand as captain of the
Philip Laing (1848) and subsequently made
another voyage in that vessel. He then became
owner and captain of the Pioneer, which he ran
for some time in the coastal and intercolonial
trade. In 1862 he married Clementina, daughter
of the Rev Dr Burns (q.v.) In 1856 Elles was
appointed sub-collector of customs at Inver-
cargill, and he continued to hold that and other
posts, including the receivership of land revenue
(1858), and the collectorship (1861). He was
commissioner of the waste lands board (1861)
and resident magistrate for many years until
retiring in 1880. He was a member of the Bluff
harbour board. Elles died on 4 Sep 1886.

Roberts, Southland; Beanie, ii; Hocken, Otago;
Otago Daily Times and Southland Times, 6 Sep
1886; Evening Star, 7 Sep 1886

ELLIOT, PETER (1817-83) was born at March-
amehurch, Cornwall, and came to Taranaki
with his wife and family in the Amelia Thomp-
son (1841). Taking up land near the town,
he was the first to establish a dairy in New
Plymouth to supply the town with milk and
fresh butter. In 1843 he had a cart drawn by
bullocks for farm purposes. A progressive far-
mer, he soon succeeded in making his land
freehold.

Elliot represented Grey and Bell in the Pro-
vincial Council (1853-56, 1857-61, 1866-69 and
1873-75) and was a member of the executive
for two years (1867-69). During the war in
Taranaki he had sole charge of the commissariat
transport department, which he administered
with great success. He afterwards returned to
his farm and eventu21ty retired to live in New
Plymouth, where he died on 16 Sep 1883, his
wife having predeceased him on 24 Oct 1882.

Taranaki News, 22 Oct 1883. Portrait; Taranaki
Hist. Call.

ELLIOTT, CHARLES (18II-76) with his
brother James (1809-64) came to Nelson in the
Mary Jane (1841), and in Mar 1842 established
the Nelson Examinet', which was for many years
a very influential paper. He was also interested
in land, including the Upcott station, in the

229

-----------------------Page 132 End-----------------------

ELIiOTT

Awatere valley. He represented Wairau in the
Nelson Provincial Council (1853-59), Amuri
(1860-61) and Nelson (1863-64). He also sat
in the Marlborough Council for part of the
time (1860-61) as representative of Awatere.
Elliott was a member of Parliament (for Wai-
mea) from 1855-58. He was appointed immigra-
tion officer for Nelson in 1874. While control-
ling the Examiner Elliott published many of the
earliest writings of Mrs Mary Muller (qv.)
advocating women's rights, and also a pampWet
on the subject (1869). He was the publisher
and editor of the New Zealand Stud Book.

Cycl. N.Z., v, 83, 411 (p); W.S Smith; The Col-
nist, 6 Jul 1876, and Jubilee Souvenir

ELLIOTT, JAMES KENNEDY (1845-1929) was
born at Belfast and educated at the Belfast
Academy and Queen's College (where he grad-
uated B.A.) Ordained in the Presbyterian min-
istry in 1872, he was in charge of congregations
at Randalstown and Magherafelt. He married
Margaret (d. 1887), daughter of Robert Dick-
son; and on account of her health came to
New Zealand in 1884 and took charge of St
james's Church, Newtown.

With the permission of the Presbytery,
Elliott arranged to hold his services in the Ly-
ceum hall, in Tory street, and his Sunday school
in the Mount Cook boys’ school. He was an
eloquent preacher, humorous, broadly tolerant
and erudite, and before long his congregation
decided upon the erection of the church in
Kent terrace. He accordingly resigned St
james's in 1886. His personal benevolence was
widespread and he served for many years as
member and chairman of the Wellington bene-
volent trustees and of the hospital and charit-
able aid board. He was moderator of the North
Island Assembly of the church in the year be-
fore the merger with the south, which he did
much to bring about.

On a visit to Ireland in 1912 Elliott had con-
ferred upon him by the Royal College of Bal-
fast the honorary degree of doctor of divinity.
He was one of the first governors of Scots
College. He died on 5 May 1929.

Gener Assembly of the Presbyterian Church
of NZ. reports; Dickson (p); Who's Who N.z.,
1908; The Dominion, 6 May 192 (P).

ELLIS, HENRY (1828-79) was born at Bun-
doran, county Donegal, Ireland, and arrived in

ELIiSON

New Zealand from New South Wales in 1850.
He was for some years in business (at first with
his father) in Shortland street, Auckland, as
auctioneers and general merchants, and he
erected the Ellis buildings.

Ellis was an eloquent, forceful speaker and
a good writer. In 1869 he entered the contest
for the Superintendency of Auckland, but re-
tired in favour of Gillies He represented
Auckland East (1870-73) in the Provincial
Council and was afterwards for some time an
immigration agent for the province, being in-
terested in the promotion of the Katikati settle-
ment. About 1876 Ellis was accepted as a pro-
bationer for the Methodist ministry, and he
held charges at Waimate, Timaru and Wood-
end. He died on 17 Jun 1879.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.z., ii (P); N.z.
Herald, 23 Jun 1879.

ELLISON, THOMAS RANGIWAHIA (1866-
1904) was born at Otakou, the son of Daniel
Ellison, and was descended from leaders of the
Ngati-Awa tribe of Taranaki, and from Taiaroa
and Hinewhareua, the sister of Karetal. He
was educated at the Otakou native school, and
at Te Aute College, where he matriculated.
He studied law in the office of Brandon and
Hislop (Wellington) and, having been admit-
ted to the bar, commenced practice.

Ellison played Rugby football at Té Aute and
on moving to Wellington he played for Poneke
(from 1885). He represented Wellington pro-
vince in 23 matches, the first time when he was
only 16 years of age. He played against Stod-
dart's team in 1888, and was a member of the
native team to England (1888-89). On this
tour he scored 23 tries in matches in the United
Kingdom, and 19 in Australia and New Zea
land. In 1893 he captained the New Zealand
team in Australia, which won nine out of ten
matches. During his last few seasons Ellison
captained the Wellington representative team.
In 1894, owing to an injured knee, he retired.
He was one of the finest forwards New Zealand
ever produced. It was he who originated the
position of wing forward by taking two for-
wards out of the serum to protect his half
back, who was being rougWy handled. Ellison
acted as selector for Wellington and New Zee
land. He published in 1903 a book on the
game, The Art of Rugby Football

230

 

ELMSIiE

Ellison took some interest in politics and
three times contested-the Southern Maori seat
against Parata (1887, 1896 and 1899). He peti-
tioned Parliament in 1901 asking for considera:
tion of the claims of Ngati-Tahu, but without
success at the time.

A. F. Wiren and E. P. Ellison (information).

ELMSLIE, JOHN (1831-1907) was born in
Aberdeenshire, educated in the parish and at
the grammar school and King's College and
Aberdeen University, where he graduated M.A.
in 1857. He was five years in charge of the Free
Church at Kennethmont and in 1867 came to
take charge of the Presbyterian Church at Wa-
nganui. In 1876 he received a call to St Paul's,
Christchurch, where he remained until failing
health prompted his retirement (1903). In
1890 he received the D.D. of his University.
He lectured for two years at Canterbury College
in connection with the Students’ Christian
Union and was twice moderator of the General
Assembly of the church. Elmslie married first a
daughter of George Mitchell (Auchragathel,
Aberdeenshire) and second Jean (1854-1936),
daughter of John Anderson (Christchurch). He
died on 21 Jul 1907 and his widow on 6 Mar
1936. :

Cyc. N.z., iii; The Press, 22 Jul 1907; 7 Mar
1986.

EMERSON, JOHN (1825-99) was born in Ire-
land, joined the Royal Irish Constabulary
(1847), and was one of a special draft from
that force for service in the Crimea. As a sub-
altern in the commissariat he distinguished him-
self at Sebastopol, where he was wounded.
Returning to Ireland, he emigrated in 1857
to Australia, his discharge from the force certify-
ing to his good conduct and personal bravery,
to six awards for meritorious service and a
badge for lifesaving. Joining the Victorian
police Emerson was for some years engaged in
escort duty from the goldfields and in 1864 he
came to New Zealand as a mounted constable.
In 1865 he was a first-class sergeant in charge
at Picton and he received the Humane Society's
medal for saving life. In 1868 he was a first-
class inspector, and he was afterwards suoces-
sively in charge of various districts. In 1880
he stopped a serious Maori dispute at Rotorua:
in 1891, with 24 men, he disarmed 400 Maori
land disputants at Waipiro; in 1892 he assisted

ENYS.

at the arrest of Mahuki and his followers at Te
Kuiti; and in the dispute in the Urewera he
commanded an armed force at Te Whaiti. He
retired while in charge of Napier and East
Coast. Emerson died on 3 Apr 1899.

Hawkes Bay Herald, 4 Apr 1899.

EMPSON, WALTER (1856-1934) was born in
Northamptonshire, a son of the Rev Arthur
Empson, vicar of Eydon, and was educated at
Charterhouse School. Weak eyesight prevented
his taking a commission in the army and he
went to Trinity College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A.

In 1877 he came to New Zealand and com-
menced farming at Rangitata. Shortly after-
wards he gave up this occupation and spent
some time travelling amongst the Pacific is'ands;
In 1883 he was appointed second master at
Wanganui Collegiate School and on the death
of the headmaster (Dr Harvey) four years later
he was appointed to succeed him. During his
headmastership Empson greatly raised the stan-
dard of the school. To encourage self-reliance
he developed the prefectorial system and ap-
pointed pupils as officers of the cadet companies
instead of masters. The Collegian was also
handed over to a committee of the boys, who
selected the editor. Empson was the first to
introduce in New Zealand the Scottish style of
uniform for school boys, grey'Hannel shirt and
blue shorts. When he retired after 21 years
service as head he had trained over 1,000 boys
in the school, and he left a firm tradition for
the future by making the boys the judges and
masters of their own actions. Empson died on
14 Jun 1934. He married (1885) Agnes Dyke,
daughter of J. B. Acland (q.v).

Cycl. N.z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The
Dominion, 16 Jun 1934.

ENYS, JOHN DAVIES GILBERT (1837-1912)
was born near Falmouth, Cornwall, where the
family lived for many generations. He came to
New Zealand in 1861 and took up Castle Hill
station, Canterbury. For a short time also he
owned Orari Gorge, which he sold back to the
Tripps in 1864.

Enys was a keen naturalist and was the earliest
authority in New Zealand on moths and
butterflies. He represented Rakaia in the Pro-
vincial Council (1872-74), and in 1881 he con-
tested the Coleridge seat in Parliament against

231

-----------------------Page 133 End-----------------------

EPALLE

D. Macmillan. Having inherited the family seat
of Enys, in Cornwall, in 1890, he went to live
there and died in 1912.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cox; Acland; Natural
Hist. of Canterbury.

EPALLE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1811-45), a French
priest of the Society of Mary at Lyons, came to
New Zealand in Jun 1839 in the schooner
Reine de Paix. To acquire the Maori language
he was appointed to Kororareka and the sur-
rounding district. Early in 1840 a mission was
established under him at Whangaroa.

In 1843 Bishop Pompallier appointed him
pro-vicar to proceed to Rome. While he was in
France in the following year the Holy See
decided to establish a vicariate of Melanesia
and Micronesia and the superior of the So-
ciety of Mary nominated Epalle, who pleaded
against being selected for the post. Consecrated
at Rome, he sailed from London early in 1845
with 13 missionaries. They landed at Isabella
island, in the SolomOlis early in Dec, and
Bishop Epalle was murdered by natives four
days later (19 Dec 1845)

Catholic Cyel.,. Larousse; Pompallier; Afarist
Year Book, 1927, 172 (p).

ERRINGTON, WILLIAM (1832-94) was born
at South Shields, Durham, and served his articles
to engineering with Richardson and Co. In
1854 he emigrated to Australia and in the
sixties was associated with a large foundry in
Ballarat, which built one of the first locomo-
tives (the Lady Barkly) and erected the prin-
cipal mining plants on the fidd. About 1871
©. J. ‘Stone and A. Dewar interviewed him re-
garding machinery for the Big pump at Thames.
Errington prepared the plans, supplied the ma-
chinery, and came to Thames, where he man-
aged the pump for some years. He was engaged
by the Auckland harbour board to design the
graving dock and superintend its construction;
and he advised the City Council on its water
supply and constructed the reservoir at Western
Springs. Later he designed and constructed the
Calliope dock. Errington died on 16 Dec 1894.

N.Z. Herald, 17 Dec 1894.

ESCOTT, JAMES HENRY (1872-1916) was
born at Orepuki, Southland, and educated there.
Brought up on his father's farm, he moved to
the North Island in 1890 and farmed at Wood-

EVANS

ville from 1896. In the Boer war he served in
the 2nd New Zealand Contingent. Escott was
a member of the Woodville county council and
secretary of the Agricultural and Pastoral asso-
ciation and was a strong supporter of the tem-
perance movement. He represented Pahiatua
in Parliament (1911-16) as a supporter of the
Reform party and was chairman of the A to L
petitions committee. He died on 28 Jul 1916.

N.zP.D. and Evening Post, 28 Jul 1916. Portrait:
Parliament House.

EVANS, GEORGE SAMUEL (1800-68) was
born at Streatley, Berkshire, the son of the rec-
tor, and the eldest of a very large family. (His
parentage is not fully established, inasmuch as
he was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1832 as the
son of George Evans, of Stepney, gentleman.)
Educated at the Merdlant Taylors’ School in
London, he is said to have proceeded to Cam-
bridge and to have taken high honours there
in Sanskrit with a view to practising in India.
He had a good knowledge of Latin and Greek.
The next record is his appointment as head-
master of Mill Hill School, London (where
he is recorded as an M.A. of Glasgow Univer-
sity and as having been ordained a minister
in 1827-28). On leaving Mill Hill he entered
at Lincoln's Inn (1832). He was called to the
bar in 1837 and had a fair practice on the
western circuit and at Bristol.

Evans was already interested in the New
Zealand Association, and shared with E. G.
Wakefield the expense of trying to get an em-
powering bill passed. He also gave hospitality
to Te Aki (jackey), the Maori youth whom
Wakefield had befriended, and learned some-
thing of Maori from him. When Wakefield
went to Canada with Durham Evans took up
the running. He was one of the deputation of
three that waited on Dandeson Coates, and was
told quite bluntly that, however respectable
the New Zealand Association might be, the
CM.S. would resist the colonisation of New
Zealand on any plan whatever

Evans was designated as judge for the New
Zealand Company's first settlement and he sailed
for New Zealand with his family in the Ade-
laide. The voyage was marked by bitter
quarrels amongst the cabin passengers, culmin-
ating in an unnecessary call at Capetown to
enable a series of duels to be fought. The dis

232

eae

EVANS

putants were bound over to keep the peace and
the voyage was continued. Evans's part in the
trouble was not a promising prelude to his
duties as a judge in a new community. When
the Adelaide arrived at Port Nicholson (7 Mar
1840) the town of Britannia was being laid out
by the surveyors near Petone and Colonel
Wakefield was absent in the north. It was
already clear that the site chosen was not the
best, and Evans took the lead in attempting
to get the decision altered. Heated meetings of
land purchasers were held and it was event-
ually decided to abandon Britannia and estab-
lish the town at Lambton.

Though he was not destined to be a judge,
Evans occupied a semi-official commission as
advocate for the Company and for the interests
of the settlers. Under the provisional constitu-
tion, which the settlers agreed to before they
left England, Wakefield was president of the
councilor committee through which they
agreed to govern themselves, and Evans was
the ‘umpire,’ whose function was that of dis-
pensing law. Governor Hobson declared this
constitution illegal, but the directors in England
had already abandoned it. Nevertheless there
was much that Evans was called upon to do for
the settlers for which he was specially qualified.
,At a public meeting in Wellington on 1 Jul

~ 1840, after British sovereignty was established
throughout the North Island, he moved the
address of loyalty to the Crown and advocated
the claims of Wellington to be the capital. In
‘Aug he was appointed (with Hanson and More-
ing) to proceed to Sydney to lay before the
Government of the Mother Country the claims
of the New Zealand Company and its settlers,
which were threatened by the land claims bill
then before the Legislative Council. In the
following year he led a deputation for a char-
ter of incorporation. At the first court of quar-
ter sessions in Wellington he voluntarily de-
fended a Maori charged with theft. First he
pleaded that the treaty of Waitangi, in which
he did not believe, reserved to the chiefs the
function of judging the offences of their own
people. Then he claimed that half of the jury
should be natives. In both demands he failed,
but he got the native off with a week's imprison-
ment, whereas a European charged at the same
sitting with a similar offence got three months.
Evans represented the Company before the

EVANS

court of land claims, but withdrew owing to
the hostility of the crown prosecutor. Later in

4842 he agreed to defend Rangihaeata on a
charge of illegally burning buildings at Porirua.
The Chief Justice discreetly declined to issue
the warrant for his arrest.

When the news arrived of the affray at Wai-
rau (Jun 1848) Evans, who was now on the
commission of the peace, proceeded with his
fellow magistrates to Cloudy Bay to take the
depositions; and after attending public meet:
ings in Port Nicholson proceeded to Auckland
to lay before the acting-governor the whole of
the circumstances. Evans returned to England
shortly after this and spent some years there,
writing for the press, doing a little legal work,
renewing his acquaintance with Brougham and
Dr Black, and demanding the recall of Gover-
nor FitzRoy.

In 1852 he again came to New Zealand in
the Stag, but left a few months later for Vic-
toria, where he was admitted to the bar in
1853 and wasjust in time to take part in the
campaign for representative government. From
1855 to 1858 he edited the Herald and in 1856
he was member for Richmond in the first
Legislative Council. He was Postmaster-Gen-
eral in the O'Shanassy Government (1856-59)
and held the portfolio of Lands when Sir
Gavan Duffy retired (Mar 1859). Defeated on
seeking re-election with this portfolio, he was
elected for Avoca He was defeated at the
election (1861) for Richmond, but was elected
for Marlborough and in the third O'Shanassy
Government (1861-63) he was again Postmaster-
General. At the election in 1864 he failed to
gain a seat and applied unsuccessfully for the
pension granted to ex-ministers. While in Mal-
bourne Evans contributed much to the press.
He came back to New Zealand in ill-health in
1865 and died on 23 Sep 1868. Evans's first
wife having died, he married Harriet Strother,
widow of D. Riddiford. She died on 31 Mar
1866.

GB.OP., 1838/680, 1845/378; N.Z.P.D., 23 Sep
1868; N.Z.C.; Ward; Wakefield; Waketin; Men
nell; Wellington Independent, 24 Sep 1868; Mel-
bouT7le Herald, 12 Oct 1908; Evening Post, 16 Jul
1927, 9 Sep 1929 (P).

EVANS, KATE- MILLIGAN (1857-1935) was
the daughter of the Rev Samuel Edger (q.v.)
and came to New Zealand with her parents to

233

 

-----------------------Page 134 End-----------------------

EVANS

the Albertland settlement (1862). Taking ad-
vantage of facilities offered by the headmaster
of the Auckland Boys’ College and Grammar
School, she graduated B.A. in 1877 (the first
woman in the British Empire to take that
degree).

Being appointed to the staff of the Girls
High School in Christchurch, she proceeded to
her M.A. at Canterbury College (1881), and two
years later was appointed first principal of the
Nelson Girls’ College, which post she resigned
shortly after her marriage to the Rev W. A.
Evans (1890). She continued to coach students
and for a while had a private school in Wel-
lington. She was prominent in the Forward
Movement, the Women's Christian Temper-
ance Union (of which she was Dominion re-
cording secretary 1913-28) and the League of
Nations Union (some years Dominion secre-
tary). Mrs Evans was also for a while editor
of the White Ribbon. She died on Il May
1985. With her sister (Lilian Edger) she edited
two volumes of her father's works.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Brett, Albertlanders;

(Hight and Candy (p); N.Z. Herald, 28 Aug 1884;
The Dominion, May 1985 (p), 19 Jut 1938.

EVANS, WILLIAM ALBERT (1857-1921) was
the son of James Evans, Lianelly, Wales. Edu-
cated at Ammanford Academy, Spring Hill Col-
lege, Birmingham, and Cardiff University, he
was ordained a minister of the Congregational
Church and had charge of the Bridge End
church, Glamorgan, and afterwards of the Ryan
church in Bradford (1887).

While at Cardiff he studied biology and philo-
sophy at the university. For the sake of his
health he came to New Zealand in 1888 and
was in temporary charge of the Moray Place
Churchin Dunedin. In 1889 he went to Nelson
and there married (1890) Kate Milligan (Mrs
Evans, q.v.).

In. 1893 Evans relinquished his pulpit and
settled in Wellington to carryon religious and
philanthropic work under the style of the For-
ward Movement. The movement included many
lectures on the lines of university extension
classes in which Stout, A. R. Atkinson and Hog-
ben assisted Evans and his wife. He initiated
slum work and at the request of the Wellington
charitable aid board inaugurated methods of
administration which have since been con-

EYES

tinued. He advocated the foundation of a
university college and when eventually Victoria
College was established he was a member of
the council (1898-1921) and chairman (1902-
03). He was a member of the Wellington City
Council, the technical education board and the
benevolent trustees. The’ Forward’ Movement
having achieved its main object, Evans was
again appointed to a church in Wellington.
He died in 1921.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.z., i (p); The
Dominion, 19 Wut 1938.

EWART, JOHN (1858-1939) was born at Eccle-
fechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and educated
at Annan Academy and Edinburgh University.
(M.B., Ch.M., 1880; M.D., 1885.) Mter hold-
ing several hospital appointments he became
assistant at Aberdare. In 1887 he came to New
Zealand, his family having settled in Nelson in
1885. He was at first superintendent of the
Timaru hospital and in 1889 was appointed
to the same position at Wellington HOSpltd,
which he controlled until 1909. He then retired
and entered into private practice as a surgeon
in Wellington. Ewart married (1889) Grace,
daughter of Richard Brandon (Kent). He died
on 5 Aug 1939.

Evening Post, 5 Aug 1939 (p); The Dominion, 7
Aug.
EWART, MARY (1840-1930) was born in Ire-
land, and trained at the Royal Hospital, Bel-
fast, in every branch of the nursing profession.
For II years she was nurse for St Ann's district
in Belfast (1875-86). Resigning on account of
ill-health, she came to New Zealand and in 1887
was appointed a charge nurse at Christchurch
Hospital where in 1898 she became matron.
In 1908 she retired to take up private nursing,
and for some years before her death, on 22 Jul
1930, she had been living privately.

Cyol. N.Z., ili, (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1924; The
Press, 23 Jul 1930; The Dominion, 28 Jut 1990.

EYES, WILLIAM HENRY (1819-1907) was
born in Liverpool and educated near Knuts-
ford, Cheshire, after which he was in the office
in Liverpool of Gladstone and Sergeantson,
cotton brokers. He then sailed for Australia in
the Bishop Heber, arriving early in 1839. In
1841 he made a four months’ journey overland
with cattle and horses to Melbourne, and then

234

 

EYRE

entered into partnership with Lord in a cattle
station near Batemans Bay.

Shortly afterwards Eyes was induced by his
cousin the Rev C. L. Reay to come to Nelson
in the schooner Star of China (1845). For
seven years he managed a station for George
Duppa; was then manager of Richmond Brook
and was for some years associated with Charles
Empson in the Meadowbank station, which
did not flourish. Eyes was member of the Pro-
vincial Council for Lower Wairau (1860-71).
In 1862 he was illegally elected Superintendent
and in 1865 he gained that post in due form,
holding it for a little more than four years.
While Superintendent he moved the seat of
government from Picton to Blenheim. There-
after he was on the executive from 1871 to 1873.
Six years before the provinces were abolished
he passed a resolution in the Council calling
for their overthrow. Defeating Weld in a par-
liamentary election, Eyes was M.H.R. for Wai-
rau (1861-71), resigning to become commis
sioner of lands for the province, a post which
he held for two years. He was at different
times resident magistrate, coroner, sheriff, re-
ceiver of land revenue and returning officer.
He died on 12 Apr 1907.

Marlborough P.C. Minutes and Gaz.; Cycl. N.Z.,
v (p); Marlborough Express, 13 Apr 1907.

EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901) was born
at Hornsea, Yorkshire, the third son of the
Rev A. W. Eyre and his wife Sarah, daughter
of Dr Mapleton, of Bath. Educated at Thorp
Arch, at Grantham, at Louth and at Sedbergh,
Eyre was fond of handicrafts and fishing. He
was disappointed in his hope of obtaining a
commission in the army and consequently sailed
for Australia at the age of 17 with £400 capital.

Mter obtaining a little experience as cadet
on a station on the Hunter river, dealing
and farming on his own account, Eyre con-
ceived the idea of driving sheep overland, first
to Port Philip and then to South Australia.
His first drive of 1,000 sheep and 600 cattle to
Adelaide by way of the Murray river (1836) was
hailed with delight in the latter colony. Early
in 1838 he left the Port Philip settlement for
Adelaide in the hope of discovering a shorter
route than that by the Murray river. From
Mitchell's farthest point he followed the Wim-
mera in a north-west direction until it was

EYRE

lost in a swampy lake, to which he gave the
name of Hindmarsh. Leaving the cattle, he
went with two men in search of the Murray,
but the loss of his horses compelled him to
fall back on Hawdon's route by the Murray
river. (See J. HAWDON)

His next journey, northward from Adelaide
(1839), took him as far as Mount Arden, with-
in sight of lake Torrens. In Aug 1839 Eyre
started again westward from Port Lincoln with
four men and two natives. With his company
reduced to one black boy he penetrated as far
as the border of South Australia. Then he
journeyed east from the depot at Streaky bay
to the head of Spencer's Gulf. Reaching Arden
and lake Torrens again, he retraced his steps.
Convinced by these attempts that it was im-
practicable to take stock round the Bight, he
then recommended exploring to the northward
and raised two-thirds of the funds by public
subscription. Going by sea to West Australia,
he drove stock overland from Albany to Perth
early in 1840, Returning to Adelaide, he started
again on 18 Jun and proceeded to mount
Arden, hoping that the Flinders range would
form a stepping stone into the interior. The
limits of his two abortive attempts in this direc-
tion he distinguished by the names Mt Decep-
tion and Mt Hopeless. Finding his progress
barred by a lake, he abandoned his northern
search and sent the overseer to form a base at
Streaky bay, whither he proceeded by sea
Mter advancing with one black boy round the
Bight until grass and water failed, he tried
again with the dray, lost three horses and re-
turned to Fowler's bay.

While the cutter was going back for supplies,
Eyre made another effort to advance on horse-
back, but returned to the bay on 20 Jan 1841.
Then he formed the resolve (described by
Favenc as ‘foolish and inexcusable’) to go on
alone. On 31 Jan, with the overseer and three
native boys, he started on a journey of 800
miles across the desert. Mter six days without
water the horses knocked up. Eyre persisted,
but the natives became discouraged, and when
still 600 miles from the goal two of them shot
the overseer and went off with guns, bread and
water. Almost at the end of his resources, Eyre
found the ship Mississippi at anchor in Thistle
Cove (2 Jun). For 10 days he recuperated his
strength prior to renewing the effort. Finally

235,

-----------------------Page 135 End-----------------------

EYRE

he reached King George's Sound on 7 Jul, and
was back in Adelaide on the 26th.

Eyre was then appointed resident magistrate
on the Murray and protector of aborigines, a
post he held until 1844. In 1843 he received
the founder's medal of the Royal Geographical
Society in recognition of his explorations. Un-
dismayed by his previous sufferings or by the
criticism to which he was subjected, he offered
twice in 1844 to lead an expedition from More-
ton Bay (Queensland) to the new settlement
at Port Essington (on the north coast), but
Governor Gipps considered that Mitchell had
a prior claim. Accordingly Eyre accompanied
Sturt on the early part of his expedition from
the Murray to lake Victoria (1844). Eyre was
distinguished for his humanity towards the
blacks and his advocacy of their rights against
an overbearing white population. It was in
this connection that he came in contact Witll
the Governor (George Grey, q.v.), whose good
opinion he gained both by his intrepidity as an
explorer and by his kind and judicious treat-
ment of the natives.

Eyre returned to England in 1845, taking
with him two blacks (with whom he was in-
troduced to Queen Victoria). He now pub-
lished the journals of his expeditions. The
Colonial Office appreciated his services, and in
1846 Earl Grey appointed him to be one of
the Lieutenant-governors in New Zealand under
the new constitution, Grey being the Governor-
in-chief. Eyre arrived in Auckland by the ship
Pestonjee Bomanjee (10 Jul 1847) and con-
ferred there with Grey, but did not take his
oath of office. He arrived at Wellington, in his
own province of New Munster, on 7 Aug, and
forthwith proceeded to inspect the Wairarapa,
which was just being brought into occupation.
He took the oaths on 28 Jan 1848.

Evidence was soon forthcoming of a coolness
between Grey and his lieutenant. It may-have
originated in a despatch which Eyre sent to the
Colonial Office without reference to his superior.
The difference was obvious when Eyre opposed
Grey's provincial councils bill in the Legis
tive Council. Thereafter Grey would not allow
him to exercise any real authority and lost no
opportunity of belittling him in public. His
action in residing in Wellington for eighteen
months and thus rendering Eyre's commission
dormant placed his subordinate in an absurd

  

EYRE

and intolerable position. They were tempera
ments which could not work well together.
Grey was autocratic and overbearing. Eyre
was impulsive, fussy and obstinate, and much
too fond of writing. He was keenly interested
in education and religion for the colonists and
in the welfare of the natives. As occasion arose
he did not fail to display his energy in action.
When Wellington was shaken by a severe earth-
quake in 1848 he took .prompt and effective
steps to cope with the emergency, turnmg Gov-
ernment House into relief barracks for the in-
jured and homeless and taking steps to prevent
people from leaving the settlement.

In the purchase of Native lands in the South
Island he was energetic and judicious. He made
many little explorations, including a hazard-
ous ascent of the South Island peak Tapuae-
nuku (9,460{t). Although one of the Maori
guides: met his death by losing his footing on
the frozen slopes Eyre claimed to have reached
the summit himself. Mter this mishap the
natives refused to accompany him on his pro-
posed journey to Canterbury. On 3 Apr 1850
Eyre was married at Auckland to Adelalde
Fanny, daughter of Captain Ormond, R.N., and
sister of J. D. Ormond (q.v.).

On the inauguration of the New Zealand
constitution early in 1853 Eyre relinquished his
post, and sailed from Wellington with his
family (22 Apr), revisiting the Australlan col-
onies on his way to England. Mter a year’s
leave he was appointed to the governorship of
St Vincent, which he administered satistactorily
(1854-60). He was also for part of a year
acting Governor-in-chief of the Leeward islands.
He then returned to England and in 1862 was
appointed by Newcastle as acting-governor of
Jamaica, Darling, the Governor, did not return,
and in’ 1864 Eyre was confirmed in the post.

Jamaica was suffering from severe economic
depression due to the civil war in the United
States. In spite of his sympathetic disposition
towards native races, Eyre was soon at logger-
heads with the native members of his Legisla
tive Council. One of these, George William
Gordon, a man of education and standing, was
accused of complicity in a riot which broke
out at Morant Bay on II Oct 1865 and became
s0 serious as to call for the proclamation of
martial law. The suppression of the rising was
marked by excesses of a ferocious character.

236

 

EYRE

Commissioners sent out to investigate found
that while Eyre had shown praiseworthy skill,
promptitUde and vigour in suppressing the re-
volt, yet he had condoned acts of punishment
and vengeance against persons (including
Gordon) who were not even proved to be
guilty. Some blacks were hanged without trial
‘or even accusation and many dwellings were
burned. Altogether 354 persons were executed
by order of courts-martial; 50 were hanged or
shot without trial, 25 were shot by Maroons
assisting the Government forces, and 600 were
flogged. The infliction of the death penalty
was unnecessarily frequent; the floggings reck-
less and barbarous, the burnings wanton and
cruel. Public opinion in England was shocked
at the disclosures. John Stuart Mill, Huxley
and Spencer associated themselves with a public
demand that Eyre be brought to trial. Carlyle,
Ruskin and Tennyson sided with the Jamaica
committee in his defence. Eyre was recalled
and succeeded by Sir Henry Storks, who had
been chairman of the commission of inquiry.
Together with General Nelson and other
officers who had been associated with the
courts-martial, he was brought to England for
trial. The grand jury threw out the bills, but
prosecutions from various sources did not cease
until 1869.

Eyre went into a dignified retirement, and

237

EYRE

in 1872 Parliament paid the expenses he had
incurred in his defence. In 1874 he received
a pension, upon which he lived uneventfully
until 30 Nov 1901, when his death occurred
at Walreddon Manor, Tavistock,

Eyre was ambitious and full of energy, but
his abilities were not of a high order. He had
courage to the extent of rashness, but was lack-
ing in judgment and obstinately pushed for-
ward to a goal when the fruits of success were
not worthy of the effort expended. Lord Olivier
remarks, with some grounds: ‘The trouble with
Eyre was that he was a morose introvert, saf-
centred, headstrong, unteachable; whose in-
justices and misdeeds might be absolved on a
contrite plea of invincible ignorance, but could
not possibly be condoned administratively by
any statesman responsible for the proper staff-
ing of a system of colonial government. His
tragedy is that of Ajax mad, blindly slaughter-
ing cattle and sheep in the conviction that they
were malignant enemies.’

GB.O.P.; New Munster Gaz.; N.z. Gaz; Sin-
clair papers; D.N.B.; Buick, Marlborough; Eyre,
op. cit.; Davis; Thomson; Godley, Letters; Favenc ;
Grey, Journals; Rusden; Saunders; Olivier (p):
Gisborne; Wakelin; Hume (p); Mathieson, The
Sugar Colonies and Governor Eyre; Sir Henry
Taylor, Autobiography, vol. ii, chapter xix; N.Z.
Herald, 7 Nov 1931; Evening Post, 8 Sep 1934 (p).

 

-----------------------Page 136 End-----------------------

 

 

F

 

FAGAN, STEPHEN (1816-95) was a shoemaker
by trade and a passenger to Port Nicholson by
the Katherine Stewart Forbes in 1841. He lived
for some years at the Hutt and was a member
of the Provincial Council for that constituency
(1865-73). He was treasurer of the Hutt Special
Settlement Association in 1868.

Fagan afterwards moved to Bulls, where he
was in business as a bookseller. He was the
first chairman of the town board and was a
Wesleyan local preacher. He died on 21 Oct
1895.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; < G. Wilson; Rangiti-
kei Advocate, 8 Jan 1893, 22 Oct 1895.

FAIRBURN, EDWIN (1827-1911) was born at
Paihia, Bay of Islands, a son of W. T. Fairburn,
of the Church Missionary Society. Educated at
the mission school at Waimate, he entered the
deeds registry office in Auckland. From this he
transferred in 1847 to the Survey department,
being its first cadet under C. W. Ligar. As a
youth he went to Germany to complete his
education, studying the language and engin-
eering. He also spent some time in the deeds
registry office in Sydney, and published a
pampWet on land registration in which he
adumbrated some of the features of the Tor-
rens and the New Zealand land transfer sys
tems.

In later years Fairburn was engaged in lay-
ing out the town of Oamaru and was employed
under Heale in the triangulation of lower Wai-
kato. Having measured the baseline at Ngarua-
wahia with the old-fashioned standard chain, he
adopted for the first time in New Zealand the
continuous steel band, the use of which he
urged upon both Heale and Percy Smith. In
1877 he was transferred to the new Surveyor-
General's department and became a district sur-

veyor in north Auckland. There he practically
introduced the system of graded roads and in
afew years replaced the old bullock dray tracks
by a graded highway of 200 miles stretching to
Mangonui.

Fairburn retired from the service in 1892
and died on 9 Dec 1911. He was a fine Maori
scholar and published some papers on the lang-
uage in the Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute. Incidentally he studied shipbuilding
and introduced some original ideas into his
novel The Ships Of Tarshish. He wrote also on
the preservation of the mammoth in Siberia
and an astronomical explanation of the Hood
in Genesis. He was a foundation member of
the Auckland Choral society and the first secre-
tary of the original Agricultural association
(of which he was a life member).

N.Z. Surveyor, Dec 1911

FAIRCHILD, JOHN (1835-98) was born near
Plymouth, England, and brought up with his
parents on a small farm in Prince Edward is
land, Canada. He left home in his teens and
engaged in fur trapping, went to sea as a car-
penter and, leaving the Joseph Hensley at
Liverpool (1858) took his passage to Australia
in the Florence Nightingale. For some time,
with a mate, he made handcart wheels to meet
a demand created by the goldfidids. As carpen-
ter in a brig from Sydney be was wrecked near
Manukau. He then engaged in the coastal ser-
vice and in 1861 purchased the cutter Thistle,
which he ran between Onehunga and Kawhia.
He aftenvards commanded the cutter Abeona
in the same trade. Fairchild piloted warships
operating on the coast during the Waikato war
including the transport Prince Alfred, which
was urgently needed with reinforcements. In
1864 he joined the Government service as cap

238

 

FAIRCLOUGH

tain of the Sturt, and he aftenvards commanded
the Luna, the Hinemoa and the Tutanekai.
He died on 4 Jul 1898.

Cowan; Cycl. N.Z., i; Gisborne (p); Evening
Post, 26 Dec 1936, 2 Jan 1937 (p).

FAIRCLOUGH, PAUL WYNYARD (1852-
1917) was born in South Australia. He came
to the West Coast of the South Island at the
time of the gold rush. At Staffordtown he be-
came a Methodist local preacher and in 1871
was accepted as a candidate for the ministry.
He studied under the Rev A. R. Fitchett and
subsequently under Principal J. H. Fletcher at
Newington College, Sydney.

Fairclough began his ministry at Timaru in
1874. He was a deep thinker and a courageous
expositor of truth, a student who did not
allow the claims of scholarship to transform
him into a recluse, but whose brotherliness was
as marked as his intellectual brilliance. For
many years he contributed astronomical notes
to the daily press and he was elected a fellow
of the Royal Astronomical Society. A public
lecture on Halley's Comet led to the formation
of the Astronomical Society of Dunedin, of
which he was a vice-president. For six years
he rendered distinguished service as editor of
his church paper. In 1902 he published a pam-
pWet The Early History Of Missions in Otago

In 1897 Fairclough was elected president of
the conference and on several occasions he rep-
resented New Zealand in the general conference
of Australasia He frequently served as chair-
man of synods and filled many other positions.
He was a chaplain to the forces and an ardent
imperialist. He took a prominent part in the
agitation for women's franchise and for tem-
perance reform. He died on 17 Apr 1917.

MARP.

FALCONER, JOHN (1834-86) was born in
Edinburgh, educated there and trained as a
gardener. Before coming to New Zealand
(1858) he had been head gardener at Lauriston
Castle. He first settled in the Taieri as a farmer,
but soon moved to Nelson, where he practised
his own calling. He came to Oamaru in 1861
and had a prosperous career, making a comfort-
able living and taking his part in the public
affairs of the young town. He was a member
of the municipal conncil in 1871 and contested
the mayoralty against W. J. Steward. In 1883

FANTHAM

he was elected to the borough council and in
1884 he became mayor, a member of the har-
bour board, a governor of the Waitaki High
school and chairman of the charitable aid
board. He was a founder of the Presbyterian
Church in Oamaru and for many years superin-
tendent of the Sunday school. Falconer was
keenly interested in the Horticultural society
and in the North Otago Agricultural and Pas-
toral association, of which he was president in
1885 and afterwards treasurer. He died on 11

Sep 1886.
North Otago Times, 13 Sep 1886,

FANNIN, GEORGE THOMAS (1830-1908)
was the son of William Fannin, of county West-
meath, Ireland, and was educated in England
and at Trinity College, Ireland. Coming to
New Zealand with his parents in the William
Scott (1853), they landed in Nelson but left
shortly afterwards for Hawkes Bay and settled
ona run in the Ruataniwha plain.

In 1858 Fannin was appointed clerk to the
Provincial Council, and he retained that posi-
tion until the abolition. During the Maori wars
he was secretary to McLean and Ormond when
they represented the General Government on
the East Coast. After the abolition Fannin was
clerk to the Hawkes Bay county council and
secretary to the education board until his re
tirement in 1906. He died on 3 Dec 1908.

Cyel. N.Z., vi (p); Hawkes Bay Herald, 8 Dec
1908.

FANTHAM, ARTHUR ALBERT (1842-1904)
was a native of Buckinghamshire and came to
New Zealand with his parents in the Duke Of
Portland (1852). They settled in Canterbury
and the son was educated at the Boys High
School and the Commercial School. He became
a farmer, having a property near Christchurch
on which he established his pedigree herd of
shorthorn cattle.

In 1877 Fantham moved to Cambridge. There
he took a leading part, as a member of the
South Auckland cattle board, in devising and
enforcing measures to combat pleuro-pneu.
monia. In 1880 he received a presentation in
Auckland in recognition of his public spirit and
disinterestedness. In 1882 he removed to
Hawera, where later he was manager of the
Egmont Farmers: Union. In Canterbury he
was a member of the Spreydon road board and

239

-----------------------Page 137 End-----------------------

FARJEON

at Cambridge he" was on several road boards
and the cattle board. He was chairman of the
Hawera road board and later of the county
council.

Fantham married a daughter of John Mc-
William (Canterbury). His death occurred on
16 Jan 1904,

eye!. N.z., vi (p): N.Z. Herald, 13 Nov 1880;
Taranaki Herald, Jan 1904.

FARJEON, BENJAMIN LEOPOLD (1838-
1903) was of Jewish parents, and was born in
the East End of London in 1838. Brought up
humbly in Whitechapel, he was first employed
at the age of 13 as devil in the Nonconformist
newspaper offic, where he spent more than
three years. At 13 he wrote verse. He had a
passion for books, and studied at a night school.

At the age of 16 Farjeon differed with his
father on religion and, assisted by an uncle, he
sailed for Victoria in the Ocean Wave (1854)
On the voyage he produced two handwritten
copies of The Ocean Record and, being trans-
ferred to the cabin on the invitation of the
captain, he published twelve more issues before
the end of the voyage. Mter a few weeks in
various employments in Melbourne, Farjeon
found his way to the goldfields, where he spent
several years, starting newspapers here and
there, each of which contained his feature
'Salmagundi on the Goldfields: His experi-
ences are recounted in some of his novels.

In 1861 he sailed for Otago (acting as corres-
pondent of the Melbourne Argus) and he soon
joined the staff of the Otago Daily Times, act-
ing as manager and sub-editor under the editor-
ship of the proprietor, Vogel (q.v.). In Dune-
din Farjeon made the acquaintance of many
artists who were attracted to the province by
the goldfields. These included Joseph Jeffer-
son, who arrived in 1864, and whose daughter
Margaret he married in Jun 1877. In Nov
1864 he became a partner with Vogel in the
ownership of the paper, following on the re-
tirement of Cutten. At Christmas 1865 Far-
jeon published his first novel, Shadows on the
Snow (which he dedicated to Charles Dickens
and sent to him in the hope that he would re-
print it in All the Year Round). In 1866 he
published Grif, also from the office of his paper,
and sent proofs to the same master. Dickens
replied in May 1866 with a criticism which,

FARMER

while not flattering, at any rate induced Far-
jeon to put into effect his resolve of going to
live in London. He accordingly retired from
the management of the Times, and in Dec
1867 left the Colony. In London Farjeon lived
a cheerful Bohemian life, meeting everybody
and being sean’ everywhere. He met Dickens
in 1870, the year in which Grif was published.
This was his greatest success, the sales totalling
300,000. Blade o: Grass followed in 1871 and
its sequel, Golden Grain, ten years later, fol-
lowed by Joshua Marvel, London's Heart, Great
Porter Square (which was the Prince of Wales's
favourite), Set in a Silver Sea, The Sacl'ed Nug-
get, Bread and Cheese and Kisses, The King of
Noland, Something Occurred, Aaron the Jew,
A Secret Inheritance, The House of White
Shadows, The Betrayal Of John FOI'dham,
Miriam Rozella (contributed to the Daily
Mail), The Mesmerists, and The Mystery of the
Royal Mail.

Farjeon had a strong dramatic interest. In
Dunedin he assisted Vogel in the dramati sation
of Lady Audley's Secret (1863), and he had
half a dozen of his own plays produced (includ-
ing Grit). He was one of the founders of the
Garrick Club in Dunedin, and he wrote the
prologue for its first production, Money, in
which he himself took a part. He adopted
the additional name ‘Leopold’ when he be-
came an author.

Farjeon died on 23 Jul 1903. A daughter.
Eleanor Farjeon, is the author of many works
of fiction and an autobiographical work, A
Nursery in the Nineties (1935).

Eleanor Farjeon, op. cit. (p) and personal infor-
mation;" Paul; Otago Witness, pass. (notably 24
Nov 1866); Otago Gazette, Nov’ 1864.

FARMER, JAMES (1823-95) was born in Fife.
shire, Scotland.. He arrived in Auckland by the
Louisa Campbell in 1847, and became inter-
ested in land and commercial undertakings. He
managed the One Tree Hill estate, near One-
hunga, for the firm of Brown, Campbell and
Co., but being a large shareholder in the Cde-
donian mine at Thames, he devoted his atten-
tion to mining and made a competence, on
which he returned to live in England. Farmer
stood for tlle Provincial Council for the Pen-
sioner Settlements in 1855, and for the parlia-
mentary seat, but was defeated for both. In

240

 

FARNALL

1859 he was elected to Parliament for Marsden.
Standing for Onehunga at the next election,
he was defeated, but in 1867 he was returned
for Raglan, which he represented till 1870. He
wes then called to the Legislative Council, in
which he sat for three years before returning to
England. He was elected to the Provincial
Council for Franklin in 1861, and represented
it till 1863. He later sat in the Council for
Raglan (1867-69) and for Auckland West
(1871-72). Farmer visited New Zealand again
in the nineties. He died in 1895.

N.z.P.D.; Auckland P.C. Proc.; Cyel. NZ., ii
(p). Portrait: Parliament House.

FARNALL HARRY WARNER (1839-91) was
born at Bath, England. Arriving in New Zee
land in 1861, he took up land at Whangapa-
raoa, north AUckland. In 1868 he was elected
to the Provincial Council for Northern Divi-
sion, which he represented in 1868-69 and
1871-72. He sat for the same constituency in
Parliament 1869-70 and for Rodney 1871-72.

Farnall resigned, to proceed to England as
immigration agent. Featherston, as Agent-gen-
eral, declined to recognise the appointment and
Farnall proceeded to North Ireland on behalf
of the Auckland provincial government. There

she got into touch with G. Vesey Stewart and,

"supported by the Superintendent (Williamson),
negotiated the Kati Kati settlement and re-
turned to New Zealand with the settlers in the
Carisbrooke Castle (1875). Thereafter he iden-
“tified himself with working-class politics, being
secretary of trades unions and of the Trades
and Labour Council for a period of more than
40 years. He had considerable literary attain-
ments and wrote a pampWet, The Industrial
Depression in New Zealand; its Cause and its
only CUt'e (1890) and also conducted a paper,
The Watchman, to advocate the cause of the
masses.

Farnall established in Auckland the Knights
of Labour (of which he was recording secre
tary). He contested the Waitemata and City
seats several times as a Liberal. In 1887 he was
prominent in the Radical Reform League. He
lectured on Anglo-Isradlism. His déath occur-
red on 5 Jun 1891.

Gray; N.Z. Herald, 15 Nov_1890, 19 Jun 1891;
Auckland Star, 6 Jun 1891. Portrait: Parliament
House.

FEARON

FARR, SAMUEL COLERIDGE (1827-1918) was
born at Baldock, Hertfordshire, and trained as
an architect. He came to New Zealand in 1850
in the Monarch. His marriage to Miss Pavitt,
a fellow passenger, was the first celebrated in
Christchurch.

Farr's first occupation was the adjustment of
Haylock's flourmill at Grehan valley, Maroa,
the wheels ‘of which had been incorrectly
geared. He then (with Pavitt) erected several
sawmills in different parts of the Peninsula.
In 1862 he moved to Christchurch, where he
designed many public buildings and churches,
including St Paul's and the Presbyterian places
of worship at Papanui, Lyttelton, Kaiapoi and
Leeston. He was secretary for 22 years of the
Canterbury Acclimatisation society and assisted
to stock the rivers of the province with fish and
to acclimatise the bumble bee. Farr opened a
Sunday school at Akaroa immediately after his
arrival, and established in Christchurch the
first Sunday school union, of which he was pre-
sident for seven years. He died in July 1918.

Cyel. N.Z., iii (p); Cant. O.N.; The Press, 16
Dec 1908.

FEARON, EDWARD (1814-69) was born at
Bath, England. As a youth he ran from school
to sea and eventually rose to command ships
trading to North and South America, Cape
Colony and Australia. He married (1840) Eliza-
beth Ward (Devonshire) and proceeded at
once to take command of the City of Edin-
burgh, sailing from Gravesend to Australia
She was wrecked in Bass Strait (10 Jul) and,
after living on Flindersisland for a while, they
got to Sydney and returned to England in the
John Renwick.

Touching at Bay of Islands they decided to
settle in New Zealand, for which they sailed later
in the Thomas Sparks. Once more they suffered
shipwreck (near Capetown) and lost all their
belongings, but continuing their voyage they
reached Nelson before the end of the year.
Fearon took up land at Motueka, and represen-
ted Motueka and Massacre Bay in the Provin-
cial Council (1855-57). The first carriage in
Motueka was his wagonette, built for the 1851
Exhibition and still in good repair. Fearon
was a strong supporter of the Church of Eng-
land, a member of the diocesan synod and of
the general synod (1859). He died on 21 Nov

241

16

-----------------------Page 138 End-----------------------

FEATHERSTON

1869. (See J. C. CHAYTOR and RICHMOND
HURSTHOUSE,)
Family information Miss B. £. Chaytor; Nelson

P.C. Pme.; Nelson Examiner, ‘24, 27 Nov 1869.
Portrait: General Assembly Library.

FEATHERSTON, ISAAC EARL (1813-76) was
born at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 21 Mar 1813,
the fourth son of Thomas Featherston, of Black-
dean, Weardale, and of Cotfield House, county
Durham. Delicate in health from infancy, he
went to a private school in Tamworth and
then to Italy, partly for his education, but
mainly for his health. Returning to Edinburgh,
he graduated M.D. in 1836. Three years later
he married Bethia Campbell (who died on
16 Mar 1864), daughter of A. Scott (Edin-
burgh).

Still anxious about his health, Featherston
decided to emigrate to New Zealand. He
applied for a surgeoncy in the New Zealand
Company's ships, and in Dec 1840, sailed for
Wellington as surgeon-superintendent of the
Olympus on her first voyage. Though he en-
tered at once upon the practise of his profes-
sion, Featherston was not to remain long out-
side the vortex of public affairs. He does not
appear to have taken any position in the com-
munity until the demand for self-government
crystallised in the formation of the Settlers’
Constitutional Association. He was not in any
of the abortive Legislative Councils or the town
board. Jerningham Wakefield, writing in’ 1844,
does not mention him, and he is rarely men-
tioned in the press of the decade 1840-50. But
he was himself contributing to the press, and
on the formation of the Constitutional Associa
tion he at once took a leading position pub-
lily. In 1851 he was presented with a service
of plate by the Company's land purchasers for
the part he took in getting their claims con-
sidered by the Government.

When the new constitution came into force
(1853) Featherston was elected Superintendent
without opposition. The story of his Superin-
tendency is that of Wellington province from
1853 to 1871, and is embodied in the records
-at times dignified and more often stormy-of
the Provincial Council. Jerningham Wakefield
(qv.) led the opposition in an embittered
political struggle, culminating in a series of con-
stitutional crises Featherston was four times

FEATHERSTON

elected Superintendent. He was a member of
Parliament continuously from 1853 to 1870. He
first. represented Wanganui and_ Rangitikei
(1853-55), and was returned with Clifford and
Fitzherbert in 1855 for Wellington City, which
he represented until retiring at the end of
1870. Each time he was at the head of the poll.
A fine testimonial to Featherston's construc-
tive work and his whole-souled devotion to
the interests of the province is embodied in
Fitzherbert's panegyric at the abolition of the
province. Nor was Featherston allowed to re-
strict his services to his own province even if
he had wished to do so. In the interests of the
province he went to Australia and concluded a
mail steamer agreement by which New Zealand
and Australia became linked with England
through Panama. A few years later (1869) he
was sent to Australia on behalf of the General
Government to persuade General Chute to a
sume the responsibility of keeping the Imperial
troops in New Zealand until further reference
to the British Government. Then he was sent
to England (with Sir Francis Bell) to urge
the retention of the troops in the Colony. In
that they failed, but they succeeded in persuad-
ing the British Government to guarantee a
loan of one million for roading native districts
as a measure of security against further wars.
When the Hauhau rising was at its worst
Featherston put Wellington under a heavy debt
to him. Though never robust in health and
often suffering intensely, he took the fidd re-
peatedly with the troops. The Native levies
refused,to move without him. By his great in-
fluence over them and his unwavering personal
courage he inspired the soldiers of both races
in the most depressing hours. While he was
meeting the Hauhau partisans in the Wairarapa
alone and singlehanded, and daring them to
open hostilities, he sent a mailman to Welling-
ton to bring up arms for the local volunteers.
When Chute was preparing for his march to
New Plymouth behind the mountain, the Native
friendlies refused to go until Featherston, who
was scarcely able to sit his horse, cheerfully
undertook the arduous adventure. Of this ser-
vice General Chute wrote in a dispatch: ‘I
now consider it my imperative duty to recom-
mend this officer in the highest terms for the
distinctive decoration of the New Zealand
Cross, in recognition of his meritorious and

242

 

 

 

FEATHERSTON

intrepid services during the period referred to,
and more particularly at the storming and cap-
ture of that formidable pa, Otapawa, where
Dr Featherston so exposed himself in the ser-
vice of the Queen and country as to become,
as it were, a target for the enemy's fire, thus
by his noble example stimulating and encourag-
ing the Native allies.

Though Featherston coveted the New Zea
land Cross (which was eventually awarded to
him), he declined a knighthood, and aways re-
frained from accepting cabinet offic. He did
on one occasion (Jul-Aug 1861) join Fox for
a few weeks to meet an emergency, and again
he was in the executive without portfolio in
Fox's last ministry (1869-71). He was M.H.R.
for Wanganui and Rangitikei (1853-55), and
for City of Wellington (1855-70).

Featherston had no sooner returned from his
mission to England in 1871 than he was offered
the post of Agent-general, which he accepted,
to the general regret of the people of Welling-
ton. He died in London on 21 Jun 1876. His
services were inadequately commemorated by
a vote of £3,000 granted to his family and the
naming of a street in Wellington and a small
town in the Wairarapa. Several institutions,
such as the Savings Bank and the Mechanics
Institute, owed their beginnings to him. He
saw his beloved provincial institutions doomed,
but was spared by a few months witnessing their
fina extinction. Gisborne says: ‘Like most
men with strong wills, he was naturally auto-
cratic, but he had sense enough to see that in
a democratic country he must have, public
opinion on his side. Accordingly, he was des
potic through, and not in spite of, the people.
But he was no vulgar demagogue. He was a
refined and highly educated gentleman, some-
what reserved in his general manner, and not at
all given to hunting for popularity. His in-
fluence over men was almost magnetic, and his
party was ever faithful and devoted. Another
characteristic feature about him was his
thorough unselfishness, in the lower sense of
the term; there was nothing mean or mercen-
ary about him. He was fond of power, but his
sole aim was to use it for what he thought was
the public good; and in that cause the object
of his life was to spend and be spent.’

N.ZP.D., pass.; Wellington P.C. Proc. and Gaz.;
Saunders (p); Gorton; Carter; Ward (p); Cowan,

FELDWICK
ii; Whitmore; Gisbome (p); Rusden; Gudgeon
(p); Wakelin; Wellington Almanac, 1877 (P); In-
dependent, 13 Mar 1866; Otago Daily Times, 31
Jul 1876; N.Z. Times, 27 Jun 1876 (p), 21 Sep
1876; Evening Post, 27 Aug 1929 (p). Portrait:
Parliament House.

FEDARB, JAMES WILLIAMSON (1817-90)
was born in Kent. He arrived in north Auck-
land before-o1840 and was connected for many
years with mission work amongst the Maori.
He secured some signatures of chiefs to the
treaty of Waitangi. Fedarb was an excellent
Maori scholar. He died on 17 Sep 1890.

N.Z. Herald, 18 Sep 1890.

FEILDING, WILLIAM HENRY ADELBERT
(1836-95) was the son of the 7th Earl of Den-
bigh. Entering the army in 1852, he became
lieut-colonel in 1860 and was assistant adju-
tant-general in Dublin (1864-69). Mter seeing
service in the Franco-Prussian war a3 attache
at French headquarters (1870-71), Feilding
visited Australia and New Zealand on behalf of
the Colonists’ Land and Loan Corporation to
select 100,000 acres of land on which to settle
colonists. He choose the Manchester block in
Rangitikei, which was named after the chair-
man, the Duke of Manchester. The town was
called Feilding after himself. The agreement
was to settle 2,000 immigrants by 1877. Feild-
ing commanded the 1st battalion Coldstream
Guards (1874-77) and was promoted lieut.-
general in 1893. He visited Australia and New
Zealand in 1894 and died at Bangkok, Siam,
on 24 Mar 1895.

Burke; Cycl. N.Z., i; The Times (London), 26
Mar 1895.

FELDWICK, HENRY (1844-1908) was born at
Norwood, Surrey, and in 1858 came to New
Zealand with his father, for whom he worked
for some years on his farm at Kaiapoi. There
he became local correspondent of the Lyttelton
Times, and two years later was appointed sub-
editor of the Timaru Herald. In 1871 he re-
turned to Christchurch to take charge of the
Star and Canterbury Times, andin 1876 he be-
came a partner in the Southland Daily News.
Feldwick was for three years on the South-
land education board; was several times mayor
of Avenal; was a volunteer for 22 years (retir-
ing as colonel in 1903) and a prominent free-
mason (S.C.). He represented Invercargill in

243

-----------------------Page 139 End-----------------------

FELL

Parliament 1878-79, being defeated in 1879 by
Wakefield for Geraldine and by Bain for Inver-
cargill. He was afterwards member for Inver-
cargill (1881-84 and 1887-90). In 1892 he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member till his death on 3 Aug 1908.

Parltry Record; N.ZP.| 9 Aug 1908; No2.
Times, 17 Oct 1892; Southland Times, 4 Aug 1908.
Portrait: Parliament House.

FELL, ALFRED GEORGE (1848-1917) was born
in Nelson, the son of Alfred Fell, who arrived
in the Lord Auckland (1842) and founded the
firm of Cock and Co. Educated in London,
where he lived for 12 years, he returned to
New Zealand in 1871 and entered into business
in Blenheim. A few years later he sold out to
Levin and Co. and opened in Picton an exten-
sive malthouse. He represented Blenheim in
the Provincial Council (1874-75), was a mem-
ber of the Blenheim and Picton borough coun-
cils for some years and of the Marlborough
education board and chairman of the Picton
hospital and charitable aid board. He died on
6 Feb 1917.

Cycl. N.Z., vi; Evening Post, 7 Feb 1917; Marl-
borough Express, 8 Feb 1917.

FENTON, FRANCIS DART (1821-98) was born
at Huddersfield, Yorkshire, in 1821 of an old
Yorkshire family with a long legal record. His
father, Francis Fenton, was a solicitor practis-
ing in London. Educated at Sheffield Collegiate
School, he entered the law office of an uncle
in Huddersfield where he spent some years and
was admittea to practice.

His health being indifferent Fenton sailed for
Canterbury in the Barbara Gordon in 1850, but
disembarked at Auckland (Oct) and went to
live with a cousin, James Armitage, on rented
land on the south bank of the Waikato, oppo-
site Tuakau. (Armitage was afterwards resident
magistrate in Lower Waikato and was killed
by King natives, 7 Sep 1863). Fenton was an
accomplished musician, playing both violin and
calo. While giving | at the Rev R.
Maunsell's mission station at Maraetai, he
attracted the attention of Sir George Grey, who
gave him an appointment in the deeds office at
Auckland (1852). In Feb 1854 he was resident
magistrate at Kaipara. In 1856 he was Native
Secretary. A disagreement in policy occurring
between him and D. McLean (then land pur-

 

 

FENTON

chase officer), the Governor decided that Fen-
ton was subordinate and he resigned and became
a magistrate at Whaingaroa (Jan 1857). Later
in the year he was moved to Waikato. There
he observed the growth of the King movement
and pointed out repeatedly the unsettled state
of native affairs and the dangers which might
arise from their neglect. He rendered a care-
fully considered report on the wrongs and
wishes of the Maori people, and suggested that
they should be assisted to govern themselves.
Villages should nominate native magistrates for
appointment by the Governor, and officers
should be appointed to assist them. Fenton
was asked to draw up a Maori book of laws

Owing to political intrigue he was recalled
just as his schemes were beginning to offer some
hope of averting war. His report was asked for
by the House of Representatives and inquired
into by the select committee on Waikato
affairs (1860). The committee advised the wind-
ing up of the Native department as then con-
stituted and considered Fenton well qualified
to carry out the work in Waikato. His only
error had been his failure to callon Potatau
on his tour (1857). In 1858 Fenton became
assistant law officer of the Crown and in 1862
a parliamentary agent. In 1865, on Parliament
removing to Wellington, he resigned from the
law office and became chief judge of the Native
Land Court. In 1864 Native affairs were en-
trusted to responsible ministers and Fenton was
recalled to suggest remedies. Finding the act
of 1862 defective, he drafted the amending
native lands act of 1865, under which great
progress was made in the settlement of the
country, and administered this and also the
N.Z. settlements act (1869) and the national
reserves act. Incidentally he distributed the
vote of £200,000 granted for the restoration of
Taranaki.

In 1869 Fenton was called to the Legislative
Council, but with the passing of the disquali-
fication act of 1870 he had to resign (15 Aug
1871). He was afterwards for two years a dis-
trict judge in Auckland as well as chief judge
of the Native Land Court. He retired in 1881,
and a few years later tok up land in the Kai-
para district, where he planted choice vines in
the belief that wine would be an important
production in the future. About 1895 he re-
turned to Auckland to live.

244

 

FENTON

Fenton drafted the domain act (1861) and
was chairman of the Auckland domain board
for many years from 1865, and a member of the
board of city improvement commissioners. He
founded the Auckland Choral society, of which
he was permanent president. The erection of
the Choral hall was due to his inspiration and
energy. Appointed to the Auckland Grammar
School board by Sir George Grey in 1868, Fen-
ton was afterwards elected by members of the
General Assembly and remained a member un-
til retiring voluntarily (1886). For 50 years he
was a parishioner of St Paul's. Fenton's more
noteworthy publications are: Observations on
the State of Aboriginal Inhabitants in New
Zealand (1859) and Important Judgments of
the Native Land Court. His judgment in the
Orakei case (1869) is an interesting document
on the Maori history of Auckland peninsula.
In 1885 he published Suggestions tor a History
of the Origins and Migrations of the MaQI'i
People. He died on 23 Apr 1898.

App. H.R. 1860, Ele: N.ZP.D., pass.; Brett's
Almanac, 1879 (p); Fenton, op. cit.; Gorst; Gis-
borne; Rusden; Cox, Men of Mark; Stack; Auck-
land Sar, 23 Apr 1898; No2. Herald, 13 May 1898,
4 May 1908.

FENTON, JOHN ALBERT (1821-98) was edu-
cated at the Sheffidd Grammar School and
Christ Church College, Cambridge, where he
graduated (B.A. 1843; M.A. 1846). Ordained
priest in 1845, he was curate of Norton, Derby,
until 1851 when he came to Lyttelton as chap-
Iam of the Bangalore. He was the first licensed
clergyman of the Church of England in Otago
and remained in Dunedin till 1859, when he
became curate of Goodwood and Waikouaiti
and rural dean of Otago and Southland. In
1863 he returned to England as commissary Of
the Bishop of Christchurch and remained there
till 1881, when he was appointed archdeacon
of Oamaru, He retired in 1896, and died on 28
Jun 1898. Fenton was a scholar and a poet.
He composed several hymns which have béen
embodied in hymnals.

Otago Daily Times, 5 Jul 1898.

FENWICK, SIR GEORGE (1847-1929) was born
at Sunderland, England, and came to Mel-
bourne with his father, Robert Fenwick, in
1853. After a year or two on the diggings and
in Melbourne, Fenwick was persuaded by W. H.

 

FENWICK

Reynolds to come to Otago, and the family
crossed in the schooner Challenger in 1856.
George went to a school in lower High street
and also to the Dunedin Academy, which had
been opened by J. G. S Grant at the end of
1855.

At the age of 12 he entered on his appren-
ticeship at the Otago Witness office (where he
was engaged for five years, 1859-64). He went
over to the Otago Daily Times under Vogel.
In 1866 he returned to Australia and saw a
good deal of his uncle, Captain George Turn-
bull Brown, master of the East Indiaman Corn-
wallis. He took a post on the Cleveland Bay
Express (at Townsville) but disliked the
climate and, on the death of his mother, came
back to Otago in the schooner Susannah
Booth. James Matthew offered him a partner-
ship in the Tuapeka Press at Lawrence, but
after 18 months they found the opposition of
the Tuapeka Times too strong and they sold
out. The last issue of the Press was reprinted
with a new heading, Cromwell Argus, and
Fenwick started off at once on horseback for
Cromwell, which he had already visited and
prospected, so that the Argus was first published
on the day he reached there (Sep 1869).

Not satisfied with his prospect Fenwick
handed over his share to his brother William
and returned to Dunedin, where he joined
John Mackay (q.v.) in a general printing busi-
ness. The property of the Otago Guardian and
its weekly the Southern Mercury. being put up
to auction, G. M. Reed and Fenwick acquired
it and determined to make it pay, but finding
again that the existence of opposition news-
papers in the same town was uneconomic, they
made up their mind to acquire the Otago
Daily Times and Witness. This they achieved
through the mediation of Reynolds. On the
papers being amalgamated some of the old
staff started a paper of their own, the Morning
Herald (May 1877) which they issued at a
penny. This complication and the failure of
the City of Glasgow bank, with its repercus-
SOrs 111 Otago, compelled Fenwick and his
partner to look to their laurels. They Hoated
a limited company to take over their papers,
Reed being editor and Fenwick managing
director, and after'18 months’ strong competi-
tlon the directors at length agreed to Fenwick's
suggestion and reduced the price of the paper

245

-----------------------Page 140 End-----------------------

FENWICK’

to a penny. From that time its success was
assured. The Herald became an evening paper
in 1884 and ceased in 1890, being absorbed in
The Globe. From 1883-90 R. E. N. Twopeny
(qv.) was editor and Fenwick managing direc-
tor, but after 1890 Fenwick held the joint post
continuously till 1909, when the editorship was
entrusted to James Hutchison (now Sir James).

The depression of 1886 necessitated cuts in
salaries throughout the staff and led to a strike
by the Otago typographical association, which
started a morning paper, the Daily News (only
to live for two months). In the eighties Fen-
wick took a strong stand in the paper against
industrial abuses in Dunedin. In 1888 he pub-
lished a sermon by Dr Rutherford Waddell
(q.v.), which was followed by a series of articles
in 1889 disclosing the existence of sweating in
Dunedin factories and home workshops. The
Otago Daily Times took the lead in exposing
these abuses and assisted in the formation of
the tailoresses union. Fenwick was personally
thanked by the labour organisations for his
services. He afterwards mediated in a wages
dispute between the tailoresses and their em-
ployers. “The papers were now thoroughly estab-
lished. The Times had a colonial reputation
and the Witness was not only a good farmers’
weekly, but also a nursery of New Zealand
literature.

Fenwick continued as managing director till
his death but he was assisted from 1919 by W.
Easton as manager. The paper gave its power-
ful assistance to cultural movements in Dune-
din, notably in raising £10,000 for the endow-
ment of Otago University; in raising money for
a new wing to the museum to house the collec-
tion presented by Fenwick’s friend Dr T. M.
Hocken, and other public objects. Fenwick was
a founder in Dunedin in 1885 of the Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animas, of
which he was president for many years. He
was a vice-president of the Patients and Pris
oners Aid Society and when the prisons board
was formed he was appointed a Government
member and continued to act till 1927. He was
on the committee of the Hocken library and the
Art Gallery (of which he was a life member)
and was a trustee of the Young Men's Christian
association. On principle he abstained from
taking much part in public life, but he accep-
ted nomination for the licensing committee on

FENWICK

one occasion and was elected at the head of
the poll. He was the first president of the
Rotary Club in Dunedin.

Fenwick helped to organise the first press
association in Dunedin and was in later years
for a long period a director and sometime
president of the United Press Association. He
was a director also of the Newspaper Proprie-
tors Association, the New Zealand Master
Printers’ Association, the Dunedin Tramways
Co. and the Perpetual Trustees, Estate and
Agency Co. In 1909 he attended the Empire
press conference in London and was chairman
of the New Zealand delegation. He took the
keenest interest in gardening and trees, was an
ardent walker and wrote several noteworthy
pamphlets on the beauties of western Otago.

Fenwick married (1874) Jane, daughter of
David Proudfoot. He was knighted in 1919
and died on 23 Sep 1929.

Who's Who N.I., 1908, 1924; Paul; Otago Daily
Times, 24 Sep 1929 (P).

FENWICK, WILLIAM (1851-1906) was born
in England, came to Melbourne with his par-
ents in 1853 and to Otago in 1856. Educated
at the public schools and for a while at JL.
Schaw's Grammar School, he started life as
apprentice in the jobbing room of the Otago
Daily Times (1864) and before finishing his
five years went into the office of his brother
(G. Fenwick, q.v.), the Tuapeka Press at Law-
rence. He continued with his brother when
he founded the Cromwell Argus (1869), in
which he became a partner when his brother
went to Dunedin. For a few years he was over-
seer in the Guardian office in Dunedin, and in
1876, with J. H. Clayton, he bought the Even-
ing News, the name of which they changed to
The Age. In 1878 Fenwick became printer of
the Otago Witness and he succeeded to the
editorship on the death of Robert Wilson
(1879).

During the 27 years of his editorship he de-
veloped the Otago Witness in a remarkable
manner, making it not only the weekly of
Otago, but the recognised organ for the en-
couragement of New Zealand talent in prose
and verse. For some years he conducted ' Chats
with the Farmers: and for II years the theatri-
cal column. The ‘Little Folks’ page was in-
augurated in 1886 and carried on by Fenwick

246

 

 

 

FERARD

in person till his death (on 25 Sep 1906). Fen-
wick took no part in public life.

Otago Witness, Otago Daily Times, 26 Sep.1906 ;
In Memory of William Fenwick, 1906 (p).

FERARD, BINGHAM ARTHUR (horn in 1830)
was the son of Daniel Ferard, of Queens square,
London. After graduating M.A. he read law
at Lincoln's Inn from 1852. In 1859 he was
appointed resident magistrate at Wellington.
Ferard moved to Hawkes Bay, where he rep-
resented Napier Town in the Provincial Coun-
cil (1868-71). Ferard in 1872 published two
letters to the government advocating the under-
taking of fire insurance by the state.

N.I.P.D., 12 Aug 1862; Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.

FERGUS, THOMAS (1851-1914) was born at
Ayr, Scotland, and emigrated to Victoria with
his father, continuing his education there and
finishing it at Otago University after their
arrival here in 1869. Qualifying as a civil en-
gineer, he joined the service of the Otago pro-
vincial government and was district engineer
for the goldfields from 1872 till shortly before
the extinction of the provincial system in 1876.
Fergus then entered into partnership with D.
Henderson as contractors and carried out the
Mosgiel-Outram railway, the Patea line, the
New Plymouth waterworks and the Bluff rail-
way wharf. In 1886 he joined J. B. Blair and
they constructed the Mersey-Deloraine railway
in Tasmania and the Heidelberg-Alphington
line in Victoria. In. the nineties he gave up
contracting and joined Donald Reid (whose
daughter he married in 1878) as stock and
station agents and grain merchants.

Fergus was invited to stand for the Wakati pu
electorate in 1878, but declined for business
reasons. He stood in 1881 and captured the
seat, which he retained till 1893. He was Min-
ister of Justice and Defence in the Atkinson
Government (1887-89) and of Public Works
and Mines (1889-91). He was a member of
the Otago education board, vice-president and
chairman of the Otago jubilee committee
(1898) and treasurer of the Mechanics’ In-
stitute. Fergus was a director of the Kaita
ngata Coal Co., the Hartley and Riley dredg-
Co., the Westport Coal Co., and the Bank of
New Zealand (1914). He died on 30 Sep of
that year.

FERGUSON

N.LP.D., 30 Sep 1914: Cycl. N.z., iv. (P); Otago
Daily Times, 1 Oct 1914.

FERGUSON, DUGALD (1833-1920) was born
in Argyllshire, on the shores of loch Fyne. At the
age of 18 he sailed for Australia in the Sussex
and was employed by an uncle on a sheep
station in Wimmera. He spent about 10 years
on sheep stations far up the Darling river and
droving and dealing, and came to Otago in
1862. He had an interest in stations in South-
land and at Tapanui and made a good deal of
money selling cattle on the West Coast (1865).

Ferguson was fond of poetry and wrote much
verse of good quality. His first small volume
of poems appeared in the seventies, some of
the verses being dated 1873. In 1883 appeared
Castle Gay and Other Poems, a considerable
collection, followed by Poems of the Heart
(1897) and Job and Other Poems (1898). He
was a sound versifier and wrote on a great
variety of topics. He rarely used the Scots dia
lect. In 1893 he published in London Bush
Life in Australia and New Zealand, an interest-
ing story revealing many of his own experiences.

Ferguson, op. cit. (pp); Hocken, Bibliog.; Otago

Daily Times, 31 Jan 1920.
FERGUSON, WILLIAM (1852-1935), who was
born in London, was a son of William Ferguson,
a scientific chemist of note. He was an elder
brother of Sir Henry Lindo Ferguson. Educa-
ted privately and at the Burton-on-Trent Gram-
mar School, he was apprenticed in 1867 to
Courtenay and Stephens, mechanical engineers,
Dublin, and after completing his articles he
entered Trinity College, Dublin (1873), grad-
uating B.A. and first respondent (1877), B.Eng.
(1879) and M.A. (1881). In 1881 he became
an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers,
and in 1893 a full member. He was a life
member of the Royal Dublin Society.

In 1880 Ferguson was appointed assistant to
the professor of engineering at the College and
in 1883 he sailed for New Zealand. In 1884 he
was appointed engineer-secretary and treasurer
to the Wellington harbour board. In his 24
years’ service there the port became one of the
most efficient and well equipped in the South-
ern Hemisphere. In 1890 he reported on and
carried out plans for the drainage of Welling-
ton. In 1907 he retired from the harbour board,
but continued as its consulting engineer until
1913.

247

-----------------------Page 141 End-----------------------

FERGUSON

Ferguson was managing director of the Wel-
lington Gas Co. (1908-16) and chairman of the
National Efficiency Board (1916-1920). A foun-
dation member of the New Zealand Society of
Civil Engineers, he was president in 1919-20.
He married (1890) Mary Louisa, daughter of

William Sefton Moorhouse (q.v.). He died
on 20 Jun 1935.
Cye!. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924,

1932; The Dominion, 21 Jun 1935; NZ. Times, 19
Oct 1907.

FERGUSON, JAMES BURNE was for some
years a merchant in Auckland before taking
a sheep run in Hawkes Bay. He was a vice
president of the Ahuriri Settlers’ Association
in 1858, working for separation from Welling-
ton, and was elected to Parliament in succes
sion to J. V_ Smith as the representative of
Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay (1858-60).

FERGUSSON, SIR JAMES (1832-1907), 6th
baronet of Kilkerran, was born in Edinburgh,
the eldest son of Sir Charles Dalrymple Fer
gusson. Educated at Rugby and University
College, Oxford, he succeeded to the baronetcy
in 1851. He took up his ensigncy in the
Grenadier Guards, with which he served
throughout the Crimean war, being wounded
at Inkermann.

In 1856 Fergusson retired from the army to
enter politics, having been elected for Ayr-
shire while on service. Defeated in 1857, he
was again returned in 1859. In 1866 he was
Under-secretary for India and later for Home
Affairs in the Derby Government. In_ 1868
he was made a Privy Councillor, and Gover-
nor of South Australia, where he assisted in
the inauguration of the telegraph system.

On 14 Jun 1873 Fergusson took up the
duties of Governor in New Zealand. His term
was not marked by any event of importance.
Though an energetic and capable politician,
he showed the necessary restraint as governor
of a self-governing colony in such a period.
In 1874 he resigned and, leaving on 3 Dec, he
hastened home and contested two elections
without success. (K.C.M.G. 1875). In_ 1880
he was appointed Governor of Bombay. There
he did useful administrative work, taking a
great interest in native education and in the
welfare of the peasantry, for whose benefit
mainly he created the first agricultural depart-
ment.

FIELD

Returning to England in 1881, Fergusson
received the G.C.SI. and resumed his political
career 2s member for North-East Manchester,
which seat he retained until being defeated
by the Labour candidate in 1906. He was
Under-secretary to the Foreign Office and later
Postmaster-general. On retiring from Parlia

-ment Fergusson was deputed by the Royal

Mail Steam Packet Co., of which he was a
director, to proceed to a conference at Jamaica.
On the first day of the conference at Kingston,
he was killed in the earthquake (14 Jan 1907).
He was a director also of the Caledonian, the
London and North Western and the Glasgow
and South Western Railway Cos, the P. and
. steamship line and the National Telephone
Co.

Fergusson married first (1859) Lady Edith
Christian (d. 1871), daughter of the Earl of
Dalhousie; second (1873) Olive (d. 1882),
daughter of John Henry Richman, of South
Australia; and third (1893) Isabella Eliza
beth, daughter of the Rev Thomas Twyden
and widow of Charles Hugh Hoare; He was
succeeded in the title by his eldest son Lieut.-
general Sir Charles Fergusson (1865 -_), who
married Lady Alice, daughter of the 7th Earl
of Glasgow (q.v.). He was Governor of New
Zealand (1924-30).

D.N.B.,. Burke, Peerage,. Gisborne; The Times,
17 Jan 1907.

FERRALL, GEORGE (1806-63) was an early
resident of the district south of Auckland. He
represented. Southern Division in the Auckland
Provincial Council (1859-61) and died on 28
Apr 1863.

Auckland P.C. Proc.,. C)'e!. N.Z., ii, 633.

FIELD, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1852-99) was
born in Wanganui, the son of Henry Clay-
lands Field, C.E. (1825-1912), who arrived in
the Simla (1851), practised as a civil engineer in
Wanganui and published a book on New Zee
land ferns (1890). He was educated by the Rev
C. H. S Nicholls. In 1868 he entered the Sur-
vey department as a cadet and in 1872 quali-
fied as a surveyor. With his cousin, D. H.
Monro, he undertook the survey of the Waima-
rino country just after the conclusion of the
war, and spent two years in the difficult task
of ascertaining the best lines for road and rail-
way between the upper Whanganui river and

248

FIELD

Taupo. The information gained in this period
was of great service to the North Island main
trunk commission, before which he gave evi-
dence.

Field-was an accomplished Maori linguist, an
original thinker and a wide reader. In 1878
he was compelled for reasons of health to re-
tire from the service and he settled at Wai-
kanae, where he farmed and practised his pro-
fession for the remainder of his life. In 1896
he defeated Newman for the Otaki seat in Pay
liament and in 1899 retained the seat against
C. B. Morison, but died a few weeks later (8
Dec). He was for some years a member of the
Wellington land board and president of the
New Zealand Institute of Surveyors. He mar-
ried a daughter of Thomas Wilton (Waikanae)..

Cyel. N.Z., i (p); Woon; N.ZP.D., 22 Jun 1900;
N.Z. Herald, 26 Nov 1892; N.Z. Surveyor, Dec
1899; N.Z. Times, 11 Dec 1899, 1 Mar 1912. Por-
trait! Parliament’ House.

FIELD, THOMAS ANDREW HEMMING
(1859-1937) was born in Victoria, the son of
Thomas Field (1832-1918), who arrived in
New Zealand in 1862 and settled in Nelson in
1878. Educated at Nelson College (1871-72),
he succeeded his father as head of the firm of
Wilkins and Field, hardware merchants, and
was a director of Griffen and Sons, and chair-
man of Robertson Brothers. He took a pro-
minent part in public life, being a member
of the Nelson City Council from 1907, deputy-
mayor in 1910 and mayor in 1911-13. He Was
aso on the hospital. board, president of the
cllamber of commerce, a trustee of the Caw-
thron institute and president of the Nelson
Philosophical Society. He represented Nelson
in Parliament, defeating H. Atmore in 1914,
and being defeated by him in 1919. Field died
on 27 Oct 1937. He was one of the first
cyclists to ride from end to end of New Zea
land. (1885)

Ciel. N.Z., v; Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Nelson
Coll. 0.B. Reg.

FINDLAY, SIR JOHN GEORGE (1862-1929)
was the son of G. A. Findlay, merchant, and
was born in Dunedin. Educated at Scott's
Academy, Hokitika, he proceeded to Otago
University, where he graduated LL.B. in 1886
and LL.D. in 1893. He distinguished himself
in philosophy under Macgregor.

 

 

FINDLAY

Admitted to the bar in 1887, he commenced
to practise in Palmerston (Otago) in partner-
ship with F. G. Dalziell (q.v.), and then moved
to Dunedin where for one year (1893-94) he
was lecturer in political economy at the Uni-
versity. In 1894 Findlay entered into part-
nership with Stout at Wellington, where he
had a distinguished career at the bar. On
the appointment of Stout to be Chief Justice
(1899), he took Dalziel in as partner until
1914, and later,D. R. Hoggard, D. M. Findlay
and J. C. Morison. Findlay's practice was a
lucrative one and enabled him as the years
passed to devote more of his time to the study
of politics and literature, in both of which
he took a keen delight. He wrote a great deal
to the press on historical and literary sub-
jects, lectured gracefully and fluently, and
was a scholarly and forceful speaker. On the
other hand he failed on the political platform
and was never able to gain acceptance with
the electors. When he first contested a seat
(in Wellington City) in 1902 it was evident
that his political addresses did not appeal to
a democracy whose principles he so stoutly
enunciated. Shortly afterwards, however, he
was closaly in the confidence of Seddon and
assisting him in the promulgation of his mani-
festoes. Seddon was willing to give him a seat
in the Legistatve Council, but he preferred
to gain admission to the elective chamber.
He composed the election mdnifesto of 1905
with its exposition of Liberal humanitarian-
Ism.

When Sir Joseph ‘Ward became Prime Min-
ister he retained Pitt as Attorney-general, but
his health failing before the end of the year
he retired. Findlay was called to the Legis
lative Council (23 Nov 1906) and took the
portfolio, together with that of Internal
Affairs. As leader of the Government in the
Legislative Council he was a marked success
in spite of his lack of parliamentary experi-
ence. Tactful, hardworking, always abreast
of political developments, he conducted the
affairs of the Council in a manner which
commanded general approval in a period
which was admittedly one of the most bril-
liant from a debating point of view in the
history of the Council. In Jun 1909, on the
death of James McGowan, Findlay assumed
also the portfolio of Justice. He was now

249

-----------------------Page 142 End-----------------------

FINDLAY

close in the confidence of Ward, and accom-
panied him to the Imperial Conference of
1911. There he appeared to some extent to
dominate his leader, who put forward a
plan for an empire parliament with every
appearance of not having mastered it. The
conference politely but firmly rejected the pro-
posal. Findlay tdls a little of the inside his
tory of the Conference in his gracefully written
volume The Imperial Conference from Within,
which he published in the following year. He
was knighted (K.C.M.G.) during his visit to
England. ;

At the general election of 1911 Findlay re
signed from the Council in the hope that he
would be accepted as a democratic represen-
tative by gaining’ a seat in the House of Rep-
resentatives. He stood for Parnell but was
defeated by J. S. Dickson. (Dickson 3,585;
Findlay, 2,971; M. J. Mack, 1,557. Second
ballot: Dickson, 4,264; Findlay, 3,826) While
Attorney-general, Findlay created the office in
New Zealand of King’s Counsel, and was him-
self one of the first batch appointed (Jun
1907). He also endeavoured while in Parliament
to reform the Court of Appeal procedure in
New Zealand. His legislation during the six
years he was Attorney-general was marked by
many instances of his wisdom in legal reform.

‘Accepting the rebuff at the hands of the elec-
tors, Findlay retired from politics for a few
years, devoting his time to his practice and to
his passion for writing and literature. He was
elected a member of the Victoria College coun-
cil (1900-05, 1906-10) and was chairman in
1906.

During the war, with a coalition Cabinet in
office, the opportunity presented itself to Find-
lay of fulfilling his wish by entering the dec-
tive chamber. On the death of McNab he
contested the Hawkes Bay seat and was re-
turned (3 Feb 1917). (Findlay, 2,641; Sim-
son, 2,175; Fraser, II.) It was, however, to
be a barren triumph. Owing partly to the
years he had spent out of politics, but more
to the special conditions of the war, he re-
mained a private member until the next gen-
eral election. The coalition had by then dis.
solved and he retired from politics for good.
The part which he had played was unique.
While still in private life he exercised what
Bell described as 'a singular influence’ over

FINN

the legislation of the later days of Seddon, and
eventually he gained a similar influence over
Ward. While in office he carried through
measures in law reform which expressed the
views of the experienced lawyer rather than the
politician; and in the wider sphere of Empire
politics he took an outstanding, if not entirely
successful, line at the Conference of 1911. On
his subsequent withdrawal from politics he
accepted philosophically the compensating
opportunity which it gave for intellectual and
social pastimes in which he delighted. He
founded the Wellington Shakespeare Society
and was president for some years.

Findlay's other publications were Humbugs
and Homilies (1908), and many articles in re-
views, and notably in The Citizen, the organ
of the Forward Movement (1895).

Findlay married (1890) Josephine Emily,
daughter of James Arkle (Lawrence). He died
on 8 Dec 1929.

N.Z.P.D., 1907-11 ; 1917-19; Parltry Record; Find-
lay, op. cit.; Butterworth's Fortnightly Notes, 8
Dec 1925, 17 Dec 1929; Evening Post, 9, 11 Dec
1929; The Dominion, 10, 12 Dec 1929. Portrait:
Parliament House.

FINN, HUGH JOSEPH (1847-1927) was born
at Kilkenny, Ireland, educated to the age of 12
in his own home and then sent to the French
College at Blackrock, Dublin, and finally to
the Jesuit College at Amiens, France. He was
for a few months a member of the Pontifical
Zouaves in Rome.

Coming to Melbourne, he continued his edu-
cation at the Church of England Grammar
School, from which he passed on to the Uni-
versity. In 1869 he was articled to a barrister

and solicitor in Melbourne, and in 1874 was j

admitted to practise. In that year he arrived
in Dunedin and was admitted to the bar there.
He started to practise in Queenstown. In 1877
he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Mc-
Lean (q.v.). Two years later he successfully
contested the Wakatipu seat in Parliament
(defeating Mason and Manders). During the
currency of that Parliament he visited Gisborne
and, having decided to make his home there,
he retired from Parliament in 1882. In politics
he was a member of the Young New Zealand
Party (1879) and he was partly responsible for
bringing out J. Carroll. He was for a time in-

250

 

FINNIMORE

terested in a shipping business in Gisborne but
withdrew finally to devote his whole attention
to law. He took no part in local politics.

Finn was a keen volunteer. In Victoria he
was a lieutenant in the Sandridge volunteer
artillery (1873); he was captain of the Queens-
town Rifles (1876-78) and thereafter of the
newly formed M battery of artillery (1879-82).
Finn died on 18 Dec 1927.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.z. ii (p); Poverty
Bay Herald, 5 Jan 1924; N.Z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

 

FINNIMORE, WILLIAM (1802-75), was born
in England and is believed to have taken part
of his medical course. He was engaged in teach-
ing in a school at Kingston-on-Thames before
sailing for Wellington in the Lady Nugent with
his wife and son. Finnimore kept the Welling-
ton Tavern for a few years, and about 1845
opened a school in Willis street. This he con-
ducted with considerable success (with the help
of his wife) for 20 years. He also for a few
months conducted St Paul's school in Thorn-
don, and for another short period was farming
in Karori. Besides the day school, Finnimore
held evening classes, in the teaching of which
he was assisted by

His son, WILLIAM FINNIMORE, born in 1838,
left Wellington for Wanganui in the early
sixties and was engaged there in the Bank of
New South Wales. In 1864 he was a lieutenant
in the Wanganui militia In 1868 Finnimore
raised in the town of Wanganui the larger of
the two volunteer ‘cavalry corps which did
gallant service under Whitmore on the West
Coast. The corps was composed mainly of the
young men of the town, amongst whom John
Ballance (qv.) for a time held a cornet's com-
mission. The two troops rendered efficient ser-
vice against Titikowaru's forces, and effectively
defended the district against the threatened
incursion, of the enemy, who were almost at
Kai-iwi. When the enemy took to the bush
Finnimore's troop was released from further
sevice. (Major, 1869). Finnimore was mem-
ber of the Provincia Council for Wanganui
(1869-72). In 1871 he contested the Superin-
tendency of Wellington against Fitzherbert, who
defeated him by 929 votes to 458. He retired
from the Council in 1872. Finnimore undertook
flax culture on a considerable scale.

FIRTH

Maanorran; Cowan; Gudgeon, 325; Gorton;
Whitmore; Ward; Wellington Independent, 21
Apr 1871.

FIRTH, JOSEPH (1859-1931) was the son of
Aaron Firth ahd was born at Cobden, West-
land. He proceeded to Nelson College as an
education board scholar in 1873. Two years
later he ws appointed fourth master at the
College, where he remained till 1881. He then
accompanied Joseph Mackay to Wellington Col-
lege as assistant master. In 1886 he accepted a
similar appointment at Christ's College, Christ-
church. While there he graduated B.A. at Can-
terbury College (1889), and two years later he
was appointed headmaster of Wellington Col-
lege in succession to Mackay. Firth represented
Nelson province at Rugby football (1876) and
played for Wellington against New South Wales
in 1882. He was aso a successful cricketer.
While in charge of Wellington College (1891-
1921) he led in all games and for years coached
the first XI. He devoted his energies especially
to the building of character by hard work and
hard play. He was a fine administrator and an
exceptional scholar, devoted to English language
and literature. When he retired he left his
mark upon the school in the expansion of the
roll, the building of character and many im-
provements in buildings and grounds. There-
after he assisted to bring about the erection of
the hall as a war memorial, and devoted his
energies to the Navy League (of which he was
a vice-president), the National Defence League
and the Community Club for territorial forces.
He married (1889) Jessie, daughter of N. Mc-
Rae (Marlborough). He died on 13 Apr 1931
(Firth adopted the second name ‘Pentland’
while he was at Nelson College.)

Nelson Coll. 0.8. Reg.; Christ's Coll. List (p);
JS Elliott, Firth of Wellington, 1937 (p); The

Dominion, 14 Apr 1931 (p); Evening Post, 13 Apr
1981 (p)

FIRTH, JOSIAH CLIFTON (1826-97) was born
in the West Riding of Yorkshire and to the
age of 16 received from his father a good
classical and commercial education, after which
he went into mercantile offices In the finan-
cial crash of 1847 his father lost his fortune and
young Firth during the next three years paid
close attention to agriculture and gained a
good knowledge of farming. In 1850 he re-

251

-----------------------Page 143 End-----------------------

FIRTH

turned to commercial life as manager of ,an
iron business. He took a great interest in
mechanics’ institutes and Sunday school educa-
tion and held evening classes for historical and
scientific studies.

Deciding to emigrate to New Zealand, Firth
sailed in 1854, and after spending a short time
in Victoria and New South Wales crossed to
Auckland. He purchased a block of land in
Cook street, where he established a brick-yard.
Some years later he was joined by D. R. Thorn-
ton and W. B. Smith, and together they started
the Wharf steam flour mills in Queen street,
Firth being manager. In a few years the firm
practically controlled the flour market in the
north.

Firth took an interest in politics afew months
after his arrival in New Zealand. He intervened
in the general election as secretary of the Free-
dom of Religion Society, opposing any form of
state grants for religion or religious education.
When the war broke out in Taranaki Firth
was a strenuous and outspoken advocate of a
vigorous policy. He served as a private in the
militia and the volunteers. He was persuaded to
stand for Parliament and was elected for Auck,
land City West (Jan 1861) on the ground of
a strong war policy for the maintenance of the
Queen's authority and the compensation of the
colony and settlers by the confiscation of the
lands of the King tribes. He resigned in Jul
1862.

Always interested in the Maori race, Firth
in. 1865 availed himself of his friendship with
Wi Tamihana to acquire an extensive leasehold
in the upper Thames district, not far from Ma-
tamata. This enterprise, which eventually ex-
tended to 50,000 acres, was in tune with his
pioneering spirit, and he entered into it whole-
heartedly. There was no natural grass on the
land, only fern with patches of bush. Heavy
expenditure and many years of hard work were
necessary to bring it into cultivation and grass
land. To protect his men against the danger of
native hostilities, Firth erected near Matamata
a concrete loopholed keep of three stories, in
which arms and ammunition were stored and
to which the settlers could repair on an alarm.
He snagged the Thames river for a distance of
fifty miles to enable his steam launches to keep
up communication with the sea and planted
40,000 willows for river conservation. All

FIRTH

through the troubles of the King movement
Firth was on terms of close friendship with Wi
Tamihana and on behalf of the Government
discussed the terms of a settlement. He atten-
ded many native gatherings when no Govern-
ment representative was present. In Jan 1870
when Te Kooti was still in the fidd with his
guerillas, Firth met him alone at Tamihana's
monument at Taurangamoana and received for
communication to the Government Te Kooti's
assurance that he would remain at peace if not
disturbed but would not surrender on any
terms.

Besides the heavy expenditure incurred in
developing his estate Firth lost much money
on the Thames goldfields. At considerable cost
he established the Wild Missouri battery at
Tararu, and when Hone Werehiko discovered
the New Find at Te Aroha Firth embarked on
a new undertaking at Waiorongomai. Both ven-
tures failed; and he was embarrassed at the
same time by the fall in prices of produce. As
a result he lost his fine estate and the flour
mills and had to commence life again

Firth devoted much attention to invention,
notably in the utilisation of pumice as insula
ting material for refrigerating chambersin place
of charcoal. As a pioneer he had considerable
vision and was resolute, enterprising and ener-
getic; a tireless rider who travelled long dis
tances between Waikato and Auckland winter
and summer. He took part not only in the ma-
terial development of the Colony, but in every
phase of its social life. He was a forceful
speaker; an interesting conversationalist, never
tame or insipid; a keen advocate of education
and of science in industry; a warm supporter
of the volunteer movement. He was a member
(and chairman) at different times of the cham-
ber of commerce, of the Auckland harbour board
and the waste lands board; president of the
Auckland Institute and of the Acclimatisation
Society. At his own expense he brought salmon
ova from California (but without success). He
sent 50,000 ova to Victoria and he placed
500,000 whitefish ova in the thermal lakes. In
1887-88 he installed electric lighting in Queen
street, Auckland.

A prominent member of the Congregational
Church, Firth maintained his interest in Sunday
schools (being president of the Auckland Sun-
day Schools Union) and he was treasurer of

252

 

FISH

the Auckland auxiliary of the British and
Foreign Bible Society. He took an interest in
various charities and in the Mechanics’ Insti-
tute and believed in instilling the spirit of saf-
reliance into the youth of the country and
settled many families on small farms. Firth's
literary bent was evidenced in many contribu-
rions to the Auckland papers and in several
books, notably Lions in the Way and Luck and
Nation Making (1890). His death occurred on
11 Dec 1897.

NZ.P.D., 1861-62; App. H.R., 1869 A12: Cycl.
NZ., ii (p); NZ. Herald, 24 Sep 1872, 17 Sep 1881,
17 Feb 1885; 23, 28 Apr 1886; 18 Jul 1887; 14
Jan 1888; 13 Jul 1889; 12, 13 Dec 1897. Portrait:
Parliament House.

FISH, HENRY SMITH (1838-97) was born in
a London suburb, where his father (who died
in Dunedin) was a prosperous painter and
glazier. Educated at Cave House School, Ux-
bridge, he sailed with his parents in 1849 for
Melbourne, finished his education and training
as an Off and colour merchant there, and in
1863 came to Otago. He married (1867) Jane,
daughter of Captain Carr.

/Fish was elected M.P.C. for Dunedin City
4870 and sat in the Council until the abolition,
being provincial secretary in the executive of
D. Reid (1875). He was first elected to Par-
liament (for Dunedin South) in 1881. In 1834
he was defeated by James Gore but he regained
the seat m 1887, and retained it in the com-
bined City electorate in 1890. In 1893 he was
again defeated, but he was returned to Parlia-
ment again in 1896. -He was a diligent legis
lator, a good speaker and a determined advo-
cate. Fish's principal public service, however,
was in the City Council, to which he gave nearly
30 years of conscientious, disinterested and far-
seeing work. Elected to the Council first in
1868, he contested the mayoralty in 1869 against,
Birch (who won by 54 votes). In 1870 he was
elected (defeating John Griffin) and in 1873 he
retired and was defeated in the Council dec-
tion (by Evan Prosser). In 1874 he re-entered
the Council, but retired in 1875, was re-elected
in 1876, resigned shortly afterwards to quality
for nomination to the Otago harbour board.
and then regained his seat in the Council
(1877). H. J. Walter defeated him for the
mayoralty in 1878, and having turned the tables
the following year, Fish was disqualified as a

FISHER

council contractor. He was defeated in 1880
by A. H. Ross and in 1881 he retired from the
Council for five years. He again contested the
mayoralty (against Haynes) in 1892, and was
elected in 1893 and 1894. In 1895 he was de-
feated by Wales. He resigned from the Council
in 1897, having been six times mayor.

Fish exercised a determined and forceful in-
fluence on” civic affairs, especially on the
development of essential public works and
finance. He was prominent aso in friendly
soaetles and other forms of working-class co-
operation. He was 40 years a member of the
M.U.LO.O.F. (which he joined in Melbourne);
im 1877 he was D.P.G.M. and 1878 P.G.M. In
1896 he was first chief of the Lodge Hope of
Dunedin LO.G.T. He was a director of the
Otago Caledonian Society, and president in
1893.94. Throughout his life Fish was an active
supporter of charities and sports societies. He
died on 23 Sep 1897.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Otago Daily Times, 15 Dec
1890, 24 Sep 1897. Portrait: Parliament House.

FISHER, FRANCIS, who was Attorney-general
under Governor Hobson, left a good position
in Cambridge in 1835 to come to New South
Wales. .He was crown solicitor at Sydney when
he received the appointment (in Oct 1840) of
land claims commissioner (with E. L. Godfrey
and M. Richmond) to examine titles in New
Zealand. Owing to ill-health he resigned this
post and became Attorney-general (3 May 1841).
In Aug he was appointed commissioner of the
Auckland court of requests and a month later
chairman of the court of quarter sessions, act-
ing police magistrate and a member of the
Legislative Council. Fisher shortly afterwards
left New Zealand. His son was Professor W. R.
Fisher, of Oxford.

FISHER, GEORGE (1843-1905) was born in
Dublin of Scots parentage, and at the age of
nine was employed in a printing office in Fetter
Lane, London. In 1857 his parents moved to
Melbourne and he became a reader boy in the
Age office, later being apprenticed to Ferguson
and Moore, printers. In 1863 he came to the
Otago diggings, but soon drifted to journalism
in Invercargill and in 1865 moved to Christ-
church, where he was on the Lyttelton Times
(1865-69). Then he joined the staff of the
Government Printing Office. In 1872 he became

253

-----------------------Page 144 End-----------------------

FISHER

a reporter on the Independent, and thereafter
was for 11 years on the staff of Hansard.

In 1877 Fisher was elected to the Wellington
City Council, from which he resigned in 1887
and defeated the sitting mayor CW. Hutchison
q.v.). Fisher was mayor for three years (1881-
84) and a member of the harbour board. He
distinguished himself by his energetic adminis-
tration and grasp of public affairs. In 1884 he
was elected to Parliament for Wellington South
and in 1887 for Wellington East. He was min-
ister of Education and Commissioner of Cus-
toms in the Atkinson ministry (1887-89) but
resigned owing to a difference of opinion. In
1890 he was returned at the head of the poll
for Wellington City, but in 1893 he was defeated
by H. D. Bell and John Duthie. In 1896 he
came back as junior member for the City, and
in that year was elected for the fifth time mayor
of Wellington.

Fisher was one of the finest speakers in the
New Zealand Parliament, lucid and trenchant;
a vigorous personality, but impatient of con-
trol or cabinet responsibility. In his later years
in Parliament he was almost alone as a‘ Fourth
Party: As mayor he helped to found the Home
for the Aged and Needy, and promoted the
building of the town hall and public library.
He died on 14 Mar 1905.

Fisher married (1866) Laura Emma, daughter
of James H. Tompkins (Christchurch). A son,
FRANCIS MARION BATES FISHER (1877 - ) was
M.P. for Wellington City (1905-14) and Minis-
ter of Trade and Customs (1912-15).

N.Z.P.D., 27 Jun 1906 ; Russell; Cycl. N.Z., i (p);
Evening Post, 15 Mar 1905. Portrait: Parliament
House.

 
  

FISHER, JAMES BICKERTON (1843-1910)
was born at Diss, Norfolk, the son of the Rev
Thomas R. Fisher, and came to Wellington in
the Myrtle (1857). He completed his education
at Christ's College, Christchurch (1859-60); was
atticled to W. P. Cowlishaw (1863) and called
to the bar (1868). He commenced to practise
in Westport (1870) where he was later crown
prosecutor. He represented Westport in the
Nelson Provincial Council (1873-74) and in the
House of Representatives (1879-81). He then
retired from politics and returned to Christ-
church to continue the practice of his profession
as a partner in Garrick and Cowlishaw. Fisher

FITCHETT

married a daughter of Andrew Brown (Vic.
toria). He died on 23 Jan 1910.

Cycl. N.Z., iii, vi; Christ's Coll. List; Westport
News, 28 Dec 1926. f

FISHER, JAMES TEMPLE (1828-1905) was
born at St Margaret's, Kent, and educated there.
At the age of 16 he entered the Royal Navy,
serving for some years on the China station.
He was in Australia and is said to have visited
New Zealand first in the Flying Childers in
1846. He was back in England in 1849 and his
term of service having concluded, he emigrated
with the Canterbury Pilgrims in the Charlotte
Jane (1850). Fisher selected land in the Heath-
cote valley and farmed successfully for many
years. There he first took a part in public
life as a member of the Heathcote road board
(of which he was chairman), the Waimakariri
river board and later the Sydenham school com>
mittee. He represented Heathcote in the Pro-
vincial Council from 1870 until the abolition.
In 1876 he was elected to Parliament for Heath-
cote, representing the agricultural electors as
distinguished from the squatters. He sat until
the end of 1881, when he was defeated by Wynn
Williams. Fisher was Postmaster-general and
Commissioner of Telegraphs in the Grey minis
try (1877-79). In Parliament also he represen-
ted the agricultural settlers rather than the
squatters and cast in his lot with Sir George
Grey. He died on 3 Jan 1906.

Brett's Almanac, 1879; The Press and Lyttelton
Times, 5 Jan 1905. Portrait: Parliament House

FISHER, JOHN (1837-1927) was born in Ayr-
shire, Scotland, and arrived in Auckland in
1856. He farmed at Tamaki till 1865, served in
the Waikato war and took up land at Puke:
rimu. He was chairman of the W'aipa county
council, president of the Waikato central A. and
P. association and a member of the Auckland
harbour board. Fisher was called to the Legis
lative Council in 1914, and served one term
(1914-21). He died on 13 Jan 1927.

N.z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; N.Z. Herald, 14 Jan 1927.
Portrait: Parliament House.

FITCHETT, ALFRED ROBERTSON (1836-
1929) was born at Grantham, Lincolnshire, emi-
grated to Victoria when a youth, and finished
his education at Melbourne University. He
wes ordained in the Methodist ministry in 1863

  

254

 

FITCHETT

and shortly afterwards came to New Zealand
‘and took up work amongst the Europeans in
Wanganui during the Maori war.

In 1867 he was appointed to Trinity Meth-
odist Church in Dunedin, and while there erec-
ted the fine new church in Stuart street. For
three years he was stationed in Christchurch,
in charge of the Durham street church, and in
1878 he returned to Trinity in Dunedin.

Fitchett was a man of great versatility and
outstanding ability and eloquence as a preacher.
He edited the Christian Observer (1870-76) and
wes prominent in the government of the
Church. He attended the first annual confer-
ence (1874), the Australasian conference in 1875
and the general conference in 1878. In 1878
he took his B.A. at the University of New Zea
land. Feeling that he could no longer tolerate
the itinerant law of the Church, which enforced
the transfer of ministers every three years, he
severed his association with the Methodist con-
nection. In 1879 Fitchett was ordained in
the Church of England. He at once took charge
of All Saints Church in Dunedin, where he
ministered for fifty years. (M.A., New Zealand,
1882; D.D., Toronto). He was appointed dean
of St Paul's Cathedral in 1894 and acted as
commissary for the Bishop in 1906, 1911, 1919
and 1921. For ten years (1886-95) he was a
governor of the Boys and Girls’ High Schools
and in 1894 chairman. Fitchelt was a constant
contributor to the Otago Daily Times and the
author of several books, notably Evolution and
Ethics and Christian Ministry: Whence De-
rived. He received the C.M.G. in 1928 and died
‘on 19 Apr 1929. (See FREDERICK FITCHETI.)

Otago Witness, 15 May 1928; Otago Daily Times,
16 Dec 1878, 20 Apr 1929.

FITCHETT, FREDERICK (1854-1930) was born
at Grantham, Lincolnshire, and as a boy came
to Victoria with his parents. His father having
died, his mother maintained the family by
keeping a store.

Mter leaving school Fitchett went to sea be-
fore the mast for two years. He then came to
New Zealand and entered the service of tlle
Bank of New Zealand. His University career
wes a brilliant one. He was a senior scholar
at Canterbury College, where he graduated
(BA 1879; M.A. 1880; LL.B. 1880; LL.D.
1887) and he won the Bowen prize in 1876.

FITZGERALD

Admitted to the bar in 1881, he practised in
Dunedin till 1894 (the firm being Fitchett and
Thornton). He was a member of Parliament
for Dunedin Central (1887-90) and was Liberal
whip, but did not seek re-election. In 1894 he
was appointed parliamentary law draughtsman ;
in 1900 crown law officer, and in 1901 Solicitor-
general. In this capacity he went to London to
discuss the" New Hebrides convention with
French and British delegates (1907) and the
Webster claims (1909). With Sir R. Stout and
L. G. Reid he consolidated the New Zealand
‘statutes.

From 1910 to 1917 Fitchett was Public Trus-
tee and on retiring he resumed practice in Auck-
land. He was a member of the University sen-
ate (1883-1915). (C.M.G.1911). He died on 6
Oct 1930. (His brothers were A. R. FITCHETI
(qv.) and W. H. FITCHETI)

Cycl. N.Z., i; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Hight
and Candy; Evening Post, 6 Oct, 1930; N.Z.
Herald, 6 Oct 1930.

FITZGERALD, GERARD GEORGE (1834-
1904) was born in England and educated at
the Grammar School at Bath, and came to New
Zealand in the Castle Eden (1851). The gold
diggings attracted him to Victoria, where he
spent some years buying and driving cattle to
the goldfields, digging and gold buying.

In the early sixties he returned to New Zea-
land and, on the suggestion of his brother (U.
E. FitzGerald, q.v.), established a telegraph news
agency for the colony. For a short period he
was part owner of the Southland Times, which
he gave up to visit the West Coast goldfields.
There he renewed his acquaintance with G. S
Sale (q.v.), then Goldfields Commissioner, who
got him appointed as magistrate, sheriff, warden
and commissioner of crown lands (1867). With
headquarters at Hokitika he did a great deal of
travelling. In 1879 he contested the Hokitika
seat in Parliament against S. George.

About 1880 FitzGerald returned to journalism,
at first as the owner of a small paper in Blen-
heim and then as editor of the Wanganui
Chronicle. While at Wanganui he was elected
M.H.R. for Hokitika (1881), but after serving
for one Parliament he was defeated by J. Bevan
(1884). He became editor of the New Zealand
Times (Wellington) but resigned a year later
to take the editorship of the Timaru Herald,

255

-----------------------Page 145 End-----------------------

FITZGERALD

whicll he controlled until his death (on 7 Jun
1904). He was a lucid writer with pronounced
political opinions.
FitzGerald married in Westland Miss Kennedy
(who was drowned in the Taiaroa in 1886).
Parltry Record; Cycl. N.z., v; Harrop, Westland;

Timaru Herald and Wanganui Chronicle, 8 Jun
1904. Portrait: Parliament House.

FITZGERALD, JAMES EDWARD (1818-1896)
was born at Bath and brought up in England.
He was nevertheless an Irishman, the youngest
son of Gerald FitzGerald, of Kilminchy, Queen's
county, and his second wife Catherine, daughter
of Sir L. O'Brien, baronet of Drumoland, county
Clare. Educated in his native town, he passed
on to Cambridge (entering at Christ's College
in 1839), and graduated B.A. in 1842. His in-
tention had been to go into the army, prefer-
ably the Royal Engineers, but his eyesight
failed, and during the next year or two he took
long walking tours in Great Britain and Ire-
land, and so became acquainted with the *com-
mon people’ from whom his life hitherto had
been quite apart.

In 1844 FitzGerald obtained a post in the
antiquities department of the British Museum.
There his ability was quickly recognised, and
he was promoted to the post of Under-secretary,
which he held until its abolition in 1850. Dur-
ing these years he began to be interested in the
question of colonisation. In 1847 he issued a
circular in favour of founding a colony on
Vancouver Island, which the Colonial Office
was proposing to transfer to the Hudson Bay
Company. In 1849 he published a book exam-
ing the charters of the Company and demon-
strating that it had no right to be given control
of the island. In the event, it did not acquire
Vancouver, but it was not possible to carry out
FitzGerald's proposal. He had then an idea that
some parts of India could be colonised by white
people, but his bromer Robert (who was a
captain in the 5th Punjab Cavalry) dissuaded
him from this scheme and he turned his atten-
tion to New Zealand. He appears to have been
associated with Wakefield's project early in
4849 and to have become impatient long be-
fore the psychological moment arrived. In Dec
Wakefield wrote warning him not to go to New
Zealand, as a man of his qualities would be
lost mere. Evidently FitzGerald was unhappy
in his post at the Museum, for Wakefield ad-

FITZGERALD

vised him +however disagreeable your position
may be, it is one of independence for the pre-
sent, and it gives you time to wait and watch.’

The Colonial Reform Society was formed
and FitzGerald became its secretary. He had
ambitions to be the leader of the first party to
New Zealand, but Wakefield wrote to Hutt, a
director of the Company (in Feb 1850) pointing
out his disabilities for the post. +He has un-
common abilities; is a very good fellow, and |
like him very much. He has not position enough
in this country. He is a younger bromer with-
out property and looking for a provision.’ The
following month he wrote: FitzGerald will
make a very good emigration agent, and it is a
great satisfaction to have so good and clever a
fellow moroughly enlisted as a Canterbury col-
onist.". He was a member of the Canterbury
Association, and evidently drafted most of their
important letters. Wakefield got him put on
the committee of management. In the discus
sions as to the name of the capital FitzGerald
was all for *Christchurch' as against the alter-
native of *Lyttelton,’ then much in favour on
account of the generous manner in which Lord
Lyttelton had supported the Association. Fitz-
Gerald was given charge of the emigration
agency, but a month or two later we find Wake-
fied complaining, from his partial seclusion at
Reigate, that it was being neglected and that
FitzGerald and Brittan were more concerned
with the possible control of the colony after
Godley's return to England. Wakefield sooner
or later reached this point with many of his
friends. He differed violently and could see
all their defects at once. FitzGerald, he ‘wrote,
sis all imagination and no action-an immense
promisel’, quite sincerely; ready to undertake
everything, but for performance; except in writ-
ing or talking, singularly feeble and heedless.

FitzGerald had just married Fanny Erskine
(who died in 1900), daughter of George
Draper, a London merchant, and had made up
his mind to emigrate with the colonists. On
7 Sep 1850 he sailed in the Charlotte Jane as
leader of the party. The expedition arrived at
Lyttelton on 16 Dec and FitzGerald lost no time
in getting himself installed ashore. Shrimpton's
printing press was soon ready for work, and on
11 Jan 1851, FitzGerald (as editor) brought out
the first issue of the Lyttelton Times, of which
he remained in control for two years. At the

256

 

FITZGERALD

same time he held the dual officia position of
immigration agent and inspector of police. He
joined Godley in the demand for self-govern-
ment, which was mildly convulsing the whole
colony.

Towards the end of 1852 Godley felt that his
work in New Zealand was done, and instead of
remaining to be Superintendent of Canterbury
he returned home. As a matter of course Fitz-
Gerald was nominated for the superintendency
(Jul 1853), and he accepted in one of those
lofty speeches which characterised the great
occasions of his whole career. He had two
opponents, Colonel James Campbell and H.
J. Tancred, the latter under suspicion of hav-
ing been brought out to split the Campbell
vote. FitzGerald polled 135 votes, Campbell
94 and Tancred 89. On 28 Sep, in a small
building in Chester Street West, overlooking
Cranmer square, FitzGerald met his first Coun-
cil. His speech on that occasion reads like a
piece of studied and polished prose. In the
finest language and with faultless lucidity and
logic, the principles that ought to guide Can-
terbury in founding her government are set
form. He was Superintendent for the whole
term of the first Council, that is, until 1857,
and the scanty history of that period shows
how high were the motives that actuated him.
His loyalty to religion and education were
marked; yet he set his face sternly against the
application of state funds in such a manner
a to relieve the individual of responsibility
for his own convictions and his children’s in-
struction. He advocated the complete severance
of the Canterbury Province from the Canter-
bury Association, on the ground that local salf-
government was essential to the success of the
colony; but he persuaded the Provincial Coun-
cil to assume responsibility for the whole ex-
penditure of the association in establishing the
settlement.

In Parliament, too, FitzGerald took a pro-
minent part. Elected for Lyttelton on the day
after his return as Superintendent, he was one
of the leading constitutionalists in the first
Assembly, and took a strong stand against sec-
tarianism, and in favour of responsible govern-
ment. When the latter principle had been
affirmed by the House with scarcely a dissen-
tient, FitiGerald became head of the first exe-
cutive, with Sewell and Weld as colleagues;

FITZGERALD

but they resigned office when they found the
Governor would not dispense with three col-
leagues, officids who had been appointed be-
fore the constitution, and were considered
irremovable. His honorarium as a member of
Parliament, £116, FitzGerald presented to the
Lyttelton Colonists’ Society to help to form a
library. Indifferent health prompted him to
retire from the superintendency and from Par-
liament in 1857, and he was appointed to act as
emigration agent for the province of London.
He sailed in a small schooner, the Speedy, by
way of Australia, taking his wife and four chil-
dren.

During his two years in England he received
two offers of governorships-Queensland and
British Columbia-but his health forbade his ac-
cepting. On returning to the Colony in 1860, he
started farming on a property at Springs
Station, which had been granted to him by the
Provincial Council in recognition of his ser-
vices. He was aso in partnership with his
brother-in-law (Draper) and Hunter-Brown.

In ‘May 1861 appeared the first issue of The
P'ess, of which FitzGerald was editor, and in
Jun 1862, he became sole proprietor. Mean-
while he had entered again into both provincial
and general politics. He sat in the Provincial
Council (1861-62). In the middle of the latter
year he was returned as M.H.R. for Ellesmere.
In the ensuing session of Parliament he made
several notable speeches on behalf of the Maori,
by whose desperate condition he was deeply
affected. In that of 8 Aug, which was particu-
larly eloquent, he said: +I appeal to you to-
night, not only on behalf of that ancient race
whose destinies are hanging in the balance, but
on behalf of your own sons and daughters-for
| venture to predict that in virtue of that mys-
terious law of our being by which great deeds
once done become incorporated with the life
and soul of a people, enriching the source from
whence it Hows through the ages, the inspira-
tion to noble thoughts and the incitement to
generous actions-| venture to predict that
amongst the traditions of that great nation
which will one day rule these islands and the
foundations of which we are now laying, the
most cherished and the most honoured will be
that wise, bold and generous policy which gave
the Magna Charta of their liberties to the Maori
people.’ The Government being defeated,

257

7

-----------------------Page 146 End-----------------------

FITZGERALD

FitzGerald was asked to form. a ministry, but he
proposed Domett. He tried to induce the Gov-
ernment to recognise the complete amalgama-
tion of the two races by granting to the Maori
full representation in Parliament. Most of his
resolutions were adopted, but the Government
balked at Maori representation, and FitzGerald
withdrew his motion.

In the course of that Parliament he was for
a few months Minister of Native Affairs (in
the Weld ministry), but it was soon defeated
and that practically ended his political life. He
had represented Ellesmere (1862-66) and City
of. Christchurch (1866-67). Speaking at a fare
well dinner in Christchurch, in Apr 1867, Fitz~
Gerald said: 'No public man in the Colony
could look back on a career which yielded
greater satisfaction. From the time at which
the Colony received representative institutions
up to 1865 no ministry has been found in
which he had not either held, or in which he
had not been urged to hold, a prominent posi-
tion.’ In Jan 1867, FitzGerald was appointed
Controller-general, a title which a few years
later was altered to Comptroller and Auditor-
general, and he retained that post until his
death in 1896.

Apart from his oficial life, FitzGerald always
showed a keen interest in intellectual pursuits,
and he was a leader of thought in whatever
circle he moved. Some idea of his wide liter-
ary interests and advanced views may be gained
from pamphlets, articles and books which he
published, both before and after coming to
New Zealand. His life of Godley, which appear-
ed tn The Press on 29 Jun 1862, is a noble
tribute. He had sound ideas on the theory and
practice of government, on literature, and on
that field of thought which was generally desig-
nated as socialism. It was largely due to him
that Wakefield's ‘sufficient price’ was applied
In Canterbury. Gisborne says of him: ‘His
mind was imbued with large principles and
was richly stored with information of various
kinds. A thorough Irish gentleman, he was,
like his countrymen, quick, impulsive, witty
and winning in manner and conversation.’

In Wellington, where he spent the last 30
years ofthis life, FitzGerald was president of
the Citizens’ Institute and a member of the
Union Debating society. He died on 2 Aug
1896, and his widow in 1900.

FITZGERALD

NZ.C. (Canterbury Association papers); Cantel-
bury P.C. Proc.; Stout in Who's Who NZ., 1908;
FitzGerald, op. cit.; N.I.P.D. (notably 25 Jul 1862
and 18 Aug 1865); Cant. O.N... Cycl. NZ., i, i

(p); Cox; Gisborne; Rusden; Godley, Letters.
E. Wekefidd, Stafford; Saunders; Lyttelton Times,
1851, pass. and 26 Nov 1923; The Press, 25 May
4911, 1 Feb 1980 (P).

FITZGERALD, JOHN PATRICK (1815-97)
was born at Carrickmacross, county Monaghan,
Ireland, and educated at Dublin, where he
graduated in medicine. (M.R.C.S, Eng.) He
arrived in Wellington as surgeon in the Orien-
tal in Jan 1840 and was a member of the Col-
onists Committee of Control in the same year.

A pious Catholic, Fitzgerald was appointed by
Bishop Pompallier as catechist at Port Nicholson
and thus was the first representative of that
Church there (Dec 1840). He was deeply in:
terested in the natives and as Colonial Surgeon
in charge of the hospital at Wellington paid
much attention to their welfare. He was ap-
pointed coroner (1841) and had medical charge
of the Wellington militia and Maori contingent
on active service (1846). Trusted by Rau-
paraha, he acted as his guide and adviser when
he came to Wellington to watch the trial of a
Maori for theft. When the colonial hospital
at Port Nicholson was opened in 1847 Fitz-
gerald was in charge. Governor Grey was
much impressed by his enterprise and skill and
the fine service he rendered to both races.

Fitzgerald married (1842) Eliza Sarah,
daughter of Thomas Christian (Dublin). Mter
her death (in 1854) he left New Zealand for
the Cape, hoping again to work under Grey.
This wish was gratified by his appointment
early in 1856 2s superintendent of the Grey
hospital at King William's Town, where he
placed his skill and enthusiasm at the disposal
of both races for 35 years He visited New
Zealand in 1861, after opening his first hospitals
in Kaffraria Fitzgerald retired in 1891 and
died at Ramsgate, England, in 1897. He pub-
lished in 1885 a history of the native hospital
at King William's Town. (See T. H. ATZ-
GERALD.)

Fitzgerdd, op. cit.; Hubner; Pompallier; Rees;
Ward; Tucker; E.H. Brookes Hist. of Native
Policy in & Africa (1927); The Silver Star, 1938:
Marist Messenger, 1 Mar 1938; Evening Post, 29
Jan 1927; N.I. Spectator, 19 Jul, 16 Aug 1854;
Cape Mercury, 2 Apr 1891.

258

 

FITZGERALD

FITZGERALD, MICHAEL, was trained as a
civil engineer and surveyor and had some ex-
perience in surveys and railway construction
In Great Britain. He came to Wellington in
the forties and In 1853 was appointed engineer-
In-chief In the Survey department at Welling-
ton, and later.chief surveyor for Wellington
and Hawkes Bay. He was afterwards surveyor
to the Native Land Purchase Department until
its abolition. Fitzgerald represented Waimara-
ma in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council
(1862) and Napier Town in 1863.
Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc, ; Jourdain.

FITZGERALD, ROBERT APPLEYARD was a
planter in the West Indies. He came ‘to New
Zealand in 1840 and was appointed registrar of
the Supreme Court and manager of intestate
estates Uul 1841). In 1842 he was registrar
of the county of Eden and a member of the
board of audit. His daughter was married
(1842) . to Willoughby Shortland (qv.). In
1844 Fitzgerald was appointed a commissioner
to investigate land claims and registrar of
deeds. He was an entertaining public speaker
and took a prominent part in the affairs of
Kororareka

Later he was in business as a commission
agent in Auckland for a few years and then
returned to Australia. In 1849 he engaged in a
costly expedition to New Caledonia to fish
beche de mer, having under his command the
schooners Minerva and Sir John Franklin and
the sloop Mary. Having established a station on
shore at Balade, he sailed for Sydney to arrange
his finances. Returning in the schooner Eliza~
beth, he found that 200 natives had been killed
40 an attack on the station, and that Captain
Rabey and the crew of the Mary had been mas:
sacred, Fitzgerald had great difficulty in fight-
Ig his way out of the reefs to the open sea He
returned to Sydney to face bankruptcy and reo
establish himself.

N.l: Gaz.; Scholefidd, Henry Williams; Sydnev

Mornmg Herald, 12, 24, 28 Jan 1850; N.I. Herald
8 Jun 1895. :

FITZGERALD, THOMAS HENRY (1824-88),
a brother of John P. Fitzgerald (q.v.) was born
at Carrickmacross, county Monaghan, Ireland,
arrived in New Zealand in the George Fyfe in
1842 as an assistant surveyor, and was one of
the signatories of the Te Aro deed (1844). He

FITZGERALD

remained in Wellington for some years. In
1847 he reported on the line of road to Wai-
rarapa, and in 1853 he was appointed to survey
native lands purchased in Hawkes Bay, amount-
ing to over 600,000 acres. He suggested that
the Nova Scottans who were seeking land in
New Zealand should be settled near the har-
bour at Ahuriri.

. Fitzgerald’ represented Ahuriri in the Wel:
lington Provincial Council (1857-59) and took
a leading part in the demand for separation
from Wellington. When Hawkes Bay became a
separate province he was elected first Superin-
tendent because the Council was equally divided
in favour of Captain Lambert and Captain
Newman. He held office from 1859-61. He
represented Napier Town in the Council
(1859-61). During 1860 also he represented the
‘County of Hawke’ in Parliament.

In 1862 he went to Australia and entered
the Queensland Government service as a sur-
veyor, but resigned to start a large sugar plan.
tation at Mackay, where he erected the first
mill. He entered the Queensland Parliament
in 1867 as member for Kennedy (being elected
also for Mackay), and was Colonial Treasurer
in the Lilley Government (1868-69). He again
entered politics as member for Bowen (1873),
resigning on account of insolvency in 1875. His
plantations being unprofitable, he resumed the
practice of his profession, explored the north-
ern rivets and founded the sugar settlement of
Innisfail, which was originally called’ Gerald-
ton’ in hts honour. Retiring in 1885, Fitz-
gerald died on 10 Nov 1888. He married (1851)
Jessie, daughter of James Wilson, Rangitik
Fitzgerald's son, Charles Borromeo, was mem-
ber for Mitchell in the Queensland Parliament
(1896-1901).

N.I.P.D., 1860; Wellington P.C. Proc... Hawkes
Bay P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; NZ. Gaz, 7 Aug 1847;
Queensland Gaz.; Ward; Carter; Queenslander,

Nov. 1888; Public Library of Victoria Portrait:
Parllament House.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM SANDERSON
(1838-1920) was born and educated at Mussel-
burgh, Scotland, and proceeded to the Moray
House Free Church Training College in Edin-
burgh. He was first assistant at St John'S Gram-
mar School, Hamilton, when he was appointed
by the colonial committee of the Free Church
as teacher in the Pigeon Bay Academy. He

 

259

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FITZHERBERT

sailed in the Royal Stuart (1861). Fitzgerald
spent eight years at Pigeon Bay, receiving many
boarders from Wellington and Otago. He then
became rector of the Oamaru Grammar School,
and was from 1876 principal of the Normal
School in Dunedin and rector of the Training
College. In 1894 he became inspector under the
Otago education board. He was first president
of the New Zealand Educational Institute.

Fitzgerald was an elder of the Presbyterian
Church, a strong supporter of Sunday schools
and helped to found St Margaret's College.
He died on 27 Jan 1920.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Butchers; Ross; K. C. McDonald;
Otago Daily Times, 28 Jan 1920.
FITZHERBERT, SIR WILUAM (1810-91) was
the third son of the Rev Samuel Fitzherbert, of
Buckshaw House, near Sherborne, Dorset, and
rector of Houghton. Educated first at a dame
school and then at Sherborne Grammar
School, he proceeded to the Merchant Taylors’
School and then to Queen's College, Cambridge,
where he entered at the age of 18 and was
tutored by his brother Herbert, then a pro-
fessor at the University. Fitzherbert was a good
scholar; senior optime in mathematics and
Brown's University medallist; double first in
dassics. He graduated M.A. in 1832 and be-
came a fellow of his College. He rowed No.7
in ‘Queen Mab’ when she was head of the
river, and stroked the Cambridge eight selected
to row against Oxford in 1832, when Oxford
declined to row. He was an adept light-weight
boxer and distinguished himself in the town-
and-gown rows in the old town, notably when
he rescued Hugh Carleton (q.v.) from the in-
furiated townsmen. After leaving the University
Fitzherbert decided to study medicine, and went
to the Ecole de Medicine, Paris, for that pur-
pose, aftenvards walking St George's Hospital
in London. He graduated M.D. in Mar 1839
and commenced practice ili Hanover square,
London. He married in 1837, Sarah Jane Leigh,
who died on 21 Aug 1886. Fitzherbert was early.
interested in New Zealand and invested some
thousands of pounds in the New Zealand Com-
pany. In 1841 he determined to go to New
Zealand to look after his interests, and he pur-
chased the schooner Lady Leigh, 109 tons, and
loaded her with merchandise. Four months
later she reached Sydney, and on 15 Sep 1841
she dropped anchor in the harbour of Port

FITZHERBERT

Nicholson. Fitzherbert sent for his wife and
family, and for some years they resided on the
slope of Mount Victoria. He did not practise
in New Zealand, but entered into business at
once as a general merchant, auctioneer and
buyer of whale oil and bone, keeping the Lady
Leigh in commission and frequently going in
her round the whaling stations in both islands.
He carried on his business in Farish street,
which he named after a son of Professor
Farish. The earthquake of 1848 so affected the
health of his wife that Fitzherbert determined
to take her to Sydney, and for this purpose he
chartered the barque Sobraon, which he loaded
with whalebone and oil from his stations at
Kapiti and Amuri Bluff. While beating out ot
the heads the Sobraon struck Barrett's reef and
became a total wreck. Mrs Fitzherbert went by
another vessel to Sydney, where her daughter
was born, and shortly returned to Wellington
in a new schooner built for his business and
named the William Alfred after their eldest
son. They resided in a house near the Colonial
Museum until the William Alfred brought from
Sydney a frame house built to Fitzherbert's
order, which he had erected at the Hutt and
called Tredenham. Fitzherbert was associated
with Pharazyn in pastoral interests and on go-
ing to the Hutt to reside he practically relin-
quished business and devoted himself to public
life. In 1843 he had been placed at the head
of the commission of the peace, but he declined
a seat in the Legislative Council. He was a
prominent member of the Settlers’ Constitu-
tional Association (which included also Bell,
Fox, Stafford, Featherston, Cargill, Richmond,
Godley and Wakefield). When the constitu-
tion was obtained Fitzherbert had no difficulty
in getting elected to the Wellington Provincial
Council for Wellington City, which he repre-
sented until unseated in 1857 in the constitu-
tional struggle which ended in the defeat of the
Wakefield party. Two years later he was re-
turned for Hutt, and he remained its member
until 1869. Throughout he strongly supported
Featherston, generally as a member of the ex-
ecutive, and occasionally as deputy-superinten-
dent. When Featherston resigned the superin:
tendency to go to England, Fitzherbert was
elected to the post, and continued in it until
the abolition. It was a hard task to follow such
a man, but Fitzherbert well maintained the

260

FITZHERBERT

dignity of the position and when the time came
for its demise gave a noble account of the
achievements of the province.

In Parliament Fitzherbert always held a lead-
ing position. Elected in 1855 for City of Well-
ington, he transferred his services three years
later to Hutt, which he represented until his
resignation in 1879, to be elevated to the Legis
lative Council. He was Colonial Treasurer in
the Weld ministry (1864-65) and in the suc-
ceeding Stafford ministry, and for one month in
1872 he was Stafford's Minister of Lands. From
1876 he was Speaker of the House and from
1879 was Speaker almost continuously of the
Legislative Council until his death in 1891.
Fitzherbert took an active part in the initiation
of the self-reliant policy, and in the removal ot
the seat of government to Wellington. As Col:
onial Treasurer he went to England in connec-
tion with the claim of the Imperial Government
for the payment of £750,000 for the services
and supply of British troops employed in New
Zealand during the Maori wars. He finally
obtained remission of the debt and arranged
the consolidation of the New Zealand public
debt on advantageous terms. He received the
C.M.G. in 1872, and was knighted in 1877.

After entering the Legislative Council Fitz-
herbert was frequently employed on important
missions for the colony. At the Colonial Con-
ference of 1887 in London the delegates were
much impressed by his ability. The following
year he represented New Zealand at the postal
conference at Sydney, and he had been appoin-
ted to attend the Federal conference in Austra-
lia in 1891, but death intervened on 7 Feb.

Unlike Featherston, Fitzherbert never prac-
tised medicine in New Zealand. He found busi-
ness and commercial ventures much more to his
liking and lived throughout ‘a life of high and
stem exertion, distinguished from the first by
acts of rare courage and uncommon quality ot
action.’ He was for years a director of the Aus-
tralian Mutual Provident Society. Of Fitzher-
bert as a parliamentarian, Gisborne says:
‘Although distinguished for mental capacity
and for political foresight, he had not the quali-
ties which instinctively attract the sympathy and
gain the goodwill of others. He was too shut
up within himself; he neither gave nor asked
for confidence. His influence, however, was
great. Able and astute, he was the Ulysses of

FITZROY

statesmen; and, although openly he was not
one of the leaders of men, he did much secretly
to sway their action. No one could fail to recog-
nise his intellectual power and the sagacity of
his counsel. A great speech from Sir William
Fitzherbert was an intellectual treat. During
an exciting and critical debate, while opponents
were violently attacking him, he would sit im-
movable, his eyes shut, and every muscle in his
face as rigid as if it were cut in marble, appar-
ently asleep. But when he rose to reply the
whole scene was changed. Without a note, and
trusting to his memory, which never failed him
‘on such occasions, he would answer point by
point every speech of his opponents, covering
them with ridicule and discredit and apparently
routing them by force of argument.’

Gisborne (p); Rusden; Reeves; Cycl. N.Z., i
(p); Wellington P.C. Proe.; N.Z.P.D., pass. (notably
21 Aug 1875, 29 Apr 1879); N.Z. Times, 9 Feb
1891, 3 Feb 1906; Independent, 7 Dec 1867; Even-
ing Post, 31 Aug 1929 (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

A. son, Henry SAMUEL FITZHERBERT (1851-
1912) was educated at Christ's College, Christ-
church, and at Melbourne University and
admitted to the bar in 1875. He practised for
some years in Wellington and was M.H.R. for
Hutt (1884-90). He afterwards settled in Pal-
merston North, where he was solicitor to the
borough council and crown solicitor. In 1907
Fitzherbert was appointed stipendiary magis-
trate at New Plymouth, where he died in 1912.
He was a member of the diocesan and general
synod.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z,, 1908.

FITZROY, CECIL AUGUSTUS (1844-1917)
was a son of the Rev F.,T. W. C. Fitzroy, rector
of Great Ringstead, Norfolk. Educated at Eton
and Cambridge, he came to New Zealand in
1867 and for a while was cadet at Mesopotamia
station. He spent 12 years in pastoral pursuits
in Canterbury and represented Selwyn in Par-
liament (1876-79). In 1878 he married Susan-
nah, daughter of William Beetham, of Taita,
and, retiring from Parliament, lived thereafter
at Hastings, of which he was mayor (1894-99).
In 1896 and 1899 he contested Waiapu against
Carroll (q.v.).

For many years Fitzroy was secretary of the
Hawkes Bay Club and of the Hawkes Bay Ac-
climatisation society (1887-1907), and a mem-

 

261

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FITZROY

ber of the education board (1897-1905) and the
hospital board. He died on 13 Nov 1917.

Col. Gent.; Acland; Who's Who NZ., 1908.

FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-65) was born at
Ampton, Suffolk, the second son by a second
marriage of Lord Charles FitzRoy. He was
grandson of the third Duke of Grafton, and
therefore descended from Charles II.

FitzRoy entered the Navy from the Royal
Naval College in 1819 and was for two years in
South America in the Owen Glendower. Mter
setving in the Hind in the Mediterranean
(lieut. 1824) and on the coast of South America
in the Thetis frigate, he went into the Ganges
as flag‘fleutenant to Rear-admiral Sir Robert
Otway, commanding-in-chief the South Ameri-
can station (1828). Later in the year, being
appointed to command the brig Beagle on the
death of Commander Stokes, he prosecuted the
survey of the coasts of Patagonia, Tierra del
Fuego and Magellan, on which that officer had
been engaged under the orders of Commander
P. P. King, in the Adventure. Hoping to institute
measures for the conversion of the natives, Fitz-
Roy took four natives of Tierra del Fuego with
him when the two vessds returned to England
(1830). They were introduced to the King and
Queen and taken back to their homes with a
missionary (Matthews, q.v.) when FitzRoy re-
turned in the following summer to continue
the same duty. The Beagle sailed again on 27
Dec 1831, with Charles Darwin on board as
naturalist, and was five years abroad, surveying
the coasts of South America and running a
chronometric line round the world, thus fixing
the Jongitude of many secondary meridians.

In Dec 1835 the Beagle spent 10 days in Bay
of Islands. While Darwin was engaged in boo
tanical work FitzRoy saw a good deal of the
Church Missionary Society's stations, with which
he was greatly impressed. His own religious
tendencies inclined him to seek the society of
the IIDs8Onares, and in his evidence before the
select committee of the House of Lords in 1838
he eulogised their character and work in the
highest terms.

In July 1835 FitzRoy was advanced to post
rank. In Oct 1836 he returned to England,
where he spent the next few years reducing the
observations of the voyages of the Adventure
and Beagle between 1826 and 1836 and pub-

FITZROY

lishing the narrative, the third volume of which
was by Darwin. FitzRoy's work 2 a surveyor
was of a high standard and stood for many
years. In 1837 he received the gold medal of
the Royal Geographical Society. At the general
election of 1841, by the influence of Lord Lon-
donderry, he was elected to Parliament to rep-
resent Durham. This contest was marked by a
Viclent quarrel between him and a Mr Shep-
pard, who was also to have contested the seat
in the Conservative interest, but withdrew with-
out giving FitzRoy proper notice. FitzRoy
challenged him to a duel, but Sheppard did
not appear, saying that business took him to
London. He afterwards encountered FitzRoy
in London and was knocked down. A group
of naval and military officers decided that Fitz~
Roy could not give Sheppard a meeting, and
the quarrel was continued by pamphlet.

In Sep 1842 FitzRoy was appointed conser-
vator of the river Mersey, a position which he
resigned in 1843, with that of an elder brother
of Trinity House, on being appointed Gover-
nor of New Zealand. He arrived in Auckland
in the Bangalore on 23 Dec 1843 and assumed
office at once from Shortland (q.v.) who had
been administratoT since the death of Hobson
(in Sep 1842) and whom he treated with little
consideration.

FitzRoy found the country in a despondent
condition and many of the settlers almost re-
bellious from their grievances against the New
Zealand Company, the Government and the
natives. The affray at Wairau, in which 22
Europeans had been killed while attempting
to arrest a powerful chief, remained unpun-
ished. FitzRoy had come over from Sydney
With Dr Andrew Sinclair (q.v.), whom he im-
mediately appointed Colonial Secretary in ‘place
of Shortland. Finding an empty exchequer,
a disaffected European population, and natives
who suspected the intentions of the Govern-
ment and the good faith of the whites, FitzRoy
approached the Europeans in a haughty and
unconciliatory manner. He gratuitously offen-
ded some of their leaders and gave the Com-
pany’s settlers at Wellington the impression
that he thought more of native grievances than
of their distress. Influenced by Exeter Hall
opinions, he felt and said that the natives were
his main care. Mter hearing the Maori version
of the Wairau affair he concluded that the

262

r

i

 

 

FITZROY

blame lay chiefly on the Europeans and de-
clined to take action against Rauparaha and
Rangihaeata. In this course he was upheld by
the Secretary of State (Nov 1844). At all of the
settlements he paid marked deference to the
leading chiefs, and commended the work of the
missionaries. He did, however, assist Colonel
Wakefield to complete purchases of land at
Port Nicholson and he promised to expedite
the work of the land claims commissioners. Fitz-
Roy had only been a few months in the colony
when he had to provide for the pressing finan:
cial needs of the government, which were far
beyond its means. The floating debt at the be-
ginning of the year was £24,000 and the re
venue for the year was estimated at £20,000,
which was not two-thirds of the authorised ex-
penditure, even after drastic retrenchment had
been carried out. The customs in 1843 yielded
‘only £10,000, and cost £4,000 to collect. Fitz-
Roy therefore, in Apr 1844, got the Legislative
Council to pass an ordinance authorising the
issue of negotiable debentures bearing interest
at 5 per cent. He dso increased the customs
duties and imposed a tax on firearms. This in-
furiated the settlers and encouraged smuggling,
which the excise offices were powerless to stop.
To propitiate the Maori, who resented not
being able to sail their lands in order to obtain
money, a proclamation was issued waiving the
pre-emptive right of the Crown over certain
Maori lands and imposing a fee of ten shillings
per acre on all purchases. In the condition of
the colony this fee almost stopped sales.

While these economic measures were being
initiated FitzRoy was harrassed by troubles on
all sides. The natives in Taranaki resisted the
award of the land commissioner. At Bay of
Islands Heke led a growing disaffection which
had its origin in the loss of all authority and
mana by the chiefs together with their sources
of revenue, disreputable though some of them
were. In Jul 1844 he cut down the flagstaff at
Kororareka as a symbol of his defiance of Brit-
ish sovereignty, but without offering violence
to the Europeans. FitzRoy promptly despatched
a vessa to Bay of Islands with a subaltern and
30 men from the small force which was stationed
in Auckland. He visited the Bay in H.M.S.
Hazard and then proceeded to Taranaki, where
he pacified the natives by saying that the award
‘of Spain would not be put into force.

FITZROY

After visiting :Wellington he returned to the
Bay, where 150 men of the 99th Regiment had
arrived with three guns The troops were
transported to Kerikeri for_an advance inland
against Heke's position at Okaihau. Nene and
other friendly chiefs warned the Governor
against such a dangerous adventure. They
agreed that Heke had grievances, but under-
took to preyent him from doing mischief if the
troops were withdrawn, FitzRoy accordingly
accepted 20 muskets and 20 tomahawks as a
token of submission and withdrew the troops.
Unfortunately they were sent back to Sydney,
and the provocative flagstalf was re-erected. The
Governor now hastened to redress some of the
native grievances by reducing the fee on sales
of land from 10s to Id. per acre and abolishing
the customs duties, for which he substituted a
property tax (28 Sep 1844). He also passed an
ordinance authorising the issue of a new set of
debentures of the value of five shillings up-
wards, a form of financing which was definitely
forbidden in the instructions to colonial gov-
ernors. These changes were greeted with en-
thusiasm in the north, but they were most objec-
tionable to southern settlers, who evaded the
new duties in every possible way. With the
news of these events the Colonial Office re-
ceived protests from Port Nicholson and Nelson
against the Governor's administration, which it
was contended had depreciated the value of
landed property in the settlements.

The year 1845 opened inauspiciously. The
Governor had already offered rewards for the
apprehension of offending chiefs at Kawakawa
when (on 10 Jan) Heke again cut down the
flagstaff. Nene’s men, who were in charge of
it, made no physical resistance, believing that
it was not right to shed blood fora piece of
wood. FitzRoy offered a reward of £100 for
the arrest of Heke, who now moved about the
district with a body of armed and well-trained
men. FitzRoy again sent to Sydney for troops,
and meanwhile moved 50 men to the Bay of
Islands and re-erected the flagstalf, the foot of
which was strongly sheathed in iron, while a
blockhouse was constructed to protect it. The
Hazard remained on guard in the Bay. Indig-
nant at having a price placed on his head, Heke
threatened to attack Auckland itself. Excite
ment was high in all the settlements. The Gov-
ernor, fearing to precipitate outbreaks between

263

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FITZROY

the two races, refused to allow the volunteers
to be embodied. Thereupon the justices of the
peace in several of the southern settlements
took it upon themselves to arm and drill their
fellow citizens for self-defence. On 11 Mar,
after having given the townspeople due warn-
ing, Heke made a concerted attack. on Korora-
reka, cutting down the flagstaff again after en-
ticing the military guard’to leave the block-
house. Severe fighting took place between other
divisions of the Maori force and the soldiers
and marines. A store containing gunpowder
was blown up by carelessness, causing many
casualties, and at nightfall the civil population
evacuated the town. The armed forces also re-
embarked, leaving the place defenceless. No
violence was offered to the white settlers but
the property thus left unprotected was pillaged
by natives and whites indiscriminately. Next
day Selwyn and Archdeacon Henry Williams
sought out and buried the dead. Some hun-
dreds of refugees were embarked in the Hazard,
the American corvette St Louis and the whaler
Matilda, and sailed for Auckland, leaving Koro-
rareka a smoking ruin. The English church and
the Catholic bishop's house were spared.

Nene now took the field against Heke and
Kawiti. On 26 Apr martial law was proclaimed
at Bay of Islands, whither 300 troops were des-
patched under Colonel Hulme. Troops landed
at Otuihu and arrested Pomare, who was sent
to Auckland. The whole force, with naval
brigade, disembarked at Onewhara beach
whence, joined by a friendly contingent under
Nene, it marched towards Kerikeri. On 8 May
it advanced to attack. Heke's pa at Okaihau,
which was invested on three sides. Mter fig
ing all day and gaining several important pos-
tions around the pa, the troops were withdrawn
at night, having suffered some losses. The Brit-
ish loss was 15 killed and 41 wounded. On the
following day, with their wounded on litters,
the force retreated to Kerikeri. The comman-
der returned to Auckland to report the affair.
To prevent arms reaching the natives FitzRoy
now declared a blockade of the coast from
Whangaroa to Whangarei. All intercourse with
the natives was forbidden.

Though not driven out of their pa, the Maori
leaders now looked for a better position, which
they found at Ohaeawai and strongly fortified.
Reinforcements having arrived under the com-

 

FITZROY

mand of Colonel Despard, a combined force of
520 soldiers, 80 sailors and 8 volunteers
marched from Kerikeri and appeared before
Ohaeawai on 25 Jun. Against the warnings of
Nene Despard ordered an assault on I Jul. It
ended in a disastrous repulse, with the loss of
107 dead and wounded. On 10 Jul the offensive
was resumed, and on the following morning the
defenders withdrew from the pa, which was
occupied by the troops. Mter this success, the
Governor had to await the arrival of more
troops before attacking Heke's ally Kawiti at
Raupekapeka.

Meanwhile discontent in the settlements in-
creased and public meetings were held demand-
ing the recall of FitzRoy. Native tribes through-
out the country did not conceal their sympathy
with Heke. In England a strong agitation had
begun against FitzRoy's administration. In the
House of Commons as early as Mar 1845 de-
bates were held criticising his financial opera-
tions and the waiver of the government's right
of pre-emption, both of which had been dis
allowed by the Colonial Secretary. The Com-
pany's influential friends in Parliament were
as strongly hostile to FitzRoy as they had pre-
viously been to Hobson and were still to be to
Grey. On 30 Apr the Secretary of State in-
formed FitzRoy that it had been decided to
supersede him and to send as his successor Cap-
tain George Grey (q.v.), whose work in South
Australia had created a very favourable impres-
sion. Grey arrived in Auckland on 15 Nov
and assumed the government on the 18th.

Gisborne weighs up very fairly the character
and achievements of FitzRoy, concluding that
with the best of intentions he had not the cap-
ability for his office in New Zealand. + Had he
been endowed with very great abilities he would
probably have failed; but unhappily his quali-
ties were such as to make his failure certain and
complete. He was rash and impulsive, weak
and injudicious, and at the same time, paradox-
ical as it may seem, obstinate and self-confident.
He was unskilful in the management of men,
unversed in constitutional principles, and alto-
gether ignorant of political economy. His aff
cial action was inconsistent and mischievous;
he did much to set race against race and class.
against class: Yet it has to be remembered on
the reverse side that FitzRoy was dominated by
solicitude for the Maori people. His policy on

 

264

a

FITZROY

their behalf brought upon him the implacable
hostility of a large and influential section of the
white population. The colonists petition to the
House of Commons was a masterly document
expressing clearly the inherent hostility between
the Company's interests and those of the na-
tives. The Company adopted it with whole-
hearted appTOva and instructed its agents in
New Zealand to reward the author (Domett)
with some paid post which might become vac-
ant. A greater and better balanced man than
FitzRoy might have failed to govern a colony in
which such passions were rife and such power-
ful interests opposed to his administration

FitzRoy sailed for London in the David Mal-
colm on 10 Jan 1846. In 1848 he was appoin-
ted superintendent of the dockyard at Wool-
wich, and early in 1849 he took command of
the screw frigate Arrogant, which had been fit-
ted out under his supervision to carry out cer-
tain trials.

FitzRoy retired from the service in 1850.
(Rear-admiral by seniority 1857; vice-admiral
1863.) In 1851 he was elected a fellow of the
Royal Society. He served a few months as pri-
vate secretary to his uncle, Lord Hardinge, then
commander-in-chief of the army; and then, at
the recommendation of the Royal Society, he
was appointed chief of the meteorological de-
partment of the Board of Trade. His high stand-
ing as a meteorologist was enhanced by the
popular work which he did in this offica He
suggested the design of the FitzRoy barometer,
and in the Weather Book (published in 1863)
he inaugurated an advance in the study. He
instituted storm warnings which afterwards
developed into regular weather forecasts. He
published Remarks on New Zealand (1846);
several manuals on meteorology and sailing
directions and his officid reports to the Board
of Trade. He aso did valuable work for the
seafaring community as secretary of the life
boat Association. Ovenvork took its toll of an
excitable disposition and his mind gave way,
leading to his committing suicide on 30 Apr
1865. FitzRoy married (1836) Mary Henrietta
(who died in 1852), daughter of Major-general
Edward James O'Brien. As a hostess and philan-
thropist Mrs FitzRoy won golden opinions. Her
salon in Auckland was an oasis of culture and
enlightenment,

DN.B.; Jour. Royal Geog. Soc, vo xxxv;

FLATMAN

G.B.ap. 1838/680; 1844/556; 1845/1, 131,245,247,
369, 517 ii, 661; 1846/203, 337; GB. Hansard, val.
78, cols. 644-94; vol. 80, cols 172-4, 183-6; Sinclair
papers; Wells; Buick, First war (p); Marjoribanks;
Danvin; Fitzroy, op. cit.; SM. Martin; Clarke;
Cowan i; Thomson; Saunders; E. J Wakefield;
King; Joan Barlow;’ Gisborne;'G. H. Walls (p)
Carleton; Hocken; Sherrin and Wallace; The
Times (London), 1 May 1865.

FITZSIMMONS, ROBERT (1862-1917) was
born at Helston, Cornwall, and came to New
Zealand with his father as a child. They settled
at Timaru, where he was educated and learned
something of the trade of a blacksmith in his
father's shop.

Though his parents were very devout people
Fitzsimmons learned boxing as a youth and dur-
ing the period 1880-90 acquired some reputa-
tion as a promising amateur. In 1890 he went to
San Francisco and soon gained fame by winning
the world's middleweight championship (14
Jan 1891). His most notable victory was against
James J. Corbett at Carson City on 17 Mar
1897. He won that match in the last minute
of 14 rounds by his use of the solar plexus
punch, which was always associated with his
name. He was, however, already old for heavy
weight boxing. On 9 Jun 1899 he was defeated
by James J. Jeffries in Il rounos at Coney is-
land. In 1900 he defeated two doughty oppo-
nents, Tom Sharkey and Gus Ruhlin; but in
1902 he again met Jeffries with the same result.
On this occasion Fitzsimmons broke all the
knuckles of his right hand with one blow. He
fought eight times between 1903 and 1914 and
in all fought 360 times, and received no scars.
He had the shoulders and arms of a giant, but
was knock-kneed and wore thick underwear to
hide the thinness of his legs. He lost most of
his money to sharpers. Fitzsimmons wrote
Physical Culture and Self Defence (1901). He
was married four times.

D.Am.B.; Fitzsimmons, op. cit.; R. H. Davis
Ruby Robert (1926); Jeffrey Farnol, Famous Prize
Fights (1928); H. Sayers, Fights Forgotten.

FLATMAN, FREDERICK ROBERT (1843-
1911) was born in Suffolk, educated at the High
House School and spent some years on his
father's farm before sailing for New Zealand
in 1862 in the Mary Ann. On arrival in Can-
terbury he spent some months on Alfred Cox's
Raukapuka station, and after a short time store-

 

265

-----------------------Page 150 End-----------------------

FLEMING

keeping in Geraldine he joined Robert Taylor
in a sawmilling venture at Woodbury (1866).
The firm acquired land and laid out a township
for their employees, established a store and
hotel, and out of their sawmilling profits grad-
ually extended their holding of farming land
until the partnership dissolved in 1892.

Flatman then retired to farm his own pro-
perty near Geraldine, devoting more and more
time to public affairs. He was a member of the
Timaru and Gladstone board of works before
the abolition of the provinces; was for 19 years
a member of the Geraldine road board and
later in life was mayor of the borough of Geral-
dine (1909-11). For many years he was a mem-
ber of the Timaru harbour board; the south
Canterbury education board and the Geraldine
school committee. He was M.R.R. for Pareora
(1893.96) and on the adjustment of electoral
boundaries continued to represent Geraldine
(defeating A. E. G. Rhodes on two occasions).
On becoming a supporter of prohibition Flat-
man closed the hotel in Woodbury in which he
was interested. He continued in Parliament un-
til 1908 and during part of that time served as
deputy-chairman of committees. Flatman died
on 21 Sep 1911.

N.LLP.D., 21 Sep 1911 ; C)'cl. N.I., ii (p) ; Ander-
sen; Timaru Herald, 22 Sep 1911
FLEMING, ALEXANDER (1843-73) was born in
the west of Scotland, educated there and atten-
ded arts courses at Glasgow University. He was
classical and English master at the academy at
Helensburgh before coming to Southland in the
early sixties. For some time he was tutor at
Morton Mains, and in 1867 he was appointed
schoolmaster at Lower Harbour. From there
he went to Totara and in 1869 was appointed
second master at Oamaru Grammar School.
This he resigned to enter the Presbyterian min-
istry but, his health improving, he accepted in
1873 the post of first headmaster of the Inver-
cargill Grammar School. Fleming was a man of
sound scholarship and great promise but was
frustrated by feeble healtll, which led to his
early death (on 6 Sep 1873)

Otago Daily Times, 2 Oct 1873.

FLEMING, DAVID THOMAS (1861-1938) was
born at Blackwater, Blairgowrie, Perthshire, the
son of Alexander Fleming, with whom he came
to New Zealand in the Lady Milton in 1863

FLEMING

(Sir Robert Stout being a fellow passenger).
His father taking up land at Otokia, Taieri,
he was educated at Allanton and Otokia, and
at the Otago Boys High School and farmed
with his father for a while at Hindon. He was
secretary of the Henley river board from 1879
to 1884, in which year he joined the staff of
the Clutha Leader. He became successively
editor, manager and part proprietor of the
Leader and controlled the Bruce Herald (1906-
11).

Ii 1912 Fleming retired from journalism and
became interested with his brother in sheep and
cattle farming at Titiroa. He was a member
of the Clutha river trustees (1907-24), and of
the river board (1910-16) and chairman (1912-
14); a member of the Balclutha High School
committee (1893-1905); of the Otago education
board (1915-18), and chairman (1913-16); of
the technical college board (1913-16); a founder
and governor of the South Otago High School;
a member of the Otago High Schools board
(1915) and of the general Council of Education
(1918-30). He was on the Balclutha borough
council (1891-1914) and mayor (1897-99 and
1983-37). He married (1889) Emilia, daughter
of the Rev J. Menzies (Milton).

Fleming was organiser of the Reform party in
Southland and was a member of the Legis
tive Council (1918-32). He died on 18 Oct
1938.

N.Z.P.D, 1918-32; Clutha Leader, 19 Oct 1938.
Portrait: Parliament House

FLEMING, THOMAS REID (1863-1930), a son
of John Stuart Fleming, was born in Edin-
burgh, and came to New Zealand in 1868 by
the E. P. Bouverie. His parents settled on
the West Coast and he attended the Westport
primary schools, winning scholarships which
took him to Nelson College. There in 1878 he
headed the junior University scholarship list
for the colony. In 1881 he was appointed to
the staff of the Wellington College, and in
4882 gained his B.A. degree. He represented
Nelson at football and Wellington at cricket.
In 1882 he passed the University of London
matriculation examination with first class hon-
ours. He graduated M.A. and LL.B. in 1888,
and was admitted to the bar. In 1890 he was
appointed assistant inspector of schools for
Wellington, and in 1893 an examiner to New

266

 

FLESHER

Zealand University. He was a founder of Vic:
toria. University College, where he was appoin-
ted .Instructor tn_poffttcal science and mathe-
matics. In 1898 Fleming became a member of
the council and in 1907 chairman. In 1901 he
was made chief inspector in the Wellington dis-
trict, In 1915 a senior inspector under the Edu-
catlon department, and in 1917 he was trans-
ferred to Otago. He retired in 1926.

Fleming introduced the home-reading move-
ment and then founded the New Zealand s-
tion of the Australasian Home Reading Asso-
ciation. He was a member of the New Zealand
University senate, of the Council of Education,
of the district council of the Workers’ Educa-
tional Association of Otago, and of the Well-
ington Training College committee. He was
also an elder of the Presbyterian Church. On
his death (on 14 Sep 1930) he was survived by
his Wite, Marion, daughter of Hugh Smitll of
Melbourne.

Cycl. N.I., i (p); Hight and Candy (p); Who's
Who N.I.: 1924; Otago Witness, 16 Sep 1930:
The Dommion, 15 Sep 1930.

FLESHER, JAMES ARTHUR (1865-1930) was
born in Christchurch, and educated at Christ's
College. He held a Gould scholarship. He was
employed by the legal firm of Wilding and
Lewis, and later by Joynt and Acton Adams
and was admitted to the bar in 1899. "

-Flesher was a member of the Christchurch
City Council (1891-93) and again from 1917,
becoming deputy-mayor in 1921 and mayor
(1923-25). He was also mayor of New Brighton
(1912-13, 1915-17) and a councillor from 1911";
a member of the Christchurch tramway board
(1906-18, 1921-27) and chairman (1913-16); of
the Richmond school committee and domain
board, the Christchurch domain board (1919-
21); the Waimakariri river trust board (1927)
and the Christchurch and Avon licensing com-
nuttees. He took an active interest in the Red
Cross society and St John's Ambulance associa
tlon and the Methodist Church. He was presi-
dent of the Christchurch Musical society (1915-
18), chamnan of the McLean Institute and of
the Canterbury Pilgrims’ association (1923).
Flesher was a founder of the Canterbury Pro-

-gress league m 1918, and president in 1929.

(O.B.E. 1918) He married (1900) Margaret
Lucy, daughter of Robert Deahin. He died on
48 Aug 1930.

FLIGHT

Cycl. Nu1., iii; Who's Who N.I., 1908, 1924;
Christ’s Call. Reg.; The Press, 19 Aug 1930.

FLETCHER, JOHN SHEARER (1888-1934) was
born at Kirkintilloch, Scotland, and obtained
his whole education through scholarships. At
the age of 24 he was headmaster of technical
and commercial classes under the Kirkintilloch
school board. He was the Glasgow secretary of
the Scotttsh class teachers’ association and on
the executive of the Scottish education institute,
and vice-president of the Young Men's Christian
assoaatton. tn 1916 he came to New Zealand
and joined his brothers in the Fletcher Construc-
tion Co., for which he was Dunedin manager.

Rettring from business, Fletcher took a keen
interest in the Young Men's Christian associa
tlon and other socid movements. In 1928 he
was elected M.H.R. for Grey Lynn (as a sup-
porter of the United Party). He afterwards
took an independent attitude and lost his seat
in 1931. He died on 15 Feb 1934.

Who's t¥ho N.I., 1932; N.z. Herald, 16 Feb 1934.

FLETCHER, ROBERT (1866-1918) was born
at St Andrews, Scotland, and educated there.
He was for some time with the Midland Rail-
way Co., and spent eight years at sea before the
mast. He landed in New Zealand in 1883 and
found work in the Kaipara and Bay of Plenty
coasting trade. In 1885 he became a wheeler
for the Wellington harbour board and later im-
proved his position. He took part in the mari-
tIme strike (1890). He was afterwards shipping
clerk for J. Nathan and Co. for six years and
then (with a fellow clerk) started a carrying
and shipping agency.

Fletcher was a member of the Wellington
harbour board from 1906 till his death (on 4
Sep 1918), and chairman (1910-15) and a mem-
ber of the City Council (1907-15). He repre-
sented Wellington Central in Parliament (1914-
18). He was a prominent freemason and mem-
ber of the order of Drnids.

_N.IP.D., 25 Oct 1918; Beauchamp; N.I. Times,
> Sep 1918.

FLIGHT, JOSIAH (1800-84) was born at Tiver-
ton, Devon, educated there and apprenticed
to a WiDe merchant at Lyme Regis, Dorset,
where he started in business on his own account.
He married Ann, daughter of James Devenish,
and in 1842 came to New Plymouth in the

267

-----------------------Page 151 End-----------------------

FLURSCHEIM

Timandra with his brother-in-law and took up
land at Mangaoraka, on the road to Waitara.
Native troubles and the award of Governor
FitzRoy caused him to abandon this farm,

One of the earliest justicesin Taranaki, Flight
was in 1852 appointed to succeed Captain King
as magistrate at New Plymouth and sub-treas-
urer for the province. Later he was also sheriff
and coroner, and in 1860 collector of customs.
During the Maori war his duties as captain of
militia and as magistrate were delicate and try-
ing. On one occasion he assembled the residents
to ask for military protection for the province,
and in 1855 he called out the whole of the white
male population for training as special con-
stables. He had many disputes of a purely
tribal nature to adjudicate in and was once in-
debted for his life to the protection of Katatore.
A district judge was appointed in 1858 and
Flight retired 10 years later. He and Devenish
brought some of the first sheep to Taranaki, and
also many English fruit trees and flowers (such
as primroses and violets). He was a prominent
social reformer and associated himself with every
movement for the amelioration of the condition
of both races. With the Rev W. Cannell he
formed the first temperance society amongst the
military (1861); and he assisted Whiteley to
found the first total abstinence society amongst
the Maori (1864). He was a charter member of
lodge Egmont, LO.G.T. (1873).

As a churchman Flight laid the foundation
stone of the first -Wesleyan Church, in Liardet
street (13 Mar 1856). On | Jan 1862 he laid
that of the Primitive Methodist Church; and
on 11 Mar 1868 the place of worship of his own
denomination, the Baptists, was opened, largely
through his efforts. In secular matters he was
a keen advocate of Taranaki ironsand and the
harbour project. Flight died on 7 Mar and his
widow on 3 Sep 1884.

Taranaki P.C. Proc. and Gaz; N.Z. Gaz; NZ.
Law jour., 11 Nov 1928; Wells; Taranaki Herald,
8 Mar 1884; Taranaki News, 15 Mar 1884; Cycl
NZ. vi (p). Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

FLURSCHEIM, MICHAEL, was born at Frank-
furt, Germany (1844), left school at the age of
16, and entered the banking house of his uncle,
L. A. Hahn. He spent a year in Berlin, and
then entered a share-broking and exchange firm
in Paris. In 1867 he became a wholesale manu-

FOOKS:

facturer and importer in New York and, return-
ing to his native city in 1872, he published
there the American News for the benefit of
Americans in Germany. In 1873 he purchased
the Gaggenau ironworks, which he developed
into one of the leading hardware concerns in
Baden. Flurscheim retired from business and
travelled again widely. He was interested in
currency reform and tried to induce certain in-
terests in England to form an exchange cur-
rency of their own. In 1898 he came to New
Zealand and endeavoured for some years to
promote the idea of land nationalisation and
currency reform. He gave evidence before the
federation commission (1901) and published a
number of books, incluiling Rent, Interest and
Wages, Money Island (1897); Business Without
Gold (1898); and The Clue to the Economic
Labyrinth. He also published in Wellington,
as a supplement to The Guardian, The Pioneer
Of Social Reform (1899).

Cycl. N.Z. ii_(p); Scholefied, Union Catalogue:
TVho's Who N.Z., 1908.

FOLEY, EDMUND (1811-84) was a native of
Tipperary, Ireland. He married a sister of Sir
John O'Shanassy (premier of Victoria). Foley
came to New Zealand from Australia about
4839, and in the early forties brought his family
over and settled at Cornwallis (Manukau har-
bour). In 1843 he moved to Auckland .aml
commenced business as a butcher. Some years
later he opened the first licensed hotel at Ota
hubu, where he had extensive farming lands on
both sides of the bridge. From 1859-61 he rep-
resented the Southern division in the Provincial
Council.. Though deeply interested in pro-
vincial politics he did not again take an active
part. During the Waikato war Foley took up
large commissariat contracts for the troops in
the Waikato and East Coast and he was a wit-
ness of the fighting at Gate Pa

His son, JAMES FOLEY (1836-78) was M.P.C.
for Pensioner Settlements (1861-66).

Auckland P.C. Proc., 1859-66; N.Z. Herald, 26
Jun 1878, 25 Aug 1884.

FOOKS, CHARLES EDWARD (1829-1907) was
the son of Charles Berjew Fooks and was born
at Weymouth. He was educated at Salisbury
and Edmonton, London, served his articles with
a London architect and surveyor, and trained as

268

 

FORD.

a civil engineer. He married at the age of 21
and came to New Zealand in the Steadfast
(1851). At first he was in the survey office of
the Canterbury Association and afterwards prac-
tIsed as an architect, being the designer of the
first church at Avonside. He took up a run
of 5,000 acres alongside the Papanui road, of
which the better portions were soon bought by
speculators. The balance was difficult to work
owing to swamps and Fooks lost money on it.
He then returned to his profession.

In the late sixties Fooks was asked by Colonel
Brett (q.v.) to make a survey to prove the feas-
bility of watering the plains by irrigation from
the rivers. About 1869 he constructed about 12
miles of race on C. Reed's property at Wester-
fidd, which are still being used by the Ashbur-
ton county council. In 1871 he reported on
the irrigation of the region from the Waima-
kariri to Rolleston, and in the following year
£10,000 was voted by the Provincial Council for
this work. Fooks was the first borough engineer
of Ashburton. He died in 1907.

Canterbury P.C. Proc., 1 Aug 1871, 4 Dec 1872;

Acland; Cycl. NZ., iii; Lyttelton Times, 14 Jan
1886.

FORD, SAMUEL HAYWARD, a medical prac-
tItloner, reached New Zealand with his wife in
Aug 1837, intending to establish a hospital for
both races at one of the mission stations. He
settled at Paihia as surgeon to the missionary
community, but his health failing he retired
to Wahapu (1841). Mter the sack of Koro-
rareka, at Heke's request Mrs. Ford arranged
for the body of Pumuka to be taken to Paihia
for burial. On the urgent advice of Williams
Ford went to live in Auckland, but returned to
the Bay in 1849. Shortly after Ford's arrival in
New Zealand he attended 800 native sufferers
from influenza. He died in the seventies.

Wallace and Sherrin (p); Williams papers; Mars-
den L. and j.; N.2. Herald, 26 Jan 1894.

FORD, WILLIAM JUSTICE (1853-1904), the
eighth headmaster of Nelson College (1886-89),
was a member of a famous cricketing family.
He played for Cambridge University and Mid-
dlesex county and wrote much on the game,
including a history of the University club, a bio-
graphy of W. G. Grace and the cricket article
in the Encyclopedia of Sport. He was educated
at Repton School and St John's College, Cam-

FORSAITH

bridge (minor and foundation scholar). He
graduated B.A. in 1876 (2nd cl. classical tripos)
and M.A. in 1878, and taught at the Royal
Grammar School at Lancaster for two years and
at Marlborough College (1877-86). Mter Ford
left Nelson he was headmaster at Leamington
College (1890-93), and taught later at Eton,
Rugby, Chel.tenham and Repton. He died on
3 Apr 1904: Ford married Miss K. M. Brown-
ing (Nelson).
Nelson Coll. Register; The Times, 4 Apr 1904.

FORRESTER, THOMAS (1838-1907) was born
in Glasgow, his father being a modelling and
decorative plasterer. He studied at the School
of Art and, having married, sailed in the
Pladda in 1860 for Otago. He engaged in his
trade in Dunedin and was for a while with
Mason and Wales, architects, and later with
R. A. Lawson superintending the erection of
public bnildings. He was supervisor of the
Dunedin Exhibition building (1865) and was
afterwards employed by the provincial govern-
ment making borings for the Waitaki bridge.
He established himself in business in Oamaru
with John Lemon and they built St Paul's and
Columba Churches and the post office In 1871
Forrester was appointed secretary and inspector
of works to the harbour board and he super-
vised the construction of the breakwater mole.
He started dredging the harbour and designed
the Holmes wharf. He drew one of the earliest
geological maps in New Zealand. With Dr H.
A. de Lautour he did much research into the
diatomatous deposits of the Oamaru district.
Forrester died on 25 Mar 1907.

Oamaru Mail, 26 Mar 1907; Otago Daily Times,
1 Apr 1907.

FORSAITH, THOMAS SPENCER (1814-98)
was born in London. His father, Samuel For-
saith, a linen draper and haberdasher, was of
Scots extraction, and both father and mother
(Elizabeth Emberson) were Congregationalists
of the strict Primitive type.

Apprenticed at an early age to a Croydon
draper and silk mercer, Forsaith disliked his
occupation and, determined to get to sea, en-
gaged as a cabin boy in a collier bound for the
Tyne. His intention was discovered by the Rev
John Varty before the ship sailed, and he was
returned to his parents, who, hoping to disgust
him with a seaman's life, sent him in a collier

269

-----------------------Page 152 End-----------------------

FORSAITH

‘on one voyage. He was then apprenticed as
cadet to the shipping firm of Charles Horsfall
and Co.. and made three voyages to the East
Indies in the ship Huddersfield (Captain
Noakes). Returning to London with excellent
testimonials, he found that his father had died.
As fourth officer in the ship Hoogley, which
was chartered by the government to take con-
victs to Botany Bay, he sailed for the Antipodes
in Jul 1884, Once again he visited Australia, in
the Lord Goderich, which left England Jul 1836
and called at some of the northern ports of
New Zealand for spars. While in England For-
saith made the acquaintance of Elizabeth Mary
Clements, daughter of Robert Clements, of Hox-
ton, London, and they were married on 17
May 1838, at the Congregational Church in Old
Broad street-one of the earliest weddings
legally celebrated in a dissenting place of wor-
ship.

Shortly after the wedding the young couple
left for New Zealand with the intention of
making a home here. Leaving his wife at Bay
of Islands, Forsaith settled first at Mangungu,
on the Hokianga river, and then he moved to
the Kaipara. He purchased land from the
natives at Mangawhare and on the Wairoa and
Otamatea rivers, and assisted to make purchases.
for some Sydney merchants (Wright and Gra-
hame). Mrs Forsaith now joined her husband
at Mangawhare, where he engaged in farming
and the timber trade. In Nov 1841 a skull was
dug up on the land and three months later a
large party of natives raided the farm to exact
muru for a supposed offence. In the absence
of Forsaith they carried off doors and windows.
At an inquiry held at Mangawhare in the pre-
sence of the protector (Clarke) and G. M
Waterhouse,(q.v.) Forsaith was absolved of
offence against native customs, and was later
granted compensation for his losses. He left
Mangawhare to live in Auckland, whither the
Government had just been moved from Russell.

Owing to his experience of the natives and
knowledge of the language the Government
in Mar 1842 appointed him a sub-protector of
aborigines. A year later he was promoted to
be a protector. In this capacity he came into
contact with Governor FitzRoy, whom he
accompanied early in 1844 to Cook Strait and
to the gathering at Waikanae after the affray
at the Wairau. In Feb 1844 he was present at

FORSAITH

the signing of the Te Aro deed of purchase at
Port Nicholson, and later he acted as interpre-
ter for Richmond and Selwyn in bringing about
peace between the tribes at Wanganui. In
4845, in his officid capacity, he met Te Rau-
paraha on his visit to Wellington, and rode
by his side into the town. Shortly after Grey's
assumption of the governorship Forsaith's
office was abolished. There were differences of
opinion on matters of policy and charges were
later made against Forsaith by the Governor
in respect to the part supposed to have been
taken by the protectors in private land dealings.
Grey eventually withdrew his charges against
Forsaith (the full correspondence being pub-
lished in the House of Commons’ papers relat-
ing to New Zealand).

Declining an invitation to resume duty in
the new Native Department, Forsaith in 1847
went into business in Auckland as a draper. In
1852 his new premises in brick and stone were
amongst the finest in the young city. For some
years he was a prominent and popular figure
in Auckland and a leader in its social life.
In Sep 1852 he was elected to represent the
Northern Division in the Legislative Council
of New Ulster (which was never convened).
When the first elections took place for the Gen-
eral Assembly (Sep 1853) he was returned for
the Northern Division. Parliament assembled
in Auckland in 1854 and was soon involved
in a heated controversy on responsible govern-
ment. Forsaith, more cautious than the Fitz-
Gerald party, was reluctant to force the innova-
tion on the Administrator (Wynyard) until he
had had an opportunity of consulting the Col-
onial Office. Though he voted alone against 28
members in favour of a reasonable period of
delay he afterwards strongly advocated giving
the new system a fair trial. In Aug 1854, when
Wynyard was being advised by Wakefield, For-
saith was one of 10 who refused to vote against
him, on the ground that he was in a false posi
tion. The Assembly having been prorogued
for a fortnight, Forsaith was summoned by the
administrator to form a ministry. He was en-
gaged at tile time at his business premises, but
hurriedly’ changed his garb’ before proceeding
to Government House, an incident which led
to his short government being referred to as
, the Clean-Shirt Ministry.’ This ministry, which
included also E. J. Wakefield, Travers and Mac-

270

 

FORSAITH

andrew, held office only from 31 Aug to 2 Sep.
Though really the leader, Forsaith explained
that he did not occupy the position of head of
the Government in that House. He considered
his colleagues as his equals; noone of them
was before the others” In his opdiiling speech
the Administrator said he hoped that the con-
troversy would be buried in oblivion; he had
endeavoured by appointments to the executive
council to give to all the provinces an effectual
voice and influence in both the legislative and
executive proceedings of the government. In
the debate on the addressin-reply Forsaith
claimed to stand for a Whig policy as against
the 'Tory or squattatorial policy of FitzGerald.”
The Government was defeated by 22 votes to
10, and it resigned office on 2 Sep.

Throughout the remainder of the first Par-
liament Forsaith was the ostensible leader of
his party and an able exponent of Liberal prin-
ciples: A sound thinker and a good speaker
well mformed, he took a broad view of most
questions. His opinions on native matters were
sensible and helpful. At the earliest sittings he
carried a motion in favour of opening the pro-
ceedings with a prayer, but insisted that nothing
should be done which might tend to grant to
any religious body pre-eminence over the others
(26 Aug 1854). For the same reasons a year
later he canied a resolution protesting against
the salary of Bishop Sdwyn being provided out
of colonial funds (28 Aug 1855). At the dissolu-
tion of 1855 ,Forsaith found his popularity had
waned and he lost his seat in the Assembly
(Henderson 363, Lee 294, Forsaith 202, May
213). At the same time he contested unsuc-
cessfully a seat in the Auckland Provincial
Council. Four members were required, and he
was sixth amongst seven candidates.

Forsaith now devoted himself more closely
to his business, and, it is said, acted for about
twelve months as editor of the New Zealandel’

In 1857 he was appointed a J.P. In Apr 1858
he was once more elected to the House of Rep-
resentatives (for the City of Auckland). In this
Parliament he supported the ballot with the
remark: ' If it exercised a conservative influence
that would furnish to his mind one of the
strongest reasons for supporting it, as a means
of checking tliat democratic tendency which was
s0 unmistakably exhibited in colonial politics.
(8 Jul 1858) Forsaith's strong sympathy for

FORSAITH

the Maori led him to take a determined stand
in regard to the war. His generous defence of
Wi Kingi during the important debates in Aug
1860 created dismay amongst the supporters of
the Government, and when the elections came
again Forsaith was looked at askance by a con-
siderable section of the people of Auckland,
whose fears’of a native rising were not alto-
gether without reason. Though he had made it
clear that the war, having been embarked upon,
must be fought to a successful end, his oppon-
ents in the electorate made capital of his pro-
Maori feelings, and he was soundly defeated
(for Auckland East) by Thomas Russell (q.v).
‘When he retired from the contest, at 11 am.,
he had polled only 19 votes against his oppon-
ent's 110.

This contest closed Forsaith's parliamentary
career. He remained in business in Auckland
until the middle of 1862, when he retired with
some idea of entering the church. Always a
strong evangelical, he had taken a leading part
in Congregational meetings whenever occasion
offered. He signed the confession of faith of the
Presbyterian Church in Auckland (1850), but
aways preferred the Congregational. When he
left to settle in Dunedin (1862) he resigned
from the trusteeship of the Auckland Savings
Bank, and a few months later was a trustee of
a similar institution in Dunedin. In 1863 he
became a vice-president of the Y.M.C.A., and
a few weeks later a member of the local com-
mittee for the Exhibition of 1865. He spoke
at Congregational meetings in and about the
city, and for some time was associated with the
new journal, The Colonist, whose first manager
(Lambert) had been recommended by him to
Macandrew. Before long Forsaith accepted a
charge under the Presbyterian Church as mis-
sioner at Tuapeka, and he contemplated enter-
ing the ministry of that Church. He was re-
commended in 1864 as being eminently quali-
fied for acceptance, but in Jan 1865 the presby-
tery requested him to continue his theological
studies for another two yeas. In Jul of that
year he was duly ordained to the pastorate of
the new Congregational Church at Port Chal-
mers. In 1867 Forsaith was invited to take
charge for two years of the Congregational
church at Point Piper, Woollahra, New South
Wales. While there, at the instance of his
friend, the Hon John Fairfax, he undertook to

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FORSYTH

establish a church at Parramatta, and he started
preaching in the mechanics’ institute there in
1870. The foundation stone of the church was
laid the following year, and in 1873 the edifice
was opened (at a cost for land and building
of from £3,000 to £4,000). When he left Parra-
matta (1878) there was a debt of £700 on the
church, towards the extinguishment of which
as a jubilee effort he donated £250.

Forsaith resigned the Parramatta pastorate,
at the request of friends, to accept the resident
chaplaincy of the Camden Theological College.
While there he founded a mission cause at Has-
lam's Creek (later Hampden). After four years
at Camden he returned to Parramatta and com-
menced to labour at Summer Hill, where in
1882 he founded a progressive church. He was
for one year (1872) chairman of the Congrega-
tional Union of New South Wales, and he acted
as its registrar. On leaving Summer Hill For-
saith, with his wife, paid a long visit to Canada,
the United States and Europe. He gave many
lectures in Great Britain, which attracted emi-
grants towards New Zealand; and he officiated
for some time in the Presbyterian Church at
Venice. When he returned to New South Wales
in 1884 he thought it imprudent to accept a
new charge, but for some years filled vacancies
in Australia and New Zealand (especially in
Dunedin and Invercargill).

While Forsaith lived in Dunedin the Rev Dr
Stuart wished to write his biography, but died
before entering upon the task. Forsaith com-
menced his own memoirs early in 1898. In that
year he and his wife celebrated their diamond
wedding. Forsaith died at Parramatta on 29
Nov 1898, and his widow survived him only a
few months. (See T. M. MAcDONALD.)

Hansard, 1853-55; G.B.O.P., 1846; Buller; Saun-
ders; Mennell; Rusden; Reeves, Hight and Ban-
ford; Cox; Cycl. NZ., ii; Thomson, ii; Elihu Shaw
in NZ. Herald, 13 Ju 1935; G. Smates do. 6 Jan
1894; NZ. Herald, 4 Apr 1891,21 May 1892,7 Apr
1894.21 Jut 1929; Evening Post, 18 Aug 1934 (p).

   

FORSYTH, SAMUEL (1891-1918) was born in
Wellington, the son of Thomas Forsyth. He
was employed as a goldmining amalgamator
when he volunteered for service in the New
Zealand Expeditionary Force (13 Aug 1914).
Forsyth was wounded on Gallipoli (Aug 1915),
when he served with the engineers. In France

FOWLDS

he was promoted to lance-corporal, Dec 1916;
corporal, Nov 1917; sergeant, May 1918 On
24 Aug 1918 Forsyth rushed several machine
gun posts which were obstructing the New Zea-
land advance on a village and by dashing |eader-
ship and total disregard for danger captured
all of them. He afterwards, in spite of being
wounded, approached the enemy positions on
foot to guide a British tank to a favourable posi-
tion. When the tank was put out of action he
organised the crew into a section and led them
against enemy machine gun posts unti! he was
killed by a sniper. He was posthumously
awarded the V.C.

Annabel, Official History of the N.Z. Engineers,
1922 (p); London Gaz. 21 Oct 1918; N.Z.EF. rou-

tine order; The New Zealander (London), 25 Oct:

1918.

FOSTER, THOMAS SCHOLFIfiLD  (1853-
1918) was born in London, came to New Zea
land in the Philip Laing (1856) and was edu-
cated at Christ's College (1866-71), where he
was junior and senior Somes scholar. At Can-
terbury College he graduated B.A. (1881;
senior University scholar) and M.A. (1882)
while he was on the staff of the Christchurch
West School and the Boys’ High School. He
was headmaster of Christchurch West (1882-
1904); inspector of schools for North Canter-
bury (1904) and principal of the Training
College and lecturer in education at Canterbury
College. Foster was the first chairman of con-
vocation of the University (1884-87); a fellow
of Christ's College (1893-1918) and a governor
of Canterbury College. He died on 8 Sep 1918.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Christ's Coll. List.; Hight
and Candy (p).

FOWLDS, SIR GEORGE (1860-1934) was born
at Fenwick, Ayrshire, the son of Matthew
Fowlds, a handloom weaver who lived to the
age of 101. As a boy George worked at the loom
making linen sheets and on his father's farm.
At the age of 12 he left the Hairshaw School in
Waterside village and was apprenticed to a
clothier in Kilmarnock. Four years later he
joined the staff of a soft goods house in Glas-
gow, where he was able at night to attend the
Andersonian College.

In 1882 Fowlds went to South Africa, where
his first job was with a stone mason laying kerb-
stones in Capetown. Later he cleaned railway

272

 

FOWLDS

carriages, and then went to Beaufort West,
where he got a position as book-keeper in a
general store at Bullfontein. In 1884 he married
Mary Ann Fulton, of Fenwick, and, the climate
not suiting her health, they left for New Zea
land (1885). In Auckland Fowlds worked as a
general labourer until finding a post as sdes-
man in a mercery store. In 1886 he purchased
a small business in Victoria street. Two years
later he bought the stock and fixtures of a bank-
rupt clothier in Victoria arcade, and laid the
foundations of his business. Being joined by
his son in 1905 he was thus enabled to devote
more time to public affairs and social move-
ments in which he was interested. He had
already been a member of the school committee
and the Mount Albert road board.

A Liberal in politics, Fowlds stood for the
Auckland seat in 1896 without success, but in
1899 was returned (with Witheford and Napier)
for Auckland City, which he represented till
1902. In that year he was elected for Grey
Lynn, which was his constituency till 1911.
After the death of Seddon Fowlds was invited
to join the Ward cabinet, in which he adminis-
tered with zeal and success the departments of
Education and Public Health. He also during
the administration of Ward, had charge of the
portfolios of Customs, Defence, Justice, Hospi-
:tals and State Fire Insurance. In 1910 he rep-
resented the Dominion at the opening of the
Union Parliament of South Africa

In Sep 1911, discontented with what he re-
garded as the negative Liberalism of the Gov-
ernment, Fowlds resigned from the cabinet,
feeling that he could do better for the country
out of office Standing as a Social Democrat in
the ensuing general election, he was defeated
by J. Payne (the Government candidate), and
again at the election of 1914. His last effort to
re-enter the popular chamber was in 1919.
Fowlds favoured freetrade, the elective execu-
tive and the referendum and was a strong sup-
porter of single tax, in the interests of which he
ran a small paper for many years. He had a
passionate love of education. He was chairman
of Auckland University College for 13 years
and was largely responsible for the foundation
of Massey College, of which he was chairman
from its inception in 1927 till his death. He was
a member also of the senate of the University
of New Zealand.

FOX

In religious life Fowlds was a mainstay of
the Beresford Street Congregational Church and
was twice president of the Congregational
Union of New Zealand. He was devoted to the
cause of temperance, being twice a vice-presi-
dent of the New Zealand Alliance and president
‘of the Auckland executive. As a freemason he
was provincial grandmaster for Auckland in
1894-95 and deputy-grandmaster for New Zea
land in 1896. He was also a prominent
Rotarian, being one of the founders of the
organisation in New Zealand and its first presi-
dent. Other movements in which he was ac-
tively interested were the Workers’ Educational
Association, the Red Cross Society, the 8t
John Ambulance Association (he was a Knight
of Grace); the Costley Home, the Boy Scouts
association, the Orphans Club and Burns Club;
the New Zealand Land Values league and Pro-
portional Representation Society. He received
the C.B.E. for work in connection with the war
of 1914-18 and was knighted in 1928.

N.Z.P.D.; J. K. Fairlie, Matthew Fowlds .°* and
other Fenwick Worthies (1910); NZ. Draper, 30
Nov 1921 (p); NZ. University minutes; Who's Who

Z., 1908, 1932; Evening Post, 17 Aug 1934. Por-

trait: Parliament House.
FOWLER, HARRY LEWIS (1861-1927) was
educated at Rugby and at Balliol College, Ox-
ford. (M.A.), In 1885 he was appointed head-
master of the Madrasa-i-Azam, in Madras, and
acting-professor of history at the Presidency Col-
lege there. In 1891 he joined the staff of the
Southland High School as first assistant and two
years later became headmaster, Though some-
what austere in manner, he had a great influ-
ence upon the school. In 1904 he became
principal of Nelson College, and he occupied
that position till his retirement in 1921. He
died on 10 Feb 1927.

Southland B.H.S. Reg.; Nelson Coll. 0.8. Reg.;
Cycl. N.Z., v.

FOX, EBENEZER (1827-86) was apprenticed
to printing in England and completed his time
asa compositor. He studied Pit man's shorthand
and was an expert notetaker. For some years
he was a member of the staff of the Manchester
Examiner and Times, which employed him re-
porting political speeches and important events.
For reasons of health Fox emigrated to Austra-
liain 1852, spent 10 years in journalism there
and in 1862 came to Dunedin, where he found

273

18

-----------------------Page 154 End-----------------------

FOX

employment on the Otago Daily Times, recently
established by Vogel. Here he became chief re-
porter and by his legal reports made a reputa-
tlon for ‘the paper which was maintained by
subsequent staffs. In 1868 Fox joined Vogel
and Campbell in an offer to lease the paper,
and next year they were associated in the estab-
lishment of the New Zealand Sun. This lasted
only a few months, and Fox then went with
Vogel to Auckland, to assist in his control of
the Southern Cross. A few months later he be-
came private secretary to Vogel and in 1870
secretary to the cabinet, which position he filled
until” about 1885, when he retired. He died
‘on 8 Jan 1886.

Otago Daily Times' Diamond Jubilee; N.Z.
Times, 9 Jan 1886.
FOX, EDWARD BURTON, was born at Mussa-
burgh, Scotland, his father being provost of the
town. As a young man he was a good horseman
and a member of the Midlothian Yeomanry
Cavalry. He emigrated to Victoria and had an
adventurous life on the goldfields. Crossing
later to New Zealand, he was for a while in
Wellington and then settled on the West Coast.
For some years he was storekeeping and gold
buying at Brunnerton. He was chairman of his
road board and in 1872 a member of the West-
land county council. He wrote The Nobbler
(by Christopher Sy, revised and corrected by E.
B. Fox). Fox died about 1875.

"Vestiand C.C. Proc.: Hindmarsh.

FOX, FRANCIS JOHN (1857-1902) was the
son of Jemmett George Fox, of county Long-
ford, Ireland. He entered the Royal Artillery
in 1876 and served in Burma and in Mghanis-
tan (1880), being present at the defence of
Kandahar as orderly officer to General Brooke.
He saw service in the Boer war in Natal (1881)
and was.afterwards adjutant of diVisional gar-
Tison artillery in England and aide-de-camp to
the office commanding the south-eastern dis-
trict. At Suakim (1885) he served with moun-
tain batteries. Mter holding several staff
appointments he was nominated (in 1891) as
Commandant of the Forces in New Zealand
Fox retired in 1893, with the rank of colonel
in the New Zealand militia. He married (1894)
Lucy, daughter of Sir William Russell. He died
on 27 Feb 1902.

Otago Daily Times, 20 Dec 1891; The Times, 5
Mar 1902.

FOX

FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-93) was the third
son of George Townshend Fox, deputy-lieuten-
ant of the county of Durham. Educated at
Durham Grammar School, he proceeded to
Wadham College, Oxford (1828), where he
graduated B.A. (1832) and M.A. (1839). At
the end of 1838 he entered at the Inner Temple
and he was called (1842). He published a
treatise on the law of simple contracts and in
1842 an essay on Colonisation and New Zea-
land.

Having decided to emigrate to New Zea
land, Fox married Sarah, daughter of William
Halcombe, of Poulton, Wiltshire, and a few
months later they sailed in the George Fyfe
(arriving at Wellington on 7 Nov 1842). Fox
intended to become a regular settler, but it is
not clear whether he really wished to practise
law. In any case this course was impossible be-
cause he was called upon to make a declaration
which he considered humiliating for an English
gentleman, and accordingly refused. Instead he
became editor of the New Zealand Gazette and
Bl'itannia Spectator, which he controlled vig-
orously in the interests of tlle New Zealand
Company's settlers. In 1843, in company with
Clifford, Vavasour and Whitehead, Fox made
an extensive exploration of the Wairarapa dis
trict in search of suitable land for settlers. A
few weeks later, when Arthur Wakefield (q.v.)
was killed in the affray at Wairau, he was
offered the post of resident agent for the Com-
pany at Nelson.

Having resigned the editorship of the
Gazette, he took up his position in Sep 1843
and made a striking success of it. The settle
ment was despondent as the result of the reverse
at Wairau, the shrinkage of employment and
failure to obtain possession of farming lands.
Fox took active steps to restore confidence and
to widen the outlook of the colonists. Early in
4845, in company with Stephens (late chief sur-
veyor of the Company) and a few omers, he
established a practicable route between Queen
Charlotte Sound and the Wairau. Shortlyafter-
wards Colonel Wakefield confirmed Fox in his
position, with the reversion of the post of prin-
cipal agent. The directors in London had fre-
quent occasion to express approval of Fox's
conduct, particularly his firmness and discretion
in meeting native difficulties.

On | Feb 1846, in company with Brunner,

274

 

FOX

Heaphy and a native, Fox started across coun-
try to Rotoiti, which had already been dis-
covered by Cottrell and named Lake Armur
(after Captain Wakefield). Thence they pro-
ceeded to a wide stretch of pasture containing
15,000 acres, which Spooner and Heaphy had
discovered, and from there across new country
to Rotoroa (which Fox called Howick), and out
on to a grassy plain of 4,000 acres intersected
by a stream (which he named the Mangles).
They then travelled to Matukituki and the
Aglionby valley, their farmest point being 140
miles from Nelson. Fox persuaded Brunner to
undertake a journey immediately down the
coast from Cape Farewell to the mouth of the
Buller river. In Feb 1848 Fox was appointed
attorney-general for New Munster, but he re
mained at his post for anomer three months
in order to distribute the rural lands and settle
the claims of tlle land purchasers. During this
tlme he heard that there was likely to be furmer
delay in the inauguration of representative in-
stitutions. He accordingly resigned the attor-
ney-generalship and planned to pay a three
monms' visit to the Australian colonies. At
the request of Grey, however, he’ agreed to in-
vestigate land claims, and was so engaged until
‘Aug. Bell, having met with an accident, was
unable yet to take up his new post at Nelson.
In Sep Colonel Wakefield died and Fox suc-
ceeded him as principal agent at Wellington
He prevailed on Bell to remain at Nelson and
also to make an effort to purchase native lands
in the Wairarapa.

Meanwhile the Church of England settlement
was being planned. Late in 1848 Fox sailed
with Captain Thomas to search for a suitable
site in the South Island. He declined the offer
of a seat in the Legislative Council, and the
vacant attorney-generalship was presented to
D. Wakefield (Dec 1848). On returning from
the south he found that Bell had not succeeded
with his Wairarapa mission and he was inclined
to hold Bell responsible. Bell's acceptance of a
seat in the Legislative Council (20 Dec 1848)
accentuated an estrangement between the two,
and on his return to Wellington (Mar 1849)
Fox ordered Bell to repair to his post at Nel-
son, remarking that tllis was the third occasion
on which he had taken an officid position in
opposition to the principal agent. Bell pro-
tested that Fox would have acted similarly, but

FOX

the directors in London upheld Fox's conten-
tion that Bell's acceptance of office might pre-
judice the interests of the Company.

In 1849 Fox took up a considerable area of
land in Rangitikei, on which he established his
homestead of Westoe. He farmed half of the
block and cut up the remaining 2,500 acres into
small farms which he sold on deferred payment
to persons with small means.

The surrender of tlle charters of the New
Zealand Company being imminent, Fox took an
active part in the Settlers’ Constitutional Asso-
ciation, and in 1850 proceeded to England as
honorary political agent of the Association to
furmer the self-governing constitution. Earl
Grey declining to receive him personally, he
forwarded a memorial complaining of the mis
government and illegal proceedings of Sir George
Grey (1852). Nevermeless Fox took an impor-
tant part in drafting tlle constitution. In a
letter to Godley (7 Jun 1852) E. G. Wakefield
says; ‘Fox's presence as delegate from the
colony has been our chiel tower of strengm.
Our work could not have been done wimout
him. He has done much singlehanded by dint
of intelligence, assiduity, modesty, prudence and
courage: To him it was mainly due that Tara-
naki was a separate province from the outset,
instead of being attached to Auckland. While
in England Fox published The Six Colonies of
New Zealand (1851) which was inspired by
Newcastle in the hope that it would discredit
the colonial policy of the Conservative party.
Before returning to New Zealand he spent some
months in Canada and the United States, there-
by initiating a consistent habit of studying social
conditions abroad. He was, indeed, the most
widely-travelled student in New Zealand poli-
tics.

The new institutions being well launched
when he arrived back in the colony, he was
immediately elected to represent the City in
the Wellington Provincial Council (Jun 1854-
57). There he strongly supported Featherston
and was in office almost continuously. He was
a powerful protagonist in the constitutional
struggles of Wakefield and Feamerston. He
represented Rangitikei (1857-62). Fox was a
member of the commission set up in 1853 to
report on education in the province. He was
keenly interested also in electoral reform and as
early as Apr 1858 persuaded the Council to

275

-----------------------Page 155 End-----------------------

FOX

accept without division the ballot system of
voting. He was a staunch advocate of the
rights of the outdistricts, feeling that they were
often neglected and discourteously treated by
the provincial governments; yet it was due to
his persuasion a few years later that the dis
tricts of Rangitikei and Wanganui did not seek
separation as a new province. Instead, he
strongly urged them to demand control of their
own funds through the establishment of a
county council. Fox was obviously marked for
advancement in the wider sphere of colonial
politics. His legal education, his valuable ex-
perience as an officid of the Company and his
wide knowledge of the world were of inestim-
able service to a rising political leader. Imbued
with strong democratic opinions, he was a radi-
cal with republican leanings. Completely un-
salfish in his political life, he stood aside again
and again for colleagues not aways more
worthy. He was disinclined for the limelight,
and definitely preferred to seek reforms in the
social sphere rather than in politics. Long be
fore he retired from Parliament he was deeply
involved in social movements which had a con-
siderable bearing upon the welfare of the
country in the eighties and nineties.

Fox entered Parliament as member for Wa-
nganui in Dec 1855, and at the general election
of 1860 won the Rangitikei seat, which he held
until the middle of 1865. He had been in
Parliament only a few months when he moved
the resolution which unseated the Sewell min-
istry. His own cabinet, which was sworn in on
20 May 1856, included Hall, Charles Brown,
Daldy and Ralph Richardson. It lasted only a
fortnight. Thereafter, as an ardent philo-
Maori, Fox came into marked antagonism with
the Stafford government (1856-61). He de-
plored the Taranaki war and believed that
Wiremu Kingi and the Waikato were being
cruelly treated. His strong feeling on this ques-
tion drew him back from an imminent retire-
ment (1860) and made him the leader of the
anti-war party. He distrusted intensely some of
the colleagues of Stafford, notably Whitaker and
Richmond. +1 had almost retired,’ he said in
Parliament years later, «and was living on my
farm at Rangitikei, but the unhappy events of
the Taranaki war forced me, on the meeting of
the Assembly, into the position of the leader
of that party in this House whose business it

FOX

was to stand between the natives and the great
injustices which were being perpetrated upon
them: Seeing nothing but injustice in the vig
orous prosecution of war against tribes which
had been wronged, he led the attack against
Stafford as soon as Parliament met, and on 12
Jul 1861 took office (with Featherston, Wood,
Mantel, Williamson, Henderson, Pollen, Sewell
and Crosbie Ward as colleagues). On the arrival
of Sir George Grey as Governor, Fox welcomed
him as the one man capable of dealing justly
and firmly with native affairs. He believed in
the incipient self-reliant policy to the extent
that native affairs should not be separated from
the other functions of responsible government.
Though he had criticised Grey's autocratic be-
haviour as Governor 10 years earlier, Fox was
confident that the Maori would receive justice
at his hands.

As soon as Grey had assumed office (Oct
1861) he invited Fox to accompany him on a
tour of the native districts. Both were shocked
at the disaffection of leading chiefs and their
lack of confidence in the General Assembly.
Wiremu Tamihana, in particular, condemned
the manner in which the House had condoned
illtreatment of loyal chiefs, and asserted that
what it had once done it was capable of doing
again. Gorst was established in the Waikato
as a symbol of strength and peace, and every
effort was made to conciliate the sorely tor-
mented King leaders. United in their desire to
pacify the Maori on a basis of mutual trust,
Grey and Fox had almost forgotten their
earlier asperities and seemed to be work-
ing in complete unanimity. Grey admit-
ted that native affairs could not properly
be divorced from the responsibility of the Col-
onial Government and the Colonial Office had
already expressed itself in the same direction.
That being s0, Fox made a tactical blunder in
moving a resolution asking the British Govern-
ment to transfer complete control of native
affairs to the Colony. A considerable majority
in the House held this view, but opposition
speakers represented it as an attempt to tie
Grey's hands. The voting on the motion was
equal, and Monro (the Speaker) took the un-
usual course of casting his vote against the
Government in office.

(On the advice of FitzGerald, Domett was sent
for and asked to form a ministry. He accepted

276

 

FOX

the task and offered Fox a seat in the cabinet
which was declined. Domett took office accord-
ingly (6 Aug 1862) with a cabinet which con.
tained four of Fox's team but was dominated
by such figures as Gillies, Bell and T. Russell.
A year later Fox was again in office but
although he formed the ministry he eschewed
the leadership. The premiership he gave to
Whitaker while he took the colonial secretary-
ship and native affairs. The other ministers were
Wood, T. B. Gillies and T. Russell. It was Oct
4863 and the Colony was once more involved
in a native war. With a strong force of im-
perial troops and a steadily increasing number
of colonials, Grey was forcing the pace in the
Waikato, and even as early 2s this showed some
impatience with the rather too deliberate move-
ments of British generals. Fox was whole-
heartedly for the war and had nothing to com-
plain of in the vigorous manner in which Russell
pushed on the campaign. During the year that
the ministry was in office the battles of Rangi-
riri, Rangiaowhia, Orakau, Gate Pa and Te
Ranga were won. The Whanganui and Tara-
naki tribes were badly beaten. Fox not only
consented to the enactment of the suppression
of rebellion act and the confiscation of vast
blocks of land in the disaffected districts, but
with his pen he vigorously defended the policy
against English critics. By the irony of political
circumstances, Fox the philo-Maori was now in
opposition to Grey on this precise point. Grey
defended the erring tribes against excessive
severity in the confiscation of their lands, while
the ministry demanded that the punishment
should be measured by the needs of the Govern-
ment rather than by the offence of the natives.
The ministry resigned (24 Nov 1864) leaving
the Governor to find a new leader at a moment
when the colony's finances were embarrassed,
and the British Government was applying pres-
sure to induce the ministry to work amicably
with Grey in the interests of the Maori.

Fox then left the Colony on a long tour of
travel and study. 'When he returned to New
Zealand, in the midrlle of 1868, he was wal-
comed with open arms by Stafford, who hoped
that some patriot would at once offer him a seat
in Parliament. Fox was engaged as counsel for
the Government in the Rangitikei-Manawatu
purchase and was not eager for office. He did
return to Parliament (in Jun 1868) for his old

FOX

Rangitikei seat, which was vacated for his bene-
fit by W. H. Watt; and he was at once accepted
a the leader of the opposition. Entering into
the fight with great spirit, Fox bombarded the
Government with motions of censure and no-
confidence particularly on its financial policy.
The confiscations had done nothing to pay for
the war, which was still dragging on disastrously
on the West and East coast, and Te Kooti was
yet to escape from the Chathams and spread
dismay and devastation over the North Island.
Grey resigned the administration to Bowen early
in 1868 and proceeded to England.

On 13 Jul Fox demanded a clear statement
of the Government's policy regarding the pro-
vincial system of government and native affairs.
This really inaugurated the drive against the
provincial system, of which Fox himself had for
s0 long been a champion. He deplored the fact
that Gladstone's advice had not been taken in
1852 by the interposition of some more satis
factory machinery between the provincial and
general governments. Vogel made an impas-
sioned defence of the provinces. The motion
was defeated by 40 to 31. On 25 Sep McLean
achieved a tie on a motion denouncing the Gov-
ernment's native policy. Before the session of
4869 the Government's position had deteriora
ted. Fox moved a resolution of no-confidence.
It was carried by 40 votes to 29, and thus ter-
minated Staffords second fiveyea term of
office. Fox took office on 28 Jun 1869, having
as colleagues Vogel, McLean, Ball, Gisborne and
Featherston. This was the only ministry in
which he had any freedom of action. Finding
the war dragging slowly to an end, with two
expeditions in the field, the Government re-
versed the war policy of its predecessors and
decided to make an end of it «with as little of
the bayonet as possible: It was a chance in
the main for McLean to pacify the natives, who
still had confidence in his justice and sympathy.
In 1870 the last expedition was withdrawn from
the field and Armed Gonstabularyparties pro-
tected gangs of workers, pakeha and Maori,
making roads and bridges to open up the in-
terior and reduce the liability to outbreaks in
the future. Fox incurred some censure for
allowing Te Kooti to remain at large.

For Vogel the chance was an ‘opportune one.
He was the first Treasurer for many years who
had been able to bring down a budget which

277

-----------------------Page 156 End-----------------------

FOX

was not loaded with the costs of an intermin-
able and indecisive war. He declared veiled
war on the provinces, linking with it his pro-
gramme of borrowing for. development and im-
migration. Fox was little more than the titular
head of the ministry, but he did take his part
in constructive legislation, passing the Univer-
sity of New Zealand act and the land transfer
registration act. In 1871 he was for a while
Registrar-general of lands. Later in his term
of office Fox brought Sewell into the cabinet,
but he retired after little more than a year of
uncomfortable bickering with the masterful
Vogel. Fox then recruited, Reeves, Ormond and
"Waterhouse (q.v., whom he had met in South
Australia and welcomed to New Zealand public
life). In the middle of 1872 he appointed Hall
and H. J. Miller to the executive. A few weeks
later his ministry was defeated and Stafford took
office again (10 Sep 1872) with Fitzherbert,
Sewell, Gillies, D. Reid, and Curtis as his col-
leagues, a cabinet of provincial stalwarts who
perhaps hoped to stave off the doom of their
system.

Stafford was defeated a month later. Vogel,
who moved the no-confidence resolution, was
sent for, and in consultation with Fox agreed
to offer the leadership to Waterhouse, who was
now in the Legislative Council. This ministry,
which was to last for only six months, was an
ill-omened effort to fuse inharmonious de
ments. Vogel was the real premier; Waterhouse
(in the remoteness of the Legislative Council)
the titular leader. Matters came to a head
while Vogel was out of the country. Water-
house insisted on resigning, and Fox once more
consented to give his services in forming a gov-
ernment, this time at the urgent request of
Bowen, who was impatient to take his depar-
ture at the end of his term as Governor. Fox
accepted the leadership temporarily, held office
for five weeks until Vogel returned to the Col-
ony and then retired. He was never again in
office, and henceforth devoted his time to social
and philanthropic movements.

- Retiring from Parliament in 1875, he again
Visited England, travelling by way of the United
States. There he attended the grand lodge of
Good Templars and visited the states of Maine,
Vermont, Connecticut and New Hampshire to
study the working of the liquor licensing laws
and local option. In England he was elected

FOX

a vice-president of the United Kingdom Alliance
and he gave many lectures on temperance in
England, Scotland and Ireland. He addressed
the Royal Colonial Institute on the affairs of
New Zealand (1876). In his absence he was
again elected to Parliament, taking the seat for
Wanganui which Vogel had resigned (Sep 1876).
Fox now found himself in opposition to Grey
He was more effective in opposition than in
office and led many assaults on the policy and
administration of the Government. Eventually
Grey was decisively defeated (48 to 34) on an
amendment proposed by Fox, condemning the
personal conduct of the Native Minister (Shee-
han), as having ‘lowered the dignity of the
Queen's Government and the pakeha’ (Jur
4879). At the general election the Government
lost its majority, but Fox himself was defeated
for Wanganui and did not get back into the
House until May 1880, when a new vacancy
occurred for his old Rangitikei constituency
(which he represented until the dissolution in
1880). In 1879 Fox was created a K.C.M.G.
In 1880 he and Bell were appointed royal com-
missioners to investigate the problems of con-
fiscated lands in Taranaki and the West Coast.
After making his report with Bell he was
charged with carrying out the recommendations.
This task occupied him for the next four and
a half yeas and was fulfilled faithfully and
meticulously. In 1885 Parliament voted him
£2,000 for his services. He disposed of his farm
at Westoe and soon moved to Auckland, where
he resided for the rest of his life.

During his last term of office as Premier
(1871) Fox had introduced a bill to grant local
option to districts in respect to liquor licensing,
but it was not carried into law until after his
retirement. He adhered to the policy of pro-
hibition by the will of the people, without com-
pensation to license holders. He founded tlle
New Zealand Alliance on the lines of the Eng-
lish body (1886) and was its president for the
remainder of his life, making generous dona-
tions to enable it to carry on its work. As early
as 1874 Fox contributed a regular column on
liquor law reform to the New Zealand Times

A facile and incisive writer, Fox was con-
stantly engaged in journalism, either regularly
or @ a contributor to leading newspapers. In
his early political life he wrote ‘Under the
Clock’ for the Wellington Independent. In

278

FOX

41860 he published The War in New Zealand, in
which he contended that the Governor, and not
the colonists, was to blame for the native
troubles. Four years later, when his own Gov-
ernment was carrying on a war, a memorial was
published by thirty prominent Englishmen ex-
pressing the hope that Grey would end it by
negotiation and would not resort to confisca-
tion of native lands. Appearing himself to have
cllanged his native policy, Fox had published
in England (1865) The Revolt in New Zealand,
a collection of letters written to his brother, in
which he contended that whereas the Taranaki
war was based on unjust treatment of the Maori
the war in Waikato was a rebellion pure and
simple, full of danger arising from the activities
of the Land League and the King movement.
The same thesis he elaborated in 1866 in The
War in New Zealand. In early life Fox was a
radical with a strong tendency to republicanism
arising no doubt from close association 'with the
United States and resentment against the policy
of the Colonial Office. Later he passed through
various shades of political thought. Though
liberal in his views, he opposed the Young
Liberal party under Grey. In 1887, after he
had made his final retirement from politics, he
wrote in the Rangitikei Advocate a series of
atticles (afterwards published in a pamphlet)
in which he demonstrated that the political
crisis of that time was not the result of Vogel's
policy but arose from economic depression and
from the dissemination of socialistic ideas and
land theories by the parties of the day.
Gisborne, Reeves and Saunders have weighed
up faithfully the character of Fox, each showing
the weakness, or perhaps the idealism, which
prompted this highly qualified leader to yield
the title to men of more aggressive and less
reliable qualities. He was a clever parliamen-
tarian, an alert debater, a humorous and caus-
tic speaker, remarkably well-informed. In poli-
tics he had no ambitions for his own prefer-
ment. He was willing at any moment to retire
from the field and find solace in social activities.
He was passionately interested in social reform
and in the rights of the Maori. He was an
accomplished water colour painter. Fox was
physically strong, and delighted even in ad-
vanced years to indulge in strenuous exercise.
He did much exploring in his early years in
New Zealand and at the age of 80 climbed

FRANKLAND

Mount Egmont. ‘He was a strong swimmer and
twice saved his life by swimming, once in the
West Indies and again in the Brunner river.
He died on 23 Jun 1893, exactly a year after
his wife. Lady Fox was active in philanthropic
works in Auckland, notably in the Jubilee
kindergarten movement.

N.Z.C. papers and printed reports; N.Z. Gaz;
Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cyel. N.Z., i, Vv (p); Fox,
op, cit. DN.B.; J. G Wilson; Saunders (p):

IS. petition in Turnbull Library; Reeves; Gorst,
N.z. Revisited; Hocken; Rees; Gisborne; Lovat;
Jourdain; Ward; Drummond; Broad;’ Wakelin :
Grey River Argus, 9 Jan 1868; Evening Post, 23
Aug 1929 (p); N.Z. Herald, Oct-Dec 1889, 24 Jun,
7 dit 1893. Portrait; Parliament House.

 

FRANCIS, FREDERICK WYATT (1856-1901)
was born in Essex, son of John P. G. Francis,
and came to Canterbury with his parents in the
Cornubia in the following year. Educated at
Gee's Grammar School, he was four years in the
Post Office and then joined the firm of Crowe
and Co., wine and spirit merchants. He was
associated with Manning and Co. (1887-1901).
Francis joined the Christchurch City Guards as
a private, was appointed sub-lieutenant (1878),
lieutenant 1881, captain and adjutant of the
first Canterbury battalion (1885); major 1887;
and later lieutenant-colonel commanding. He
commanded the 4th New Zealand Contingent
in South Africa (1900) and showed brilliant
leadership at Malmani Hill (16 Aug). He was
invalided with fever and died (on 31 Mar
1901) shortly after his return to New Zealand.
Francis married (1880) a daughter of Charles
©. Cox.

Nz. Army List; Ranfurly; Cye!. N.z., iii (p):
Lyttelton Times, 1 Apr 1901.

FRANKLAND, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1854
4916) was born at Manchester, the eldest sor
of Sir Edward Frankland, K.C.B.,F.R.S. Edu-
cated at University College School (1866-69)
and University College (1869-72) he was in his
father's chemical research laboratories at the
South Kensington Science SdlOO!s (1873-74).
Owing to ill-health Frankland came to New
Zealand (1875) and in the following year en-
tered the civil service as a clerk in the Cus-
toms, transferring later in the year to the
Insurance department. In 1884 he was ap-
pointed Registrar of Friendly Societies and

279

-----------------------Page 157 End-----------------------

FRANKLYN

actuary to the Government Life Insurance de-
partment. Two years later he was appointed
Government Actuary and Statist; in 1888 he
became actuary and principal officer of the
Government Life Insurance department, and in
1889'Commissioner. In the following year he
resigned that post and paid a visit to England,
where he was appointed assistant-actuary to the
Atlas Assurance Co. In 1891 he attended the
International Congress of Hygiene and Demo-
graphy. In 1893 he accepted the post of associ-
ate-actuary to the New York Life Insurance
office, and he remained in the United States
for nine years, visiting England each year. Dur-
ing this period he was engaged on the mortality
statistics of under-average lives, to which he
made valuable contributions.

Ill-health compelled him to resign this post
in 1902, and he came back to New Zealand,
travelling by way of the Far East. He then
settled down in Foxton, where he became a
member of the borough council (1905-08) and
of the school committee and took an interest
in other sides of life. He contested the Mana-
watu seat (1909). In 1911 he was appointed
examiner in statistical method and other sub-
jects to the Education department.

Frankland was a man of high literary and
scientific attainments, a lifelong student of theo-
logy, sociology and metaphysics, and the author
of numerous papers in the proceedings of the
Actuarial Society of America, the American
Academy of Political Science, the London
Mathematical Society, the American Mathema-
tical Society, the American Economic Society
and the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. He was a friend of Herbert
Spencer and an advanced thinker himself. To
his friendship with Sir Harry Atkinson can be
traced a definite influence upon Atkinson's so-
cial policy. As early as 1885 he was a socidist.

Frankland married (1879) Miriam, daughter
of C. H. Symons, Foxton. His death occurred
on 23 Jul 1916.

Insurance Record, 4 Aug 1916; Successful Ameri-
cans (1916); Cyel. N.Z., vi (p); James Collier (in
The Press), 18 Nov 1909 ; Manawatu Evening Stan-
dard, 24 Aug 1916.

FRANKLYN, WILLIAM NORRIS (1837-1919)
held a commission in the 81st foot, which he
resigned before coming to New Zealand. He

FRASER

served in the Armed Constabulary and after-
wards became a school teacher. He was one of
the earliest settlers in the Grey Valley, and rep-
resented that district in the Nelson Provincial
Council (1869-70). He aftenvards settled at
Wakefield and was a member of many local
bodies, including the education board, the Nel-
son harbour board, the Waimea county coun-
cil (1900), the charitable aid board, the licens-
ing committee and the Nelson College board of
governors (1902). As a volunteer he comman-
ded the Waimea Rifles and took part in the
Parihaka expedition. Franklyn was a keen fol-
lower of the turf and some years president of
the Nelson Jockey Club. He died on 15 Jun
1919.

Cycl. N.Z., v; Nelson Evening Mail, 16 Jun 1919.

FRASER, ALFRED LEVAVASOUR DURELL
(1862-1919) was born at Kaiapoi, the son of
John Marchant Fraser, and educated in Christ-
church. He settled in Hawkes Bay in 1881, first
as a school teacher at Frasertown and after-
wards at Hastings. As a native land court ad-
vocate he displayed a facile command of Maori
and knowledge of native lore. He was a mem
ber of the Hastings borough council and the
licensing bench. In 1896 Fraser contested the
Hawkes Bay seat against Sir W. Russell. At
the following election he defeated R. D. D.
McLean for Napier, which he represented
1899-1908. He was defeated by J. Vigor Brown
in 1908, and contested Hawkes Bay without
success in 1911. In 1918 he was called to the
Legislative Council. He was a prominent race-
horse owner. Fraser married (1893) Emily,
daughter of W. Y. Dennett (Hastings). He
died on 24 Feb 1919.

N.2P.D., 29 Aug, 2 Sep 1919; Who's Who N.2.,

1908; Hawkes Bay Herald, 25 Feb 1919. Portrait:
Parliament House.
FRASER, CHARLES, the first Presbyterian min-
ister in Canterbury, was a man of considerable
scientific attainments. He had been trained at
Marischal College, Aberdeen, and graduated
MA

Fraser arrived in Canterbury by the Oriental
in Apr 1856 and preached forthwith to a large
congregation in Lyttelton and on the following
Sunday in Christchurch. In Feb 1857 he opened
St Andrew's church, Christchurch, his parish
extending to Kaiapoi on one side and Banks

280

FRASER

Peninsula on the other. Taking advantage of
the provincial education ordinance, Fraser and
his friends established a number of schools with
subsidies granted by the provincial funds and
brought teachers out from Scotland. He was
personally interested in higher education and
to save the funds he himself taught the higher
classes at one of these schools in Christchurch
till 1874 when the experiment had to be aban-
doned. The school developed into the Christ-
church Boys’ High School. Fraser visited Hoki-
tika, preached m French to the settlers at
Akaroa; twice enlarged St Andrew's church,
and created two new parishes out of his own
In 1866 he established on his own responsibility
the first church periodical, the New Zealand
Presbyterian. Fraser was a member of the Can-
terbury Collegiate Union from 1871 and lec-
tured on English language and literature be-
fore the College was established. His ministry
ceased in 1883 and he died in 1886.
Dickson; Hight and Candy.

FRASER, FRANCIS HUMPHRIS (1833-1911)
was born in London and educated at Watson's
School: in Edinburgh. In 1864 he came to New
Zealand in the Wild Duck and became a teacher
in the Wesleyan school at Wellington. Three
years later he started in business as a book-
seller. He was a member of the Wellington
City Council (1888-1900), of the hospital board
(some time chairman), the education board
and the harbour board (1892-1910; chairman
1897-98). He was active in friendly and tem-
perance societies, being president of the Gos-
pel and Temperance society and vice-president
of the New Zealand Alliance.

In 1883 Fraser contested the Te Aro seat
against C. J. Johnston, on whose resignation
three years later he was elected, only to be
defeated by Stuart Menteath at the general
election a few months later. He tried twice (in
1893 and 1896) to regain a seat, but without
success. Fraser was called to the Legislative
Council in 1899 and retired at the end of his
term (1906). He died on 6 Aug 1911.

N.Z.P.D., 8, 9 Aug 1911; Cyel. N.Z., i (p); Who's
Who N.2., 1908; Evening Post, 6 Aug 1911.

FRASER, JAMES (1841-70), who claimed
descent from the Lovats, was born in Nova
Scotia He received his first commission in the
73rd Highlanders (1858) and saw service in

281

FRASER

India (being promoted lieutenant 1859, and
adjutant). He retired (1863) with the inten-
tion of serving for the North in the American
Civil War, but on the fall of Richmond (Apr
1864) decided to take up land in New Zealand.

Fraser settled down in Hawkes Bay and re
ceived a captaincy in the militia (Aug 1864)
When the Hauhau rising occurred he was
offered command of the Hawkes Bay Military
Settlers, and he at once took the field with a
small force and rendered services of great value,
for which he received rapid promotion. He par-
ticularly distinguished himself in 1865 at the
attack on Pakairomiromi (2 Aug), Pukemaire
(B Oct) and Waerenga-a-hika, where he led the
attack with 600 men and carried the position
after five days’ siege Fraser was promoted
brevet major (23 Sep 1865). On 25 Dec 1865
he fought a sharp engagement against the Hau-
hau at Omaru-hakeke. On 3 Jan 1866, at Te
Kopane, Ropata's contingent, with the help of
Fraser and other European officers, carried the
position in good style.

Later in the year Fraser, now a lieutenant-
colonel, was summoned from Wairoa with his
Military Settlers to assist in repelling the Hau-
hau invasion of Hawkes Bay. Whitmore's
orders were that Fraser should take up a pos-
tion to intercept the enemy detachment ap-
proaching by way of Petane. On the morning
of the action at Omarunui (12 Oct) Fraser
met the invaders, under Te Rangihiroa, in a
sharp defile and, having cut off their retreat,
killed Te Rangihiroa and 11 men and captured
most of the remainder. He was appointed to
No | Division Armed Constabulary (his Mili-
tary Settlers being disbanded), and was
attached (May 1868) to St John's command
operating against Tamaikowha in the Ruatoki
and Whakatane valleys until floods broke off
the operations. With a force of 50 men he
marched through the enemy country from Wai-
roa to Poverty Bay, returning with an escort
of only five He did good service against Te
Kooti at Wairoa and Ngatapa and then took
his force again to Bay of Plenty, being ap-
pointed to command at Tauranga. Deceived' by
Te Kooti's movements, he sent an expedition
toPaengaroa, while Mair, hastily gathering his
native contingents, reached Rotorua in time to
meet the invaders. Fraser died on 10 Mar
1870.

-----------------------Page 158 End-----------------------

FRASER

Cowen, ii; Whitmore; Lambert; Gudgeon (p);
Gascoyne (p); N.Z. Herald, 18 Mar 1870.

FRASER, THOMAS (1809-91) was born at Led-
clune, Inverness-shire, the son of Captain Fraser
(of a younger branch of the Lovat family). At
the age of 16 he entered the service of the East
India Company as an ensign in the 7th Bengal
Cavalry. He retired in 1842 with the rank of
captain. He was several times shipwrecked and
once was the sole survivor of a vessel cast away
on the French coast. Most of his ten brothers
lost their lives on active service.

Fraser spent some years in France after his
retirement, and in 1858 came to Wellington
in the Oliver Laing. He settled in Otago, pur-
chasing a station in Shag valley. Though he
never entered the Provincial Council he was
deputy-superintendent in 1868 for Macandrew,
whom he strongly supported, and he’ was
M.H.R. for Hampden (1861-63). Seven years
later he was called to the Legislative Council,
in which he sat until his death on 24 Jun 1891.

N.Z.P.D., 24 Jun 1891; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago
Daily Times, 25 Tun 1891; Evening Post, 28 Jun
4934. Portrait: Parliament’ House.

FRASER, WILLIAM (1827-1901) was born at
Inverness, Scotland, and educated at the Acad-
emy there and at Edinburgh University. After
serving articles to a solicitor in Inverness, he
was two years in the office of Christie and
Pagan, of Cupar (1848-50) and was admitted
to the bar 1851. He married Elizabeth Hors-
burgh (d. 1906), daughter of the last hereditary
sheriff clerk of Fifeshire. Soon after this he
emigrated to Victoria, where he had some ex-
perience on the goldfields and came to New
Zealand 1863 with Australian volunteers for the
Waikato war. He served as captain in the first
Waikato regiment, and was present at Te Ra-
nga,lrihanga (Jan 1867), Whakamarama (Feb)
and many other engagements, rising to the rank
of colonel

Fraser was a member of the Provincial Coun-
cil for Franklin (1865-69) and resident magis
trate and warden at the Thames (1869-79). On
retiring he became part proprietor of the
Thames Advertiser. He was also M.H.R. for
Thames (1884-90) and for Te Aroha (1891-
93). He was five years mayor of Thames, a
member of the county council and colonel of
the Thames Scottish battalion. In 1894 he was

FREE

appointed sergeant-at-anns of the House of
Representatives, a post which he filled until II/S
death on 17 Sep 1901.

Cycl. N.z., i (p); Thames Star, 25 Jul 1927; N.Z.
Times 18 Sep 1901; N.Z.P.D., 17 Sep 1901; N.Z.
Herald, 18 Sep 1901; Auckland P.C. Proc., 1865-70.
Portrait: Parliament House.

FRASER, SIR WILLIAM (1840-1923) was born
in India, the son of Captain Hugh Fraser, of
the 5th Madras Light Cavalry. He was educated
at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Victoria Col-
lege, Jersey, and the Lycee de St Brieuc, Brit-
tany, and in 1858 arrived in New Zealand with
the intention of going on the land. With A.
C. Strode (whose daughter Ellen Isabel he mar-
ried in 1874), Fraser took up the Earnscleugh
station, which he held continuously for many
years. In 1862 Hartley and Reilly discovered
gold on the property, but did not inform the
owners and the rush took them unawares.

Fraser represented Dunstan in the Otago Pro-
vincial Council (1867-70). He was a member of
the first Vincent county council in 1877 and
became chairman in 1883, continuing so until
1893, when parliamentary duties demanded
more of his time and the ravages of rabbits had
reduced to a minimum the profits of sheep farm-
ing in Otago. Elected to Parliament for Waka-
tipu in 1893, Fraser continued to hold the seat
till 1919, when he retired and was called to
the Legislative Council. In the Massey ministry
of 1912 Fraser was Minister of Mines, Public
Works and Industries and Commerce. He con-
tinued, in charge of public works alone, in the
National ministry (1915-19) and in the Massey
ministry till early in 1920, when he relinquished
his portfolios. He remained a member of the
executive till his death (on 16 Jul 1923).

N.Z. , 17 Jul 1923; Who's Who N.Z., 1908;
Ross; Gilkison; Otago Daily Times, 17 Jul 1923.
Portrait: Parliament House.

FREE, WILLIAM HENRY (1826-1919) was
born in county Wicklow, Ireland, and at an
early age joined the army. He was a corporal
in the 58th regiment when he came to Tas-
mania in. the Illilitay guard on the convict
ship Anson. Crossing to New Zealand with his
regiment, he served in 1845-46 at the battles
of Ohaeawai (where he distinguished himself
by saving wounded under fire) and Ruapeka-
peka. He then settled in Taranaki. When the

 

282

 

FREELAND

war broke out there he was a colour sergeant
in the Taranaki volunteers, with whom he ser-
ved with distinction at Waireka and Mahoetahi
(1860). Free represented Ornata in the Tara-
naki Provincial Council (1865-69). He died in
1919.

Taranaki P.C. Proc.; Cowan (p).

FREELAND, THOMAS, an old settler of Matl-
borough, resided in Picton. A builder by occu-
pation, he frequently contracted for the carry-
ing out of public works. He represented Picton
in the Marlborough Provincal Council (1865-
69).

FREER, JOHN GEORGE (1825-72) came to
New Zealand about 1862 from Cape Colony,
where he had seen service in the Cape Mounted
Rifles. He became captain and quartermaster
in the 2nd Waikato regiment. After the war
he went into business as proprietor of the Army
and Navy hotel in Auckland. Freer represented
Auckland East in the Provincial Council (1863-
69) and Pensioner Settlements (1870-72). He
died on 8 Nov 1872

Parliry Record; Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.
Herald, 27 Nov 1872.

FRIEND, GEORGE (1838-98) was born in Lon-
don’, his father being an officia of the East
India Company. Educated at a private school
at Leatherhead, Surrey, and at King's College,
London (where he took high honours), he went
on to Trinity College, Cambridge, but discon-
tinued his studies to come to New Zealand in
the Hamilla Mitchell-(1853). In 1854 he was
appointed to the Audit department and in 1858
to the Native department (under McLean).
In 1863 he was appointed clerk assistant of
the House of Representatives, and in 1889
Clerk. He died on 19 Jul 1898.

N.Z.P.D., 19 Jul 1898; Paritr)’ ReCOI"d; Evening
Post, 19 Jul 1898.

FULLOON, JAMES (1843-65) was the sai. of
a trader and his native wife. As a grandson
of Te Mautara-nui, he belonged to the Wha-
katohea tribe of Ngati Awa. Educated under
the Rev T. Chapman at Rotorua, he showed
considerable scholarship. When H.M.S. Pan-
dora was on the coast of New Zealand Fulloon
was attached to Captain Drury as interpreter.
He was then employed in a similar capacity in

FULTON

the Native Land Purchase department under
D. McLean, with whom he travelled a good
deal. On the outbreak of the Waikato war he
was attached as interpreter to General Cameron
and made useful reports to the Government
(in Jun 1863). After the murder of Volkner
Fulloon was in H.M.S. Eclipse when she visited
Opotiki to apprehend the murderers. He had
hopes of combating the Pai-marire doctrines
in Bay of Plenty and, against the advice of
pakeha friends in Auckland, he went to Wha-
katane to raise a contingent of loyal natives
to fight against Kereopa. While thus engaged
he was murdered by Hauhau sympathisers (in
Aug 1865).

Cowan; Wellington Independent, 8 and 15 Aug
1865; Southern Cross, Aug and Dec 1865.

FULTON, HARRY TOWNSEND (1869-1918)
was tlle son of Lieut-general John Fulton, and
came with him to New Zealand. Educated at
the Otago Boys High School (1881-88), he was
a lieutenant in the Dunedin City Guards when
he received his first commission in the 93rd
Highlanders (1892). In 1894 he was seconded
to the Indian army and appointed to the
Gurkha Rifles with which he served on the
North-West Frontier (1897-98) at Malakand and
Tirah. In the South African war (1899-1901)
he was with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles
(D.S.0.). On the outbreak of the war of 1914
48 he again joined the New Zealand forces,
with which he served first at the capture of
Samoa in command of a composite half-bat-
talion; then in Egypt and France in command
of battalions of the Rifle Brigade, and after-
wards in command of the Brigade in France
(1916), where he died of wounds on 29 Mar
4918. (C.M.G.) Fulton married (1905) Ada
Hermina, daughter of John James Dixon.

Studholme; Otago B.H.S. List; Evening Post,
Apr 1918.

FULTON, JAMES (1830-91), the son of Major
Robert Bell Fulton, of the Bengal Artillery,
and of Lisburn, county Antrim, was born at
Futtyghur, India. He was taken to Ireland as a
boy, and was educated at Cheltenham and
Blackheath. He received training in survey-
ing and engineering under Sir Digby Mack-
worth and for a while held an appointment
in connection with the Huddersfield and Man-
chester railway.

283

-----------------------Page 159 End-----------------------

FULTON

At 18 years of age Fulton sailed for New Zea
land in the ship Ajax (Sep 1848) with the in-
tention of being a farmer. Shortly after his
arrival he took charge of Valpy's mill at the
Leith. He then went on a farm at West Taieri
and then far in the backblocks. Fulton in 1852
martied Catherine Henrietta Valpy. For many
years he was resident magistrate at Port Chal-
mers, Dunedin, and Outram. On retiring from
the bench he was a member and first chairman
of the Taieri county council.

In 1879 Fulton was elected for Parliament
for the Taieri constituency (defeating Snow
by 319 votes to 178). In 1882 he was returned
unopposed; in 1884 and 1887 he defeated Carn-
cross. He was for many years a member of the
waste lands committee, and was chairman of the
petitions committee which unseated Grey for
Christchurch. A strong supporter of the Atkin-
son Government, he could have been Minister
of Lands had he wished. In 1889 Ful-
ton was chairman of the sweating commission
which investigated conditions existing in Dun-
edin. He was keenly interested in the welfare
of the workers. Sympathetic, upright, courte-
ous and conscientious, he was a high type of
citizen. Retiring from the House, he accepted
a call to the Legislative Council (Jan 1891).
Fulton was a member of the Otago education
board for some years and a life governor of the
Otago Boys High School; and from 1876 until
his death was a member of the council of Otago
University. He was aways a strong advocate
of Bible-reading in schools. In Parliament he
was a recognised leader of the movement for
women's franchise and a strong supporter of
temperance. Fulton died on 30 Nov 1891.

Cycl. N.Z, iv (p); Hocken; McIndoe; Cox; N.Z.
Times, 1 Dec 1891; Otago Daily Times, 21 Nov
4891,8 Aug 1930 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

FULTON, JAMES EDWARD (1854-1928), a
son of James Fulton (q.v.), wasborn in Otago
and educated by private tutors. Having

FYNES

obtained some technical experience, he was
appointed a cadet in the Public Works depart-
ment (1873) and promoted to assistant-engineer
in 1878. In private practice (from 1880) he
made a preliminary survey of the proposed
Kaihu valley railway. In 1882 he was appointed
resident engineer in charge of the Palmerston-
Waikanae section of the Wellington and Mana-
watu railway, and in 1889 manager and locomo-
tive superintendent. He resigned in 1896.
Fulton designed and built the Kelburn cable
tramway in Wellington and bridges and light
railways in various parts of the Dominion. In
1881 he was elected an associate member of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, England, and
later a member of the advisory committee in
New Zealand. He was a member of the council
of the New Zealand Institute of Surveyors (and
sometime president), and in 1910 was elected
a member of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, and a Fellow of the Royal Society.
On his death (6 Dec 1928) the Fulton bequest
to the New Zealand Institute of Engineers was
founded.

Cycl. N'z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Evening
Post, 7 Dec 1928 (p).

FYNES, HENRY JAMES (1822-87) was born
in London, matriculated at London University
and joined the Roman Catholic Church. Emi-
grating to New South Wales, he studied theo-
logy at St Mary's College, Sydney, and was
ordained priest in 1845. Mter doing parochial
duty there for four years he came to Auckland
and was attached to St Patrick's Cathedral un-
der Bishop Pompallier. In 1851 he was put
in charge of the military settlers at Howick
and Panmure and in 1871 he removed to Par-
nell. For some years (from 1882) Fynes was
vicar-general of the diocese and he managed
St Mary's Industrial school. He was appointed
a domestic chamberlain to the Pope with the
title of Monsignor. He died on 16 Jun 1887.

284

 

 

G

 

GAGE, DAVID RICHMOND (1868-1916) was
the son of John Gage and the grandson of
George Gage, who married Waana Pororua.
He was related to the Ngati-Maniapoto chief
Rewi. Educated at St Stephen's College, Auck-
land, he won a Makarini scholarship to Te
Aute College, where he learned Rugby football
and became a skilful player in almost any posi-
tion in the fidd. He was associated with T.
R. Ellison, with whom he played for many years.
Proceeding in 1886 to Wellington, he joined
the Poneke Club and played for the province
against Stoddart’s English team. In 1888 he
was a member of the Maori team which toured
England. He played in 68 of the 74 matches
and distinguished himself in various positions,
but mainly as half-back and full-back. Later
he played for Auckland province, and he was a
member of the New Zealand team which visited
Australia (1893). He played for North Island
against South (1894) and for New Zealand
against Queensland (1896). Gage represented
Wellington province in 36 matches, and Hawkes
Bay and Auckland on a number of occasions.
He captained both Wellington and New Zea
land. He died on 12 Oct 1916.

N.Z. Rugby Annual, 1920; A. F. Wiren and W.
T. Prentice (information); N.Z. Times, 13 Oct 1916.

GALLAGHER, TIMOTHY (1840-88) was born
at Cronadun, county Donegal, Ireland, and
educated at Kilmacrenan.. In 1863 he emigrated
to Australia and joined the staff of St Patrick's
College, Melbourne. In 1866 he came to New
Zealand and opened a store at Charleston, with
a branch at Addisons Flat. Later with his
brothers he opened branches in Cronadun,
Inangahua and Westport. In Jun 1868 he was
elected M.H.R. for North Westland, being then
one of the youngest members of the House. He

resigned his seat in Jun 1870. On going to live
at Reefton he was a member of the Inangahua
county council. In 1870 Gallagher married
Mary Francis, daughter of Charles Mullins, and
with his brothers established a business in West-
port. He was a justice of the peace, a member
of the harbour board and chairman of the
vigilance committee. Gallagher died on 24 Aug
1888.

N'z. Tablet,? Sep 1888; Westport News, 28 Dec
1926. Portrait: Parliament House.

GALLAHER, DAVID (1874-1917) was born
at Belfast, Ireland, and came to New Zealand
with his parents, who were members of G. Vesey
Stewart's settlement near Tauranga. On leav-
ing school he worked in Auckland, where he
became a departmental foreman in a freezing
establishment. He was a fine Rugby footballer
and for some years captained the Auckland pro-
vincial team, notably in 1903 against England.
In 1905-06 he captained the All Black team
which toured England, winning 81 out of 32
matches. Gallaher was the greatest wing for-
ward who ever appeared in New Zealand
Rugby and was described by the Morning Post
(London) as +a real artist in the novel posi-
tion: He acted as sole selector for Auckland
province for some years.

Gallaher served in a New Zealand contin-
gent in the Boer War. In the war of 1914-18
he became a sergeant-major and died of wounds
in France on 4 Oct 1917.

GH. Dixon, Triumphant Tour of the New Zea-
land Footballers, 1906 (p); N'z. Rugby Annual,

1920 (p); N.Z. Herald, 13 Oct 1917; Evening Post,
15 Oct.

GALLOWAY THOMAS JAMES (1800-81) en-
tered the army as an ensign in 1821 and rose
to colonel of the 70th regiment in 1854. He

285

-----------------------Page 160 End-----------------------
GALVIN

saw service in the Jamaican insurrection
(1831) and the Indian mutiny. He came to
New Zealand in 1861 with his regiment. When
he was promoted from this command he agreed,
at the request of Sir George Grey and General
Cameron, to accept the command of the Auck-
land militia and volunteers (Aug 1863), and he
was majorgeneral commanding the Colonial
Forces till 1865. (Lieutenant-general 1871;
general 1877; colonel 70th regiment 1874).
Galloway died at Kilmeague, county Kildare,
Ireland, on 15 Sep 1881. Gdloway'S redoubt
was named after this officer.

Cowan; App. H.R., 1864-67; The Times, 22 Sap
1881.

GALVIN PATRICK (1847-1937) was born in
Thomond county, Ireland, and at the age of
12 was apprenticed to the Clare Journal. In
1863 he moved to Nena, county Tipperary, but
in 1866 emigrated to Victoria in the Black Ball.
Finding his way to Bendigo, he took the place
of Joseph Ivess (q.v.), on the Independent, and
two years later spent some time on the Ballarat
goldfields, without success. He then joined the
Ballarat Star and eventually found employment
in the Government printing office in Me-
bourne.

In 1874 Galvin came to Dunedin and two
years later to Wellington, where he was suc-
cessively compositor, publisher and sub-editor
of the New Zealand Times and editor of the
Mail. In 1880, with J. C. Yorke and J. B. Innes,
he founded the Hawera Star. He was associated
later with the Manawatu Daily Times and the
Poverty Bay Herald and in 1888 went to the
Melbourne exhibition as correspondent for
several New Zealand newspapers. In 1889
Galvin was editor of the Yea Chronicle, and
while there he promoted the Victoria Country
Press Co. In 1896 he became editor and pro-
prietor of the Hawera Morning Post, but shortly
resigned and joined the Mines department
He became secretary of the rivers commission
and of the mining commission. He was some
years on the staff of the Government Statis-
tician and a sessional clerk of the House of
Representatives. Once more in journalism, Gal-
vin was on the Evening Post and eventually
became editor of the New Zealand Mines Re-
cord. He retired in 1918 and died on II Feb
1937.

GARLAND

I¥ho's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; Hawera Star (jubi-
lee issue); Evening Post, 11 Feb 1937.

GARIN, ANTOINE MARIE (1810-89) was
born at St Rambert, department of Loire,
France, in the diocese of Belley. Showing early
in life a strong disposition for a missionary
career, he was ordained in 1834. In 1840 he
joined the Marist Brothers and in Jun 1841
arrived at Bay of Islands and remained there
for a few months. In 1843 he was at Kaipara
and in 1845 returned to Kororareka, where he
showed great bravery and devotion in attending
to the wounded under fire in Heke's war. Alto-
gether he spent 10 years as a missionary to the
Maori, at the stations mentioned. In 1848 he
was appointed to Otahuhu, Panmure and Ho-
wick, where he came into contact also with
many Irish soldiers amongst the New Zealand
Fencibles.

In 1850 Garin was sent as first parish priest
to Nelson. There he established a private
school, at which many Catholic boys were edu-
cated, including Archbishop Redwood. Diaries
which he kept of his work and travels give an
illuminating insight into the difficulties and
the long foot journeys involved in the work of
his parish, his steadfast industry and the sim-
plicity of his character. Garin found the parish
without any buildings of consequence and left
it fully equipped with a fine church and pres-
bytery, a convent and high school and boys’
and girls’ industrial schools. He was for some
time on the central board of education, and on
the committee of the Nelson Aid Society and
he took part in all charitable movements. In
1884 Bishop Redwood conferred on Garin the
rank of archpriest of Nelson. He died on 14
Apr 1889.

Pompallier, Fishers ot Men (p); Marist Messen-
ger, 1 Nar 1938; Nelson Evening Mail, 15 Aug
1889, 11 Dec 1926 (p).

GARLAND, CHARLES HUGHLINGS (1857-
1918) was born in London, a son of T. C. Gar-
land (for 50 years lay agent of the Wesleyan
‘Seamen's mission in London). Garland assisted
his father in his work, and at 16 became a
Methodist local preacher. He was a teacher in
the Hale street school, Poplar, and later under-
took tutorial work. He was accepted for train-
ing for the ministry and studied at Headingley
and Wandsworth Theological Colleges.

286

 

GARRICK

Garland was one of three clergy selected by
the British Methodist conference to replace
those drowned in the Tararua (1881) and he
reached Wellington in Sep 1882. He began
his New Zealand ministry at Northern Wairoa
and was soon transferred to Christchurch. He
was ordained (1884) and married (1885)
Eleanor Jackson, of Tunbridge Wells, Englanrl.
He was a man of rare gifts and a preacher of
singular charm and power. At an early age his
gifts brought him to the front rank and he filled
many important positions. On five occasions
he was a member of the Methodist general con-
ference of Australasia and in 1914 sat on the
board of missions. In 1891 he published apam-
phlet Christianity and Secularism. In 1893 he
delivered the officid lecture at the Wesleyan
conference in Dunedin on The Bearing of
Higher Criticism on Leading Evangelical Doc-
tyines. This made Garland the storm centre of
a theological controversy. Pamphlets attacking
his orthodoxy were published by the Rev David
McNicoll and by William Shepherd Allen
(q.v.), to which Garland convincingly replied
in a pamphlet entitled The Authority of the
Bible. In 1901 he was elected president of the
Methodist conference; in 1911 he was acting-
editor of his churcll paper and in 1912 he was
appointed principal of the Methodist Theolo-
gical College in Auckland. He held this office
until his deatll on 4 Nov 1918 During the
great war Garland undertook the pastorate of
the Mount Eden Church in addition to his
principalship. MA.RP.

 

GARRICK, FRANCIS JAMES (1833-90) was
born in Australia, his father having come out
a year or two earlier to manage a flourmill..
Educated at the Sydney College (where T. Pea-
cock was a fellow pupil) he was articled to
Andrew McCulloch, solicitor, and later with
Robert Nicholls, and was admitted to the New
South Wales bar. For some years he practised
in Sydney in partnership with Rowley and
Holdsworth and in 1863 he came to New Zea
land, intending to practise in Nelson. Instead
he joined Cowlishaw, who had studied with
him, and thus established one of the most suc-
cessul practices in Christchurch. J. B. Fisher
became a partner in 1883. Garrick was a very
successful pleader. He declined many invita-
tions to enter politics, but represented Christ-

GASCOIGNE

church City in-the Provincial Council (1866-
69) and was in the executive (1866). Later he
was provincial solicitor for some time (1875).
In 1884 he was elected M.H.R. for St Albans,
which he represented till 1887. Garrick mar-
ried a daughter of John Jenkins Peacock (Syd-
ney). He died on 7 Jun 1890.

Canterbury P.C. Proe; Cycl. NZ, iit (p); Am-
old; Lyltelton Times, 9 Jun 1890.

GARROW, JAMES MITCHELL ELLIS (1865-
1935), who was born in Scotland, came to New
Zealand as a boy with his parents. Educated
at the Albany street school, Dunedin, he taught
for some time as a pupil teacher, and graduated
at Otago University (B.A. 1897; LL.B. 1905)
After some years in business he became regis-
trar of Otago University and in 1911 was ap-
pointed professor of English and international
law at Victoria University College. Garrow was
the author of an annotated edition of the
Crimes Act, and of standard text books on pro-
perty. From 1916 to 1928 he served on the Col-
lege council. Retiring in 1928, he was created
professor emeritus, and he died on 7 Oct 1935.

Cycl. N.z., iv; Who's Who NZ., 1924, 1992;
The Dominion, 8 Oct 1935 (p).

GASCOIGNE, BAMBER (1829-69) belonged to
an old Yorkshire family. He was living in Aus-
tralia and had just married when he took ser-
vice in the Military Settlers for Taranaki. Arriv-
ing by the Brilliant at New Plymouth (Feb
1864) he received a commission as ensign and
was stationed with two other settlers at the re-
doubt at Pukearuhe, living in a cottage with his
family of three. On 13 Feb 1869, when tlley
were working on the farm, they were attacked
by a party of Ngati-Maniapoto and all murd-
ered. This was the final war episode on this
Coast.
Cowan, ii, 295, 527; Walls, 281-2.

GASCOIGNE (or GASCOYNE), FREDERICK
JOHN WILLIAM (1838-1926) was born at
Cawnpore, the son of Lieut-colonel Charles
Manners Gascoigne, of the Sth Bengal Light
Cavalry, H.E.I.C.S. (who served in both Sutlej
campaigns and died in New Zealand in 1872).

Gascoigne was educated at Kumaon. He left
India with his parents in 1852 in the ship Marl-
borough for Australia At Melbourne, on the
advice of John Tinline (qv.) they took pas-

287

-----------------------Page 161 End-----------------------

GASCOIGNE

sage in the Belle Creole, arriving in Nelson in
1853. They settled on a farm at Paingatotara,
Motueka. About 1856 Gascoigne junior became
a cadet on the Hawkes Bay station of his
mother's cousin Donald McLean (q.v.), and he
remained there for three years. Returning to
the South Island, he assisted in driving cattle
from Marlborough to Otago and then spent two
years on the goldfields at Collingwood and Mo-
tueka. In 1863 he was offered a commission in
the Colonial Defence Force and joined a
mounted unit in Hawkes Bay. On the outbreak
of fighting with the disaffected Ngati-Porou
(1865), he was ordered to Poverty Bay and
served in the operations there, including Pakai-
romiromi, Pukemaire and Hungahunga-toroa
(Aug-Oct). After the fight at Waerenga-aika
he remained at Waiapu in command of the
magistrate’s guard. In. 1867 he was engaged in
the fighting at Wairoa and when the force was
disbanded in the temporary lull his commis-
sion lapsed. On the return of Te Kooti from
the Chatham islands Gascoigne offered his ser-
vices to Biggs and at great risk carried a des
patch to Wairoa (Jul 1868). He was again
commissioned to the force and stationed by
Biggs at the fork of the Wairoa road, 20 miles
from Gisborne, to watch for the return of the
enemy from Urewera. Gascoigne urged that an
old unused track should be watched but Biggs
considered this unnecessary. It was by this
route, however, that Te Kooti returned and
massacred the settlers in the neighbourhood of-
Gisborne (including Biggs and his family). Gas-
coigne with great difficulty reached the opposite
side of the river and, getting into Gisborne by
boat, he at once assumed control, evacuated the
women and summoned reinforcements. He took
an active part in the operations under Whit-
more in the Ruakituri valley and the actions
of Patutahi and Makaretu. Reconnoitring the
stronghold at Ngatapa he advised caution in
attacking, and was prominent in the fina a
sault in Jan 1869.

Being now recommissioned as captain. (sub-
inspector A.C.) Gascoigne proceeded to the
West Coast and was present throughout tlle
operations against Titokowaru, from Turanga-
ika to the final action at Te Ngaere.- Thence
he went to Bay of Plenty and took part in the
pursuit of Te Kooti into the Urewera. He was
often mentioned in despatches and was recom-

GAUSTAD

mended for the N.Z.C. As officer in charge at
Ohinemutu he entertained the Duke of Edin-
burgh. He married in 1872, Marion, daughter
of Henry Carr, and returned to his command
at Tokaanu. He was successively stationed at
Opepe, Tauranga, Tarawera and Rotorua, hav-
ing charge of native labour constructing roads
in the Taupo and Bay of Plenty region.

In 1880 Gascoigne was summoned to the dis
turbed area at Parihaka and during the opera-
tions in 1881 he was in charge of the prisoners
and returning visiting natives to their tribes.
He then returned to Rotorua and Waikato,
where in 1882 he arranged the meeting of Bryce
and Tawhiao at Ngaruawahia. Early in 1883,
when a section of the King natives arrested
Hursthouse and Newsham, he took strong
measures to impress them, finally surrounding
and arresting Te Mahuki and the whole of his
force as they entered the town of Alexandra.
Promoted major (1886), Gascoigne was put in
command of the artillery at Wellington in 1887,
but retrenched the following year and appointed
sheriff at Auckland. In 1891 he became R.M.
at the Chathams, where he did much for the
social improvement of both native and pakeha
people. He resigned in 1897 owing to ill-health
and settled in Hawkes Bay, where he died (13
Dec 1926). (Gascoigne seems to have spelled
his name Gascoyne after 1908.)

Cowan (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Gascoyne;
Soldiering in New Zealand, 1916 (p); N.Z. Herald,
29 Sep 1888, 12 Jan 1889.

GAUSTAD, CHRISTOPHER (1838-1927) was
born at Trondhjem, Norway, his father being
a sea captain. His early education he received
at Molde. At the age of 22, while working in
a printing office in Bergen, he became a devout
Christian. He attended the mission school at
Stavanger and, to prepare for the mission fied,
proceeded to Berlin, where he was studying
languages at the time of the war with Denmark
Incidentally he visited the Danish prisoners of
war at Spandau. In Berlin Gaustad became ac-
quainted with a Norwegian student, Anne
Gorina, of Ouli Nees. They sailed for India
in the Hotspw- from London and were married
at Muzafferpur, Bengal (Dec 1865).

In 1870 Gaustad’s health broke down in the
Indian climate and they moved to Queensland,
where he became pastor to the Scandinavian

288

 

GAY

congregations, most of whom were making a
difficult livelihood on their small farms. There
he toiled for 10 years on a very low sary. In
1877 he became a naturalised British subject.
In Aug 1880 they came to Palmerston North.
Gaustad ministered for about 10 years to the
Lutheran congregations in that town, visiting
also the communities in Rangitikel and the
Forty Mile Bush and making many arduous
journeys to Woodville, Dannevirke, Norsewood,
Makaretu. and Mauriceville. In 1889-90 he
travelled in Europe, giving many lectures upon
New Zealand in Norway, and preaching in the
cathedral at Trondhjem on the 25th anniversary
of the seamen's mission. While in Halcombe
Gaustad printed, on a handpress which he ac-
quired from an Anglican clergyman, several
pamphlets on religious and social subjects. The
most noteworthy of these (printed in 1889) was
an interesting speculation into the future which
he delivered as a public lecture in Linton's
hall in 1888. He was well versed in British
and European history and frequently, even in
advanced age, held services in remote back-
blocks for the benefit of all denominations.
Gaustad died at Urenui on 5 Feb 1927.
Manawatu Evening Standard, 20 Nov 1937; Miss

A. J. Gaustad (information). Portrait: General As-
sembly Library.

GAY, WILLIAM (1865-97) was born at
Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland, his
father being an engraver on copper plate for
printing wall papers and calico cloths. Gay
was educated in the board school at Alexandria,
near Dumbarton, where he became a monitor
at 14.

With an Orr Ewing scholarship he went to
Glasgow University, where he found the study
beyond his strength and his strict Calvinist up-
bringing shaken by doubts. This prevented
him from fulfilling his father's ambition by en-
tering the ministry. After being brought back
from London he obtained a clerkship in Glas-
gow at 12s a week. Again he went to London
and was starving when G. R. Sims sent him a
pound and A. Moore found him some work
He suffered severe hardships. After trying to
get employment at sea he sailed for New Zea
land in the Dunedin, arriving in Otago in
1885. While purser's clerk in the Tarawera
during a cruise to Milford he met Professor

GEBBIE

Morris, who employed him to write chapters
for Pictw-esque Australasia (1886). After two
years in the service of the Union Steamship

Co. he went to Hawkes Bay, where he seems
to have thrived until 1888, when he went to
Victoria He was appointed to the staff of
Scotch College. The work was beyond his
strength, but his meeting with the Rev Dr
Strong had a vital influence upon his life and
thought.

Gay wrote a good deal of versa, the first
appearing in print in 1881. He was a pro-
found student of metaphysics and Hegelianism.
He was fascinated by pure poetry as he found
it in isolated passages in Keats, Shelley, Shake-
speare and Wordsworth. He projected a pro- .
nouncing dictionary of geographical names and
a pamphlet on consumption (from which he
suffered), and he wrote for the Australian Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science an essay
on Walt Whitman in his relation to science and
philosophy. Gay pnblished Sonnets in 1896,
The Commonwealth and the Empire and Christ,
on Olympus. His poetry was universal, not
local, and dealt mainly with feelings and sym-
pathies common to humanity. Gay was tutor
at several homes in the Riverina and Me-
bourne, and in 1898 settled at Bendigo, where
he died on 22 Dec 1897.

, Complete Poetical Works (with biog. introd.
by J Glen Oliphant), 19B; Bendigo Advertiser,

23 Dec 1897; The Press, 8 Jun 1907.

GEBBm, JOHN (1822-50) was born in Ayr-
shire, Scotland, and came to New Zealand in
the Aurora (1840). After spending three years
at Wellington, he accepted the position of farm

_manager to John Deans (Riccarton), with
whom he remained for some years. In 1845 he
leased land at_the head of Port Cooper and
eventually settled at Gebbie's valley, establish-
ing a dairy herd and supplying the Wellington
market. He diedin 1850.

His son, Jor GEBBIE (1840-88) was born at
Wellington: Besides improving his property he
took a part in local government, being a mem-
ber of the Akaroa county council, chairman of
the Little River road board and school com-
mittee and a member of the licensing com-
mittee. He married a daughter of Moses Crier
(Lyttelton). His death occurred on 19 Sep
1888.

289

-----------------------Page 162 End-----------------------

GEDDIS

Cani. O.N.; Deans; Cycl. N.Z., iii; Lyttelton
Times, 21 Sep 1888.

GEDDIS, JAMES McROBERTS (1856-1935)
who was born in Belfast, Ireland, came to New
Zealand in 1864 and settled in Auckland, where
his father, John Stewart Geddis, established
himself as a manufacturer. Entering Journalism
in 1869, he served on the New Zealand Herald
(1869-78), the Dunedin Age (1878-79) and the
Auckland Stal’ (1879-88), and in 1888 was ap-
pointed to the Hansard staff. He contributed '©
the PictUl-esque Atlas of Australasia and Maor?
Wars and published a series of articles Summer
Isles of Eden. With his brother, W. J, Geddis
(q.y), he established the St James Chrgnicle,
&Ad with w. Blomfield, purchased an’ con-
ducted the Auckland Observer and in 1900
founded the New Zealand Fl’ee Lance in Wel
lington. He was president of the New Zealand
Unitarian association (1920-23) and of the Wel-
lington Unitarian association (1930);.was chait-
man of directors of several compames and in
1926 was created an Officer dAcademi.e Fran-
Retiring from the Hansard staff, 1n
{8bas eator ot the Free Lance unt sea
n 21 Sep 1935. In 1882 he married Hannah
Elizabeth, daughter of J. B. YackSon, of Auck.
land.
Cyet. N-Z., i; pho’s TTho N.Z., 1924, 1932; The
Dominion, 23 Sep 1935.
GEDDIS, WILLIAM JOHN (1860-1926) was
born at Belfast, Ireland, and came to Auckland
with his parents four years later. Educated m
the public schools, he joined the Auckland Star
at the age of 14 and was sub-editor at 28- In
4892 he resigned to join W. Blomfield in the
purchase of The Observer, which they ran in
partnership for many years, Geddis being editor.
They established dle New Zealand Free Lance
in 1900 and the Waihi Daily Telegraph (1901).
Geddis joined Henry Brett and T. W, Leys 1n
the purchase of the Daily Telegraph (Napier),
cof Which he was managing director till 1913,
when he took up the same position with the
New Zealand Times Co. In 1918 Geddis was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member till his death (on 1 May 1926).
He married (1889) May, daughter of J. C.
Morrin.
N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Iflto’s Who N.Z.,. 1924;
N.Z. Times, 3 May 1926. Portrait: Parhament
House.

 

GEORGE
GEORGE, EDEN (1863-1927) had a photo-
grapher's business in  Christchurch,. With a
branch in Dunedin. He stood for a Christchurch
parliamentary seat in 1891 (but was defeated
by Sandford) and also contested a Dunedin
seat. He was mayor of Christchurch in 1898 and
advocated many improvements, including as-
phalting of the city streets. Having sold his
business to Wrigglesworth and Binns, he went
to Sydney, where he again established himself
as a photographer, with a branch in Melbourne.
In 1901 George defeated Sir James Graham
(mayor of Sydney) for the Sydney-Belmore seat
iN the New south Wales Legislative Assembly,
and in 1904 he was returned for the Asburn-
ham seat. He retired in 1907. He stood agam
Parliament in 1913, but was def by

Ry Meagher by a large mabany, t,86
was for a while a successful racing man. He
died on 2 May 1927.

Information from the Librarian, New South
Wales Parliament; Sydney Morning Herald, 25 Nov
1913,4 May 1927; Labour Daily, 19 Mar 1927.

GEORGE, JAMES (1813-78) was born at Wool-
wich, England, of Scots parents, with whom.he
emigrated to Tasmania in 1823, his father berg
engaged under the board of ordnance. George
was apprenticed to a baker. In 1838 he went to
South Australia and engaged in hiS trade, and
in 1840 he came to New Zealand. He was m
the ship Delhi off Coromandel when J. L.
Campbell and his associates were there, and
afterwards visited Waitemata and Waiheke.
Eventually he lived in a tent on the dite of
Auckland. George engaged in his business in
the town and made a competence. He was
member of the Auckland city board and rep-
resented Auckland West in the Provmaai
Council (1861-65). He died on 5 Jul 1878.

Auckland p.@. Proc.; N.z. Herald, 6 July 1878.

GEORGE, JOHN REES (1841-89) was the son
of @ solicitor and was born at Lewisham, Lon-
don. He entered the office of a London tea
merchant but, having mechanical tendendes,
joined the finn of Kennards, railway contrac-
tors. At the age of 20 he was in charge of a
contract in Portugal and in 1865 he cane. to
New Zealand under engagement to the Welling-
ton provincial government, for whom he earried
out an extension of the Queen's wharf and con-

200

 

GEORGE

structed the patent slip and the Wanganui
bridge. He was manager of the Patent Slip Co.
and the first Wellington Gas Co. and managing
director of the Wellington Trust and Loan Co.
till his death (on 26 Jun 1889). George was a
member of the Wellington City Council (1874-
78) and of the harbour board (1889) and chair-
man of the chamber of commerce (1882).

N.Z. Times, 11 Jul

 

GEORGE, SEYMOUR THORNE (1851-1922)
was the son of Lieut-colonel George Thorne
George (of the 75th regiment and 4th Hus-
sats). He was educated at Cheltenham College
for the Royal Engineers, but owing to an acd-
dent at football abandoned his studies and en-
tered the office of a civil engineer in London.
In 1869, on the advice of Sir George Grey, a
friend of his father, he came to New Zealand,
and for some years managed Grey's estate at
Kawau island. In 1872 he married Annie Maria
Matthews, niece of Grey.

In 1878 George was elected M.H.R. for Hoki-
tika, and at the general election of 1879 he
gained the Rodney seat, which he repre-
sented until 1884, being much of the time chief
Liberal whip. He was mayor of Parnell for
two years and unsuccessfully contested the seat

.in Parliament. In 1903 George was called to
the Legislative Council, of which he was a
member until his death (on 2 Jul1922). Hewas
a director of several Auckland companies, in-
cluding the New Zealand Insurance Co. (chair-
man 1905-08, 1911-17), the Waihi Goldmining
Co. (of which he was an original shareholder)
and the Devonport Steam Ferry Co.

Parltry Record; N.Z. Herald, 3 Jul 1922. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

GIBB, JAMES (1857-1935) was born at Aber-
deen and educated at che Grammar School and
University of Aberdeen and Edinburgh College.
After spending two years in a bank he entered
Divinity Hall, Edinburgh, but owing to in-
different health emigrated to Australia and con-
tinued his studies at Onnond College (from
1882). He was stationed at Footscray before his,
ordination, which took place in 1883, and three
years later was inducted to First Church, Dune-
din, where he ministered for 18 years.

Gibb took a prominent part in church organ-
isations. He was one of the movers in the estab-

a1

GIBB

lishment of The Outlook and he initiated the
fonnation of the council of churches in
Dunedin, of which he was the first president
(1899-1900). It was in recognition of his work
in bringing about the union of the two presby-
terian churches in New Zealand that he received
the degree of D.D. from the University of Aber-
deen (1902); His sennons on the moral state of
Dunedin created some sensation and led to the
fonnation of the Dunedin Social Refonn asso-
ciation (of which he was president in 1893-94).
He was chainnan of the union committee from
1895 to 1901 and, having been moderator of the
synod of Otago in 1901, he was the first mod-
erator of the United Church in the same year.
He initiated the Biblein-schools committee of
the Church; was president of it (1901-06) and
was president in 1903 of the Biblein-schools
Referendum league. He also presided for some
years (1902-07) over the committee on the union
of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congrega-
tional churches.

In 1903 Gibb received a call to St John's
Church, Wellington. During a ministry of 23
years there he continued the activities which
he had initiated in Dunedin and was also presi-
dent of the Young Men's Bible Class move-
ment in 1902. On a visit to Great Britain in
4920 to bring out missionaries for the Church
in New Zealand he was impressed with the need
for a universal peace movement and on his re-
turn he brought into existence the New Zealand
branch of the League of Nations Union. Gibb
took a leading part in establishing Presbyterian
orphanages and Scots and Queen Margaret's
Colleges in Wellington, of which he was chair-
man till 1933. After his retirement he raised
special funds for meological scholarships and
for a Maori mission girls’ college. He married
Jean, daughter of D. Smith (Aberdeen). His
death occurred on 24 Oct 1935.

Dickson; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; The Domi7lion,
24 Oct 1935 (p); Otago Daily Times, 18 Jun, 9 Jul,
31 Sep 1890, 31 Oct 1893, 24 Oct 1935.

GIBB, JOHN (1831-1909) was born at Cumber-
nauJd, Stirlingshire, Scotland, and studied art
under John Mackenzie, of Greenock. He ex-
hibited in the exhibitions of the West of Scot-
land and Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts. In
1876 he came to New Zealand in the Merope
and settled in Christchurch. Gibb was noted

-----------------------Page 163 End-----------------------

GIBB

for his realistic treatment of water in his see
scapes, and later did many notable landscapes
of Canterbury and the West Coast. He was a
prolific painter and exhibited for many years
at the Canterbury Art Society and elsewhere in
New Zealand. Examples of his work appear
in most of the leading galleries in the Dominion
and in Australia. A notable picture is his re-
production of Miss Townsend's scene of the
landing of immigrants from the Cressy. Gibb
died on 10 Sep 1909. (See his son, WILLIAM
MENZIES GIBB.)
Bar, Art; The Press, 11 Sap 1909.

GIBB, WILLIAM MENZIES (1859-1931) was
born at Innellan, on the banks of the Clyde,
the son of John Gibb, a Clydeside seascape
painter, At the age of 15 he came with his
parents to Canterbury. He had already begun
his study of art under his father and at the
Dunoon Academy and continued them in New
Zealand. He went to Melbourne at the age of
17 to work in the National Gallery and ex-
hibited there at the age of 18. On returning
to Christchurch he rapidly gained a reputation
as a landscape artist. His father was a foun-
dation member of the Canterbury Art Society
and the son exhibited there consistently until
in 1914 his work was crowned by his election
2 president of the society. He was one of the
most notable landscape painters of New Zea
land and his works are hung in most of the
public galleries, including four in Canterbury.
Gibb did not go in for large canvases. He
painted faithfully as he saw; his technique was
dependable, and his brushwork and tonal shad-
ing were meticulous. He married (1890) Rob-
ina, daughter of Robert Menzies. He died on
26 Jul 1931.
The Press and Star-Sun, 27 Jul 1931.

GIBBS, SAMUEL (1817-85) came to Canter-
bury in 1855 and a few years later moved to
Otago, where he ‘farmed a property at Taieri.
He settled in Oamaru about 1860 and took a
leading part in local government, being for
many years a member of the borough council
and three years mayor. He was a director of
several companies. Gibbs died on 21 Dec 1885.

North Otago Times, 22 Dec 1886.

GIBBS, WILLIAM (1819-97) was born in Lon-
don, where he served his apprenticeship to a

GIBSON

painter and glazier. He arrived in Nelson by
the Duke of Bronte in 1852 and proceeded by
schooner to Motupipi, Golden Bay, where he
farmed until the first discovery of gold on his
land (before the Otago discoveries). He then
erected a store, built a wharf and commenced
carrying by bullock team to the fidds. At that
time he owned most of the land upon which
Collingwood was afterwards laid out. For some
time he was resident magistrate and warden. He
was member of the Provincial Council for Mas-
sacre Bay (1858-61), for Collingwood (1865-69)
and for Golden Bay from 1869 until the aboli-
tion. Gibbs was a candidate for the superinten-
dency in 1869. He contested the Collingwood
seat in the House of Representatives against
Collyns in 1871 (losing by three votes) and was
elected in 1873, sitting for that constituency
until 1881. He was again magistrate at Golden
Bay until his retirement. Gibbs died on 7
Nov 1897.

Cycl. N.I., v; The Colonist, 23 Nov 1897. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

GIBSON, JOHN, a Devonshire man believed
to have been of Scots descent, came to Welling-
ton in 1850 in the William Hyde. He had land
in the city, but in a few years moved to Wanga-
nui, where he became a well known settler and
represented Wanganui in the Wellington Pro-
vincial Council (1854-56). He was distinguished
by his outspoken opposition to Featherston and
advocacy of the separation of Wanganui and
Waitotara from Wellington province. Gibson
was drowned at sea about 1869.

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Parltry Rec0t'd; Woon;
Wanganui Chronicle, 12 Jan 1860.

GIBSON, MARY: vrcrORIA (1556-1928) was
born at Lyttelton, the daughter of Captain F.
D. Gibson, and was educated at Mrs Crosby's
school, the Christchurch Girls’ High School and
Canterbury College (M.A. 1888). She first
taught in primary schools, becoming head mis
tress of the girls: side of the East Christchurch
school. In 1898 she was appointed principal of
the Girls’ High School, which expanded con-
siderably during her term of office She was
responsible for the opening of the branch
school at Avonside, the foundation of the Old
Girls’ association and the establishment of
Acland residential hostel for country girls. Miss
Gibson retired in 1928 and died on 2 Sep 1928.

292

 

GIFFORD

Who's Who N.I., 1924: Hight and Candy; The
Press, 3 Sep 1928.

GIFFORD, ALGERNON (1825-1909) was born
in London, the son of Edward Gifford, architect
Educated at St John's College, London, he was
ordained and went to Newfoundland in 1848.
From there he moved to Forteau, Labrador,
where he was missionary for a district 100
miles long on each side of the strait of Belle
Isle. After seven years there he returned to
Portugal Cove, Newfoundland. In 1862 he came
to New Zealand in the Zealandia and was ap-
pointed vicar of Oamaru, where he held his
first services in a woolshed. Gifford retired in
4900, and died on 5 Jul 1909. He married
(1851) Sarah Anne (d. 1913), daughter of Wil-
liam Evans, of Limerick, Ireland.

GIFFORD, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1819-94)
was born in London, the son of Edward Gifford,
architect, of the firm of Ashpitel, in whose
office he also trained. He then devoted himself
to the study of art in the Royal Academy
schools, where he won the gold medal in his
final year. In 1854 he went abroad. His in-
terest was in genre, portrait studies and land-
scape. He had pictures hung in the Royal
Academy in 1842, 1845, 1857, 1863, 1867 and
1870. His portrait of Bishop Selwyn is hung
at Lichfield and that of Admiral Fairfax Mores-
by is reproduced as the frontispiece of Two
Admirals

In 1877 Gifford came to New Zealand, resid-
ing first in Oamaru, where his brother was
vicar. He lived successively at Auckland and
Napier, and eventually returned to Oamaru,
where he died on 8 Nov 1894. He painted
many New Zealand landscapes, especially in
Otago, South Canterbury and Auckland, ex-
hibiting throughout a poetic quality in choice
of subject and method of treatment. His out-
put was hung regularly in the exhibitions of
New Zealand. Several public collections con-
tain specimens and the Auckland art gallery
contains a canvas of the Auckland water front
in 1887.

Family information; the Librarian, Roya Acad-
emy; Otago Daily Times, 12 Nov 1894.

GILES, JOSEPH (1832-1930) was born at
Frome, Somersetshire, and educated there and
in London. His medical studies were inter-

GILFILLAN

rupted by the Crimean war, for which he en-
listed and was stationed at the base at Scutari,
where he met Florence Nightingale.

After returning to complete his studies at
London Hospital (M.R.C.S.) he came to New
Zealand in the Lord Ashley (1859) and took up
land at Mauku, fattening stock for the market
at Drury. He spent a few months at Gabriel's
Gully, and then served as a surgeon with the
1st Waikato Regiment in the Waikato cam-
paign and at Tauranga. He saw no fighting,
but tended the wounded in both fidds, especi-
ally after the fight at Te Papa (1864). He in-
tended to practise in Auckland, but acted as
editor of the New Zealander for some time. He
moved to Nelson with the intention of practis-
ing, but again became involved in journalism
as editor of the Examiner (while Hugh Lusk
was absent in Sydney sitting his law examina-
tions). He then became warden and resident
magistrate at Westport and Reefton. After fif-
teen months as magistrate in Wanganui, he
became Under-secretary for Lands, Mines and
Emigration, but, disliking the office routine, he
resumed duty as a magistrate (at Hokitika) and
commissioner of crown lands (1885-86). In
1888 Giles was transferred to Auckland, and five
years later he retired to resume farming at
Mauku. He acted on several royal commissollS,
notably to inquire into the Dunedin Benevolent
Institution (1882), the Rakaia railway accident
(1899) and the Christchurch Hospital.

Giles was a fine classical scholar and at one
time edited the Southern Cross magazine. In
this and elsewhere he wrote many poems, a
collection of which he published (1908). His
diamond jubilee poem, Dies Memorabilis. was
noteworthy. In later years he contributed much
to the New Zealand Herald and other papers.
Giles was a member of the senate of the New
Zealand University (1882-99). He was a non-
smoker and a strong advocate of temperance
and no-license. He died on 9 Jun 1930.

Giles, op. cit.; Barclay; Otago Daily Times, 26
Jul 1882; Westport Times and Star, 28 Dec 1926
(p); N.I. Herald, 10 Jun 1930.

GILFILLAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1793-1863)
was born at Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, the. son
of a captain in the 78th Highlanders. Educated
there and at St Albans, England, he went to
sea as a cabin boy and 18 months later entered

293

-----------------------Page 164 End-----------------------

GILFILLAN

the Royal Navy, in which he saw much active
service in South America, China, the West In-
dies and India. He was wounded in boarding
a French ship.

On retiring from the Navy, he settled in
Edinburgh to study painting and surgery and
a few years later was appointed drawing and
painting master at the Andersonian College,
Glasgow. During 15 years there he painted
many pictures and illustrated books, including
an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. He
painted for the Duke of Buckingham and for
Robert Burns's family. In 1826 Gilfillan mar-
ried Sarah Murray and after her death in 1837
he married her cousin Mary Bridges.

Having decided to emigrate to New Zealand,
he spent some months in London learning
carpentry and engineering and in 1841. they
sailed in the Mandarin to Port Nicholson. In
1842 they proceeded to Wanganui in the
Catherine Johnstone and settled on their farm
at Matarawa. Gilfillan built a house in Wanga-
nui, where they lived till 1845. He took a pro-
minent part in the affairs of the town and
district and he made many pictures and por-
traits of well known residents. As the result of
a disagreement between Midshipman Crozier,
of H.M.S. Calliope, and a Ngati-Ruaka chief
over the erection of a whare, the Gilfillan
family was attacked at Matarawa on the night
of 18 Apr 1847, Gilfillan being wounded and
his wife and four children killed. At the end
of the year the family left for Sydney, and in
1849 removed to Adelaide, where they spent
nearly four years. Gilfillan was on the Vic-
torian goldfields in 1852 and then obtained a
position in the customs at Melbourne. There
he exhibited regularly in the art exhibitions
until his death, which occurred in 1863. Many
of his pictures were used to illustrate books on
New Zealand and some are in public galleries
in Australia and New Zealand.

T. W. Downes, Old Whanganui, 241-289 (p):
Mundy; Hocken, Bibliog: Tyrone Power; Wanga:
llui Herald, 6 Jan 1888.

GILFILLAN, JOHN ANDERSON (1821-75)
was born at Torry, in the parish of Torryburn,
Fifeshire, and educated at the Grammar School
of Cullen, Banffshire. In 1837 he entered the
office of Briggs, Thorburn, Acraman and Co., of
Calcutta, and at the end of the year was trans-

GILLIES

ferred to the London office. His health suffered
from overwork and he was advised to seck a
better climate. He accordingly came to Wal-
lington in the barque Victoria (1846). Having
to arrange business matters before settling in
Auckland, he returned home in H.M.S. Race-
-horse. In 1848 he came to Auckland in the
Lalla Rookh, to join his brother Robert, who
had preceded him in the Dart.

Gilfillan was gazetted a justice of the peace
in 1852, and when the new constitution was
brought into operation he was one of the first
members elected to the Auckland Provincial
Council (for Auckland Suburbs, Aug 1853).
Early the following year he was a member of
the provincial executive, and in May 1854 he
was called to the Legislative Council, in which
he sat till 1861, and again from 1862 to 1866.
He remained a member of the Provincial Coun-
cil for many years (representing Auckland Sub-
urbs 1853-55, and Auckland West 1867-68) and
was a member of the executive in 1854-55, in
1864 and in 1867-68. For some time he was pro-
vincial secretary under the superintendency of
Williamson. In 1858 Gilfillan was appointed
representative in Auckland of the Colman
Steamship Co., of Hull, which established steam
communication between Sydney and New Zea
land (with the Airedale, Lord Ashley, Lord
Worsley, Claud Hamilton and Prince Alfred)
He was the first president of the Auckland
chamber of commerce and for many years took
an interest in the commercial advancement of
the city. Gilfillan married (1852) Gertrude
Anne Eliza (who died in 1885), daughter of
Dr W. Davies, Colonial Surgeon. He died on
1 Feb 1875.

Auckland P.C. Prac. N.Z.P.D.; Cycl. N.Z,, ii.

GILLIES, JOHN (1802-71) was born at Rothe-
sy, in Bute, the son of a small crofter and
handloom weaver. He received in his parish
such an education as enabled him in 1820 to
enter on his articles under Alexander Irvine,
town clerk, sheriff and clerk of petty sessions
at Rothesay, and comptroller of customs for the
town and port.

His articles completed, he entered a merch-
ant's office in Greenock, and in 1827 married
Isabella, daughter of John Lillie (Glasgow, a
descendant of Huguenot refugees). He soon
went back to Rothesay as deputy town clerk

294

 

GILLIES

and agent for the Greenock Bank. When: the
first municipal council was elected under the
reform act of 1832, he was appointed town clerk
of the burgh and clerk to the harbour trustees.
He was aso admitted (as procurator of the
sheriffs court) 2s a notary public. In 1842 the
Greenock Bank was amalgamated with the
Western bank of Scotland and Gillies became
local agent for the larger institution. Next
year Gillies prepared a bill to provide for the
police of the burgh and to supply lighting and
water, and he was sent to London to watch its
passage through Parliament. A loyal and devout
churchman, Gillies in 1830 was ordained as an
elder of the church of Scotland. At public
meetings, at synod, at presbytery, and in as
sembly he threw himself heart and soul into
the problem of the civil establishment of re
ligion and education. Through him his native
parish received some of the best men available
for its schools. Deeply moved by the spectre of
disruption in the Church, he stood by his min-
ister and left the Established Church when the
crash came. The seceding portion of the con-
gregation, on his advice, roofed over as a church
a large open space in the town which had been
used as a cooperage. For the best part of 10
years thereafter Gillies represented his parish
in the Free Church assemblies.

Then he was taken with the idea of migrat-
ing. His son, John Lillie Gillies, had already
gone to Australia, and when the idea occurred
to the father in 1851 he withheld it from his
family, and called upon them to join in pro-
longed prayer for guidance. The whole day
they thus addressed themselves. In the evening
they discussed the problem, and, almost Witll-
out dissent, adopted the momentous decision.
With his mind at peace, Gillies set about mak-
ing arrangements for his departure. At the age
of 49, he sailed with his family in the Slains
Castle. On arriving in Dunedin Gillies pur-
chased a 10-acre section and house at Halfway
Bush (where he lived for many years) and a
farm at Tokomairiro, which was carried on by
his sons. He went into partnership with John
Hyde Harris (the only solicitor then practising
in Dunedin) and was forthwith admitted a Bar-
rister and solicitor of the Supreme Court. He
was soon fully involved in the public affairs of
the province. In 1853 he was elected to the
Provincial Council, for which he acted as clerk.

GILLIES

He was speaker in 1854-55. In 1857 Gillies was
appointed by the General Government sheriff
of Otago and resident magistrate, and from
4861 to 1870 he was registrar of births, deaths
and marriages. Education had in him a cham-
pion fired with Scots zeal and with ideas far
in advance of his time; as, for instance, when
he advocated setting aside one-third of the
Church estates for a university chair. One of
the founders and an elder of Knox church, he
took a great interest also in the foundation of
the strong church at Tokomairiro, to which he
presented a bell. Gillies made himself chiefly
responsible for the creation of the sustentation
fund of the church; he was a strong advocate
of missions to the Chinese and the Maori, and
of the union of the Presbyterian Churches of
New Zealand. He was a pillar of strength of
the Sunday schools, the Otago Bible Society and
the Young Men's Christian Association. He
died on 24 Jul 1871. (See J. L., R. and T. B.
Gituis, 1- MciNDOE.)

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken; Otago Witness;
Otago Daily Times, 27 Jul 1871,28 Feb 1930 (p)

GILLIES, JOHN LILLIE (1832-97) was born at
Rothesay, Scotland, the son of John Gillies
(q.v.), and educated at the parish school. In
1843 he went to Scougall's Academy.

In 1845 he joined the Western Bank of Scot-
land, and six years later sailed in the King
William for Australia. In Victoria he went on
a sheep and cattle run, visited the goldfields and
thence passed to journalism. He joined tlle
staff of the Geelong Advertiser (1854) and was
accountant for some time. There he married
and in 1855 he left in the Gil Blas for Otago,
where his father and brothers were settled.
Gillies took up a farm in Tokomairiro, and in
1861 went amongst the first to Gabriel's Gully.
He had great influence with the diggers, and
was closely associated with Gabriel Read (qv.)
in providing for their self-government and re-
ligious services.

In 1861 he was elected M.P.C. for Tokomai-
riro, which he represented to 1864. He was in
the executive (1863-64) as provincial treasurer
(under Dick), and showed great financial
ability_ In 1869 he was again in the Council
for Tokomairiro, and he was in the executive
(1869) as a non-officid member (under Reid).
In May 1871 he was returned for Port Chal-

295,

-----------------------Page 165 End-----------------------

GILLIES

mers and elected speaker. When Macandrew
dissolved the Council (1873), as a protest
against Reid being provincial secretary and a
member of the General Government, Gillies
opposed him for the superintendency, making
an arduous campaign on horseback throughout
the province. He was defeated (by 3.902 to
2,759), but regained his seat in the Council
(for Milton) and also the speakership, which
he held until the provinces were abolished. In
1873 he was elected to Parliament for Waikou-
aiti, but resigned in 1875 on accepting the posi-
tion of secretary to the Otago harbour board.

Gillies was for some years editor of the Bruce
Herald; was on the school committee at Toko-
mairiro and Union street, Dunedin; a member
of the local committee for the New Zealand ex-
hibition of 1865 and of the mining conference
(1868). In 1869 he was chairman of the com-
mission to draw up the basis of reunion of
Otago and Southland, and in 1870 he reported
to the Government on sludge channels on the
goldfields. In 1873 he was on a commission
(with J. P. Maitland and H. W. Robinson) to
consider the complaints of Chinese residents at
Wakatipu (1873). He was largely interested
in the Table Hill Quartz Mining Co. Gillies
died on 27 Sep 1897.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken, Otago; Trans. N.Z.

Inst., vois ii, ix, x; Pyke (p); Evening Star, 27 Dec
1897; Otago Daily Times, 27 Jul 1871,28 Sep 1897.
Portrait: Parliament House.
GILLmS, ROBERT (1835-86) was born at
Rothesay, Buteshire, educated at the parish
school, and in 1851 went on to the University
of Glasgow, where be took a professional
course. When his father (John Gillies, q.v.)
decided to emigrate to New Zealand Robert
at once turned his attention to land occupa-
tions, and spent the first half of 1852 working
on a farm

He arrived in New Zealand with his parents
in the Slains Castle (Nov 1851). In 1853 the
brothers, Robe'rt and William (q.v.) went farm-
ing at Riversdale, Tokomairiro, where the
father bought a property. Their goods were
shipped to the"head of Waihola lake at Claren-
don and then carted. Robert distinguished him-
self by driving one of the first pairs of horses
seen in the Tokomairiro plain; and gained
further renown by steering the straightest fur-
row at the first ploughing match held there

GILLIES

(1856). He was an active promoter of the old
Bruce Agricultural society. From 1857 to 1861
Gillies was employed in the provincial surveying
service. While surveying on the Waihopai,
New River, and Mataura plains (1857-58) he
found traces of gold, and in his reports to the
Government he prophesied a brilliant future
for the industry.

In 1861 Gillies came into Dunedin, and
joined C. H. Street (q.v.) in business as land
and estate agents. They carried on success-
fully for 15 years, and when Street retired
(1876) Gillies took Walter Hislop in as partner.
Later the firm amalgamated with Connell and
Moodie, and in 1884 formed the Perpetual
Trustees, Estate, and Agency Co. of which
Gillies was chairman until his death

Though he could without difficulty have been
elected to the Provincial Councilor to Parlia
ment Gillies declined for many years to enter
public life. In 1883 he contested the Bruce
seat in Parliament, but was defeated by Mc-
Donald. In Aug 1884 the position was re
versed (Gillies 581, Driver 364, McDonald 235).
In Parliament Gillies showed all the vigour
and intelligence of his family, but he retired
in Jul 1885 on account of health. He had a
strong scientific bent. He was a member of the
Athenaeum committee; a fellow of the Lin-
naean Society, and a founder (1869) of the
Otago Institute, before which he read impor-
tant papers on the trapdoor spider (1875 and
1887) and the fauna of Otago.” In later years
he devoted himself to astronomy, and spent”
much money on instruments for his observatory.
He was on the council of the Institute until
1885, and president in 1876.

Gillies did great work in social movements.
For many years he was a prominent member of
the Prisoners’ Aid society and local treasurer of
the London Missionary Society. He was also
for along period president of the Knox Church
Young Men's society; he laid the foundations
of the Church library, and was largely instru-
mental in the removal of the church from the
old site to the new. In the business sphere
Gillies was a promoter of the Dunedin water-
works and of the Westport Coal Co., and chair-
man of the original Otago Daily Times and
Witness Newspapers Co. In later years he ac-
quired a farm at Awamoko, where he built
up a flock of Leicester sheep of high reputation.

296

GILLIES

Gillies married a daughter of his partner, Street.
He died on 15 Jun 1886.

Trs. N.z. Inst,, vols ii, viii, ix, x; Bruce Herald,
12 Jan 1886; Otago Daily Times, 16 Jun 1886, 12
Jul 1930 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

GILLmS, THOMAS BANNATYNE (1828-89),
the eldest son of John Gillies, was born at
Rothesay, Buteshire. Like his brothers, he went
to the parish school under a superior dominie,
whose services his father had acquired for tlle
benefit of the parish.

From school he went into his father's office
to study law, but having other ideas, he left
and went to Manchester to enter into commer-
cial life. DUling a few years spent there he
gave ample evid.ence of the soundness of the
Scots education by winning the gold medal
offered by the Young Men's Christian Associa
tion for scholarship. About 1852 the father
decided to emigrate to New Zealand and Thomas
Bannatyne returned to Rothesay to prepare for
the change, and married Miss Douglas. The
family left in the Slains Castle, reaching Otago
late in 1852. Shortly after landing his father
took up land in the Tokomairiro district and
Thomas and a brother farmed it. Later he
moved to Warepa. He was a good farmer, and
spent some years happily enough on the land,
but a man of his intellectual habits could not
remain in the wilds.

By 1858 Gillies was back in town and, having
passed the examinations prescribed by the
Supreme Court of New Zealand, he entered
into practice with John Hyde Harris. Early in
1860 he was returned to a seat for Dunedin
Town in the Provincial Council, where two
years later he occupied the speaker's chair for
a month or two. In Apr 1860 he was elected
M.H.R. for Dunedin Country District and at
the general elections in 1861 he won the Bruce
seat, which he held until resigning in 1865.
Domett took him into the ministry in Aug 1862
as Attorney-general, and in the Whitaker-Fox
ministry he was Postmaster-general and Secre-
tary for Lands (1863-64).

During his last few years in Dunedin Gillies
was in partnership with C. W. Richmond. In
1865 he decided to remove to Auckland, and
he made the long journey entirely on horseback,
with the exception of the passage of the straits.
Gillies's high standing in public life is evident

GILLIES

from the fact that within four years of reaching
Auckland he was able to contest the superinten-
dency successfully against a most experienced
provincial politician (John Williamson), whom
he defeated by 50 votes after the hottest fight
ever known in the province. In May 1870 he
re-entered Parliament as representative of Ma-
ngonui, and at the general election of 1871
he won the Auckland City West seat, which he
held until his elevation to the bench in 1875.
Gilliess superintendency was a difficult one,
but he administered the office with dignity and
independence. His views on the provincial sys
tem were not altogether popular in the pro-
vince, but his wide experience in both Otago
and Auckland gave them a weight which could
not be ignored. He did not contest the super-
intendency again at the end of his term (1873).
Stafford had appointed him Colonial Treasurer
in 1872, and Colonial politics now took his
time. In Parliament he was a strong opponent
of the Vogel public works policy. In 1875 he
was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.

Gillies was a man of many-sided talents,
which were aways at the service of his fellow
colonists. He was keenly interested in scienti-
fic subjects, his special branch being conchology..
He had a fine collection of New Zealand shells,
in the search for which he more than once
cruised in a cutter, in company with Professor
Kirk, among the bays and islands of North
Auckland. He read papers before the Auckland
Institute (of which he was a founder). As
Superintendent he obtained for the Auckland
Institute and Museum the fine site which they
occupied for many years. To acquire this he
headed the subscription list with a donation
of [500. He was three times president of the
Institute, and was on the council of Auckland
University College from the time of its estab-
lishment till his death. A few months before
he died he was appointed to the senate of the
University. Another of his hobbies was horti-
culture, and especially the acclimatisation of
trees of economic value. He planted cork oaks
at Mount Eden with considerable success. Gil-
lies wrote a good deal at different times. In
1862 he contributed to the Otago Witness an
interesting series of Pencillings by the Way,
which bore testimony to the tastes implanted in
his mind by his education in Scotland.

Gillies visited the Old Country for the bene-

297

-----------------------Page 166 End-----------------------

GILLON

fit of his health in 1887. After his return he
continued his judicial duties up to the day of
his death, 26 Jul 1889. By his first wife he had
a family of three sons and one daughter. He
afterwards married (1867) Agnes, a niece of
Dr Andrew Sinclair (q.v.). She died on 2 Mar
1884. In her memory and that of her uncle,
Gillies founded the Sinclair-Gillies scholarships
at Auckland University College.

Trans, N.Z. Inst., vols ii, iv, vi, vii, ix, x, xii,
xiv, xv, xvi; Cycl. N.Z., i, ii (p); Hocken; Beattie,
iii; Gisborne; Otago Witness, 4 Apr-6 Jun 1857;
Otago Daily Times, 27 Jul 1889, 19 Apr 1930 (p):
N.Z. Herald, 27 Jul 1889. Portrait: Parliament
House.

GILLON, EDWARD THOMAS (1842-96) was
born at Douglas, Isle of Man, of Irish parent-
age. He attended Forester's School there and
came to New Zealand with his parents in the
Maori (1851). Thereafter he received his edu-
cation at his mother's school. He early showed
literary tastes and contributed sketches to the
Otago Witness, as a result of which he received
an appointment on that paper. He reported
the Provincial Council meetings and repre-
sented his paper at the opening of the gold-
fidds.

When Vogel established the Otago Daily
Times Gillon joined the staff as chief reporter,
but a severe attack of fever compelled him to
give up journalism for a while, and he became
clerk of the court at Tokomairiro. There-in
1864 he helped to found the Bruce Herald,
which he left to establish the Bruce Standm-d.
In 1867 he was appointed to the newly-estab-
lished Hansard staff and clerk of private bills,
filling in his leisure with special correspon-
dence. He soon gave up his official duties and
joined the Evening Post. In 1868 he won a
government prize for an essay on land settle-
ment. In 1872 he was appointed manager of
the Press Association, but the business being
disposed of to Holt and McCarthy, he rejoined
the Post as editor. This he resigned to contest
the Wellington Country seat, in which he was
unsuccessful. For a time he edited and partly
owned the Argus. In 1878 the Press Association
was reformed, and he became manager, all the
opposition was absorbed, and the United Press
Association was the result. After managing this
business successfully he resumed the editorship
of the Post (1884).

 

  

 

 

GILLOW

Gillon was M.P.C. for Wellington City (1875-
76) and about the same time was a member of
the City Council. He was a powerful, trenchant
writer with a lucid style, and for many years
was one of the most influential journalists in
the colony. He championed the rights of the
press fearlessly. On one occasion he refused in
the Supreme Court to divulge a source of in-
formation and a few years later he supported
a member of his staff who refused to disclose
the source of his information in a case of par-
liamentary privilege. He took an active part
in founding the New Zealand Journalists’ a
sociation, of which he was president for three
years. Gillon was a clever horseman, an enthus-
iastic volunteer and a good cricketer. He was
one of the leading exponents of Shakespeare
and represented in New Zealand the Dramatic
Authors’ Society and the J. C. Williamson Co.

As a freemason he helped to create the grand .

lodge of New Zealand, but firmly refused to
be made grand master. He was eventually
elected P.D.G.M. and was chairman of the cen-
tral committee and president of the board of
general purposes. He was twice married, his
second wife (Isabella Jackson) dying in 1884.
Gillon died on 19 Apr 1896. (See C. W.
ADAMS)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Otago
Daily Times Diamond Jubilee Souvenir; Evening
Post, 20 Apr 1896; Research Lodge of Wellington,
leaflet no 100, Feb 1934.

GILLOW, EDMUND (1837-1931) was born at
St Nicholas, Isle of Thanet, and educated at
King's School, Canterbury, and Edinburgh.
Coming to New Zealand with a brother in the
late fifties, they took up the Mararoa run, near
lake Manapouri, which they stocked with sheep
from Australia (1858). They afterwards moved
to the Narrows, Riverton.

Gillow represented Longwood in the South-
land Provincial Council in 1864, and Aparima
1869-70. He then moved to Dunedin, and be-
came interested in mining. Later he went to
reside on the West Coast, where he became
engineer to the Westport Coal Co. Retiring
after many years’ service, he remained consult-
ing engineer until his death, which occurred
on II Sep 1931.

Southland P.C. Proc,; Otago Daily Times, 15
Sep 1931.

208

 

GILMER

GILMER, HAMILTON (1838-1919) was born
at Broomfield, county Monaghan, Ireland,
and educated there. In 1861 he came to Vic.
toria and soon afterwards to the gold-
fidds of Otago and the West Coast. With
his brother he owned many hotels on
the West Coast, which prospered during the
heyday of Hokitika, Staffordstown and Grey-
mouth. He paid one visit to Ireland, where he
married Miss Hamilton. Returning to Grey-
mouth, he moved in 1881 to Wellington, where
he made investments in property and industrial
enterprises and was director of many companies.
He took little part in public life. For seven
years he was a member of the Legislative Coun:
cil (1907-14). His death occurred on 25 Jun
1919.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1919; N.Z. Times, 26 Jun 1919.
Portrait: Parliament House.

GILMOUR, ROBERT (1831-1902) was the son
of a Scottish farmer. He came to New Zealand
in tlle late fifties, settling first at Auckland and
then at Napier, where he was on the staff of
the Herald. In 1863 he moved to Smithland
and took up a farm at Hokonui, but being of
a literary turn of mind went to Invercargill
and was appointed to the literary staff of the
Southland Times, He shortly obtained an in-
terest (with J. W. Bain) in the paper. Selling
this, he entered into partnership with W. Craig
in the Southland News, but again sold out and
visited the Old Country, where he was in busi-
ness (1873-79). On his return to Invercargill
he acquired the interest of Chantrey Harris in
the Times, becoming manager and director;
revising editor (1886); editor (1888) and sole
owner (1896). He was once president of the
Southland hospital board and the Caledonian
and Burns societies. Gilmour died on 24 Apr
1902.

Cycl. NZ., iv; Southland Times, 25 Apr 1902,
12 Nov 1912

GILRAY, THOMAS (1851-1920) was born in
Lanarkshire and educated at the High School
in Edinburgh, where he gained many prizes
and was Carson medallist. At Edinburgh Uni-
versity he graduated M.A. with honours in
dassics and the rectorial prize, and he pro-
ceeded to Heidelberg and Berlin. He was
three years assistant to Professor Masson at
Edinburgh; three years master at the Watsonian

GISBORNE

College; head English master at: Glasgow
Academy; and six years professor of English
at Dundee University.

In. 1889 Gilray was appointed professor of
English at Otago University, a position whicll
he held till his death (in 1920). (Honorary
LL.D. Edinburgh.) He was chairman of the
professorial board (1907-10). A most successful
teacher and lecturer, Gilray was keenly inter-
ested in Carlyle, and raised funds in New Zea
land for the acquisition of Carlyle’s house in
Chelsea for @ museum.

Cyc. NZ., iv (p); Who's Who NZ., 1908; Otago

Daily Times, 4 Feb 1920.
GILRUTH, JOHN ANDERSON (1871-1937)
was born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and educated
at Arbroath and Dundee. He first studied
law, but aftenvards turned to veterinary science,
which he studied in Glasgow and London.
(M.R.C.V.S. 1891.) In 1893 he was appointed
Government Veterinarian in New Zealand, in
4898 Chief Veterinarian and in 1901 Patho-
logist to the Health department. He was a
member of the royal commission on public
health (1900). In 1908 he was appointed pro-
fessor of veterinary pathology at Melbourne
University; in 1911 a member of a scientific
commission to the Northern Territory; and
from 1912-20 he was administrator of the Terri-
tory. Thereafter till his death (on 4 Feb 1937)
he was Chief of the division of animal health
for the Commonwealth Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1982; The Do-

minion, 6 Feb 1967.
GISBORNE, WILLIAM (1825-98) was a son
of Thomas John Gisbome, of Holme Hall,
Bakewell, Derbyshire, and Sarah, the daughter
of JA. Krehmer, of St Petersburg. He was
educated at Harrow, and at the age of 17 went
to South Australia.

In 1847 he came to New Zealand; was ap-
pointed private secretary to the Lieutenant-
governor of New Munster (9 Aug) and a few
months later clerk to the executive. He then
lived at the Hutt, and Thomas Arnold (qv.)
was mud. impressed by his qualities. In Sep
1848 he was appointed commissioner of crown
lands for the province of New Ulster, and in
4850 a commissioner for the quieting of native
titles. In 1852 he went to England on 18
months’ leave of absence. On his return (1853)

299

-----------------------Page 167 End-----------------------

GISBORNE

he was appointed Under-secretary for Lands;
and in Jul 1856, on the inauguration of respon-
sible government and the retirement of the old
permanent officids, he succeeded Dr Sinclair
(qv.) as Under-secretary in the Colonial Secre-
tary's office. In 1861 Gisborne married Caroline,
daughter of Assistant-commissary-general Brid-
gen. He continued in his official position until
1869, when Fox appointed him to the Legista
tive Council and the ministry, with the port-
folio of Colonial Secretary. Shortly afterwards
he was appointed Commissioner for the Gov-
ernment Life Insurance office, which he admin-
istered until Hs76.

While on a visit to Taranaki (1871), Gisborne
was persuaded to accept nomination for the
Egmont seat in Parliament, to wfiich he was
elected unopposed. The constituency thanked
him for saving it the expense and trouble of
an election. For a few weeks in 1870 he was
Minister of Public Works. When the Fox Gov-
ernment was defeated (Sep 1872) Gisborne re-
signed his seat in Parliament in terms of the
disqualification act. While he was absent in
London in 1877 he was again returned to Par-
liament, by the electors of Totara (Westland),
as a supporter of Grey; and during the last
few weeks o£ the Grey administration (Jul-Oct
1879) he was Minister of Lands, Mines and
Immigration. Shortly after his return to Par-
liament he succeeded his brother in the pos-
session of several country homes in England,
and in 1881 he went to reside there. In 1892,
as heir of his COUS! Sir Thomas W. Evans, he
came into possession of Allestree Hall, Derby,
where he lived ior the remainder of his life,
taking his part in the affairs of the county, of
which he was a deputy-lieutenant, as well as
being a magistrate for Herefordshire.

Gisbome devoted much of his later years to
literatme. He was a shrewd judge of charac-
ter. Reeves says of his Rulers and Statesmen of
New Zealand (first published in 1886) that it
is written ‘with such undoubted fairness and
personal knowledge, and in so workmanlike,
albeit good-natured, a way as to have a per-
manent interest.’ In 1889 he published The
Colony of New Zealand. As a public offic
Gisborne stood high at a time when the service
was not strong, and he acted as chairman of the
royal commission which endeavoured to devise
a better system of promotion and pensions. H=

GITTOS

was a sound administrator with a good financial
head and the aloof disposition of the statesman.
Gisborne was for some years chairman of the
governors of Wellington College. In 1886 he
acted as one of the New Zealand commission
for the Colonial and India Exhibition. While
in New Zealand Gisborne delivered many
thoughtful addresses on such topics as socialism
(Mechanics' Institute, Auckland, 1852 ; Welling:
ton 1871). He died on 7 Jan 1898.

Parltry Record; N.Z.P.D.; D.N.E.; Col. Gent.;
App. H.R., pass; Leckie; Saunders; Reeves; Arn-
old; Mennell; Gisborne, 0p cit.; The Times, 8
Jan 1898; N.2. Herald, 25 Feb 1898. Portrait: Par-
liament House.

GITTOS, WILLIAM (1829-1916) was born at
Ingleton, Durham, and came to New Zealand
with his father, Benjamin Gittos (1808-84), in
the ship James, which reached Auckland by
way of Hobart and Port Nicholson in 1840.
The family lived for a time in tents on the site
of Auckland before proceeding in the James
to Bay of Islands and travelling overland to
Hokianga. There his father started a farm.
They suffered great privations and dangers dur-
ing the early years of their residence, and on
the outbreak of Heke's war were compelled at
short notice to leave for Auckland in the Gov-
ernment brig Victoria.

William, now about 16, remained in the dis
trict and, with Maning (q.v.), saw something
of the fighting, especially about Okaihau. He
received some education in a night school
established by his father for the benefit of his
own children and those of neighbouring settle-
ments; and soon acquired a fluent knowledge
of the Maori language. For the Maori them-
salves he evinced a warm sympathy. Kindly and
genial in disposition, he was genuinely inter-
ested in their welfare, not less on the temporal
than on the spiritual side. He was particularly
helpful in their dealings with the pakeha, and
for some years supervised their leases, collected
their rents and kept their accounts. Sports and
games also he fostered with advice and en-
couragement

The Gittos family in 1857 established them-
salves in Auckland as leather merchants and
developed tanning with native barks (such as
the tanekaha and towhai). On the outbreak of
war in 1863 they started a tannery at the Whau.
William, on moving to Auckland, went into

300

 

GLASGOW

the building trade, and in 1853 he visited Mel-
bourne to widen his experience. His health
was not good and in a few years he returned
to Auckland, where in 1856 he was admitted to
the ministry of the Wesleyan Church and ap-
pointed to Kaipara to minister to Europeans
and Maori. In the same year he married a
daughter (1830-1906) of the Rev John Hobbs.
She was born at Mangungu and in 1850 joined
the staff of Wesley College at Auckland under
Joseph Fletcher. Gittos's skill as a boatbuilder
and bushman and his knowledge of medicine
were of great value in his ministrations at Kai-
para. In every settlement he established a Bible
dass, and Maori schools for boys and girls re-
quired constant supervision. When the Matilda
Watfenbach arrived in 1862 with the first Non-
conformist settlers to establish the Albertland
settlement Gittos visited the immigrants and
held an open-air service on their first day
ashore. He so fully gained the confidence of
the Maori tribes in the north that though war
prisoners escaping from Kawau received every
hospitality from the local tribes, they were un-
able to create any disaffection. At his sugges-
tion the Government repatriated the Waikato
prisoners. Gittos displayed tact, courage and
judgment in his dealings with the Maori and
was a wise counsellor for the Government.

In 1886 he withdrew from this service in im-
paired health and took up his residence in Pon-
sonby as superintendent of the Maori mission
both north and south. In 1891 he moved to
Waikato, where he was for three years in close
touch with the King'movement and gained the
confidence of Tawhiao. In 1894 Gittos returned
to live in Auckland, where he died on 26 May
1916.

Buller; Brett, Albertlanders (p); Morley; N.Z.
Herald, 7 Aug 1884, 27 May 1916.

GLASGOW, DAVID BOYLE, EARL OF (1833-
1915) was the eldest son of Patrick Boyle
(great grandson of the 2nd earl). Entering the
Navy, he served in the Crimean war and the
China war of 1857, retiring with the rank of
captain. In 1890 he succeeded to the earldom
on the death of his cousin and seven years later
was created Baron Fairlie of Fairlie in the peer-
age of the United Kingdom. He married (1873)
Dorothea Elizabeth Thomasina, daughter of Sir
Edward Hunter Blair.

301

GLASGOW

Glasgow was’ appointed Governor of New
Zealand, in succession to Lord Onslow, in 1892,
and assumed the office on 7 Jun. He found
the country impatiently awaiting a solution of
the constitutional difficulty which Lord Onslow
had left to him. The Ballance Government,
unable to force its legislation through the upper
house (where it had only five supporters
against 31 who were opposed to its policy) had
asked Onslow to make 12 new appointments.
Though the Colonial Office had already laid
down that the governor should take the advice
of the ministry in such a matter, Onslow ob-
jected. Glasgow inherited his reluctance. He
argued that it was necessary to maintain the
independence of the Legislative Council as a
brake upon the lower house and that if legis-
lation were consistently rejected by the Council
the ministry could ask for a dissolution. He
offered to appoint nine members, and when
the Government declined to accept he suggested
that it should resign. This Ballance refused to
do, fully believing that when the matter was
referred to the Colonial Office it would be
decided in favour of the Government. Glasgow
submitted the problem in a despatch of 22 Jun
1892. Lord Knutsford, the Colonial Secretary.
replying by cable on 10 Aug, expressed the
opinion that the Premier's request was reason-
able inasmuch as, even if twelve members were
appointed, the opposition would still have a
strong majority in the Council. He added that
the existence of the second chamber might be
imperilled unless there was a more even bal-
ance between the parties. In a later message
he advised the Governor to accept without
hesitation the advice of ministers, to reopen
the question and to waive his objections. Glas-
gow acted accordingly, and the twelve new
members were appointed on 15 Oct. Keith
remarks that since then there has been no
serious difference between the two houses in
New Zealand.

Glasgow completed his term of office in Feb
1897, being succeeded by Lord Ranfurly. Gis-
borne says that hewas an excellent governor:
surbane, frank, hospitable, with that combina-

  

. tion of attractive qualities and knowledge of

the world so often seen in naval officers, he has
shown firmness and ability without political
bias. He has taken a kindly interest, without
reference to party politics, in all social institu-

-----------------------Page 168 End-----------------------

GLASS

tions likely to promote the well-being of the
colony. He retired with the respect and good
wishes of all classes: Glasgow was president
of the Institute of Naval Architects. He died
on 13 Dec 1915. His daughter married Sir
Charles Fergusson, who was Governor 1924-30.

GB.OP., H.C., 1893-94/198; N.Z.P.D.; Gisborne
(p); Keith; D.N.B.; Burke; The Times, 14 Dec
1915.

GLASS, ARTHUR GILPIN CANNING (1858-
1928) was born at Devizes, in Wiltshire, and
educated at St Anne's, Brixton. He was in
offices for three years before coming to New
Zealand in the Helen Denny at the age of 13.
He was employed on sheep stations in Hawkes
Bay for five years and then took up bush land
at Broadwood, near Kaitaia. There he organised
the first branch of the Farmers’ Union (1899),
under the chairmanship of T. W. P. Smith.
Glass afterwards travelled widely through New
Zealand forming branches, and completed the
organisation in 1902. He then retired to his
farm and later purchased a farm near Mercer.
He died on 31 Aug 1928.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 1 Sep 1928.

GLEDHILL, FRANCIS ULLATHORNE (1803-
82) was a native of Halifax, Yorkshire, and saw
a good deal of the political reform agitation in
the north of England before coming to Tara-
naki by the Bella Mal'ina in May 1844. He
commenced business as merchant and auctioneer
and manufacturing leather. When the con-
stitution was inaugurated he was a candidate for
the superintendency of Taranaki Oul 1853);
but was unsuccessful. He opposed state educa-
tion on the ground that the settlers were well
able to pay for the needs of their children
He was, however, elected to Parliament for
New Plymouth (1853-55). He was a member
of the Provincial Council (for New Plymouth
4857-65 and for Grey and Bell 1865-73); and
represented Omata in Parliament (1865-66).
Gledhill was also a member of the New Ply-
mouth town board, of the first harbour board
and of the mounted volunteers. He died on
2 Oct 1882.

Pm-It1 Record; Cycl. N.z., vi; Taranaki Herald,
+ Oct 1882. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll

GODFREY, EDWARD LEE, entered the British
Army as ensign in the 20th Foot in 1809 and

GODFREY

was promoted captain in the 73rd (1828), re-
tiring on half pay 1830. From 1833 he served
in the civil wars in Portugal and Spain. In
4839 he arrived in New South Wales with the
intention of becoming a settler. He was a man
of high principle and good judgment and be-
came intimate with the officer commanding the
forces (Sir M. O'Connell), by whom he was
recommended to Governor Gipps for the post
of land titles commissioner in New Zealand. To
this he was appointed in Oct 1840. He was still
engaged in his task when New Zealand became
a separate colony and Hobson confirmed him
in office as commissioner for land claims (3 Jul
1841).

GB.OP., 1845/108, 1845/131; Shortland, 9; Army
Lists, 1810, 1829, 1831-33; Jellicoe; E. Wilson;
Mads

GODFREY, HENRY (1825-68) was a son of
Dr Godfrey, of Oxford, an original selector of
land in New Zealand and arrived in the Ber-
nicia on 5 Nov 1848. He spent a number of
years farming and milling in the Nelson dis
trict, being the first to make use of steam ma-
chinery there. He then settled in the Wairau
and took a prominent part in the public life
of the new province of Marlborough. In 1862
he entered the Provincial Council for Tua-
marina, which he represented until the next
general election, when he was returned for
Upper Wairau.He remained a member until
his_death. Godfrey was twice a member of the
executive (1863-64 and 1865-67) and on one
occasion was deputy-superintendent of the pro-
vince (1866). As a farmer he was efficient and
progressive; in politics practical ‘and well
balanced. He died on 22 Aug 1868.
Ilfarlborough Express, 23'Aug 1868.

GODFREY, JOHN, an early Marlborough set-
tler came from Charlbury, Enstone, Oxfordshire.
He built before 1855 the Wairau hotel at Ren-
wick, which was a frequent rendezvous for poli-
tical gatherings. He represented Upper Wairau
in the Marlborough Provincial Council (1860-
62), Picton (1862-65) and Tuamarina (1865-69).
He was in the executive on three occasions be-
tween 1862 and 1865, and took a prominent
part in the political crises of 1862. As a result
of these he obtained several amendments of the
law to the disadvantage of the land-owning

302

 

 

GODLEY

party. Godfrey was a member of the first Pic-
ton borough council (1876).

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Buick, Marlborough,

GODLEY, JOHN ROBERT (1814-61) was born
in 1814, the eldest son of a landed proprietor
at Killegar, county Leitrim, Ireland, his mother
being a sister of Robert Daly, Bishop of Cashel.
Godley went first to Ward's preparatory school
at Iver, and then to Harrow. Here he won the
Sayers scholarship (1831), but as he wished to
go to Oxford he did not take it up. In 1832
he obtained a governor's scholarship for Ox-
ford and was admitted to Christ Church. There
he won the Fell scholarship, and in 1835 took
a second class in classics for his B.A., which he
gained in 1836.

He then studied for the bar, was duly called
and held a brief or two; but his interest was
rather in the principles than in the practice of
law, and he studied deeply the science of
politics. Not robust in health, Godley travelled
a good deal in Europe and North America.
His Letters from America (1844) attracted
attention by their shrewd and understanding
comments on men and things. In view of the
difficulties of Ireland he devoted much study
to the problem of colonisation, and put for-
ward for officia consideration a scheme under
which over a million people should be emi-
grated from Ireland to Canada and settled in
one district. The cost, estimated at [10,000,000,
was to be met by a loan charged on the landed
property of Ireland, and the interest paid out
of income tax specially raised for the purpose.
The scheme, though supported by a memorial
largely signed by Irish landowners, was turned
down as being too costly. Meanwhile the famine
burst with full force upon the country, a mil-
lion people died and more than a million fled
to find better conditions in the United States.
Godley in these times did his duty as a country
gentleman, acting as required in the capacity
of magistrate, grand juror, and poor law
guardian. His observations on the poor law in
Ireland show how deeply he was interested in
his fdllow-men. In that year he contested the
county seat in Parliament as a Tory, but was
unsuccessful, chiefly owing to the conviction of
the Catholics that sit would not do to have the
county represented from Killegar: His liberal
opinions, however, pleased them.

GODLEY

About this time Godley and Gibbon Wakefield
were attracted to each other's schemes, and
they were introduced, with results which were
to be of great importance to Canterbury.
Wakefield, who was scheming a Church of Eng-
land settlement in New Zealand, saw that God-
ley, with his wealthy connections, his Oxford
upbringing, and his known opinions on colon-
isation, would be a great asset. Accordingly, he
persuaded him to take a leading part in it.
The published correspondence shows that God-
ley spent much time elaborating the scheme;
FitzGerald (in his prefatory memoir to God-
ley's speeches) says that he was actually the
author. At any rate, suffering in health as he
was, and faced with the absolute necessity of
going to Italy or some other sunny climate,
Godley agreed to be head and front of the ex-
pedition. In order that he could take part in
the negotiations he became a director of the
New Zealand Company and managing director
of the Canterbury Association. Through him,
many staunch supporters, by whose help the
thing was eventually revived and carried
through, were brought in. During the two
years occupied in maturing the scheme Godley
was a constant contributor to the Canterbury
Papel's and to the Morning Chronicle, the Lon-
don paper which was most interested in col-
onial questions. The underlying principle of
the proposal was that land sales would provide
funds for the endowment of religion and educa-
tion, twin ideals which specially appealed to
the wealthy friends of the movement. In fact,
it was the proposed’ Buller College’ or «Bul-
ler University’ (named after the deceased
Charles Buller) which fascinated several of
them.

Warned by the advance of tuberculosis in his
system that he must get out of England, Godley
with his little family sailed in the Lady Nugent
towards the end of 1849 to prepare the way for
the settlers. The. vessd anchored in Port
Cooper on 14 Apr 1850. The harbour was
much better than he had anticipated. Captain
Thomas (q.v.), who had been sent down by
the Company to prepare for the arrival of the
colonists, had not only laid out the town of
Lyttelton (where a dozen or so houses had been
erected) but he had built houses for the sur-
veyor and agent and for the accommodation of
the immigrants and had run a jetty out into

303

-----------------------Page 169 End-----------------------

GODLEY

twelve feet of water. Godley rode over the hill
with Thomas to visit the Deans family, who
had settled on the plains long since, and in-
cidentally he gave the name of Shakespeare to
the river which they had already named after
the Scotch Avon.

The funds available having all been ex-
pended, Godley stopped expenditure; but ap-
proved of what Thomas had done. Having
some months on his hands, he proceeded to
Wellington, where Grey was now in charge of
the administration. There he remained until
the end of the year, devoting much thought to
the fight of the Settler's Constitutional Associa
tion against Grey's semi-nominated council and
in favour of full representative government.
Meanwhile, in England the prospects of the
Canterbury Association were revived and car-
ried through to success by the action of Lord
Lyttelton in the spring of 1850 in accepting
the chairmanship of the managing committee.
"Within a few months the first four ships were
on the berth for Port Cooper. Godley returned
to Lyttelton to welcome their arrival. Three
ships cast anchor on 16 Dec. Thenceforward for
about two years Godley was in all but name
governor of the new colony. On the whole he
administered his trust with sagacity and never-
failing consideration for all with whom he had
to do. Bold resolves had to be taken, as for
instance when, rather than drive away from the
province experienced Australian pastoralists
who were willing to take up runs, he reversed
the regulation regarding squatting. But in do-
ing this he had a previous understanding with
the Land Purchasers’ Society that they would
faithfully abide by the decision of the Asso-
ciation.

During 1851 Godley was troubled by the
intention of the Canterbury Association in Lon-
don to retain in its own hands the nomination
of the managing committee in New Zealand.
How deeply he felt on any form of absentee
government he expressed to FitzGerald in these
words: +1 would rather be governed by a Nero
on the spot than by a board of angels in Lon-
don, because we could, if the worst came to the
worst, cut off Nero's head, but we could not
get at the board in London at all: He actually
wrote to the Association during 1851 resigning
on these grounds his position as its agent. The
Association delayed accepting the resignation

GODLEY

and took power, under the constitution which
was then being framed, to transfer all its

powers of government to the superintendent

and provincial council of Canterbury. When

the constitution of 1852 arrived in the Colony,

Godley was requested to stand for the office
of superintendent. He declined on the ground

that he had made arrangements to be back in

England in three years, and he sailed for Home
on 22 Dec 1852.

Appointed to a commissionership of income
tax in Ireland, he soon transferred to England,
and on the remodelling of the War Office he
was appointed head of the store department.
He became assistant Secretary at War under
Lords Panmure and Herbert and General Peel.
In 1854 he was appointed agent in London for
Canterbury, but this post he resigned in 1856
as being inconsistent with his official duties.
In 1860 the recrudescence of his disease, which
for years made speaking most painful, caused
Godley to go to Italy for a change.

Returning to the War Office, he had much to
do with the report in 1861 of the departmental
committee on the military defence of the col-
onies, and he gave evidence before a parlia-
mentary committee. The report had an impor-
tant bearing on the subsequent policy of the
British Government during the Maori war. God-
ley's opinions on the subject were stated in a
speech which he made on his return from New
Zealand in 1853: *May | earnestly and
solemnly impress the one great fundamental
maxim of sound colonial policy-it is, to let
your colonies alone; not chiefly because your
interference will probably be an injudicious
kind in this or that particular matter-still less
because it will be costly and troublesome to
yourselves-but because'it tends to spoil, cor-
rupt, and to degrade them; because they will
never do anything, or be fit for anything great
so long as their chief political business is to
complain of you, to fight with you, and to lean
upon you; so long as they consider you re-
sponsible for their welfare, and can look to
you for assistance in their'difficulties. | protest
quite as much against subsidies and subsorip-
tions as against vetoes and restraints; indeed
more, for the poison is more subtle, ‘and the
chance of resistance less. | want you neither
to subsidise their treasuries nor to support their
dlergy, nor to do their police duty with your

304

 

GOLDER

soldiers, because they ought to do these things
for themselves, and by your doing it all you
contribute to making them effeminate, degen-
erate, and helpless. Do not be afraid to leave
them to themselves; throw them into the
water and they will swim.’

Godley's career, which would inevitably have
led to great distinction, was cut short. He died
on 17 Nov 1861. Mrs Godley, who was a
daughter of C. G. Wynne, of Vodas, Denbigh-
shire, wrote an interesting series of letters from
New Zealand in 1850 (published in 1936). She
died in 1907. The eldest son, JOHN Arruus,
(1847-1932) became Secretary of State for India
and was raised to the peerage as Baron Kil-
bracken.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; D.N.E.; Cycl. N.Z.,
{PY NZC. (Canteroury Assocation papers); J
itzGerald, Selection from Writings and Speeches of
]. R. Godley; Godley, op. cit, and Speeches;
Reeves; Marais; A. Trollope, Australia and New
Zealand, 1873; Callt. ON.; Acland; Kilbracken;
Woodhouse; The Press, 28 Oct 1861, 29 Jun 1862,
45 Dec 1900, 5 Jan 1907, 11 Apr 1908, 25 Jan 1930
(p)-

 

GOLDER, WILLIAM (1810-76) was born in
Scotland.’ He came to New Zealand with his
wife in the Bengal Merchant (1839). He wrote
ta good deal of verse and published New Zealand
Minstrelsy (1852), The Pigeons’ Parliament
(1854); The New Zealand Survey and The
Crystal Palace of 1851 (1867). Golder was a
school teacher at Belmont and Korokoro schools
from 1873 till his deach (on 20 Jun 1876).
Hocken, Bibliog... Wellington Educ. Board (in-

fonnation); N.Z. Spectator, 14 Jul 1852; N.Z.
Times, 24 Dec 1876.

GOLDIE, DAVID (1842-1926) was born in
Hobart and educated at the Church of England
school there. Arriving in Auckland in 1863, he
followed his trade as a carpenter for some years;
contracted for supplies to the troops, became
manager for George Holdship, and in 1867
commenced in business as a timber merchant.

Goldie was a member of the Auckland Pro-
vincial Council (for Auckland West) from 1873
till the abolition. He was 15 years a member
of the Auckland City Council and Was mayor
(1899-1901); a member of the harbour board,
the charitable aid board, and the education
board (10 years) and a sinking fund commis-

305

GOLD-SMITH

sioner for the City Council and harbour board.
A strong prohibitionist, he acted for many years
on the licensing committee. -In 1879 he defeated
P. Dignan in the parliamentary election for
Auckland West, which he represented till 1881,
and again from 1887-90. He was elected for
Newton in'1890, but resigned his seat the fol-
lowing year. "He is said to have declined minis-
terial rank offered to him by Ballance.

Goldie was for 60 years superintendent of
the Alexander street Sunday school, and was a
founder of the Auckland Sunday schools union.
He was president of the Band of Hope and of
two Christian Endeavour societies. He was pre-
sident of the Primitive Methodist Church con-
ference in 1885, and strenuously opposed the
union with the Wesleyan church. He married
(1866) a daughter of Charles Partington, and
died on 8 Jun 1926.

A son, CHARLES FREDERICK GOLDIE (1870 - )
is a successful New Zealand artist, whose works
appear in most of the public collections.

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Cycl. N.z., ii (p); Auck-
land Star, 27 Sep 1887; N.z. Herald, 9 Jun 1926
(p)-

GOLDSBRO’, CHARLES FIELD (1828-83) was
born at vVelshpool, Montgomeryshire, and re-
ceived his medical education in London, Paris
and Edinburgh. (M.R.C.S., Eng.; L.SA., 1856;
L.R.C.P., Edin. 1860; F.R.C.S, 1878 ; M.B., Syd
ney, 1866; M.D., 1868.) He was house surgeon
at Charing Cross hospital and medical officer
to the General Post Office in London before
coming to Auckland in the Rob Roy (1860).
He was appointed coroner and surgeon to the
militia, with which he served in the Waikato
war (1863). Later he was president of the pen-
sions board and of the Auckland Medical so-
ciety. Goldsbro’ was an active freemason, being
past-master of Lodge Waitemata. He died on
20 Dec 1883.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 21 Dec 1883;
14 Aug 1928,

GOLD-SMITH, ERIC, CHARLES (1848-1912)
was born in Camberwell, London, the son of
Captain Henry Gold-smith, C.E. (who came to
New Zealand in 1862 in command of No 5
company, 1st "Vaikato regiment). He was edu-
cated at the Boys High School at Highgate,
London, and the Grammar School at Denmark
Hill, and came to New Zealand in the Bos-

 

-----------------------Page 170 End-----------------------

GOLLAN

phorus (1864). Early in 1867 he joined the
Volunteer engineers at Tauranga, and took p.at
in the campaign against the Hauhau (being
present at Te Irihanga and Whaka.maram@ in
ep)., Glg-Smith joined the survey in the Wai-
410 in 1867 and in 1869 gained his license
In 1870 he was transferred to the government
staff engaged on the triangulation of the North
Island, and he was surveyor to the Tauranga
district land court and district surveyor for the
Bay of Plenty (1871-89). In 1897 he was ap-
pointed commissioner of crown lands. for
Hawkes Bay, He was promoted to Canterbury
(1908) and’Auckland (1909). Gold-SIDIth mar-
ried (1873) a daughter of Charles Jepson Ken-
Sington (Auckland). He died on 13 Mar 1912,
Vho's Who N.Z., 1908; Weston; Cyel. N.z.. ¥!
(ae Biwan ii; Jourdain; Zvening Post, 19° Mar
1912.

GOLLAN, DONALD (1811-87) was born at
Culloden, Inverness, and educated at Inverness
and the Edinburgh Academy, being trained as
an engineer and surveyor. In 1841 he came to
the Colony under the New Zealand Company
and in 1854 settled down in Hawkes Bay, where
he experienced most of the vicissitudes of the
pioneer. He took up the Maungatarata run
and was a suocess{ul sheep farmer. Gollan rep-
resented Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay in the
Wellington Provincial Council (1853) and
Aburiri (1857-59). He took part in the separa-
tion movement; was appointed a justice of the
peace (1856); was on the first provincial Toll
(1857) and a founder of the A. and P. assocla-
tion (1858). In the Hawkes Bay ProVIndal
Council he was member for Waimarama for.a
short period (1861). In 1864 be was a captam
in the Napier militia. He married in 1859 the
widow of Charles de Pelichet. She died shortly
after the birth of their son. Gollan died on 14
Oct 1887.

His son, SPENCER Herpert GOLLAN (1860-
1934) was educated in Switzerland and at Cam-
bridge University. An adept at all sports, he
won the Diamond sculls at Henley and With
George Towns and Tom Sullivan rowed from
Oxford to Putney in a triple scullmg boat m
13 hours 56 minutes. In New Zealand he had
a stud and racing stable, his most successful
horses being Tirailleur, Bonnie Scotland, Tirant
d'Eau, Norton, Australian Star and MOifaa

 

GOODBEHEERE

(which afterwards won the Grand National in
England). Gollan married a daughter of James
Farmer (q.v.).

GOOD THOMAS (1823-1907) was born at
Aston ‘Court, Worcestershire. His family was
dispossessed for adhering to the King's Side m
the Civil War. Good received his education
partly in England and partly in France, .and
settled down to country life. He was a skilful
athlete (running, boxing and jumping), and
a fine gentleman rider, having many successes
on the turf both in England and im Taranaki.
In 1850 he walked from Mokau to New Ply-
mouth and back in an effort to lower the record
of another walker (' Skinny Jim’).

Good came to New Zealand with his uncle
in the Louisa Campbell in 1845 and took up
land in the Omata district, where he 7emained
until the Maori war. In 1853 he bought a flock
of sheep from Wanganui. In 1853, and again m
1863, he was for a few weeks a member of the
Provincial Council for Ornata, retiring in each
case owing to native troubles. He planned the
Ornata stockade and began its construction. In
the early part of the war he had command of
friendly natives, but he resigned to accept a
commission as captain in the Bush Rangers,
with which he served throughout. He was pre-
sent at Mahoetahi (1860), and received the
medal and a grant of 400 acres at UrenUi,
where he farmed for the next fifteen years. He
yjas iN command of tlle northern outpost at the
time of the murders at White Cliffs (1869).
About 1875 he moved to Oeo, where he took
up a large area of country and resided watil
about 1901, when he moved to Ramanui,
Hawera. Good was a member of the Taranaki
county council in the seventies. In 1880, dur-
ing the Parihaka troubles, he was camped With
his company at Oeo. He died on 19 May 1907.

Taranaki P.C. minutes; Victoria Hist. of War-
wickshire, iii, 557; Cyc. N.Z., vi (p); Cowans
WH. in Taranaki Herald, 21 May 1907. Portrait?
Taranaki Hist. Call.

GOODBEHEERE, EDMUND (1854-1938) was
born at Handsworth, England; educated at
Stony Stratford and in 1880 came to New Zea-
land and settled at Feilding. He served at Pan-
haka with the Manchester Rifles. He was a
borough councillor from 1888 and mayor on
many occasions (1892, 1897-1904, 1910-13). He

  

306

 

GOODFELLOW

represented the borough on the Palmerston
North hospital board (1892-1906) and was chair-
man (1899-1900); was president of the Feilding
A. and P. association (1903); a member of the
Oroua licensing committee (1897-1930) and
chairman of the Lytton street school commit-
tee. He married a daughter of Major Liddle
(Scots Greys), and died on 26 Jun 1938.

Who's ‘Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Cyel. N.Z., i

GOODFELLOW, WILLIAM (1800-90) was born
at Hawick, Scotland, and owned and operated
a Hourmill. He had a fairly large family when
he was attracted by the colonising scheme of
the New Zealand Company. Having purchased
land from the Company, he sailed from Green-
ock in the Palmyra (1839) for Australia, Dr
Logan Campbell being also a passenger. Good-
fellow visited Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney,
and then came to New Zealand. Unable to get
possession of his land at Port Nicholson, he
went to Auckland, travelling overland on foot.
There he established a flourmill and bakery,
and at the first land se in 1841 purchased
sections fronting on Queen and Wyndham
streets. He also had a farm at Otara, and 2,000
acres later between Te Awamutu and Alexan-
dra. Goodfellow was a founder of St Andrew's

. Presbyterian Church in Auckland and was asso-

; ciated with the Savings Bank and other financial
undertakings. He represented Southern Divi-
sion in the Provincial Council (1855-57, 1859-
61). He died on 28 Jul 1890.

Family information; Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.

Herald, 29 Jul 1890.

GOODMAN, HENRY JOSEY, an early settler
of Nelson, was one of the founders in 1857
of The Colonist, to the columns of which for
many years he made humorous contributions.
He was a grocer by trade and represented Ne-
son in the Provincial Council (1861-65).

Nelson P.C. Proc.; The Colonist Jubilee Sou-
venir.

GORDON, SIR ARTHUR HAMILTON, first
Baron Stanmore (1829-1912) was born in
London, the son of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen.
Educated at Cambridge (where he graduated
in 1851), he was president of the Union. He
was private secretary to his father (1852-55) and
Liberal member for Beverley (1854-57), and in
1858 went to the lonian islands as private secre

GORDON

tary to Gladstone, then Lord High Commis-
sioner. He received the C.M.G. in 1859.

In 1861 Gordon was appointed lieutenant-
governor of New Brunswick., and he published
many of his experiences in a volume entitled
Wilderness Journeys in New Brunswick 1866-70.
He was appointed to Trinidad in 1866, and to
Mauritius in 1871 and was the first governor
of Fiji in 1875. Having inaugurated the govern-
ment of the new colony, he was appointed in
1877 to the additional post of High Commis-
sioner and Consul-general for the Western
Pacific. In this capacity he did much to control
the traffic in native labour and to cultivate
good relations with the small kingdoms of the
Pacific.

On 7 Aug 1880 Gordon was appointed Gov-
ernor of New Zealand, still retaining his duties
as High Commissioner. This was his first gover-
norship under the responsible system and was
marked by differences of opinion with his min-
istry, for which he was not entirely to blame.
A dispute within the ministry as to the policy
to be adopted towards Te Whiti had brought
about the retirement of Bryce, and matters
were moving along smoothly when after the ses-
sion of 1881 Gordon left on an officid visit to
Fiji. A few days after his departure the minis-
try came to an important decision, reversing
its native policy and adopting the strong hand
towards Te Whiti. Bryce rejoined the cabinet.
Volunteers were called out and an expedition
mobilised for the arrest of the leaders at Pari-
haka. A credit of [100,000 was asked for the
extraordinary expenditure. Hearing of these
events when at Levuka (through his private

secretary), Gordon hurriedly returned to New
Zealand, landing in Auckland on the evening
when the administrator (Prendergast) issued
the proclamation giving the Maori leaders four-
teen days to accept the Government's terms and
appointing Bryce to the ministry. Not being a
party to the measures that were being taken,
Gordon called upon the Government for a state-
ment of the reasons for its change of policy.
Meanwhile, he felt that he must accept the
advice of his ministers and approve their mili-
tary measures, especially as he believed that 90
per cent. of the people of the Colony at the
time would support the Government. A niin-
ority of intellectual and experienced people
in New Zealand seemed to him to have doubts

307

-----------------------Page 171 End-----------------------

GORDON

as to the methods of disposing of the confiscated

lands, but his present advisers were responsible

for the decision to enforce obedience and sm-

cerdy desired a conciliatory settlement of the

long standing dispute. For his part, he could

see no justification for the change m policy .and

complained of the discourtesy of the IlitiliStry

towards himself. He believed there would be
loss of life unless Te Whirl showed forbearance
—which in the event he did. Nevertheless Gor-

don felt that he would be misusing his powers
if he refused to sign the proclamation and called
for new advisers. In his despatch of 3 Dec
1881 -he says; *For my part, the more atten-
tively | study the West Coast question, and the
better | become acquainted With Its history, the
more cause do | perceive for doubts as to the
soundness of the popular view.’ At the moment
he wrote popular approval of the Government's
action was being recorded at the pots in a gen-
eral election.

Gordon's relations with the ministry there-
after were not pleasant. For some years after
his departure (on 23 Jun 1882) he was en-
gaged in a controversy with Bryce, through the
medium of the Colonial Office, Bryce haVing
complained, with obvious justification, of .the
pan played by Gordon in regard to the libel
upon him in Rusden's history of New Zealand.
In 1883 Gordon assumed the government of
Ceylon where, during the crisis. caused.by the
failure of the Oriental Bank Corporaoon, he
took strong action, against the advice of his
council, in extending the guarantee of the Gov-
ernment to the note issue of the bank, thereby
preventing much disr.ess among the poorer
dasses and probable notmg. f

Gordon retired from the colomal service 111
1890 with a fine record as a.conscientious
administrator, who laid down lasting prinopres
for dealing with a native race. Fis personal
action as regards Bryce in the case referred to
will hardly bear scrutiny. After his. retirement
he devoted himself to literary pUrsUIts, publish-
ing in 1893 a life of his father ;.in 1897.records
of private and public life im Flul; and 11 1906
a memoir of Sydney Herbert, Lord Herbert of
Lea He was created K.C.M.G. in 1871;
G.C.M.G. in 1878 and Baron Stanmore in 1893.
Stanmore was an active member of House of

Lords committees, was president of the Ceylon
Association in London and chainnan of the

GORE

Bank of Mauritius. As a churchman he re
mained throughout life a member of the house
of laymen of the province of Canterbury. He
married (1865) Rachel Emily, daughter of Sir
John Shaw-Lefevre. He was a personal friend
of Charles Kingsley, Roundell Palmer and
Samuel Wilberforce. He died on 30 Jan 1912.

N.Z.P.D., App. H.R., 1881 A8, 1882 A4, AS A8,
ABa, 1883 A4, 1884 sexs ii, A5; 1888 Al, 1889 Al:
Gisborne (p); Sir R. Stout (in Aust. Rev. of Rev.,
viii, 164-85); Des Voeux i; Rusden; Saunde:
Gordon, op. cit.; Keith; Egerton; Scholefield, PaCl-
fie; The Times, 31 Jan 1912. Portralt: Government
House, Wellington.

GORDON, JOHN (1829-1909) was born in
Edinburgh, emigrated with his parents to Syd-
ney (1838) and to Bay of Islands (1840), where
his famer had a Government post.

At the end of 1840 they moved to Auckland,
purchasing a section in Waterloo Quadrant and
a farm at Tamaki. Later they moved to Ota
huhu. His famer having died in 1853, GordQll
farmed for a few years and then let the property
and went into business as a commission agent
in Otahuhu. He served in the Royal Cavary
Volunteers (1860-71) and was later captam of
the Otahuhu Rifles (1871-82). He was chair-
man of the Auckland hospital board for some
years; chainnan of the Otahuhu road board:
and member of the school committee (1878-82)
and he inaugurated the borough cound!. He
was a charter member of lodge St John, Ota-
hubu (SC.) in 1866. From 1868-73 he. repre-
sented Raglan in the Provincial Couno!' For
46 years (1859-75) he represented Otahuhu on
the diocesan synod. From 1865 he was secre-
tary of the New Zealand Agricultural Assooa-
tion. Gordon moved to Auckland in 1887, and
died mere op. 28 Jan 1909. He married Lucy,
daughter of Dr Elmsly (Otahuhu).

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Barclay; Otahuhu Diamond
Jubilee (1988); Auckland Star, 28 Jan 1909.

GORE, JAMES (1834-1917) was born in Live-
pool. In 1852 he arrived in Victoria and With
his famer entered into government contracts
for roads and bridges. About 1861 he came
to Otago and for some years did similar work
and building. Gore was for some years from
1877 a member of the Dunedin City.Counst
and was mayor in 1881-82. He. was chairman of
the first licensing committee m HIgh ward, a

 

308

 

GORING

member of the IlOspitd and charitable aid
board and of the drainage board, and he rep-
resented Dunedin South in Parliament (1884-
87). Gore was grandmaster of freemasons (Scot-
tish constitution). His death occurred on 23
Jul 1917.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1917; C)'cl. N.Z., iv (p); Otago
Daily Times, 24 SB 3947. e

GORING, FORSTER YELVERTON (1846-
1923) was born at Portumna, county Galway,
the son of Forster Goring. Educated at Auck-
land Grammar School, he enlisted at the age
of 16 as a private in the 1st Waikato Regiment
and served in 1863 under Lyon at Wairoa. In

Sep 1863 he was appointed ensign, and he was
six monms with Pitt's regiment at Otahuhu.
After escorting Maori prisoners from Drury
to Otahuhu, he occupied the church at Mauku.
He was attached to the commissariat transport
corps (1863-66) and then rejoined his own
corps at Tauranga, and served under St John
and Fraser in the Urewera. He displayed great
coolness and judgment in the retreat at Te
Ngutu-o-te Manu (where he saved wounded men
under fire), and the reverse at Moturoa (Nov)
On both occasions he commanded the rear-
guard. He was promoted major, and served
} continuously under Whitmore on oth coasts
. (being present at Ngatapa and at Otautu, and
eventually commanding the Waihi redoubt).

Goring was appointed inspector in 1874, and
served with the Armed Constabulary in differ
ent districts until 1885, when he wes appointed
to COmmand the New Zealand Artillery in
Dunedin, and later in Auckland. He com-
manded the latter district (1891-97) and re-
tired as a lieut-colonel, living mereafter in
Hastings. Goring married (1880) Berma,
daughter of Major H. Dobie, Madras Army. He
died on 17 Feb 1923.

Goring's father, FORSTER GoRING (1810-93)
was a son of Sir Charles Goring, 7th baronet
He held a commission as ensign in the 1st
King's Dragoon Guards (1832-34); resigned
from the army in the early fifties and arrived
in Auckland about 1860. He was clerk to the
executive 1862-89. Goring married (1839) the
Hon Sydney Yelverton, daughter of Viscount
Avonmore. He died on 10 Dec 1893. (See F.
Y. GORING and W. W. JOHNSTON.)

Parltry Recol'd; Gudgeon (p); Cowan, ii (p)

GORST

Whitmore (p); Burke, p ,
Herald, 19 Feb’ 1923. ‘eerage; Hawkes Ba:

GORST, SIR JOHN ELDON (1835-1916) was
born at Preston, Lancashire, the son: of Edward
Chaddock Gorst, and was educated at Preston
Grammar School. He matriculated at St John's
College (1857-60). He chose the bar as a pro-
fession, but took a position at Rossall school to
be near his sick father.

On his famer's death Gorst returned to Lon-
don and decided to go to the colonies. He
sailed for New Zealand in the Red Jacket and
on the voyage became engaged to Mary Eliza
beth, daughter of the Rev Lorenzo Moore
(Christchurch). They were married in Austra-
lia, and reached New Zealand in May 1860.
On arrival in Auckland Gorst found the Maori
King movement a constant subject of discus-
sion and he wrote some letters to the New
Zealander sympathising with them and depre-
cating the use of force to crush a weaker race.
He intended offering his services to Bishop
Sdwyn, but came under the strong influence
of Sir George Grey, who had just returned as
Governor, and he was Soon appointed inspector
of native and missionary schools in the Wai-
kato, with which he was expected to combine
the duties of an intelligence office. While he
was procuring timber for erecting an industrial
school, Selwyn made the mission school at Ota-
whao available, with a fann of 200 acres, upon
which young men from the W-aikato tribes
could be trained and educated in reading, writ.
ing and arithmetic and at mechanical trades.
Implicit obedience to orders was demanded of
all pupils. A hospital with a house surgeon
and an itinerant surgeon was also projected.

Gorst soon established friendly relations with,
Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa, Rewi, Te Heu-
heu and Tawhiao. Taking alann at the pro-
gress being made, the King party published a
Maori newspaper, the Hokioi, to propagate
meir views. Grey proposed publishing a rival
paper, and Gorst accordingly issued from a
special press at Te Awamutu Te Pihoihoi
Mokemoke (the sparrow on the housetop). The
reasoned replies of this newspaper offended the
King natives, who complained of the ‘bad
mocking style: and Rewi threatened to sack
the office This was done by Aporo (on 24
Mar 1863), and the press and type were sent

309

-----------------------Page 172 End-----------------------

GORST

down the river to Te la. Rewi advised Grey to
remove the magistrate, and promised a truce
for three weeks. The King in council disap-
proved of Rewi's conduct, but on the advice of
Wiremu Tamihana, Gorst decided to withdraw
The news from Taranaki of the occupation of
Tataraimaka had further incensed the King
leaders, and war seemed inevitable. Gorst ac-
cordingly left on 18 Apr 1863. On II Jul Grey
issued a proclamation calling upon the nattves
to declare their loyalty and assist the troops.
A few days later Gorst left for Australia, with
F. D. Bell and Colonel Pitt, to recruit volun-
teers for the Waikato regiments.

Returning to England, Gorst was called to
the bar at the Inner Temple (1865). He con-
tested the Hastings seat in the Conservative
interest in that year, and in 1866 was elected
for Cambridge Borough. He soon attracted the
attention of Disraeli, and when he lost his seat
in 1868, he undertook to reorganise the party
on a popular basis. Though its emphatic suc-
cess in the elections of 1874 was largely due to
Gorst's work, he was not given a place in the
Conservative administration. In 1875 he took
silk, and was again elected to Parliament (for
Chatham). As a lawyer he gained considerable
reputation. In the Parliament of 1880 he be-
came associated with Lord Randolph ChurchtT
(both having democratic tendencies), and later
also with Drummond Wolff and Arthur Bal-
four, these four comprising a ‘party’ which
put up effective criticism of the Government.
He differed with Churchill in 1881 on the co-
ercion bill, and on the leadership of the Con-
servative party.

When the control of the National Union of
Conservative Associations was secured in 1884,
Churchill made terms with Lord Salisbury with-
out consulting Gorst, and the breach between
them was widened by a difference over the
franchise bill. When Churchill took office he
obtained the Solicitor-generalship for Gorst
who, however, would not accept an extension
when the Government was reconstructed. He
was appointed Under-secretary for India (1886).
In 1884 he introduced Tawhiao to Lord Derby.
In 1890 he was British plenipotentiary at a
labour conference in Berlin; in 1891-92 Finan-
cial Secretary to the Treasury, and in 1895
vice-president of the Privy Council committee
on education. He was genuinely interested in

GORTON

social reform. In 1902 Gorst retired on a pen-
sion. He retained his seat in the House of
Commons, but when he declared himself a free-
trader, against Chamberlain's tariff policy, he
was rejected by Cambridge University, which
he had represented since 1892.

Thereafter Gorst devoted himself to writing
and speaking on social topics. His book, The
Children of the Nation (1906), was a notable
work. In 1906 Gorst revisited New Zealand.
He surrendered his pension in 1909 to contest
Preston as a Liberal.

Lady Gorst having died (1914), he married
(1915) Ethel, daughter of Edward Johnson. His
death occurred on 4 Apr 1916.

His son, Sir John Eldon Gorst (1861-1911),
was British Agent and Consul-general in Egypt
(1907-11).

D.N.B.; Gorst, The Maori King and New Zea-
land Revisited (p); Cowan (p); Rusden; Saun-
ders; N.Z. Herald, 10 Sep 1884; The Times, 5 Apr
1916.

GORTON, EDWARD (1838-1909) was the son
of the rector of Badingham, Suffolk. He was
educated at Marlborough College and got his
ensigncy in the 29th Regiment (1855). He ser-
ved in India and Burma (1857-59) and ex-
changed into the 57th, which he joined in Tara-
naki. He was aide-de-camp to General Cameron
in the Waikato and distinguished himself at
Katikara. He became a major in the New Zea-
la'nd militia, commanding the Wellington and
Wairarapa district, and was commended for his
promptness in arming the Wairarapa settlers
and preventing the spread of Hauhauism.
Promoted lieut-colonel, Gorton was given
command of Wanganui (1865-69) and had con-
trol also of the colonial commissariat and trans-
port after the withdrawal of the British troops.
He took the fied in 1869 as quartermaster-
general under Whiunore, and provisioned the
troops on the march at the back of Egmont.
Inspector-general of stores (1869), and of all
government stores, civil and military (1871), he
resigned in 1878 to enter into business with
John Stevens as Stevens and Gorton, land and
stock auctioneers, Feilding (later Gorton and
Son). He was two years chairman of the Bulls
town board and some time on the Rangitikei
road board. Gorton married (1863) Nora Mary,
daughter of John Stephenson Smith. He pub-

310

 

GOULAND

lished (1901) Some Home Truths re the Maori
War (1863-69).

Gorton, op. cit.; Wellington P.C. Proc., 1864;
Cowan; Whitmore; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; GUd-
geon (p); N.Z. Times, 31 Dec 1909.

GOULAND, HENRY GODFREY (1801-77) was
born in London and in 1812 went to Cape of
Good Hope with his parents. On the death of
his father (1818) he entered the store of John
‘Murray, and was in business in Capetown for
a few years In 1823 he married Mary Ann
Mackie (died 1827), and in 1826 he went to
“India, where he married (1832) Jessie Burn.
In 1838 he was head assistant in the chief pay
office and in 1840 was appointed assistant-regis-
trar in the judicial deparunent.

In 1841 Gouland bought two allounents in
the Nelson colony, and in 1847 he left India
and arrived in Wellington by the London.
Crossing to Nelson in the ketch Supply, he met
Fox, Wakefield and Domett and arranged about
his land orders, withdrawing his moriey from
tlle Nelson Bank on the day it closed (25 Oct
1847). Gouland selected at the Wairau, and
in Apr 1848 got his stock from Sydney. He was
gazetted a justice of the peace. On 25 Nov the
Triumph passed up the Opawa river, the first
vessd to cross the bar. Being unfortunate in
his first season, and losing money in a London
bank failure, Gouland gave up the run and ac-
cepted the post of sub-collector of customs at
Port Victoria (Aug 1849). There he received the
Godleys, Sir George and Lady Grey and the first
settlers (Dec 1850). Tn 1851 he was transferred
to Akaroa. In 1854 he was appointed provincial
secretary and auditor, member of the executive
and for a short time inspector of schools. As
provincial secretary Gouland advocated the
establishment of a windlass worked by bullocks
at the top of the Bridle Track to ascst traffic
until such time as the province could afford to
construct the tunnel.

Early in 1855 GOuland resigned and returned
to Wairau where he was appointed magistrate.
In 1857 he became magistrate at Collingwood
for the new goldfields. In 1860 he was trans-
ferred to Lyttelton where in 1861 he was ap-
pointed immigration officer. In 1862 he married
Caroline, daughter of David Johnston. In Aug
he was elected M.P.C. for Tuamarina, and
agreed to accept the speakership and provin-

311

GOULD

cial treasurership from Sinclair and Eyes. The
constitutional struggle between Eyes and Baillie
prevented him from entering upon either office
Meeting with losses from floods and thistles, he
sold out in 1863 and bought sections on the
Waimea road, Nelson. In 1865 Gouland visited
England, returning in 1866. He died on II
Nov 1877...

Canterbury Proc. and Gaz.,. Marlborough Gaz.,.
Buick, Marlborough ; personal information from
W. E. Redman and A. D. Mcintosh.

GOULD, GEORGE (1823-89) was born at
Hambleden, OXfordshire. His parents gave him
a sound education and an apprenticeship in
commerce. Early in 1850 he married Hannah
Lewis, and on 14 Jul they sailed in the barque
Camilla, arriving in Wellington on 12 Dec.
Having selected his section at the corner of
Armagh and Colombo streets, Gould erected a
building as a dwelling and general store. The
facilities for transport from the port were primi-
tive, and he often carried merchandise either
over the bridle path or from the landing at
Ferrymead. In 1855 Gould took Grosvenor
Miles into partnership, and the business, under
the style of Gould and Miles, was moved to
premises in Colombo street. Owing to the in-
sufficiency of silver currency in cirCUlation, card-
board counters were improvised bearing the
legend'l.O.U: Gould and Miles.’ Having the
agency for Cookham boots, Gould in 1866
opened Cookham House as general outfitters
on the opposite side of the street. He was now
deeply engaged as a squatters’ agent in Canter-
bury and a large shipper of wool to England.
He also established a chemist's business as
Gould and Co., which continued for years after
he had retired. About 1875 he sold the retail
business to his managers (Chisnall and Stewart
taking over Cookham House), and devoted him-
self to the financial and export business. He
had started with very little capital, but in less
than 20 years he had amassed a considerable
fortune. This he invested largely in city, sub-
urban and country lands. During a wool slump
several Mackenzie country stations fell into his
hands, but he held them only until he could
find a sde. In 1869, the Springfield estate, of
about 16,000 acres in the Methven district, was
offered for sale by Hill and Bray. Gould adver-
tised for a manager, and appointed Duncan

-----------------------Page 173 End-----------------------

GOULD

Cameron, thus establishing a long partnership
which yielded a large fortune to Cameron, who
after Gould's death bought the estate out for
[65,000. Gould had a farm of 100 acres at the
top of Colombo street, 250 acres on the Lincoln
road (the site of Mount Magdala), and 1,000
acres at Springston. He imported shorthorns
and Lincoln sheep from England, and in the
sixties was a frequent prize-winner at the Can-
terbury shows.

Though debarred from public life by extreme
deafness, Gould associated himself with nearly
every movement for the advancement of the
city. He was the second president of the Agri-
cultural and Pastoral association (1869-74). He
was president of the poultry association, the
Union Rowing Club, and the horticultural
society. He was an original shareholder and a
director of the Christchurch Gas Co., the New
Zealand Shipping Co., and many others. He
was a member of the first Christchurch town
board (1862); a commissioner of the domain
board and of the board of education, and a gov-
ernor of Canterbury College. He took a part
in promoting building societies and insurance
companies, and financially assisted many
struggling dubs and societies. .He advanced
[1,000 in furtherance of a promise to subSidise
pound for pound all public donations made to
the funds of the Agricultural and Pastoral asso-
ciation.

Many pieces in the fine collection of statuary
and pictures in the museum were presented by
Gould, and the Y.M.C.A. and Working Men's
Clubs received many gifts of money and books.
Gould died on 28 Mar 1889.

c)'el. N.Z., iii (p); Acland; Lyttelton Times, 17
Apr 1889; The Press, 29 Mar 1889,25 Oct 1900 (p).

GOULD, HENRY GEORGE (1851-1914) was
born at Wolverhampton, England, and educated
at the Maidstone Grammar School. Arriving in
Lyttelton by the Cardigan Castle (1873) he
studied theology at Christ's College and was
ordained (deacon, 1874; priest, 1877). He mar-
ried (1878) a daughter of Thomas Cane
(Christchurch). Gould was curate of Malvern
(1874), vicar of Woodend (1878), of Lelthfield
(1878), Hokitika (1883), Lincotn (1888) and
St Luke's, Oamaru (1890). In 1897 he was
appointed archdeacon of Oamaru. In 1908.he
became vicar of St Pauls Cathedral, Dunedin;

GOURLEY

in the following year canon, and in 1913 he
was collated to the archdeaconry of Dunedin.
He died on 27 Sep 1914.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Otago Daily Times, 12
Ort 1914.

GOULTER, CYRUS (1825-91) belonged to
Bath, in England, and was a surveyor by pro-
fession. He landed in Nelson from the Fife
shire (1842), was employed on the survey party
for some years, but was temporarily absent when.
the affray occurred at Wairau. While on this
duty he was impressed by the quality of the
land and he soon acquired the Hawkesbury
estate of 9,000 acres. Goulter took a promment
part in public life, being a member of the Marl-
borough Provincial Council throughout. He
represented Upper Wairau (1860-62. and 1863-
73) and was speaker of the counal (1860-63
‘and 1865-75). He was provincial treasurer dur-
ing a great part of the time and held office in
the executive almost continuously, bemg pro-
vincial secretary at the end of the period (1876).
Thereafter he was commissioner of crown lands
until 9879, and was a member of the Wairau
road board and other local bodies. Goulter
married Anne, daughter of Henry Redwood,
and died on 17 Feb 1891

His eldest son, CHARLES FRANCIS JOSEPH-
GoULTER (1854-1935) was concerned in the
foundation of the famous merino studs on the
Hawkesbury and Blairich estates. After perfect-
ing merinos to suit New Zealand conditions,.he
turned his attention to Jersey cattle, purchasmg
his first pedigree stock in 1870. He afterwards
devoted his attention to Clydesdale, thorough-
bred and Shetland horses, English setter dogs
and game fowls.

Marlborough P.C. minutes; Buick, Marlborough:
Cyl. N.Z., v; The Dominion, 18 Feb 1935.

GOURLEY, HUGH (1825-1906) was born at
Ballynahinch, county Down, Ireland, where he
was educated. As a young man he moved to
Newtownards, and in 1852 he sailed for Aus
tralia in the Emigrant. He was a year in Mel-
bourne and some time in Geelong and on the
Ballarat diggings. Returning to Geelong. later,
he became a member of the town counal.

In 1861 he crossed to New Zealand in the
Spray and started with a party for the Otago
goldfields. After working claims at Waitahuna,
Wetherstones, Gabriel's Gully and Waipori, he

312

 

GOVETT

returned to Dunedin, worked at his trade as
a saddler and, having brought his family over,
started in business. He ran a coach senice be-
tween Dunedin and Port Chalmers and cabs in
Dunedin, and in 1874 added funeral under-
taking to his business.

Gourley was a borough councillor of St Kilda
from 1881 and mayor for 13 years; chainnan
of the Otago harbour board (for 16 years), a
city councillor (1885-95), mayor of Dunedin
twice (1888-89, 1896-97), a member of the Otago
dock trust (for 17 years), of the benevolent
trustees (22 years); of the licensing committee
and other bodies. He contested parliamentary
seats in 1893 and 1897, and in 1899 was called
to the Legislative Council, of which he was a
member till 1906. Gourley married a daughter
of John Johnston, of county Down. He died
on 16 Dec 1906.

eye!. N.z.. iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 5 Jul 1899,
17 Dec 1906.

GOVETT, HENRY (1819-1903) was the son
of the vicar of Staines, Middlesex, and was
educated at Sherborne school and Worcester
College, Oxford, graduating B.A. (1841). He
sailed for New Zealand in the Union, arriving
at Auckland in Mar 1843 and engaged in fann-
ing at. Tamaki.

In Mar 1845 he accompanied Bishop Selwyn
to Waikanae in the Government brig. Hadfield
being seriously ill, Selwyn ordained Govett
deacon to enable him to take Hadfield's place
as resident deacon. He rapidly acquired the
Maori language and remained at Waikanae till
Dec 1846 when, Hadfield having recovered, he
proceeded in H.M.S. Drivel” to Auckland. There
he was ordained priest (Feb 1847) and a week
or two later he started to walk to New Plymouth
and Otaki. In Apr, while in temporary charge
at Wanganui, he intervened to prevent a war
party from attacking the town. After a few
weeks at New Plymouth after Bolland’s death,
he was married and settled down at Nelson as
schoolmaster and clergyman. In Feb 1848 he
was appointed to St Mary's, New Plymouth,-of
which he was incumbent for 50 years. In the
Maori war he saw much service 2s chaplain to
troops, and the churchyard of St Mary's was
turned into a bullock yard for the transport.

In 1858 Govett was made first archdeacon of
Taranaki. He resigned the charge of St Mary's

GRACE

m 1898 and the archdeaconry in 1903. His
death occurred on 4 Oct 1903. Govett was a
member of the Taranaki education board from
1878.

Sdwyn, Annals; Taranaki Herald, 29 Jan 1884,
5 Oct 1903.

GRACE, LAWRENCE MARSHALL (1854-1934)
was born at Auckland, the son of the Rev T.
S Grace (qv.), and educated at Pukawa and
privately in Auckland and at the Church of
England Grammar School there. He spent a
years on the Thames goldfield and then farmed
with a brother on the Waimarino plains. The
pumice land proving unsuitable for sheep, he
was articled to a solicitor and became an in-
terpreter in the native land court. He married
(1885) Kahui (who died 1929), daughter of Te
Heuheu Tukino (q.v.), and sister of Te Heu-
heu Tukino, M.L.C. Grace represented Tau-
ranga in Parliament (1885-87) and then joined
the Native department. In 1894 he was ap-
pointed interpreter in Maori to the House of
Representatives. He died on 10 Jan 1934.
Grace; The Dominion, 27 May 1929;'N.Z.
Hemld, II Jan 1934. Portrait: Parliament House.

GRACE, MORGAN STANISLAUS (1837-1903)
was born at Clonmel, county Tipperary, the
son of James Grace, of Sheffield, Queen's county.
Educated at Stonyhurst College, he studied
medicine at Dublin, Paris and Edinburgh, and
qualified as M.D. in 1858 and L.R.C.S. in 1859.
He then entered the army as an assistant staff-
surgeon and, coming to New Zealand at the
outbreak of the Taranaki war, served through-
out that and the Waikato campaign under Gen-
erals Pratt, Cameron and Whitmore. He had
charge of a field hospital at Waitara and in
1865 he was appointed principal medical officer
to the New Zealand forces. In the following
year he withdrew from the army to engage in
private practice in Wellington, but sometime
later he volunteered to assist Whitmore with his
advice when engaged in the strenuous campaign
on the West Coast. (C.M.G.) His account of
the Maori war, published in 1899, is one of the
most interesting and dispassionate contributions
to the history of the period.

Grace practised for 30 years in Wellington,
and during that time associated himself with
many philanthropic movements and with the
public life of the community. He was the first

313

-----------------------Page 174 End-----------------------

GRACE

surgeon-general of the New Zealand volunteer
forces (1887). In 1870 he was called to the
Legislative Council, of which he was a member
until his death. He moved the address-in-reply
inhis first session and again in 1890. In the latter
year he was created a Count of the Holy Roman
Empire. He was for some years lessee of the
\Vellington tramways and for 30 years a mem-
ber of the local board of the Australian Mutual
Provident Society (being chairman for 10 years);
and was a member of the senate of the Univer-
sity of New Zealand, 1871-1903.

Grace married in 1866 a daughter of the Hon
John Johnston (q.v.). His death occurred on
19 Apr 1903. (See F. G. DALZIELL,)

N.Z.P.D., 30 Jun 1903; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Whit-
more; Beaglehole; Cowan; Grave, op. cit.; Gud-
geon; Lyttelton Times, Jun 1879; N.Z. Times, 20
Apr 1903. Portrait: Parliament House.

GRACE, THOMAS SAMUEL (1815-1879) was
born at Liverpool, of a Huguenot family which
was driven from France and settled in Cheshire.
Educated at a grammar school, he went into
business early, and at the age of 20 had to
accept part of the responsibility of maintaining
his faniily. At 24, when he was principal in the
business, he offered his services to the Church
Missionary Society, and in 1842 he approached
the Rev Mr Barker (afterwards Bishop of Syd-
ney), at whose suggestion he went to Cromer.
Being married in 1845 to Agnes Fearon, he
volunteered to go to New Zealand, but owing
to the war then prevailing was advised to study
at St Bees. He was ordained in 1848 and
sailed for New Zealand in 1850 with his wife
and two children.

Bishop Selwyn decided that Grace should be
stationed at Taupo, and he proceeded thither,
reconciled Te Heuheu and Te Herekiekie, and
obtained from the former land for the mission
station. Other duties taking him elsewhere, it
was not until Apr 1855 that he took up his
residence at Taupo. His influence was so sic-
cessful that the next year Te Heuheu forbore
to carry on a war against his enemies; instead
he went down the Wanganui river with Grace
to conclude a peace. Grace was convinced that
the constant pressure of the pakeha on the
Maori to sell their land was the cause of un-
easiness and of the King movement; and tltat
the natives in the Taupo country were in a
state of armed neutrality in which peace was

GRACE

only preserved by the power of the Gospel.
He was accused of having convened the King
meeting at Pukawain 1856. In fact, he refused
to be present when he heard that the King was
to be discussed. His teaching resulted in the
Taupo people raising £500 during 1858-60 to
buy sheep, yet at a meeting at Taupo in Apr
1861 it was decided to enter the war on the side
of the King. Te Heuheu (lwikau) alone re-
strained them. His death in Oct 1862 removed
this restraint, and shortly afterwards Ngati-
Tuwharetoa warriors joined in the fighting in
\Vaikato. Before 1863 was out the Graces
abandoned their home and left Taupo. In Mar
1865 Grace was at Tauranga when Volkner was
murdered by the Hauhau. Grace was held
prisoner for a short time, but eventually
escaped to the warship Eclipse. He showed
great courage in reopening work in the dis
affected country. In later years he visited
Taupo on several occasions and spent some
time at Matata. He once narrowly escaped cap-
ture by Te Kooti, and his house at Taupo was
plundered by Hauhau.

In 1868 Grace proposed that native chiefs
and clergy should be consulted in the manage-
ment of mission lands. Appreciating the under-
lying motives of the King movement, though
he had no part in it, Grace realised that the
proposal for the appointment of a Maori bishop
of the Church of England was likely to be ac-
ceptable to them. He discussed it favourably
with the Hawkes Bay chief Karaitiana, but it
seemed then that no suitable native was avail-
able. Grace's ministry amongst the Maori was
eminently successful in face of many obstacles,
and was marked by a sympathy with Maori
aspirations which was not always found in mis-
sionaries. He died on 30 Apr 1879.

A son was Lawrence MarsHatt GRACE
(1854-1934, q.v.). Another, THOMAS SAMUEL
GRACE (1850-1918), was educated at the Gram-
mar School in Auckland and the Theological
College in Nelson, ordained in 1876 and became
Archdeacon of Marlborough. A third, ALFRED
AUGUSTUS GRACE (1867-), who was educated
at St John's College, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, has
written a number of books of Maori. life, in-
cluding Tales of a Dying Race (1901) and Folk
Tales of the Maori (1907).

App. H.R., 1865-66; Cowan; T. S Grace; An-
nals N.Z. Lit

314

 

GRAHAM

GRAHAM, ANDREW (1843-1926) was born at
East Kilbride, near Glasgow, and educated at
the Glasgow High School and University. .In
1864 he came to New Zealand as one of the
representatives of the Glasgow Bank. He first
visited Poverty Bay during the Hauhau rising,
arriving at Gisborne on a business trip on the
day after the massacre. He joined the cavalry
corps in Napier and served throughout the cam-
paign, being present at the fall of Ngatapa, in
the Urewera and at the relief of Mohaka. In
1872 he established himself in business in Gis-
borne and became a leader of public affairs. He
was a member of the borough council, chair-
man of the Cook county council (1879-80)
and the first chairman of the harbour board.
In 1887 he was elected M.HLR. for East Coast,
which at that time extended as far as Tauranga,
but resigned his seat in 1889. He was a director
of the Poverty Bay Herald. Graham died on 17
Apr 1926.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926;
Poverty Bay Herald, 5 Jan 1924. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

GRAHAM, CHARLES CHRISTIE (1835-1915)
was born at Cupar, Fifeshire, and educated at
the Universities of St Andrews and Edinburgh.
In 1855 he emigrated to Australia and with his
brothers carried on a merchant's business in
Melbourne. He then took up a sheep run on
the Waitaki river and was elected in 1869 to
represent Oamaru in Parliament. Moving to
the Nortll Island, he took up land in Rangitikei
He was elected to the Wellington Provincial
Council as the representative of Rangitikei, and
sat till the abolition, being part of the time
chairman of committees.

Graham was a member of the Wellington
education board, and secretary of this and the
Wellington College board of governors. In
1878 he was appointed town clerk of Welling-
ton, and five years later official assignee there.
Hewas transferred to Dunedin in 1893 and died
on 27 Dec 1915. He married Jemima Frances,
daughter of Major-general T. Webster, governor
of Mauritius. While town clerk of Wellington,
Graham designed the City's coat of arms.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily Times, 28 Dec 1915.
GRAHAM, GEORGE (1812-1901) was born at

Hove, Brighton, England. He belonged to the
Grahams of the Border, his grandfather having

GRAHAI\I

been an interpreter between the Scots and the
English. At the age of 19 he was appointed
clerk of works in the board of ordnance (now
the Royal Engineers). In 1835 he saw disturbed
conditions in Ireland and in 1836 came to New
South Wales. In 1840 he came to New Zealand,
where he was engaged for some years on public
works, roads and fortifications. In the Maori
war he laid out the defensive works of Auck-
land and was instrumental in having the re
serve of the Albert barracks enlarged, He advo-
cated employing natives on public works and
canals to connect the Waikato and Kaipara
with Auckland.

Ordered on service to China, Graham suffered
a nervous breakdown there and retired to settle
at Mangere, where he farmed successfully.
Elected soon after as M.H.R. for Newton, he
represented it 1861-69. He was a consistent
advocate for Maori rights, and during the Wai-
kato war conferred \Vitt Wiremu Tamihana
and succeeded in inducing him to make his sub-
mission to General Carey. Graham made a con-
siderable fortune, and lived during his later
years in England, where he died on 14 Feb
1901. (See W. A. GRAHAM.) 3

Cowan; App. H.R., 1864; Gudgeon; Cycl. N.Z.,
ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 1 Mar 1901. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

GRAHAM, GEORGE SAMUEL, was a son of
Robert Graham (q.v.). He was in the Auckland
Provincial Council as member for Northern
Division (1861-63). Later he had landed in-
terests in Piako, Upper Thames and Waikato
and eventually became identified with the gold-
fidds. He contested the Te Aroha seat in Par-
liament (1891).

GRAHAM, JOHN (1819-89), a native of West-
moreland, arrived in Wellington in 1853,
worked at his trade (house painting) for a few
weeks and moved to Auckland, where he en-
gaged in storekeeping and other occupations.
He was M.P.C. for Newton (1868-69), and later
relieving officer, with responsibility for the ex-
penditure of provincial funds on charitable
aid. He was a strong temperance advocate.
Graham died on 6 Sep 1889.

N.Z. Herald, 9 Sep 1889.

GRAHAM, JOHN (1843-1926) was born in
Nelson and educated there. He was a member

315

-----------------------Page 175 End-----------------------

GRAHAM

(1877-94) and chairman of the Nelson school
committee, a member of the Nelson education
board, a governor of Nelson College (1894) and
a member of the council of Victoria College
(1898-1912). For some years he was on the
harbour board and the land board.

Graham was elected in 1893 to represent Nel-
son in the House of Representatives. He was a
supporter of the Seddon government and re-
tained his seat till 1911, when he retired volun-
tarily from politics. He was chairman of the
banking inquiry committee in 1896 and in
1894 successfully opposed the Midland railway
bill in so far as it proposed to abandon the
obligations of the company to provide a rail-
way to Nelson. Graham died on 7 Feb 1926.

N.Z.P.D., 18 Jun 1926; Cycl. N.Z., v (p): Who's

Who N.Z., 1908; The Colo7list, 8 Feb 1926. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

GRAHAM, ROBERT (1820-85) was born near
Glasgow, the son of a Lanark farmer who also
owned coalmines. Educated in the parish
school, he showed great mental ability, courage
and determination. While acting as superin-
tendent of a mine he had an accident in which
he suffered severe injuries, as a result of which
he changed his occupation and entered a ware-
house.

Attracted to the colonies, Graham sailed in
Jan 1842 in the Jane Giffot'd for New Zealand,
arriving at Auckland on 9 Oct. He at once
chartered the cutter Black Hawk and loaded
her for Bay of Islands. At Kororareka he met
his brother David with whom he started the
business of R. and D. Graham. He soon after-
wards purchased merchandise in Sydney and
opened a store in Auckland. Owing to a threat
of war at Bay of Islands, he chartered a
schooner and removed the stock from there to
Auckland, thus escaping the burning of the
settlement.

In 1850 the brothers dissolved the partner-
ship and Robert speculated in cargoes of pota-
toes for California, where he spent" the next
three years. On his return, he devoted his
attention to improving his property at Ellerslie,
importing cattle, sheep, deer, quail, etc., and
breeding pedigree stock which won many prizes.
He purchased, grassed and stocked Motutapu
island; and brought into cultivation and
stocked the Lamb Hill estate at Waiuku. Con-

GRAHAM

vinced of the healing qualities of its waters, he
purchased the Waiwera block (1845), spent a
large sum in developing it and eventually ac-
quired his title from the Government. When
the northern tribes threatened Auckland, his
manager buried the furniture and left the estate.
The place was leased for a term and afterwards
Graham erected suitable accommodation for
developing it as a health resort.

Graham was in Parliament for the Southern
Division (1855-60); and for Franklin (1861-68)
During the same period he was also in the Pro-
vincial Council (Southern Division’ 1855-57,
Franklin 1865-69). Always interested in the
Maori race, he moved in Parliament for the
appointment of a native council of Europeans
who should not be removable on a change of
government. The plan was rejected. Favouring
a strong native policy, Graham urged Gore-
Browne to act when a quantity of gunpowder
was stolen from Great Barrier and taken to
Coromandel. He was one of the four Auckland
members who unsuccessfully resisted the land
compact of 1856; and he opposed strenuously
the removal of the government to Wellington.

Graham showed distinguished courage and
leadership at the wreck of the White Swan
(29 Jun 1862), and personally found a suitable
landing place and travelled overland to Wel-
lington to get relief. Returning to Auckland in
the Lord Worsley, he was again wrecked (on
| Sep, at Te Namu, Taranaki), and his inter-
veniion with the hostile natives averted loss of
property and probably of life. He saved £6;000
worth of gold dust which he carried until meet-
ing the Superintendent and the officer com-
manding the forces.

In Dec 1862 Graham was elected Superin-
tendent of Auckland (defeating Williamson).
His term of office, which laste’a to Sep 1865, was
marked by the raising of a loan of half a million
pounds and.a vigorous programme of public
works and buildings; the inauguration of a
water supply to Auckland; the commencement
of the rallway to Drury, and the prospecting
and purchase for the Government of the coal
mines at Kawakawa. On the opening of the
Thames goldfield, he acquired a large area of
land by lease from the natives, laid out Grahams-
town and constructed a steam tramline from
Grahamstown to Tararu. In 1872 he revisited
Scotland. He laid out and planted his estate

316

 

 

GRAHAM

at Ellerslie (which aftenvards became the pro-
perty of the Auckland Jockey Club), and ac-
quired land at Ohinemutu on which he erected
Lake House. In 1878 Graham settled a native
feud at Maketu and received as a token of
gratitude from the Arawa a large block of land
at Taupo containing hot springs. This property
(Wairakei) he was developing at the time of
his death, which occurred on 26 May 1885.

Cyl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z.P.D.; Auckla7id P.C. Proc. ;
N.Z. Herald, 27 May 1885. Portrait: Parliament
Honse,

GRAHAM, WILLIAM AUSTRALIA (1841-1916)
was born in Auckland, a son of George Graham
(qv.). He was educated in Auckland and at
Clewer House school, Windsor, and Hele's
grammar school, Exeter, and returned to New
Zealand in 1854. A surveyor by profession, he
became closely acquainted with the Maori and
acted as interpreter for General Carey in his
negotiations with the King tribe. Herepresen-
ted Waikato in the Auckland Provincial Coun-
cil (1873-75). In 1882 he settled at Hamilton,
of which town he was mayor (1884-87): He
obtained for the town an endowment of 120
unallotted acres, and was mainly responsible
for the establishment of the Waikato hospital
board. Graham married in 1872 a daughter of
Walter Coombes. He died on 9 May 1916.

Auckla7id P.C. Proc.; Featon, p 140; Cycl. N.Z.,
i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Waikato Times, 10
May 1916.

GRANT, JAMES GORDON STUART (1838-
1902) was born at Granton, Elginshire, and
educated at the parish school and later at
Aberdeen Grammar School and at Kings Col-
lege and Marischal College in Aberdeen. He
took the arts course of Edinburgh University
at New College, and finished his education at
St Andrew's University, where he studied the
first principles of moral philosophy and political
economy.

In 1855 Grant went to Melbourne and from
there, at the invitation of W. H. Reynolds, he
came to Otago (1855), believing that he would
receive a post in the Otago High School. In-
stead he opened the Dunedin academy, had a
school in Wellington for a short time and then
engaged in lecturing and preaching. He esta>-
lished the Saturday Review (which ran 1864-
68), and later the Delphic Oracle. In both

 

GRAY

journals he showed marked literary ability, but
he was repeatedly at loggerheads with public
men in the province. In 1864 he led a depu-
tation of working men to the Provincial Coun-
cil, and was arrested by order of the speaker
and had to apologise; but a few months later,
supported by the Foresters, he was elected to
the Provincial Council for City of Dunedin
at the top éf the poll. In the Council (1865-
67) Grant tried to have the Scottish thistle, as
the national emblem, deleted from the thistle
ordinance of the council. In 1867 he contested
the superintendency against Macandrew, and
in 1868 stood for the mayoralty of Dunedin
against Birch. He contested the parliamentary
seat in 1874, 1875, 1879 and 1884 and then re-
tired. He died on 27 Feb 1902

Otago P.C. Proc.; MacMorran; Hocken, Otago
Hocken, Bibliog.; Mclndoe; Saturday Advertiser,
Mar 1881 Otago Daily Times, 28 Feb 1902; Evel
ing Star, 97 Feb 1902.

GRAY, SIR ALEXANDER (1860-1933) came of
Scots pioneer stock, being the son of William
Gray (qwv.), formerly of Aberdeen, and Mrs
Catherine Geddes (Sutherland) Gray, who was
born in Wick. Born in New Plymouth, he was
educated at Wellington College and Grammar
School (now Wellington College), being en-
rolled on the day it opened. At the age of 14he
entered the attorney-general's office as a cadet
and two years later was atticled to F. H. D.
Ball, with whom he remained for five years. In
1881 he was admitted a barrister and solicitor,
and moved to the Wairarapa, where he became
junior partner in the firm of Beard and Gray
(Greytown).

In 1886 Gray returned to Wellington and
eventually founded the firm of which he re
mained head from 1892 until his death. For
six years he was junior partner with Mr Camp-
bell, and then practised in his own name (1892-
1903). He was raised to the rank of King's
Counsel in 1912. Gray was for many years pre-
sident of the Wellington district law society and
succeeded Sir Charles Skerrett as president of
the New Zealand law society (of which he first
became a vice-president in 1918). In that office
he was prominent in the negotiations which
resulted in the establishment of the solicitors)
fidelity guarantee fund and was chairman of the
committee of management of the fund. He was

317

-----------------------Page 176 End-----------------------

GRAY

a member of the rules committee set up under
an act of 1930, and presided at most of the
legal conferences from 1928. He was noted for
his cool, incisive mind, and his patient and
persuasive manner. He was an ideal arbitrator
and had particular success in this field.

Gray was knighted in Jan 1933. He married
(1904) Mary, daughter of John Nelson, of Mil-
ton, Otago. JH.B.S.

Evening Post, 28, and Dominion, 29 Apr 1933.

GRAY, CHARLES MATTHEW (1853-1918) was
born in Geelong, Victoria, and came to New
Zealand in 1862, settling first in Dunedin. He
was engaged in the soft goods business in Wa-
nganui (1865-74) and saw active service in the
later years of the Maori war (1868). In 1874
he moved to Christchurch, where 10 years later
he established himself in a drapery business.
In 1885 he was elected to the City Council, of
which he was a member intermittently till 1912.
In 1891 he was mayor of Christchurch and in
1904-05 of greater Christchurch. He was chair-
man of the fire brigade, of the hospital board
(1898); of the tramways board (from 1916);
and of the executive of the New Zealand Inter-
national Exhibition (1904-05).

Gray defeated T. E. Taylor in 1905 and rep-
resented Christchurch North in the House of
Representatives till 1908, when Taylor defeated
him. A lifelong advocate of temperance, he
regularly compiled statistics of the cost of the
liquor traffic to New Zealand. He died on 11
Jun 1918.

N.Z.P.D., 25 Oct 1918; The Press, 12 Jun 1918;

Lyttelton Times, 30 Apr 1883. Portrait: Parliament
House. *

GRAY, ERNEST (1833-95) arrived in New Zea
Zealand in 1853 and, with his brother Henry,
took up the Coldstream run on the Rangitata
river. He married a daughter of Colonel Mac-
pherson, of New South Wales. He represented
Waitangi in the Canterbury Provincial Council
(1866-70) and was a member of the Legislative
Council from 1867 until he retired from poli-
tics (1883). He then sold his run and pur-
chased Hoon Hay, where he lived until his
death.

Gray was much interested in agricultural
matters, and was a successful breeder of long-
woolled sheep. He was an active member of
the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral asso-

GRAY

ciation and often acted as judge in the sheep
classes. He died on 14 Jul 1895.

His brother, HENRY FRANCIS GRAY, who came
to New Zealand with him and was a partner
throughout, represented Riccarton in the Can-
terbury Provincial Council (1874-75).

Parltl)' ReC01"d,. Canterbury P.C. Proc... Acland :
Lyttelton Times, 17 Jul 1895. Portrait: Parliament
jouse.

GRAY, JOHN, who held a commission in the
40th Regiment, came to New Zealand in the
Sir George Seymour (1847) in command of a
section of the Royal New Zealand fencibles, to
settle in the vicinity of Auckland. Gray was
M.HLR. for the Southern Division (1853-55) and
represented Newton in the Auckland Provincial
Council (1868-69).

GRAY, MOSES WILSON (1813-75) was born
at Claremorris, county Mayo, Ireland, the son
of John Gray and younger brother of Sir John
Gray, sometime M.P. for Kilkenny and founder
of the Freeman's Journal. His ancestors were
Ulster Orangemen who moved to Connaught
in the interests of Protestant ascendancy. He
was educated at Cork and afterwards at Hazle-
wood, near Birmingham, under the father of
Sir Rowland Hill. He then proceeded to
Trinity College, Dublin (1829) where amongst
distinguished contemporaries such as Mr Justice
Willes, Dillon, Davis, Sir Edmund Barry, Isaac
Butt and Dr Kenealy, he graduated B.A. (1835)
and took honours and a scholarship. He en-
tered at King's Inns 1834, and was called in
1845.

In 1835 Gray was appointed an assistant com-
missioner in the Poor Law Inquiry in Ireland,
and in that duty he gained much experience
in emigration. When the post terminated he
went to the United States and was called to the
bar. He was greatly interested in the settlement
of the new frontier states, and after his return
to Ireland he wrote a valuable pampWet (1848)
propounding a scheme for the relief of poverty
in Ireland through the establishment of colonies
in America by Irish landed proprietors. Gray
came back from America in the middle of 1843
with promises of money and political support
for Ireland. He took part in the management
of the Freeman's Journal, of which he was for
some time editor. In 1844 his brother James
was convicted of treason (with the O'Connells),

318

 

GRAY

but the conviction was afterwards quashed.

Wilson Gray continued to read for the bar
and was called as stated, but was tempera
mentally too timid for successful pleading. The
brothers were leading figures at the conference
of tenants in Dublin in 1850 to frame better
land legislation, and the League of the North
and South suffered a severe blow when, fearing
excesses by the peasantry in the parishes, they
withdrew their fund of political sagacity from
the council. In 1856 Gray sold his interest in
the Freeman and, with Charles Gavan Duffy, he
went to Victoria (According to the Victorian
Law list, Gray was admitted there on 24 Dec
1851, being the third barrister on the roll.)
Duffy was lionised, while Gray quietly haunted
the courts, too diffident to make his way to a
lucrative practice. For two years he reported
the law courts for the Argus. He became inter-
ested in the eight-hour movement and the land
question, and in 1858 was a prime mover in,
and president of, the Victorian convention,
which sat for some years at Melbourne, in a
hotel opposite the House of Parliament. A
demonstration organised by Gray led to the
passing of a bill making it illegal to hold as-
semblies within 200 yards of the house of Par-
liament. The opposition organised against the
land bill was successful.

Gray was defeated for the East Melbourne
seat in Parliament in 1859, but in 1860 be-
came member of the House of Assembly for
Rodney. He was the forerunner of radical
thought in Victoria and a notable opponent of
the squatter interest. “He declined Duffy's offer
of the solicitor-generalship in 1857, and often
voted against his colleagues. Though re-elected
in 1862, he resigned his seat in the following
year and moved to Dunedin, where he was
admitted as a barrister of the Supreme Court.
Gray never shone at tlle bar. He had a pro-
found knowledge of legal principles and after-
wards became an authority on the mining law
of New Zealand, but he shunned the hurly-
burly of the courts and modestly devilled for his
friend G. E. Barton. Hes said to have declined
the dual office of provincial solicitor and crown
prosecutor, but in Jun 1864 was appointed
judge of the district court and resident magis-
trate on the goldfields. His decisions were con-
sistently sound and were reprinted in the New
Zealand Jurist as Gray’s District Court Mining

GRAY

Decisions. Painstaking and conscientious to a
degree, spartan in dress, he endured much hard-
ship in arduous travelling. Nevertheless he
declined a county court judgeship in Victoria
and a puisne judgeship in New Zealand (1868)
and wore out his frail health in the conscien-
tious discharge of his. role on the goldfields
Provision was made for a pension in 1875, but
he did not ‘live to enjoy the retirement. His
death (at Lawrence on 4 Apr 1875) terminated
what the Otago Daily Times described as +a
blameless life [which was} one religious act
of noble generosity."

Gray was survived by his wife and a son,
Wilson H. Gray, who had distinguished himself
in the Federal army during the civil war in the
United States.

Ross: Mennell: Kings Inns Library, Dublin;
Burtchaell and Sadieir, Alumni Dublinenses,. Otago
Daily Times, 5, 12 Apr 1875; N.Z. Colonial Law
Journ., pt_1; R. Stout, in Melbourne Review, vol
vii, 1882, P 27-40. Portrait, by John Irvine, ARSA.,
in Otago University.

GRAY, WILLIAM (1817-73) was born in Scot-
land, educated there and spent 10 years in the
post office at Aberdeen, rising from the position
of stamper to that of chief clerk. In 1852 he
emigrated with his family by the Simlah to
New Zealand and entered into business in New
Plymouth. For some years he conducted a
school in Market Place and performed the
duties of librarian to the Taranaki Book Club,
‘which developed into the Mechanics’ Institute.
His shop was tlle rendezvous of politicians,
tlleologians and literati. In 1854 Gray applied
for the position of postmaster, and a year later,
on the resignation of J. Stephenson Smith, a
memorial was sent to tile Government which
resulted in his being appointed (Aug 1855).
Three years later he was promoted to Nelson,
where during the war he acted as government
almoner towards the Taranaki refugees. He
became secretary and inspector of post offices
and in that capacity made several visits to San
Francisco. He died there in Jun 1873.
Taranaki News, 28 JIn 1873; D. Robertson,
Early History. of the N.Z. Post Office (1905); Wells

GRAY, WILLIAM (1844-1907) was born in
Aberdeen, a son of William Gray (1817-73) and
arrived in New Plymouth with his parents in
1852. He received his education at private

319

-----------------------Page 177 End-----------------------

GREEN

schools there and entered the office of the
Taranaki News in 1858. Later he went to the
Nelson Examiner office, where he served until
1864. He then entered the chief post office at
Dunedin as a junior clerk. In 1865 he became
clerk in the deadletter office of the General
Post Office and from 1866-68 was mail agent on
the Panama steamers. Until 1870 he was mail
agent on the Ivlelbourne steamers, and then was
appointed clerk in the secretary's branch of the
General Post Office He was promoted chief
clerk in 1872; Secretary two years later and
Secretary of the Post and Telegraph depart-
ment on the amalgamation of the two branches
in 1881. Gray held that position until his death
on 22 Mar 1907. In his youth he was a pro-
minent cricketer.

Evening Post and N.Z. Times, 23 Mar 1907.

GREEN, GEORGE (1810-72) arrived in New
Zealand from Sydney in 1838 and spent some
months in the south, making purchases from
Maori chiefs which included Centre island,
Stewart island and bays on the mainland, an
area at Catlins, and Quarantine island in Otago
harbour. Returning to Sydney, he prosecuted
his claims with the Government of New South
Wales without success and in 1858-59 visited
New Zealand for the same purpose. From 1860
till his death (on 30 Aug 1872) he lived in
‘Sydney. In 1870 a small grant of 5,000 acres
was made to him.

App. L.C., 1868, P 31; Hocken, Otago; Otago’
Daily Times, 3 Sep 1872,

GREEN, JAMES (1836-1905) was born in Mid-
dlesex, the son of a mechanic and would have
followed the same trade as his father had he
not decided to come to New Zealand. Arriving
at Port Chalmers (1856) he went to Tokomai-
iro as an agricultural labourer and later took
government contracts and worked on the
diggings and as a carrier. In 181 he settled
at Blueskin and became a member of the gen-
eral road board. In 1867 he was elected to the
Provincial Council for North Harbour and he
continued a member unut the abolition (North
Harbour 1867-70; Blueskin 1871-75). He was
in the executive most of the year 1875. In
1876 he was elected to the Waikouaiti county
council (of which he was chairman 1877-93)
In 1878 he was elected to Parliament, in which

GREENFIELD

he represented Port Chalmers (1878-79) and
Waikouaiti (1882-84 and 1893-96). Commenc-
ing in 1868 he had a long experience of local
body service, including the Otago education
board (1878-96; three times chairman); school
commissioners, waste lands board, hospital
board, charitable aid board, benevolent trustees,
hospital trustees and land board.

Otago Daily Times, 21 Aug 1905.

GREEN, MATTHEW WOOD (1840-1914) was
Manchester in 1840. Brought up in the doc-
trines of the Church of England to the age of
44, he associated much with the Wesleyans, and
finaly joined the Church of Christ. At the age
of 18 he was preaching, and in 1862 he came
to New Zealand with his family and spent five
years preaching for the Church of Christ in
‘Auckland. He was then for three years in Syd-
ney and in 1869 accepted an invitation to the
Swanston street church, Melbourne, and found-
ed a new church in North Melbourne. Mter
a visit to England for his health Green worked
in Dunedin (1878) for five years, erecting the
fine tabernacle in Great King street. He repre-
sented Dunedin East in Parliament (1881-84).
He then spent 12 years in Adelaide, where he
was secretary of the South Australian Alliance
(1889), returned on a visit to Dunedin (1902)
and had charge of the tabernacle for a year,
and then resumed his post in Melbourne where
he died on 29 Sep 1914. In later life he was an
Anglo-Israeliteo

Cycl. N.Z., iv.; Melbourne Argus, 30 Sep 1914.
Portrait: Parliament House.

GREENFIELD, ALFRED (1829-1920) was born
in Islington, London, the son of a solicitor, in
whose office he was employed after completing
his education at the Mordon Hill Academy. In
4851 he came to Nelson in the Clara and shortly
aftenvards, with Walter Long Wrey, drove a
mob of horses from Nelson to Amuri for John
Tinline. He was a cadet on a Stoke property
and then became clerk in the Superintendent's
office (1854). There he was employed through-
out the provincial period, as clerk, provincial
secretary and treasurer; M.P.C. for Nelson
(1865-67), and a member of the executive in
1857, 1865 and 1865-75. He was also provincial
auditor, commissioner of crown lands, agent for
the south-western goldfields, judge of the assess-

320

 

GREENSILL

ment court, warden at Westport and Palmerston
North and chairman of the wardens’ confer-
ence, and a member of the education board and
the hospital board. As chairman of the Nelson
school commissioners he did much towards the
foundation of the Nelson Girls’ College. Green-
fidd was resident’ magistrate at Clyde and
Thames, and acted on six royal commissions.
He died on 31 May 1920.

Nelson P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Nelson Evening Mall
1 Jun 1920.

GREENSILL, JOHN ABRAHAM ROBERTS
(1840-1923) was born at Haulbowline island,
Cork, the son of Major Greensill, commissary
of ordnance, and first cousin to Lord Roberts
of Kandahar. Being intended for the army, he
was educated at Carshalton military school pre-
paratory to Woolwich. Owing to ill-health he
came to Nelson in the O"iental (1856), but
moved shortly afterwards to Marlborough and
for some years worked at Erina and Marsh-
lands, farmed at Arapawa and ran a successful
merchant's business in Picton. In 1866 he was
elected to the Provincial Council for Queen
Charlotte sound. He was a member of the Pic-
ton borough council and several times mayor
of the borough. He was a director of the Marl-
borough Building society and of the King Solo-
mon Gold Mining Co. He married first (1866)
Selina Rebecca, daughter of T. W. Downes;
and second (1888) Rose (who died 24 Oct
1893), daughter of Mr Justice Conolly (q.v.).
He was long associated with the Church of
England as a lay reader. Greensill died on 6
Dec 1923.

Who's Who N.Z,, 1924; Marlborough Express, 7
Dec 1923.

GREENSTREET, HERBERT EDWARD (1851-
1936) joined the Worcester as a cadet in 1866,
and two years later went to sea as a midship-
man, serving through all ranks from able-
bodied seamen to first mate in ships trading to
the Far East and the Pacific. His first command
was the ship Mataura, one of the first to be
fitted with refrigerating machinery. In 1882 he
collected 3,844 carcases of mutton at the ports
of New Zealand and delivered it successfully
in London. The second voyage was less for-
tunate owing to a neighbouring vessel unload-
ing bone dust while the holds were open. Green-
street was soon afterwards appointed second

321
21

GREENWOOD

mate in the steamer Aorangi, andin 1885 master
of the Ruapehu. He became commodore of the
New Zealand Shipping Co.'s Hest, and travelled
about 2,500,000 miles at sea without mishap.
In 1917 he retired from the service and his
death occurred on 22 Mar 1936..

Critchel and Raymond (p); The D' 23
tteag! and Ray (p); The Dominion

GREENWOOD, GEORGE DEAN (1851-1932)
was born at Howarth, Yorkshire, England, the
son of George Oates Greenwood, and brother of
Dr Harry Greenwood. Educated privately and
at a public school at Reading, he learned farm-
ing in Leicestershire, where he hunted with the
Quom and Pytchley.

Three of his uncles, James, Joseph and
Edward, had arrived in Canterbury from Austra-
lia in 1843, and taken up a property at Purau,
on Banks Peninsula, in which his father also
had an interest. In 1847 they soldit and bought
more stock for their run at Motunau.

Greenwood went to California in the hope
that he might find it suitable for sheep farming
but, being disappointed, he returned to Eng-
land. His father, being now the sole survivor
of the partnership, had bought the Teviotdale
estate in north Canterbury (1867), and in 1875
Greenwood paid a visit to New Zealand to in-
spect the property. He then studied the wool
trade in Bradford and in 1878 took charge of
Teviotdale. He was one of the first breeders
to attempt the evolution of a type of sheep
spedafy SUlted to New Zealand and by crossing
the Leicester with the merino he produced the
Corriedale, which gave superior wool and mut-
ton.

Greenwood had a thorough knowledge of
station management. He sold off much of
Teviotdale, but bought other properties in
Queensland and Argentine, with which he had

reat success. One noteworthy instance of his
foresight was his conversion of a cattle property
m Australia to sheep. He was one of the
founders of the North Canterbury Freezing Co.,
of which he was for some years chairman.

In 1908 Greenwood took up racing with
great success. He engagedR. J. Mason as
tramer and bought such horses as Sunglow,
Perle d'Or, Acrostic, Lady Wayward, Formden
and Armlet. He had an extraordinary series
of successes in New Zealand and Austrdia, jn.

-----------------------Page 178 End-----------------------

GREENWOOD

cluding the Derby (12 times), the Jackson Plate
(10), the C.J.C. Challenge stakes (10) and the
Auckland (6), Middle Park Plate (6), the St
Leger and the A.C. Gimerack stakes. Green-
wood married first a daughter of Robert Chap-
man (Springbank) and second Mrs Helene
Cross. He died on 28 Aug 1932.

HELENE FODOR (1878-1932) was the daughter
of William Frederick Fodor, a French diplo-
mat, and spent her early years on the continent.
She was educated at the Girls’ High School,
Dunedin, and later became associated with Miss
Freeman in the conduct of Girton College m
Dunedin and Christchurch. She married first
Mr Cross and then Greenwood. Devoted to
animals, she assisted her husband materially in
the management of his racing stud. During.the
war'of 1914-18 she compiled a book on Soldiers’
Spoken French; and she published also Gloam-
ing, the Wonder Horse; and a.novel, The
Splendid Horizon. She was much mterested i
art; was a personal friend of van der Velden
and possessed a fine collection of pamtings and
objets dart, She died on 1 Dec 1932.

Acland; J. Hay; Jacobson; NZ. Tul" Register ;

The Press, 28 Aug (p), 1 Dec 1932; Otago Daily
Times, 4 Jan 1900.
GREENWOOD, JOHN DANFORTH (1803-90)
wes born in England, where he was educated
and graduated in medicine (M.R. He
practised at Mitcham, Surrey. In 1843 he came
to New Zealand as surgeon of the Phoebe Dun-
bar and setded with his family at Motueka
(Nelson), where he practised his profession. In
1849 ye was nominated a member of the Legis-
lative Council of New Munster, but reSigned
in 1850, feeling that his position was not com-
patible with independence. He was for some
time editor of the Examiner and was the first
inspector of schools in Nelson. Greenwood was
an original trustee and governor of Nelson Col-
lege and filled the position of principal (1863-
64). In 1866 he was appointed sergeant-at-arms
in the House of Representatives, a position he
held for Il years. He died on 15 Jun 1890.

Parltry Record, N.Z. Chess Book, 1922; N.I.
spectator, 5, 30 Oct 1850; Otago Daily Times, 16
Oct 1925; The Colonist, 17 Jun 1890.

GREENWOOD, JOSEPH, belonged to the 31st

regiment and came to New Zealand m 1847
with a detachment of the New Zealand Fen-

 

GRESSON

cibleg, of which he was brigade-major. In 1850
he published in Auckland, in English and
Maori, a narrative of A Journey to Taupo from
Auckland. Greenwood represented the Pen-
sioner Settlements in Parliament (1853-57) and
in the Auckland Provincial Council from 1855-
57, when he resigned both seats.

Auckland P.C. Proc.,. N.I.P.D., 1853-57; Hocken,
Bibljog.

GREENWOOD, ROBERT (1797-1889) was born
in England and educated at Cambridge Usi-
versity, where he graduated. He engaged m
mercantile life in London, where his father
was connected with banking. In 1850 Green-
wood came to New Zealand in the Poictiers,
and shortly afterwards settled in Taranaki, tak-
ing up land at Tataraimaka. .He represented
Omata in the Provincial Counol (1857-61). He
had to withdraw to New Plymouth on the out
break of the Maori war, and afterwards lived
for most of his time with Captain Good at
Urenui. He died on 14 Sep 1889. Greenwood
was a success{ul athlete in his younger days, and
even in advanced age frequently walked long
distances.

Taranaki Herald, 26 Sep 1889. Portrait: Tara-
naki Hist. Call

GRESSON, HENRY BARNES (1809-1901) was
born in county Meath, Ireland, the son of the
Rev George Leslie Gresson, rector of Ardnur-
cher, Westmeath. To the age of 14 he was edu-
cated at home, and he then went for three
years to a private school in, Westmeath, from
which he matriculated at Tnimity Colfege, Dub-
lin. Having graduated BA., Gresson entered
upon the study of law, and was admitted to the
Irish bar in 1833, After gaining experience m
London and Dublin, he practised for eight years
as an equity barrister at the chancery bar .m
Dublin. During this time he collaborated With
Burroughs in a treatise on eqUIty pleading. In
1845 he married Anne (d. 1889), daughter of
Andrew Beatty of Londonderry. .

In 1854, having now a growing family, 2nd
being a strong churchman, Gresson became !n-
terested in the Canterbury colony, for which
he sailed with his family in the ship Egmont,
which carried reinforcements for the 58th and
65th regiments. He landed at Auckland on 24
Jun 1854 and arrived at Lyttelton on 23 Jul.

 

322

 

GRESSON

At first the family lived at Oxford terrace east,
where Gresson commenced: to practice. Later
he moved to the corner of Worcester and Man-
chester streets. Three months after arriving in
Canterbury he was appointed provincial soli-
citor and crown prosecutor for the province.
As a member of the executive ex officio, Gresson
participated in many governments under Fitz~
Gerald and Moorhouse. His leaders were: Hall
(1854-55), Brittan (1855), Tancred (1855-57
and 1857-58), Packer, Bowen, and Cass (al in
1867). In 1855 he was appointed a J.P. for
Canterbury.

In a rearrangement of judicial districts in
1857 Gresson was appointed a judge and given
jurisdiction over the whole of the South Island.
Hitherto Stephen had come down occasionally
from Wellington to deliver the gaol, and there
was very little civil business. The following ex-
tract from the dates of Gresson's first circuit
gives an idea of the travelling he did, mostly on
horseback: Wellington 11 Jan 1858; Nelson
20 Jan; Lyttelton, Feb; Dunedin 8 Mar. The
journey from Nelson to Lyttelton, 230 miles,
was a lonely one, but he had a good river horse
and a competent Maori guide. From Christ-
church to Dunedin he rode in company with
charles C. Bowen. Gresson's appointment to
the bench entailed his resignation of all pro-
vincial offices. In the early sixties the sudden
growth of population in Otago, consequent on
the discovery of gold, called for the creation
of a separate judicial district; and Gresson was
relieved of the area south of the Waitaki by
the appointment of Richmond as judge for
Otago. Shortly afterwards a judicial district
was established in Westland, and in Jan 1865,
Gregson crossed the Alps to open the first court
in Hokitika. Before long his district was re-
stricted to Canterbury.

In 1874 a joint parliamentary committee
decided on a rearrangement of the judiciary,
under which Gresson would have to go to Na-
son. There was a strong feeling amongst the
judges that it tended to restrict the indepen-
dence of the bench if Parliament had the power
of moving judges from place to place. Gresson

had no wish to leave Christchurch, for he had
identified himself with the people and their
ideals and about 1864 had purchased a coun-
try property near Woodend. He accordingly
retired from the bench at the end of 1875, and

 

GREY

in the following year paid a visit to England
and Ireland. In 1877 he was granted the title
of shunourable: On returning to New Zex
land, Gresson indulged his taste for farming.
He paid much attention to sheep and cattle
breeding, importing many new animals (especi-
ally Leicester sheep) to improve his stock, and
he was a successful competitor at agricultural
and pastoral shows. The Canterbury show of
1862 (which resulted in the formation of the
Agricultural and Pastoral association) was held
in his paddock in Latimer Square. He was pas-
sionately fond of flowers also, and had fine
gardens both at Woodend and Fendalton.
About 1891 he sold his farm to Henry Gray,
and two years later went to live in Fendalton,
where he died on 31 Jan 1901.

Gresson always took a keen interest in educa-
tion. Until he was appointed to the bench he
was a fellow of Christ's College. He was an
original member of the board of governors of
Canterbury College (1873-76), and chairman in
1875. He was an early president of the Canter-
bury Philosophical Institute (1872). As a
churchman he was a moving spirit in the erec-
tion of Christchurch Cathedral, and was for
many years a member of the diocesan synod,
and for a while chancellor of the diocese.

N.LP.D, 13 Aug 1861; Canterbury P.C. Proc.
N.I. Gaz. Cycl. N.I., iii (p); Cox; Wigram; The
Press, 1 Feb 1901, 26 Jul 1930 (p).

GREY, SIR GEORGE EDWARD (1812-98) was
born at Lisbon on 14 Apr 1812, a few days
after the death of his father, Lieut-colonel
Grey, of the 30th Foot, at the battle of Badajoz.
The family were a branch of the Greys of
Groby, represented in the peerage by the Earl
of Stamford. Grey was educated at Guildford,
Surrey, and in 1826 entered Sandhurst, from
which he gained his ensignoy in the 83rd Foot.
(Ensign 1829; lieutenant 1833; captain 1836.)
He served with his regiment at Glasgow and
then for four years in Ireland. There he was
deeply impressed by the condition of the work-
ing dasses, and became imbued with ideas on
land tenure which were expressed in his later
political liberalism.

In 1833 Grey entered the senior department
of the Royal Military College, from which he
passed out in 1836 with a certificate from the
governors showing that he had not only acquit-

323

-----------------------Page 179 End-----------------------

GREY

ted himself with the highest credit in the ex-
aminations but had +extended his acquirements
far beyond its limits into the highest branches
of mathematical science’ and showed +a
superior merit and talents.’ This achievement
gained him his captaincy. He was already los
ing interest in the army as a profession and be-
ing drawn towards exploring.
In 1836, with Lieut. Lushington, of the 9th
Foot, he proposed to the Colonial Office to
undertake an exploration in western Australia
to ascertain the existence or otherwise of a great
river, or ocean inlet, north of the Swan river.
The proposal was endorsed by Lord Glenelg
and had the approval of the Royal Geographical
Society. Accordingly, on 5 Jul 1837 the small
expedition, with Grey in command, sailed from
Plymouth in H.M.S. Beagle. On arrival at
Capetown Grey hired the schooner Lynher, 150
tons, purchased 31 sheep, 19 goats and 6 dogs,
and with a party of 12 men sailed on 29 Nov
for Australia. They anchored in St George bay
on 2 Dec, and Grey made a short preliminary
expedition while the Lynher under Lushington
went to Timor for ponies. Grey encountered
great hardships and difficulties. He lost his
dogs owing to the heat and, finding himself cut
off from the schooner by a wide arm of the sea,
swam to the other side, only to find himself
surrounded by hostile natives. Naked and ex-
hausted, he took advantage of the darkness to
hide in a cave and was taken off the following
morning by the Lynher. Mter recruiting his
strength Grey made important journeys into
the interior, passing round the end of the Mac-
donald range, discovering and naming Mount
Lyall and the Glenelg river (4 Mar 1838), which
he explored for a distance of 70 mifes. He
found vast tracts of fertile pasture land, upon
which he rested and recuperated the strength
of his surviving ponies-several had been lost in
the rugged ravines of the river bed. Grey was
severely wounded in the thigh in an.engage-
ment with natives, and on 4 Apr his party
turned back. Exhausted by heat, hunger and
rough travelling, they were picked up by the
Lynher and Beagle on 15 Apr, and on the 27th
they sailed for Mauritius to recover then’
strength.
While there, Grey reported his explorations
to England. On 21 Aug he sailed for the Swan
river to consult with Sir James Stirling. While

GREY

he was awaiting despatches from the Colonial
Office, he made one or two minor expeditions.

On 17 Feb 1839, with a party of II white men,

he sailed for Shark bay, taking three whaleboats

in the hope that he would be able to explore

the whole length of coast. On 25 Feb they

landed on Bernier island, where they lost one

of the whaleboats in a gale shortly afterwards.

Grey and Dr Walker swam off and baled out

the others to save them from swamping. On

5 Mar they discovered the Gascoyne river, and,

returning to Bernier island, they found that

their depot had been almost destroyed and most

of their provisions were gone. It was impera-

tive that they should reach civilisation as soon

as possible. They accordingly set sail for the
south. On reaching Gantheaume river both
boats were upset in the breakers and it was
necessary to continue the journey of 300 miles
to Perth on foot. In the first week they covered
only 70 miles. Provisions running short, Grey
decided to divide the party, and he led the
advance guard, consisting of himself and four
others. On II Apr they crossed the Arrowsmith
river. They suffered much from heat, hunger
and thirst, and Grey was hampered by his
wound. Struggling doggedly on, the others fell
out and Grey, assisted by friendly blacks,
staggered into Perth on 21 Apr. He had
travelled the whole distance in three weeks.
He lost no time in eqUipping a relief party by
which the survivors were brought in.

While recuperating his strength and awaiting
instructions from London, Grey devoted him-
self to the study of native dialects and customs,
and with that object accepted the post of gov-
ernment resident at King George's sound (Aug
1839), where the duties were mainly connected
with the natives. While there he married Eliza
Lucy, daughter of his predecessor, Captain
(afterwards Admiral Sir) R. W. Spencer, R.N.
Despatches from the Colonial Office indicated
that it did not favour a continuance of the ex-
plorations to the north-westward, so Grey con-
cluded his service in western Australia and
sailed for England from Adelaide (II Apr
1840). On the voyage he prepared his mem-
orandum for Lord John Russell on the best
means of promoting the civilisation of the
natives. Reaching England in Sep, he had not
completed his book for publication when he
was offered the governorship of South Austra,

324

 

 

GREY

lia He sold his captain's commission and sailed
at once, reaching Adelaide on 14 May 184L

Grey found the colony bankrupt, the town
unduly large, and a great number of people
receiving relief from public funds. He made
drastic cuts in all forms of expenditure, en-
couraged bona fide squatting, and used the re-
venues so derived for road-making and surveys.
Within three years the area under cultivation
increased from 2,500 acres to 28,760 acres and
the rural population from 6,121 to 11,259, with
a corresponding shrinkage in that of Adelaide.
Copper discoveries at Burra Burra helped to
overcome the depression. Grey took the oppor-
tunity in South Australia of putting into effect
some of his proposals for the civilisation of the
natives. He extended the Queen's law to all
within the colony, encouraged native education
and, through the appointment of protectors,
controlled the relations of settlers with the
natives. In this service he stationed E. J. Eyre
(qv.) at a_ settlement called Moorundee,
specially charged with guarding the welfare of
blacks coming into contact with overlanders and
squatters. As the result of his policy of firmness
and justice, Grey was able to report in 1844
that the tribes on the Murray and Darling were
perfectly amicable and well disposed. His
methods were fully approved by the Colonial
Office

Intelligence from New Zealand, meanwhile,
indicated that FitzRoy's administration was not
successtul. The Colonial Office, alarmed at the
tension between natives and whites turned
naturally to Grey as’ the man most iikely, in
spite of his youth, to cope with the situation.
Meanwhile Grey, hearing of the outbreak of
hostilities at Bay of Islands, on his own respon-
sibility loaded into a vessel which had called at
Adelaide all the munitions he could spare for
the use of the New Zealand Government. A
few days later he received a despatch from the
Colonial Office appointing him  Lieutenant-
governor of New Zealand, and instructing him
to repair at once to that post. He landed at
Auckland on 18 Nov 1845 and proceeded with-
out delay to Bay of Islands. At Kororareka he
found the military (consisting of about 670 of
all ranks of the 58th and 99th Regiments)
strengthening their position on the tip of the
peninsula, while hostile natives were moving
about freely on the opposite side of the bay.

GREY

He at once announced his intention of advanc-
ing against the enemy position. On the 28th he
met in conference the friendly clliefs (led by
Tamati Waka Nene, qv.) whom he assured
of the determination of the British Government
to respect the Treaty of Waitangi and to forbid
the alienation of native lands without the full
consent of all concerned. He invited Heke and
Kawiti to accept the terms of peace offered by
FitzRoy. Kawiti was inclined to agree, but was
overborne by the younger man. Grey accord-
ingly lost no time in moving the troops towards
the enemy positions. An ordinance was passed
forbidding traffic in arms and ammunition,
Friendly natives were enrolled under European
officers; and a small force was despatched to
hold Heke while Kawiti's stronghold at Ruape-
kapeka was invested by a force of 1,173 British
and 450 native troops. The siege began on 3t
Dec 1845, and on 10 Jan, the palisade having
been sufficiently breached by the artillery, the
pa was stormed and occupied. This broke the
resistance of the enemy. Grey had been in the
fied throughout, he had directed the operations
more or less over the heads of the naval and
military leaders, and the decisive part he had
played raised his prestige with the natives, who
were flattered by the manner in which he de-
ferred to the advice of Tamati Waka Nene. A
few months later he exhibited the same com-
bination of strategy, firmness and daring in the
southern district. In the operations against
Rangihaeata, Grey took the precaution of saiz~
ing Te Rauparaha and holding him prisoner
on suspicion of aiding and abetting the rising.
‘A few months later he was called upon (Apr
1847) to suppress a native outbreak in the
Whanganui district, where some whites were
murdered. The river was blockaded and the
withholding of supplies of food and tobacco
materially assisted to bring the hostile natives
to terms, for which they sued on 21 Feb 1848.
Grey had rapidly acquired great mana with
the Maori. He had now a command of the
language, had made many friends amongst the
chiefs by rewards for loyalty, and gained their
confidence by safeguarding their lands; by em-
ploying native labour on roads; by prohibiting
the sae of arms and drink: to natives; by estab-
lishing savings banks, and inaugurating asim-
pler form of native judicial institutions; by
subsidising schools and hospitals and giving s-

325

-----------------------Page 180 End-----------------------

GREY

sistance in many fonns of material improve-
ment. He took a deep interest in Maori philo-
logy, literature and traditions, and made a valu-
able collection (which later he presented to the
Auckland Public Library). Taking advantage
of his leisure to study the land question, he
condemned the alienation of native lands and
denounced the land proclamations, which in his
opinion favoured the speculator as against the
genuine settler.

Throughout most of the latter part of 1846
and the whole of 1847 he devoted much atten-
tion to the proposed constituti'on (his views
being set forth in important despatches of 7
Oct 1846 and 3 and 13 May 1847). Before the
latter reached England the Colonial Secretary
had sent his despatch of 1 Jun enclosing a copy
of the proposed bill, and a few weeks later (7
Jul) the royal charter relating thereto. The
royal charter Grey felt did not sufficiently safe-
guard Maori rights over land and, supported
by the protest of Bishop Sdwyn and the
opinions of the Chief Justice (Martin) and the
Attorney-general (Swainson), he suspended
it indefinitely, stating his reasons to the British
Government. On 1 Jan 1848 Grey assumed
office as Governor-in-chief of New Zealand, and
during that year he was knighted. The inves-
titute took place on 18 Nov, Sir George being
supported by two Maori esquires. He also had
conferred upon him by Oxford University the
honorary degree of D.C.L. The delays entailed
in long-distance discussion with the Colonial
Office of the proposed new constitution made
the settlers impatient. A Constitutional Asso-
ciation was fonned to demand representative
government, and petitions were.widely signed
asking for the recall of the Governor. Grey
made himself unpopular also with the mission-
aries, whom he accused of |and-grabbing. Mean-
while, on behalf of the government he had
bought the native interest in lands in the Sout!
Island which were required for the Otago and
Canterbury settlements, and the first settlers
had arrived and established themselves (1848
and 1850). Grey had a heavy correspondence
in connection with these two colonies and the
affairs of the New Zealand Company, which had
to be provided for in the constitution owing to
the surrender of its charters. The Canterbury
Association negotiated with the British Govern-
ment directly, and its supporters accused Grey

GREY

of being hostile to it. The Godley letters and
Grey's speeches in the Legislative Council bear
on this. His treatment of Lieutenant-governor
Eyre (q.v.) was used by Ills critics as an aggra-
vation of his offence in suspending the con-
stitution act, and appointments made by him
to the nominated legislative council did nothing
to appease their anger.

The Imperial Parliament had already passed
the constitution act granting representative in-
stitutions to New Zealand when Grey's own
Legislative Council enacted a provincial coun-
ils ordinance (jul 1852). On 16 Jul Sir John
Pakington wrote his despatch enclosing the new
act. On 13 Sep Grey assumed the governorship
under this measure. In Jan 1853 he proclaimed
the provincial districts, and on 12 Aug he was
able to inform the Secretary of State that the
Act was in satisfactory operation. Certain
delays occurred which served to confirm critics
in the belief that Grey was unfavourable to
representative government and did not wish to
seeit inaugurated. The first provincial councils
were elected (in Auckland) on 4 Aug 1853, and
the first session of a council (in Taranaki) com-
menced on 16 Sep. Grey left the colony on
31 Dec without seeing the General Assembly
convened

In 1853 Grey, in company with Selwyn,
visited many of the Pacific islands in the govern-
ment brig Victoria. Finding the French inpos-
session of New Caledonia, he warned the British
Government of the dangers likely to arise in
the future, and put forward a proposal for a
federation of Pacific races under the aegis of
New Zealand. As Premier (1878) he reverted
to the dangers of the French occupation of the
New Hebrides, and five years later he carried in
Parliament a bill to enable New Zealand to
establish federal relations with such Pacific
peoples as might desire them. In the eighties
he was consulted by Samoan chiefs as to their
future. He published in 1885 a pampWet on
German colonisation and the Samoan nego-
tiations.

Grey's new post was the governorship of Cape
Colony, together with the high commissioner-
ship of South Africa. Arriving there early in
1854, he found conditions existing which seemed
to resemble closely the state of native affairs in
New Zealand, and within three weeks of his
arrival he outlined his plan of campaign. His

326

 

to

GREY

chief problem throughout was in connection
with the eastern frontier, where tlle Basuto
were at variance with their neighbours, the
Dutch farmers of the Orange Free State. Grey's
reputation 2s a native administrator had
reached South Africa, and he lost no time in
applying the same policy of firmness and jus-
tice, with a humane regard for the social wel-
fare and education of the native. He established
hospitals and schools, attached loyal chiefs to
him by tactful consideration and rewards, and
arrested troublesome ones. When whole tribes
were threatened willi’extinction by famine, he
found employment for 34,000 individuals with
white employers throughout the colony. He
proposed to protect the border districts by estab-
lishing a force of army pensioner settlers, and,
this being impracticable, he settled in south
Africa many members of the German legion
which had been enlisted for the Crimea. Grey's
relations with the Boer states were cordial and
trustful, the Dutch people in South Africa hav-
ing a great regard for his courage and resource.
He broached at an early stage the desirability
of all the European colonies in South Africa
entering into a federal union. The troubles of
Free State with the Kafirs promoted this move-
ment. At the desire of the Free State, Grey
mediated with the Basuto, and with great per-
tinacity followed Moshesh to his stronghold at
Thaba Bosigo and obtained his signature to a
treaty (1855). It was not well observed, and
before long war broke out. When the Free
State asked for help against the Basuto, Grey
declined either to assist or to permit the enlist-
ment of colonists in the forces of the republic,
but after the defeat of the Boers he offered his
services as a mediator and helped the Boers to
conclude a new peace treaty (15 Oct 1858).
Meanwhile he was in treaty with them with,a
view to forming a South African federation.
Writing to the Colonial Secretary on 24 Jun,
he expressed his firm conviction that’ nothing
but a strong federal government, which unites
within itself all European races in South Africa,
can permanently maintain peace in this coun-
try and free Great Britain from constant
anxiety for the peace of her possessions here:
To this Henry Labouchere explicitly declared
that such federation was no part of the policy
of the British Government. Grey was fearful
of the two Boer Governments coming together

GREY

and so forming an obstacle to future federation
under the British flag, and he lost no oppor-
tunity of promoting his project. On his sug-
gestion the Free State Volksraad passed resolu-
tions favouring federation with the Cape
Colony, and Grey submitted these to the Cape
Parliament at its meeting in Mar 1859. Before
Parliament bad time to come to a decision he
received a peremptory despatch from the Col-
onial Secretary ordering him to drop the federal
scheme. When Lord Lytton discovered how far
he had proceeded in face of the officid ban he
hastily recalled Grey from his post (4 Jun
1859). In the light of subsequent events Grey's
vision would seem to have been sound, but (as
Professor E. A. Walker says) he was years ahead
of his time. To the regret of both Dutch and
British settlers and of the natives whose welfare
he had so jealously promoted, Grey left for Eng-
land. Before he reached Home there was a
change of government. The new administration
reinstated him in his governorship, and he re-
turned to South Africa, but he had instructions
from the Duke of Newcastle not to persevere
with his federal scheme. He understood that an
appointment in Canada would follow at an
early date, but events in New Zealand were
again to turn his steps in this direction.
‘Another incident of Grey's South African
administration requires to be noticed. In 1857
he received a despatch from Lord Elphinstone
informing him of the outbreak of mutiny
amongst native troops in India, and suggesting
that he might be able to assist. Grey acted with
great promptitude and courage. Within three
days he had collected all the available troops
in Capetown and arranged for their transporta-
tion to India, together with £60,000 worth of
specie and every horse that could be spared
even from his own stables. The 93rd Regiment
arrived from England at that moment en route
to join the forces engaged in China. Grey in-
sisted on diverting it to India, and so by a
happy accident was able, in the words of Lord
Malmesbury, ‘probably to save India: While
South Africa was denuded of troops he astutely
balanced the loyalties of the native peoples and
preserved peace. Grey made a deep study of
the languages and customs of the native races
in South Africa, and here also he collected
literature in etImology and philology which at
a later date he presented to the Cape Library.

827

-----------------------Page 181 End-----------------------

GREY

In his solicitude for the natives he employed
Dr J. P. Fitzgerald (q.v.), who had co-operated
with him in the establishment of native hospitals
in New Zealand. He enlisted the services aso
of the French missionaries, and was a close
friend of the missionary explorers Robert Moffat
and David Livingstone.
When Grey set foot again in New Zealand
(Oct 1861) he found a very unhappy conflict
between the two races. The Taranaki war had
been fought to a truce, but certainly not to a
conclusion, and the northern tribes were gravely
disaffected. Grey at once examined the evidence
in the Waitara purchase and, with the concur-
rence of the ministry, decided that the trans-
action was invalid and should be reversed. He
was under no misapprehension as to the extent
of native disaffection, and adopted his usual
energetic methods of coping with the problem.
Every opportunity was seized of becoming per-
sonally acquainted with the tribes and making
friends of the best chiefs; schools and roads
were built, and a scheme of administration
devised for the benefit of purely native districts.
Theoretically the Governor no longer had full
control over native administration, and Grey
was not always in unison with his ministry, but
on the whole they co-operated cordially enough,
both desiring peace without more bloodshed.
It was partly politics that prevented Fox and
Grey from making permanent an understand-
ing they had come to for the management of
native affairs, making it appear that the Gov-
ernor and Premier were at loggerheads. That
this was not so is evident from Grey's despatch
to the Duke of Newcastle (14 Jul 1862): "I am
anxious to assure you that my responsible ad-
visers have in all cases given me the most
liberal and generous support, for which | shall
always feel very grateful to them. Undoubtedly
differences of opinion have on a few occasions
arisen between us, but these have been made
the subject of full and fair discussion and no
difficulty has ever Been found in following some
course which | believe was quite satisfactory
and conducive to the good of Her Majesty's
Government.’ Meanwhile Newcastle was pen-
ning a despatch expressing his firm resolve that
the Colonial Government should assume full
responsibility for the conduct of native affairs
While these two despatches were on the water
Fox brought on a debate on native’ policy. The

GREY

object was merely to affirm the advisability of
such an arrangement, but it was debated as a
no-confidence resolution. The House was even-
ly divided; the Speaker gave his vote against
the Government, and Fox went out of office.
Within a short time Newcastle's despatch
arrived, completely perplexing the new Govern-
ment, which had taken office pledged to main-
tain Imperial control of native affairs The
agreement under which Fox and Grey had co-
operated was then affirmed by the House( on
14 Aug 1862) in the following terms: ‘1. That
ministers should, in conformity with the Royal
Instructions, advise the Governor in Native
affairs as well as in Colonial affairs whenever
his Excellency desires to obtain such advice, and
should also tender advice on all occasions of
importance when they deem it their duty in the
interests of the Colony to do so. 2. That min-
isters should at his Excellency's request under-
take the administration of native affairs, re
serving to his Excellency the decision in all
matters of native policy. 3. That as the decision
in all matters of native policy is with his Excel-
lency, the advice of ministers shall not be held
to bind the Colony to any liability, past or
future, in connection with native affairs beyond
the amount authorised, or to be authorised, by
the House of Representatives.

While doing his'utmost to avoid hostilities,
Grey recognised the deep grievances, of the in-
land tribes especialy, and pushed ahead with
roads from Auckland into the Waikato, believ-
ing that they might serve to prevent war; or,
if war came, that they would enable him to
prosecute it with vigour. Though he often sided
with Maori against pakeha, his sympathies were
strongly with the colonists in their dispute with
the British Government over military assistance
and the control of native affairs. When the
Waikato war broke out in 1863 Grey was not
caught unawares. He had already obtained re-
inforcements from Australia and Great Britain
and India, and was able to begin the campaign
with some thousands of men in the field, Once
embarked on the undertaking, he determined to
push the war to a successful conclusion as soon
2s possible, and was impatient of the delibera-
tion shown by some of the British officers com-
manding in the fidd. His disputes with General
Cameron were unseemly, but not altogether
avoidable. Though disruptive of discipline and

328

GREY

tending to widen the gap already evident be-

tween Grey and his superiors in Downing street,
they did lead in the long run to a prompter
conclusion of the war. When, for instance,
Cameron declined, with the ample force at his
command, to storm the native position at Wera-
roa (West Coast) Grey directed the attack with
a force of Colonial soldiers and friendly natives
and took the position with the loss of one man.
His faith in the efficiency of the settlers was not
misplaced, and it strengthened him in his cor-
respondence with the Colonial Office. The tone
which he employed in that correspondence was,
however, not judicious, and it certainly helped
to widen the estrangement. As a result, on 18
Jun 1867, when the war was entering on its
most acute stage, Grey was informed that when
his term as governor expired a successor would
be appointed. The curtness and the peremp-
tory tone of the despatch gave the impression
that he was in disgrace, and the feeling pre-
vailed in New Zealand that he had been sacri-
ficed owing to his advocacy of the rights and
point of view of the colonists,

Sir George Bowen arrived to relieve him in
Mar 1868, and Grey proceeded to London in
some hope of having it out with the Colonial
Secretary. The Manchester school of political
thought was now in the ascendant, and Mr
Gladstone received Grey with some cordidlity,
but without any assurance of further employ-
ment. It is not certain that Grey wished for
this, though he subsequently complained of
the manner in which he had been discarded.
He paid a series of visits to English towns, and
gave addresses on Colonial Affairs and Liberal-
ism as they appeared to him. He was invited
to stand for several seats in the House of Com-
mons, but when he announced his candidature
for Newark in the Liberal interest Gladstone
made it clear that the Liberals did not want
him officially. He stood as an independent, but
on the representation of Gladstone he agreed
to waive his right in favour of Sir Henry
Storks, and he withdrew on the morning of the
poll. Grey's platform at this time included a
general denunciation of the Little England
school and the views of Goldwin Smith; closer
union with the colonies; state-aided emigra-
tion; the electoral ballot; reclamation of waste
lands; and free education. In England during
the period 1868-70 he spoke and wrote vigor-

GREY

ously on these topics.

In 1871 Grey returned to New Zealand and
took up his residence on his island home uf
Kawau, where for a time. he lived contentedly
with the obvious intention of devoting his time
to study, collecting books and objects of in-
terest in Polynesian art, and planting native
and exotic.shrubs in his beautiful gardens. In
1874 the question of the abolition of the pro-
vinces was assuming an acute character. In
Auckland, which was still smarting under the
added injustice of having been robbed of the
seat of government, feeling ran so high that it
was hopeless for any candidate to come forward
whose loyalty to the provinces was in doubt.
Throughout 1874 Auckland politicians looked
expectantly towards Kawau for leadershi
Events moved quickly in 1875. On the resigna-
tion of T. B. Gillies a vacancy occurred in Par-
liament for Auckland City West. A deputation
was being arranged to wait on Grey at Kawau
when John Williamson, the Superintendent of
the province, died (16 Feb). A week later the
deputation approached Grey and suggested that
he should stand for both positions. He gave his
consent, and on 24 Mar he was elected to the
superintendency, and three days later to Parlia-
ment, in both cases without opposition. This
was the first occasion in New Zealand on which
he submitted himself to a popular vote.

In Parliament Grey made a nofeworthy con-
tribution to the hopeless struggle on the pro-
vincial issue. The outcome was already inevit-
able, and Grey was more concerned about the
form of administration which would take the
place of the provincial system. When Parlia-
ment was dissolved at the end of the year, the
provincial issue was politically dead. Grey was
returned unopposed for his Auckland seat (23
Dec). He was also opposing Vogel at Thames,
and there too, he was successful (6 Jan 1876).
The year 1876 saw the end of the provincial
system, which had inaugurated the constitution
in 1853. Grey, as Superintendent, was respon-
sible for winding up the affairs of Auckland
province. That question being out of the way,
he gradually gathered about him a body of
members of advanced views to whom the plat-
form which he had adumbrated in England in
1868 appealed. These formed the nucleus of
the future Liberal Party. On the defeat of
Atkinson (13 Oct 1877) Grey formed a ministry

 

329

-----------------------Page 182 End-----------------------

GREY

having as his colleagues Larnach, Macandrew,
Sheehan, J. T. Fisher and Whitmore. A few
months later Ballance, Stout and J. N. Wilson
came in. The Government policy included
adult franchise, triennial parliaments, taxation
of land values, the free breakfast table, compul-
sory purchase of large estates, leasehold tenure
and the elective governorship. All of these (ex-
cept the last) was to be carried into law within
the next twenty years, but not by Grey. His
ministry got into difficulties over the land tax
and a commercial crisis. Ballance resigned after
a personal disagreement, and Grey took into
the cabinet Gisborne, J. W. Thomson and Swan-
son. He carried on for a few weeks after be-
ing defeated; then asked for a dissolution and
appealed to the country.

Grey was elected unopposed for Thames, and
made a strenuous campaign throughout the
country. In the result the House was fairly
equally divided, and the Governor sent for Sir
John Hall. To enable Hall to take office, four
Auckland members crossed the floor of the
House to support him on the understanding
that he would carry through certain of the
Liberal party's reforms. Grey resigned on 8
Oct 1879. He was deposed from the leadership
of his party for obvious reasons. He was not a
successful premier, and he was a poor parlia-
mentarian. It was charged against him that he
gave his confidence to incompetents and quar-
relled with his colleagues. He had certainly a
disposition to playalone hand, and was not an
impressive financier. Before the defeat of his
ministry, discontent was rife in the Liberal
party. Earlier in 1879 a Young New Zealand
Reform Party was formed, including in its mem-
bership 22 Liberal members of Parliament who
agreed that the new organisation should be sub-
sidiary to the Liberal Colonial Party. They in-
cluded T. W. Hislop, R. J. Seddon, B. Harris,
S T. George, C. A. de Lautour, W. Barron, R.
H. Reeves, F. J. Moss, E. Hamlin, R. C. Reid
and J. C. Brown. Embittered by his deposition,
which tended to accentuate the non-co-operative
side of his character, Grey was a private mem-
ber throughout the eighties and in the heyday of
the Liberal party in the early nineties he inter-
vened only asa critic. As an orator he was head
and shoulders above the average of the members
of Parliament, and he was revered by members
of both parties and treated with great deference

GREY

during the 15 years that he was still to be in
Parliament.

In 1889 he succeeded, after many years’
patience, in carrying into law the one-man-one
vote principle, which he achieved by an amend-
ment in Atkinson's representation bill. His
health was now failing, and his retirement from
Parliament seemed imminent. In 1888 he sold
Kawau because of his advancing years, and at
the dissolution of 1890 he retired from politics,
comfortable in the belief that Ballance and his
colleagues were on the threshold of office. They
did, indeed, win at the polls, and within a few
weeks formed the first Liberal ministry in New
Zealand which had a sufficient backing to carry
out its programme.

Grey was appointed to represent New Zea
land at the Federal convention in Sydney, where
he cut a striking figure. He carried a resolution
in favour of the single manhood suffrage, but
failed.to get acceptance for his other hobby,
the elective governor-general. His early views
on federation were embodied in a dispatch of
30 Aug 1851, which he reprinted in 1891. The
Journals of Parliament contain many officid
papers on this subject. Grey haa no sooner
returned to New Zealand than a deputation
requested him to contest the Newton seat. He
acceded, and was elected unopposed (Apr
1891), giving a general support to the Liberal
Government. When Ballance died, Grey
strongly advised Seddon to {Orlil a Government,
and Seddon in after years publicly acknow-
ledged his indebtedness to the advice and the
leadership of Grey, much of whose electoral
programme he and his colleagues embodied in
legislation. In Dec 1893 Grey was again elected
(for Auckland City).

In failing health he visited England in 1894,
and a few months later he tendered his resigna-
tion (4 Jul 1895). In 1897 he was reconciled
with his wife, from whom he had been estranged
for many years. His death occurred in London
‘on 20 Sep 1898 (two weeks after that of Lady
Grey), and he was buried in St Paul's. In
private life Grey was abstemious and simple,
fond of art, literature and science, and pas-
sionately fond of children. His affection for
the native race both in New Zealand and South
Africa was genuine and warmly reciprocated. Of
his public character Reeves makes a fine ap-
praisal in the Dictionary of National Biography.

330

 

 

GREY

Grey's writings include: Vocabulary of the
Aboriginal Language Of Western Australia
(1839); Vocab. of the Dialects of South Western
Australia (1840); Journals of Two Expeditions
of Discovery in North-West and Western Aus-
tralia 1837-39 (1841); Poems, Traditions and
Chaunts of the Maoris (1853); Mythology and
Tinditions of the New Zealanders (1854); Poly-
nesian Mythology and Ancient Tmditional His-
tory of the New Zealand Race (1855); Ko nga
Whakapepehamenga Whaakahuareka o nga
Tipuna o Aotea-roa (1857; 2nd edn, 1885); and
a multitude of pampWets and reprints of
speeches on political and scientific subjects. His
celebrated reference to ‘unborn generations’
occurred in an address as president of the New
Zealand Society at Wellington (26 Sep 1851)
and the reference to ‘unborn millions’ in a
speech at Wellington on 16 Aug 1879.

N.ZP.D., pass; Auckland P.C. Proc., pass.; App.
H.R. pass; GBOP, pass; Grey, op. cit; MS and
ports. in Turnbull “and Hocken Libraries; Col
Gent.; Cooper; Rees (p); do. Sir Gilbert Leigh
(1878); Henderson (p); Collier (p); Milne (p);
Gisborne (p); Rusden; Reeves; Saunders (p);
Cox; Menneli; D.N.B.; Stewart’ and Rossignol;
Carter; Wakelin; Cowan; McKillop; Morton;
Gudgeon (p); Godley, Letters; Condliffe; Gorton;
Brett's Almanac, 1879 (p); Buick, First War; Fox;
Harrop, England and N.z., England and the Maori
Wars; H. W. Farnall, Industrial Depression in N.Z.
(1890); C. O. B. Davis, Maori Mementos (1855); J.
Grey, His Island Home (1879); E. Wakefidd, Staf-
ford; Drummond; Scholetidd, N.z. Evol., and Pacific
(1920); Egerton; Hight and Bamford; Shrimpton
and Mulgan; E. A. Walker, Hist. of S Africa
(1928); E. H. Brookes; Hist. of Native Policy in S.
Africa (1927); C. W. de Kiewiet, Brit. Col. Policy
and the S African Republics (1929); Sir Godfrey
Lagden, The Basutos (1909); GM. Theal, Hist. of
S Africa, vol iv; NZ. Herald, 1 Dec 1890 (p), 12
Nov 1898 Grey collection, Auckland Public Lih-
rary; N.z. Herald, 7 Jun 1883, 8 May, 31 Deo 1886,
Jun-Aug 1887; The Press, 1 Jul 19098. Grey collec-
tion in S Africa; W. H. Bleak, bibliography, 1858;
T. Hahn, index, 1884; H. W. Williams, Maori
matter, 1906. Speeches: 1867-Southem Cross, 9, 10
Dec. 1875-N.Z. Herald, 24 Feb; 8, 23, 27 Mar;
23, 24 Nov; 4 Dec; Otago Daily Times, 3, 24 Nov.
1879-N.Z. Times, 16 Aug; N.Z. Herald, 3 Sep.
1880-Sat. Advertiser, 3, 10 Jul. 1882-Sat. Adver-
tiser, 2 Sep. 1883-N.Z. Herald, 6 Jun. 1884-N.Z.
Herald, 30 Jan. 1885-N.Z. Herald, 9, 12 Mey.

 

GREY, JAMES GRATTAN (1847-1931) was
born in county Down, Ireland. On first coming

331

GRIFFIN

to Australia he ‘was on the parliamentary and
literary staffs of the Argus, Age and Leader (in
Melbourne). He came to New Zealand under a
three years’ engagement to the Lyttelton Times,
‘of which he was chief reporter. He was for a
while on the New Zealander (Auckland) which
ceased publication in 1865, and was connected
with the New Zealand Sun (Dunedin) as
dramatic mtic (1869). At this time he was
correspondent of the French La Patrie.

Mter being some years in New Zealand Grey
contributed interesting character sketches of
our public men to the Leader, In 1879 he pub-
lished in Wellington His Island Home, a des
cription of Sir George Grey's home and the
northern part of New Zealand. In 1883 he
wrote pictures of travel for the Press (Christ-
church) and in the early eighties sketches for
the Evening Post on 'The New Zealander in
Australia’ Grey was appointed to the staff of
Hansard about 1875, and became chief reporter
in 1896. His dismissal at the time of the Boer
war was the occasion of much political contro-
versy. He afterwards went to the United States
and, returning to Australia, was editor of the
Perth Recol'd, the Perth Moming Herald and
the NOI-th Coast Daily Times (Lismore). He
died on 10 Jul 1931

Cyc. N.z., i (p); App. H.R., 1900, H29, 1S;
Evening Post, 10 Jul 1931; The Press, 17 Jul 1908.

GRIFFIN, WILLIAM (1811-70), who is reo
garded as the father of the eight-hour labour
movement in Auckland, was a painter by trade,
and came to New Zealand in 1850, having seen
much of the Chartist movement in Great
Britain. At the first eight-hours meeting, which
he convened in 1855, he asked the workers, so
8 not to cause inconvenience and loss, to give
employers six months notice of their intention
to reduce hours. He was a member of the Pro-
vincial Council for City of Auckland (1857-61).
Signing himself 'Constitutionalist,’ he was a
constant contributor to the columns of the New
Zealandel’ and the Weekly Register, especially
on social topics. Griffin took a great interest
in the treatment of New Zealand flax, and on
moving to the Thames goldfields, was interested
in the Molly Bawn claim. He died on 13 Jut
1870.

Griffin was one of the promoters of the first
land association in Aucklaml, and was on the

-----------------------Page 183 End-----------------------

GRIGG

committee of the Flax-hackle Benevolent associ-
ation, formed in the seventies by public sub-
scription to give employment by selling hackles.

N.Z. Herald, 11 Nov 1890 (p); Thames Adver-
tiser, 14 Jul. 1870.

GRIGG, JOHN (1828-1901) was born at Bod-
brane, Duloe, Cornwall. He spent his youth
on his father's farm, being educated privately
and at the naval college at Stoke.

On his father's death (1853) he sold the farm
and sailed for Australia in the Blackwall, reach-
ing Melbourne early in 1854. Disappointed in
his search for a suitable locality for farming,
he crossed to New Zealand and took up land
at Otahuhu, where he cultivated potatoes on
a large scale for the Australian market. This
proving unprofitable, he contracted with the
Government for the supply of hay to the troops
in the Maori war. The contract was cancelled,
and he bought up all the available hay, which
he sold to the troops at an enhanced price.
Grigg married (on 7 Jun 1855) Martha Maria
(d. 1884), daughter of Henry Vercoe, of Man-
gere (formerly of Egloshayle, Cornwall). Con-
tinuing sheep and cattle farming, he visited the
South Island in the early sixties and bought
land in Southland which he sold at a profit.
In 1864 he purchased the first portion of what
was aftenvards Longbeach station and, in part-
nership with his brother-in-law (T. Russell,
qv.) he increased the area until the station in
4871 aggregated about 30,000 acres of freehold
land, much of it almost impassable bog. His
brother Joseph managed the property until
4866, when John moved to Canterbury. For
some years the family occupied a house at Avon-
bank, Christchurch. Taking advantage of the
demand on the West Coast he sent four of five
hundred sheep twice a month and 60 or 70
cattle across the Alps. Grigg set to work system-
atically draining the bog lands, most of which
he gradually brought in for pasturage. (During
the years 1873-75 William Massey, q.v., was one
of his station hands.) The economic depression
of the late seventies affected the partners, and
in 1882 Russell withdrew, the separation being
the occasion of a historic clearing sale of stock.
Grigg retained 12,500 acres, which he now com-
menced to develop intensively as an agricultural
property. As the land was reclaimed from bog
a number of the employees took up farms, of

GRIMES

which they obtained the freehold. Grigg bred
the best strains of cattle and sheep for the
changing trade. He was one of the first to ship
refrigerated mutton and lamb, which he railed
to Dunedin; and he was a leading spirit in the
formation of the Canterbury Freezing Co., which
erected the Belfast works. He was a provisional
director and subsequently chairman of the com-
pany until shortly before his death. Grigg was
an active member of the Canterbury A. and P.
association, being a member of the committee
in 1886, vice-president in 1892 and president
the following year. He took many prizes at
this and other shows As an agriculturist he
excelled. Making full use of machinery, he
cropped as much as 5,000 acres in 1899. The
yield per acre in 1901 averaged 50 bushels of
Wheat, 50 to 99 of oats, and 47 of barley.

Grigg took a leading part in local govern-
ment, being chairman of the Ashburton county
council for some years and also of the Long-
beach road board and the school committee. A
strong churchman, he was a member of the
third Anglican general synod. In Aug 1884 he
was elected to represent Wakanui in Parliament
(defeating Ivess by 454 votes to 400). He took
an active part in the debates of that year, but
was unable to devote time to the office and
retired (Jun 1885). He died on 5 Nov 1901.

His eldest son, JOHN CHARLES NATILE GRIGG
(1861-1926) farmed the homestead block until
his death. He married Alice, daughter of Prof.
F. W. Hutton (q.v.).

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Col. Gent.; Cyc.

NZ., iii; Philpott.

 

GRIMES, JOHN JOSEPH (1842-1915) was born
at Bromley by Bow, Kent, and educated at the
Marist Brothers’ school which was established
at St Anne's, Spitalfields road, in 1855. It was
the influence of this institution that induced
him to enter the Church. For this purpose he
studied at Ba-leDue, France, and in Ireland
(for theology).

In 1867 Grimes was professed in the Society
of Mary. Ordained at the age of 23 in the
University Church in Dublin, Grimes was ap-
pointed professor of literature and classics in
St Mary's College, Dundalk. In 1874 he left
for New Orleans to take up a similar post, and
he spent seven years at Jefferson College, of
which he became rector. Having recovered from

332

 

GRIMES

a severe attack of yellow fever incurred in parish
ministration, he returned to Ireland and was
asked to take charge of the missionary training
college at Paignton, Devon. The church of the
Marist foundation, on St Mary's hill, was the
firs’ Roman Catholic place of worship opened
in this part of the west country since the Re-
formation.

In 1887 Grimes was designated bishop of the
newly created diocese of Christchurch, which
had been separated from the large diocese of
Wellington. He was consecrated to the post
at St Anne's Church, London, and was the first
bishop to be consecrated by Cardinal Vaughan.
Sir Charles Clifford and Martin Kennedy were
amongst those present. Sailing in Dec 1887,
Grimes reached his diocese early in 1888. He
at once formed a new church (St Mary's, Man-
chester street) independent of the Cathedral
and entered upon along programme of con-
solidation and expansion of the church's institu-
tions. Opening a convent of the Good Shepherd
at Mount Magdala, he introduced the Sisters of
Nazareth to Christchurch and soon afterwards
the Sisters of Mercy, who were mainly interested
in education. His diocese included the Chatham
islands, portion of Nelson and the whole of
Westland as far south as Jacksons Bay, which
he visited with considerable peril in the Jane
Douglas (1901)

While in search of health in Europe in 1890.
Grimes was present at the beatification of the
first Marist Martyr of Oceania (Peter Chanel).
Having conceived in 1897 the intention of
building a cathedral,-he received great encour-
agement from the Pope, and carried the project
through; The edifice was dedicated on 12 Feb
4905. Grimes re-established the Society of St
Vincent de Paul, and established the Sacred
Heart Association, the Mount Magdala Home
and St Bede's College. He brought to Christ-
church a community of nursing sisters of tlle
Little Company of Mary, who were responsible
for the creation of the Lewisham Hospital. A
firm believer in confraternities, he established
the Apostleship of Prayer and the Arch-Confra-
ternity of the Blessed Sacrament. On the occa.
sion of his silver jubilee in 1912 he was enumer-
ated amongst the domestic prelates of the Pope.
proclaimed a noble, and joined with the num
ber of those of whom both parents are of the
order of count. He was made a knight com-

GROSSMAN

mander of the: Holy Sepulchre. He was a
pleasant and vigorous preacher and a graceful
writer. In secular life he was a governor of
Canterbury College, a member of the Philo-
sophical Institute and a vice-president of the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Grimes died on 15 Mar 1915.

Cycl. N.z..iii (p); Lyttelton Times, The Press,
16 Mar 1915; N.Z. Tablet, 18 Mar 1915 (p).

GRIMMOND, JOSEPH (1843-1924) was born
at Drogheda, Ireland, and educated in the Blue-
coat school there. He qualified as an engineer,
and in 1859 emigrated to Melbourne in the
Eagle and went in search of fortune to the gold-
fidds at Ballarat and Creswick Creek. Two
years later he crossed to the diggings at
Gabriel's Gully, whence he passed on in 1863
to Wakamarina and in 1865 to the West Coast.
Grimmond had fair success on all of these
fidds. He erected mining plants at Ross and
Reefton, and constructed and operated sawmills
in both districts. Amongst the mining com-
panies in which he invested with success were
the Ross United (of which he was manager)
and the Mont d'Or. With McKay and Davy he
owned the Back Creek and Kanieri Lake water
races.

Grimmond took a prominent part in politics
For 13 years he was mayor of Ross; and for
many years a member and five years chairman
of the Westland county council. He represented
Westland in Parliament from 1887 until 1890
(when he was defeated by Seddon, whom he
opposed without success in 1896). In 1918 he
was called to the Legislative Council, of which
he was a member to the time of his death on
27 Nov 1924. He married (1898) Margaret
Isabel, daughter of Duncan Madarlane, R.M.

N.Z.P.D., 26, 30 Jun 1925; Cycl. NZ. v (p);
Who's Who N.Z,, 1908.

GROSSMAN, BDITH HOWITT (1863-1931)
nee Searle, was born in Beechworth, Victoria,
and was educated at the Invercargill Grammar
School and the Christchurch Girls’ High School.
As a junior University scholar she entered Can-
terbury College in 1881. She won the Bowen
prize (1882) and a senior scholarship, and grad-
uated B.A. (1884) and M.A. (1885) with first
class honours. Subsequently she taught at the
Wellington Girls’ College, and in 1897; before

333

-----------------------Page 184 End-----------------------

GROVE

Victoria College was established, she began
university tutorial classes with Dr Innes. She
later took up journalism and civic work, and
married Professor Joseph Penfound Grossman.
Her publications include Angela, a Messenger
(1890), In Revolt (1893), In Memoriam, Helen
Macmillan Brown (1903), Life of Helen Mac-
millan Brown (1905) A Knight and the Holy
Ghost (1907), The Hea,t of the Bush (1911)
and numerous articles in English and oversea
magazines. She was one of the first members of
the Canterbury Women's Institute, and an
original member of the London Lyceum Club.
Mrs Grossman died in Auckland on 28 Feb
1931.

Hight and Candy: Who's Tho N.Z., 1908, 1924;
Annals N.Z. Lit.; The P"ess, 7 Mar 1931.

GROVE, DANIEL, reported for Wellington pro-
wvincial government on a prospecting expedition
in \Vairarapa. Moving to the Thames, he rep-
resented Thames Goldfields in the Auckland
Provincial Council (1869-70). He was a stren-
uous advocate of improved mining laws and the
creation of a mining board for the Thames. In
1872 he left Auckland province and continued
mining surveys in the south.

Auckland and \Vellington P.C. Proc.; Sovthem
Cross, 30 Sep 1868.

GRUCHY, GEORGE (1825-88), an early settler
in the Papakura valley, represented Franklin
in the Auckland Provincial Council (1861-65).
He aftenvards returned to England and died
in Jersey on 5 Dec 1888.

GRUNDY, WILLIAM THOMAS (1852-1938),
who was born in Birmingham and educated at
Saltley College, took up teaching and rose to
be headmaster of St Philip's School, Birming-
ham. After two years in Australia he came to
New Zealand in 1880, and spent nine years as
headmaster of Masterton school. In 1889 he
was appointed head of the Clyde Quay school,
which position he held until he retired in 1917.
Grundy served for eight years as secretary of
the New Zealand Educational institute and was
responsible for introducing the teachers’ appeal
bill. He was chairman of the Wairarapa High
School governors (1923). He died on 4 Oct
1938.

Cyel. NZ., i: The Dominion, § Oct 1938 (p).

GUDGEON

GUARD, JOHN, was born in England and
brought up to the sea. A man of great size and
strength, he made his way successfully amongst
the rough whalers. About 1820 he reached Syd-
ney, where he built a schooner of 66 tons, the
Waterloo, for the trade between Port Jackson
and Hobart. In 1823 he was sealing in New
Zealand and in 1827, being carried accidentally
into Tory Channel, he settled at Te Awaite,
where for some time he was successfully engaged
in capturing whales passing through Cook
strait. He married Elizabeth Parker (1814-70,
of Sydney).

The Waterloo having been wrecked at Wai-
kanae and pillaged by the natives, Guard went
to Sydney in the Harriet. On the return voyage
she was wrecked at Te Namu (29 Apr 1834)
and the whole of the ship's company were cap-
tured by the natives. Several were devoured,
but Guard found his way to Moturoa and
thence to Sydney, where he invoked the assis
tance of the Legislative Council. H.M.S. Alli-
gator was detached to recover the captives. On
46 Sep she was off Te Namu and all of the
survivors were eventually recovered. Violence,
which now seems to have been unnecessary, was
inflicted upon the natives, who had expected
to receive utu for the return of the prisoners
and were wantonly fired upon with severe loss.

Guard, who had planned a colony in New
Zealand as early as 1828, moved to Kakapo
(Port Undenvood). In 1838 he piloted H.M.S.
Pelorus on her examination of the Sounds. He
accompanied Wakefield in the Tory for some
time, acting as pilot on occasion.

Buick, Old New Zealander; C. A. Macdonald:

E. J. Wakefield; Polyn. JOUT., vol. 19, p: 101; Mar-
shall.

GUDGEON, THOMAS WAYTH (1816-90) was
born in England, where he was educated and
served seven years in the property and income
tax office, Somerset House. He had charge of
the correspondence branch under the special
commissioners and drew up a compendium for
the conduct of the business of the office (1846).

In 1850 he came to New Zealand with his
brothers in the Berkshire, and settled for 10
years as a bush farmer in Taranaki. About 1859
he moved to Wanganui with his family, and
shortly aftenvards the war broke out in the
neighbourhood he had been living in. In 1864

334

64

 

GUDGEON

he joined the Wanganui volunteer militia, and
was appointed quartermaster and commissariat
officer, with the rank of lieutenant. In 1869 he
went to the Thames goldfields, where he spent
40 years. Moving in 1879 to Auckland, he was
appointed registrar and record officer and spent
the remainder of his life collecting historical
matter and data concerning Maori customs and
superstitions. He published in 1879 Reminis-
cences of the War in New Zealand; in 1885
The History and Doings of the Maoris from the
Year 1820 to the Signing of the TTeaty of Wai-
tangi, and in 1887 The Defenders of New Zea-
land. Gudgeon died on 24 Aug 1890.

Gudgeon, op. cit.; NZ. Herald, 26 Aug 1890.
Portrait: Gudgeon.

GUDGEON, WALTER EDWARD (1842-1920)
was a son of T. W. Gudgeon (q.v.), with whom
he came to Taranaki in the Berkshi"e (1850)
Educated at Beardsworth's school in New Ply-
mouth, he joined the volunteers in 1859, and
in 1860 moved with his family to Wanganui.
He was serving as sergeant-major of the Wanga-
nui Maori contingent. His commission as en-
sign in the Wanganui militia was granted in
1865 to reward his gallantry in disarming a
body of natives at Arei-ahi and thus assisting
to turn the position at Weraroa and to induce
its capitulation (21 Jul). He was at the relief
of Pipiriki, and commanded the advance guard
at Okotuku (4 Jan 1866), for which he was
promoted lieutenant. Throughout the Patea
and Titokowaru's campaigns and in the pursuit
of Te Kooti through the Urewera, he com-
manded the native contingent.

On the day of the disaster at Te Ngutu-o-te-
Manu Gudgeon was left in charge of the camp.
He was appointed to the Armed Constabulary
when it was formed and at the conclusion of
the war was appointed resident magistrate at
Gisborne. He commanded a company at Pari-
haka (1881) and was left in command of the
Constabulary at Manaia until 1885, when he
was appointed major commanding the land
forces at Wellington. He was acting Under-
secretary for Defence during the absence of
Colonel Reader, and was then appointed com-
missioner of police and in 1897 a judge of the
native land court.

In 1899 Gudgeon was sent to Rarotonga as
Resident Commissioner to the Cook islands

GUINNESS.

(C.M.G. 1900).' It was largely due to his in-
fluence that the chiefs agreed’ to cede their
sovereignty, and he remained on afterwards as
chief justice. He retired in 1909 and during the
war of 191418 was a military censor. An ex-
cellent Maori scholar, Gudgeon contributed
many papers to the Polynesian Journal and
provided much of the material for his father's
History and' Tmditions of the Maoris. He died
on 5 Jan 1920.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Polyn. Jour., vol 29 (p):
Gudgeon (p); Cowan (p); N.Z. Herald, 6 Jan 1920.

GUINNESS, sm ARTHUR ROBERT (1846-
1913) was born at Calcutta, India, the son of
Francis Guinness (q.v.), and came to New Zea
land with his parents in the Tory (1852). He
was educated at Christ's College (1854-59) and
articled to Edward Harston. When Hartson
disposed of his practice Guinness completed his
atticles with Garrick and Cowlishaw. He was
admitted in 1867, and started to practise in
Greymouth (with J. E. Warner; later with E.
G. B. Moss, and findly, from 1884 with H. W.
Kitchingham). Guinness sprang into promin-
ence at once by his brilliant and persistant
advocacy on behalf of the Fenian prisoners, for
whom he was junior counsel (1868). He prac-
tised on the West Coast for 46 years, being a
notary public from 1888. He married (1875) a
daughter of James Westbrook (Launceston,
Tasmania). Guinness was a good cricketer and
was captain of the Westland representative X!
(1876-88) and of the team that played against
Lillywhite’s English team (1877).

In 1873 he contested the Grey seat in Parlia-
ment against M. Kennedy and Woolcock. In.
the following year he was elected to represent
the Paroa riding in the Westland Provincial
Council, of which he was a member to the
abolition, and on the executive in 1874. (Seddon
represented Arahura during the same period.)
In 1876 Guinness was elected to the first Grey
county council (of which he was chairman for
nine years and a member 1876-90). He was on
the Greymouth borough council for one year;
on the harbour board 1874-86, 1890-1913 (sev-
eral times chairman); the school committee;
and the High School governors (from 1892).
He formed the deepsea harbour league, and was
president of the Greymouth Trotting Club.

In 1884 Guinness again contested a parlia-

335

-----------------------Page 185 End-----------------------

GUINNESS

mentary election, defeating Joseph Petrie for
Grey, which he represented continuously till
his death (on 10 Jun 1913). On two occasions
only (1890 against W. H. Jones, and 1911
against P. C. Webb) did he have a close con-
test. He was chairman of committees (1893-
1903) and Speaker from 1903 till his death,
Originally a supporter of Grey, he was a Lib:
eral throughout and took a prominent part in
enacting the old age pensions law and other
social legislation. He was a keen advocate of
compulsory military training. In 1911 he was
knighted. Guinness was a member of the Odd-
fellows, Druids and Foresters.

Parltry Record; Westland P.C. Proc.; Harrop,
Westland; Cycl. N.Z., i _(p); Christ's Coll. List;
Evening Post, Lyttelton Times, Grey River Argus,
11 Jun 1913. Portrait: Parliament House.

GUINNESS, FRANCIS H. V. (1818-91) was
born in Dublin, a son of the Rev Hosea Guin-
ness, D.D., rector of St Warburgh's and chan-
cellor of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. As a
young man he went to India (1846) and thence
to Australia, coming to New Zealand in the
Tory (1852). He was sub-inspector of police
in Canterbury (1858-62), and second-class in-
spector at Akaroa (1862-64). Retiring with that
rank, he was appointed warden's clerk at Grey-
mouth (1867) and receiver of gold revenue
(1869). For 20 years he was warden and resi-
dent magistrate at Ahaura, and later warden at
Collingwood and resident magistrate at Ash-
burton. While in Westland he represented
Greymouth on the county council (1870-71).
He died on 18 Jul 1891. (See A. R. GUINNESS)

Lyttelton Times and Grey River Argus, 20 Jul
1891.

GULLY, JOHN (1819-88) was born at Bath,
of a family to which aso belonged the prize
fighter John Gully (1783-1863) and Sir William
Court Gully, Q.C., Speaker of the House ot
Commons. Apprenticed to an iron founder,
his taste for drawing led to his being trans-
ferred from the workshop to the drawing and
designing department. He left at the end of
his articles and joined the Savings Bank at
Bath, and a little later his father's business in
the city. While acting as accountant he took
lessons in landscape painting. In his early
twenties he married Jane Eyles, the widow of
Joseph Moore, of Portsea.

GUTHRIE

Attracted by Hursthouse’s book on New Zea-
land, Gully in 1852 sailed in the John Phillips
with his wife and family, and took up land at
Ornata, Taranaki. He soon abandoned his
attempt at farming in favour of clerical work in
New Plymouth. In the Taranaki war he served
with the volunteers, but, his health being un-
equal to the strain and exposure, he moved to
Nelson and got employment as drawing master
at the College. In 1863 he was appointed
draughtsman and surveyor in the provincial
service, under J. C. Richmond. He left the Sur-
vey department about 1878 and devoted the
whole of his time thereafter to painting. While
visiting Westland with the Superintendent (J.
P. Robinson) they were capsized on the Buller
bar and Robinson was drowned. Gully visited
Victoria sketching, and on his return, with J.
C. Richmond, spent a day or two in Milford
Sound in fine sketching weather.

Many of Gully's works were purchased for
Australian and New Zealand galleries and pri-
vate collections. He exhibited in 1871 in the
Royal Academy and for many years at the
Society of British Water Colour Artists. Alll
of his pictures sent to the Indian and Colonial
Exhibition in 1886 were sold. In 1877 Henry
Wise and Co. published a portfolio containing
chromo-lithographs of some of his better known
pictures of New Zealand scenery, with descrip-
tions by Von Haast. Gully died on 1 Nov 1888.

G. Lincoln Lee, John Gully (1932), with list of
his works; The Colonist, 2 Nov 1888. Portrait:
Taranaki Historical collection.

GUTHRIE, DAVID HENRY (1856-1927) was
born at Abbeyleix, Queen's county, Ireland, and
educated at the diocesan school there and at
Kildare Street College, Dublin. He trained as a
teacher, and after coming to New Zealand in
1876 was teaching under the Wellington educa-
tion board for 20 years.

In 1881 he took up land in the Rangitikei
district, which he farmed with success. He was
a member of the Kiwitea county council, chair-
man of the Rangiwahia Dairy Co., and a mem-
ber for 10 years of the Wanganui education
board. Guthrie took a leading part in the New
Zealand Farmers’ Union, and in 1908 won the
Oroua seat in Parliament, which he represented
till the dissolution of 1925. He retired owing
to ill-health and was called to the Legislative

336

 

GUY TON

Council. He was a supporter of the Reform
party and was elected whip in 1911. In 1918
he joined the National ministry as Minister of
Lands, and he held that portfolio in the Massey
ministry, with the addition of Railways (1922).
In 1924 he resigned all departmental adminis-
tration and remained without portfolio in the
Bell and Coates ministries until his death (on
31 Mar 1927). Guthrie's chief task in the min-
istry was the settlement of returned soldiers
upon the land.

N.Z.P.D., 1908-27; Who's Who N.Z., 1924; The

Dominion, 1 Apr 1927 (p). Portrait: Parliament
House.

  

GUYTON, WILLIAM, was born at Liverpool.
He came to New Zealand in the Coromandel
(Aug 1840) and entered into business with
Ridgway and Earp in Wellington. In 1843 he
was on the burgesses’ roll of Wellington and,
being elected at the head of the aldermen in
that year, he became mayor on the death of
Hunter. The ordinance under which the cor-
poration was created having been disallowed by
the Home Government, Guyton called a meet-
ing of the aldermen on 4 Dec 1843 to wind up
the affairs of the corporation. He was a trustee

337

GWYNNE

of the Pickwick Club (1840). Guyton was after-
wards in business in Wanganui, where one of
the main streets is named after him. He re-
turned to England early.

N.Z.C. 31; Ward; The Dominion, 22 Aug 1930.

GWYNNE, RICHARD (1827-83) was born at
Rostrevor, county Down. He left Ireland in
4849 and travelled extensively in America. In
1853 he was in Australia, arriving in the Earl
of Charlemont, which was wrecked on Barwon
head. Gwynne spent a year or two in Victoria
as stockman and trading, and in 1854, in part-
nership with Benjamin Newell, he brought a
consignment of horses to Neiy Zealand. For
some years they were in partnership as import
merchants and introduced many valuable
thoroughbred sires. Newell having died,
Gwynne married his widow. In 1862 they visited
England, and on returning took the Junction
hotel at Newmarket. Gwynne moved to Wai-
kato in 1874 and took the Hamilton hotel. He
was a prominent figure in the district and a
leader of its social institutions. For some years
he was a member of the borough council and
acting mayor. He died on 26 May 1883.

Waikato Times, 29 May 1883.

-----------------------Page 186 End-----------------------

 

 

H

 

HABENS, WILLIAM JAMES (1840-99) was
born at Brighton, England, and educated at the
Puget School there and Hackney College, grad-
uating B.A. at London University (1862). He
studied for the Congregational ministry, was
ordained in 1863 and came to New Zealand in
the Canterbury (1864). For 15 years he was in
charge of Trinity Church, Christchurch, which
was erected during that time. In 1878 he was
appointed inspector-general of schools, and in
1886 he succeeded John Hislop as Secretary for
Education. In this capacity Habens had much
to do in organising die department and co-
ordinating the work of the various education
boards and the classification of teachers. He
was a member of the royal commission on higher
and secondary education and acted as secretary
(1879-80). He was a fellow of the New Zealand
University and a member of the senate (1877-
99); founder of the Public Service Association;
and president of the New Zealand Congrega-
tional union. He married (1863) Annie,
daughter of Thomas Mellish (Brighton, Eng-
land). Habens died on 8 Feb 1899.

Butchers; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Evening Post, 4 Feb
1899.

HADDON, ROBERT TAHUPOTIKI (1866-
1936) was the son of Charles Haddon and Te
Paia, and on his mother's side was of high
descent in the Ngati-Ruanui and Nga-Rauru
tribes. In boyhood he was adopted by Tohu
Kakahi (q.v.), one of the prophets of Parihaka,
and was thus recognised also as a high chief of
Taranaki. He witnessed many stirring events
in and about Parihakain the days of Te Whiti's
rise and decline.

‘Asa young man Haddon took an active part
in the Young Maori Movement, and later he
was associated with Maui Pomare (q.v.) in the

reform of Maori hygiene. He entered the min-
istry of the Methodist Church, was ordained
and in time became superintendent of the
Maori missions of the Church. In this position.
he did valuable work in improving the social
conditions of the people. For 35 years he
travelled widely amongst the Maori tribes of
the North Island, attending all the great gather-
ings. He was keenly interested in the exclusion
of liquor from the King Country, and was a
member of the deputation which waited upon
Parliament, taking with it a wheelbarrow and
spade in token of the bargain which was made
(when the last section of the Main Trunk
railway was opened) that liquor would never
be allowed into the Rohe-potae. Haddon was
well versed in the ancient lore of his people,
which he studied at the feet of such teachers as
Tauke te Hapimana and Te Haukopa. When
he participated at the installation of the Maori
King Koroki, he was honoured by being clad
in the cloak of Tawhiao. At the hui at Wai-
tangi in 1934 he presented to the Treaty House,
on behalf of the Taranaki Maori, a painting
of the great event of 1840, done by his son
Oliver Haddon. One of his last interests was
the formation in 1936 of the Aotea Maori Asso-
ciation, to improve the social condition of the
people.

Haddon died at Warkworth on 5 Nov 1936.
His wife, Susan Haerehau Haddon, died on 10
Aug 1932.

Hawera Star, 10 Apr 1930 (p); .Tohunga’ in
N.Z. Railways Magazine, 1 Dec 1936 (P).

HADFIELD, OCTAVIUS (1814-1904) was born
at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, the last of the
family of sixteen of Joseph Hadfield. He spent
10 years of his boyhood abroad, mainly in Brus-
sas, Lille, Tours and Paris, and during this

338

 

HADFIELD

time gained a good command of languages and
was so influenced by the doctrine of the Atone-
ment as to wish to become a missionary.

Returning to England in 1828, he entered
Charterhouse School the following year, but in
1831, owing to delicate health, had to leave and
spend his time in the open. He entered Pem-
broke College, Oxford, in 1832, occupying
rooms once tenanted by Samuel Johnson. Here
again his studies were interrupted, and he spent
a year in the mild climate of the Azores. In
1835 he returned to England determined to
become a clergyman and entered upon the
study of the Greek Testament and Aristotle.
Having decided in 1836 to become a missionary
in New Zealand he found that by not having
graduated he was ineligible for ordination. He
was, however, accepted by the Church Mission-
ary Society as a lay missionary (Oct 1837).
Learning that Bishop Broughton would ordain
without a degree, he sailed for Australia in the
John (Dec 1837). After a trying voyage with a
mutinous crew he reached Sydney, where he was
ordained deacon (Sep 1838).

Hadfield was tall and spare, very delicate in
health, but with a richly cultured mind-analy-
tical and logical-and a bent for languages and
philosophy. In Dec 1838 he sailed with
Broughton for Bay of Islands in H.M.S. Pelorus,
and on 6 Jan 1839 was ordained priest at
Paihia (Henry Williams, William Williams and
R. Maunsell taking part in the ceremony). He
had been about nine months attached to the
native school studying Maori when Katu (son
of Rauparaha), and Matene te Whiwhi (q.v.)
arrived asking that a missionary should be sent
to Waikanae. Hadfield at once volunteered
for the post, and proceeded thither with Henry
Williams. Finding the Ngati-Raukawa and the
Ngati-Awa at enmity over the sale of lands to
the New Zealand Company, Williams remained
to reconcile them, and on 5 Dec bade farewell
to Hadfield. Though many of the natives were
anxious for Christianity, others were demoral-
ised by the example of whalers and traders, and
Hadfield spent a few difficult years establishing
himself at Waikanae and Otaki, between which
he rode regularly almost daily. He made many
dangerous journeys as far north as Wanganui
and Patea and across the straits to Queen Char-
lotte sound. In 1841 he had 18 schools and 600
pupil, and his two services daily were attended

HADFIELD

by congregations of more than 500. While
teaching as widely as he could, he never in-
terested himself in secular matters or in the
possession of land, and thus won the warm
approval of the New Zealand Company. In
1840 he assisted Williams by calling a meeting
of his tribes to sign the Treaty of Waitangi.
In May 1844 he courageously confronted Te
Heuheu at Waikanae and succeeded in staving
off an attack by the combined Ngati-Raukawa
and Ngati-Tuwharetoa on the Ngati-Awa people
(led by Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake). In 1842
Hobson sailed past while Hadfield, in a strong
northerly gale, was precariously steering his
whaleboat across Cook strait. He accompanied
Bishop Selwyn in his canoe voyage up the
Manawatu river, and in 1843 he was almost
drowned in attempting to save his fellow mis-
sionary (Mason) in the Turakina river.
When Rauparaha and Rangihaeata returned
from Wairau (Jun) and endeavoured to rouse
their tribes against the Europeans, Hadfield
firmly resisted their arguments at Waikanae. A
favourable turn was given to the discussion by
sound of the bell for religious service (rung
by Riwai te Abu), and on resuming Wiremu
Kingi threw in his influence in favour of the
Europeans and announced that he would not
allow the hostile tribes to attack Port Nicholson.
Having prevailed over the chiefs, Hadfield rode
into Wellington (20 Jun). Later at Waikanae
he introduced Governor FitzRoy to discuss the
Wairau affair. Hadfield's health, always frail,
broke down in 1844 and he was for the next
five years lying on a sickbed in Wellington.
During his illness Selwyn contemplated himself
residing at 'Vaikanae, which he regarded as a
key position in the Island, but the arrival of
the Rev Henry Govett enabled him to make
other arrangements. Govett was succeeded by
the Rev Samuel Williams, who organised the
schools and the farming and boarding estab-
lishments with great success, and promoted the
building of the Otaki church, which Hadfield’
had designed. Wiremu Kingi after his conver-
sion was a faithful adherent and supporter of
the mission, and Tamihana te Rauparaha
(Katu) and Matene Te Whiwhi were enthus-
iastic teachers. Hadfield's constant attendant
from 1839 was Riwai te Ahu (1818-66, of the
Ngati-Kura branch of Ngati-Awa). He was the
first native lay reader at W'aikanae, and in 1855

339

-----------------------Page 187 End-----------------------

HADFIELD

was taken to St John's College by Selwyn, re
turning as an ordained deacon in 1856. For
many years he had charge of the Manawatu dis-
trict.

Governor Grey adopted Hadfield as his con-
stant and trusted adviser, visiting him almost
every day when he was in Wai kanae or Welling-
ton and acting invariably on his advice. He
recognised that Hadfield had an intuitive know-
ledge of the Maori mind and that his illness
gave him time for reflection

In 1848 Hadfield commenced a new treat-
ment under Dr Fitzgerald, from which he pro-
fited so rapidly as to be able to return to his
station in Oct 1849. Meanwhile he had been
appointed archdeacon of Kapiti (Jan). Realis-
ing that Christianity was going through a period
of ‘withering’ after its first Hush in the forties,
he paid great attention to farming and handi-
crafts, and interested some of his leading sup-
porters in scientific farming and the breeding of
shorthorn cattle and merino sheep. In 1852
Hadfield married Catherine, daughter of
Archdeacon Henry Williams. She took charge
of the girls’ school.

In public life Hadfield came under criticism
again and again for his participation in politi-
cal questions. In 1857, in the interests of the
natives, he supported Welch for the superin-
tendency. He opposed the Constitutional Asso-
ciation on the same grounds, and made a stren-
uous fight against the education bill, the result
of which was that the denominational system
was retained. In 1856 he wrote important let-
ters to the Governor (Gore-Browne) suggesting
means of reconciling the two races and making
use of intelligent Maori in their own govern-
ment by appointing trustworthy men as as-
sessors. In 1857 he took a prominent part in
the drawing up of the New Zealand Church
constitution. He was offered the bishopric of
Wellington in 1858, but declined owing to his
feeble health and went to England as chaplain
to Archdeacon Abraham (who was proceeding
to be consecrated to the see).

Hadfield had as early as 1845 drawn up for
Grey a paper on the Maori tenure of land. He
warned the Government in 1857 that the
changes in the system of purchase were likely
to cause grave resentment. Individual purchase
he considered undesirable and he strongly
urged the Government to define clearly the

HADFIELD

native title, On his return from England in
1859 he had letters from Wiremu Kingi warn-
ing him that the Government was driving him
into war over the Waitara purchase. He did
not realise then the gravity of the position, but
shortly aftenltards, believing the Waitara war
to be unjust, he said so with candour and fear-
lessness, incurring wide odium. Throughout
1860 he took his stand with Selwyn, Martin and
Swainson in condemning the native policy of
the Government, and he was called before the
bar of the House of Representatives on 14 Aug
to undergo a searching examination on native
affairs (by C. W. Richmond and Whitaker).
Nevertheless he restrained his own tribes from
taking part in the war. Hadfield wrote two im-
portant pamphlets on One of England's Little
Wars, to show that Wi Kingi had been unjustly
treated. Grey in Apr 1863 admitted the mis
take, and Stafford in 1868 confessed that the
war was wrong but said that his colleagues had
forced him into it. Throughout the difficult
period 1861-67 Hadfield kept the Ngati-Rau-
kawa people loyal. The most difficult crisis
was in 1865, after the murder of Volkner, when
a strong Hauhau deputation, under Te Ua,
visited Waikanae and endeavoured to persuade
the local tribes to join the movement. On that
occasion Henare Matene Te Whiwhi turned the
scale in favour of the Government.

Hagdfield felt his health failing in the late
sixties. In 1870 he was consecrated Bishop of
Wellington. He was the first deacon ordained
in Australia, the first priest ordained in New
Zealand, and the first bishop consecrated in
New Zealand without royal warrant (which he
declined to accept). In later years he became
the intimate and close friend of Richmond,
whose antagonist he had been on the native
question. He was a fearless controversialist,
caring nothing for public opinion, and a wise
administrator. He opposed the doctrine of
evolution, rationalism and scientific Bible critic-
ism. Hadfield was a strong supporter of Wanga-
nui College, which he supervised for most of
the period 1853-93, and he fought strenuously
in defence of the College trust. He appeared
a a principal witness in the Bryce v. Rusden
libel case in London (1884) and had several
warm controversies on constitutional ques-
tions in the synod. In 1890 he was elected pri-
mate, and four years later he resigned the see

340

 

 

HAGGITT

and the primacy to live in retirement at Mar-
ton. Mrs Hadfield died in 1902 and Hadfield
himself on || Dec 1904.

GB.OP, pass; App. H.R., 1854-67; Buller;
Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Wakefield; Saunders (p);
typed letters and ‘journals, Turnbull Library!
Jacobs; Carleton; Godley, Letters; N.z. Spectator,
14 Nov 1860; R. GC. McNab, in The Press, 14
Ma-30 May 1931; Evening Post, 24 Oct 1929 (P).

HAGGITT, BRIAN CECIL (1838-98) was born
at Toronto, Canada, the son of D'Arcy Haggitt
(1806-69, solicitor, who a year or so later came
to Hobart). Educated at the Hutchin school
there, he served his articles with his father, and
was admitted at Hobart (1861). In 1862 he
commenced to practise in Dunedin, and in 1864
was joined by John Stamper. This association
was dissolved in 1865 and his father came into
the firm, which was carried on as Haggitt and
Haggitt from 1866 till his father's death (on
9 Jul 1869).

In 1867 Haggitt was appointed crown solici-
tor for Otago. In 1871 his brother D'Arcy (who
had joined him as clerk in 1864) and Spencer
Brent joined the partnership. Haggitt was
elected in 1865 to represent the City of Dune-
din in the Provincial Council (with J. GS
Grant as his colleague). By the help of the
Ancient Order of Foresters, they defeated W.
Mason and T. Birch. In 1866 he was deputy-
superintendent. In 1867 he was elected to the
Council (Vogel being one of his colleagues and
F. D. Bell one of the defeated candidates). In
1867 Haggitt was provincial solicitor, and in
1867 provincial solicitor and a member of
Reid's executive (with Vogel as a colleague)
They resigned together in 1871 and Haggitt
retired. In 1873 he was again M.P.C. for Dune-
din.

Haggitt only became prominent at the bar
about 1877. Thereafter he appeared in all im-
portant criminal trials. He was cliancellor ot
the Anglican diocese of Dunedin.

Haggitt married, first Catherine (1881);
daughter of W. G. Robertson (Tasmania), and
second (1883) a daughter (d. 1931) of W. A.
Totmie. He died on 31 Jan 1898.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Otago Dail)’ Times, 2 Feb
1898.

TE HAKEKE, an able chief of Ngati-Apa, was
one of the emissaries who sought to placate Te

341

HAKUENE

Rauparaha during the Tataramoa heke to Wai-
kanae (1822). In 1823, to avenge his people
for the killings by Ngati-Awa and Ngati-Toa,
he led a taua which fell on the Ngati-Toa at
Waikanae, killing 60 (including three daughters
of Te Pehi Kupe).

In 1830 Hakeke distinguished himself in the
campaign of Whanganui against Nga-Rauru and
afterwards in reprisals against Te Pehi Turoa
for cultivating his lands at Rangitikel. After
Takarangi had been killed Te Anaua made
peace with Hakeke. Rauparaha was now faced
with a federation of West coast tribes, who
organised an attack on Kapiti by 2,000.to 3,000
men. Hakeke was captured in the battle
(which ended decisively in Te Rauparaha's
favour), and was kept for some years at Kapiti
as the prisoner of Matene te Whiwhi (q.v.).
When he was released (before 1840) he lived
quietly with Whatanui.

While without a chief the Ngati-Apa were
skilfully led and rehabilitated under the guid-
ance of Hakeke's son, Kawana Hunia. A fine.
looking man and a good orator, Hunia’s main
motive in life was to obtain revenge against the
Ngati-Raukawa. He led a force of kupapa co-
operating with General Chute in Taranaki,
and aftenvards insisted on the completion of
the Rangitikei sale (in 1866) and threatened
to build a pa on the land. His claim was sup-
ported by Rangitane and Muaupoko and re
sisted by Taratoa. The Native Land Court
having in 1869 decided against the Ngati-Rau-
kawa, Hunia and Major Keepa te Rangihiwinui
impugned the Ngati-Raukawa claim to Horo.
whenua and appeared with arms at the hearing
at Foxton. After the case had been decided in
1873 Hunia made a descent on the Ngati-
Raukawa settlement at Buller lake.

App. H.R., 1866-74; Downes; Cowan.

HAKUENE, IHAKA TE TAI (21836-1887) was
born at Te Rawhiti, Bay of Islands, of illus-
trious lineage. He was the second son of Whai
Hakuene, of the Ngai-te wake hapu of Ngapuhi
and was also connected with the Rarawa. He
was too young to take part in Heke's war.
Having married Ahenata Takurua, a daughter
of Te Kemara Tareha, chief of Waitangi, her
health forbade him accepting the invitation of
the Rev B. Y. Ashwell to study for the ministry,
but he soon became a lay reader. When Te

-----------------------Page 188 End-----------------------

HALCOMBE

Tai was 25 years old his father died, having
previously designated him as his successor in
the chiefship. Truthful, honourable and
modest, with a keen sense of responsibility,
Ihaka devoted his talents and strong common-
sense to improving the social condition of his
people. He acted as treasurer to the Maori com-
mittee which in the early eighties placed a
memorial stone on the site of the signing of
the treaty of Waitangi.

Te Tai first stood for the Northern Maori
seat in 1876, and he represented it from 1884
to the time of his death. This happened on 6
Apr 1887, while he was attending the meeting
of the synod in Auckland. Ihaka was survived
for a few weeks only by his second wife Rubia
(whom he married on 25 Mar 1885), daughter
of Matene te Whiwhi and widow of Hori Kerei
of Rawhiti. Hakuene was the most distinguished
layman in the diocese. In Parliament he waimly
advocated Bible reading in schools, particularly
for natives.

N.z.P.D., 1884-87; Church Gazette, Jul 1887;
N.Z. Herald, Apr 1887, 5 May 1888 (Ri Maumau).
HALCOMBE, ARTHUR WILLIAM FOLLETT
(1834-1900) was born in Wiltshire, England,
the son of John Halcombe, Q.C., and came to
New Zealand early in the sixties. In 1863 he
married Edith Stanway (d. 1903), daughter of
W. Swainson, F.L.S. He represented Rangitikei
in the Provincial Council (1865-72) and was in
the executive on four occasions as provincial
secretary and treasurer. Halcombe was immigra-
tion agent under the general Government, and
later attorney and agent of the Emigrants’
Aid Society for the Manchester block, a post he
held for nine years (1872-81). He was in 1876
on the first Manawatu county council. Hal-
combe resigned his position in 1881, and be-
came manager of the Patetere estate in the
Thames. In 1886 he moved to Taranaki, where
he was a member of the Clifton county council,
and the New Plymouth High School board.
He was for some years (from 1869) editor of the
Wellington Independent. Halcombe died on 3
Mar 1900. (See SR WILLIAM Fox.)

Family information; Jackson;'J. G. Wilson;
Cycl. N.z., i (p); WellingtonP.C. Proc.; Taranaki
Herald, 5 Mar 1900.

HALL, ARTHUR WILLIAM (1880-1931) was
born at One Tree Hill, Auckland, and educated
at St Johns College. He farmed first at One

HALL

Tree Hill, then for five years at Mangere, East
Tamaki and Papatoetoe (where he had two
milking herds). He was a member of the first
town board at Papatoetoe (1918) and later
chairman, till his retirement in 1928. He was
chairman of the Milk Producers’ association,
representative of the suburban local bodies on
the Railway Advisory board and chairman of
the school committee. Hall was returried to
represent Hauraki in the House of Represen-
tatives in 1928 as a supporter of the Reform
party. He died on 17 Apr 1931

Who's Who N.zZ., 1932; The Dominion, 17 Apr

1981 (p)
HALL, CHARLES (1843-1937) was born at
Malton, Yorkshire, where he was educated at
Richardson's academy and the British school
and apprenticed to a joiner. Later he entered
the post office and then the railway clearing-
house in London.

In 1875 he came to Napier in the Countess
of Killtore and commenced business as a
builder. On the opening of the Woodville
‘settlement in 1882 he took up a section but,
losing his home in a fire, he returned to busi-
ness as a builder (in Woodville). He assisted
in the settlement of the Hall and Malton blocks
near Woodville, and was an original selector on
the Mangahao settlement, Pahiatua.

In public life Hall was a member of the
"Woodville road board (1883-86); some years
mayor of Woodville; district coroner; a mem-
ber of the Waipawa county council (chairman
1889); Woodville licensing board (chairman
1884); Waipawa licensing board (1895-98); the
Hawkes Bay education board (1901-06) and the
Hawkes Bay land board (1886-1903). In 1893
he became member for Waipawa, but at the
following election he was defeated by G.
Hunter (q.v.). In 1899 he turned the tables,
and until 1911 he sat in Parliament. On his
retirement he spent three years in England, and
then settled down in Dannevirke. His first wife
having died in England, he married (1875)
Marian Dinsdale (d. 1918), of Malton. Hall
died on 29 May 1937.

Dannevil'ke Advocate, 29 May 1937; Cycl. N.Z.,
vi (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908. Portrait: Parlia
ment House.

HALL, EDWIN (1855-1928) was born at Louth,
Lincolnshire, educated there and passed as a
chemist, which trade he followed in the north

342

 

HALL

of England. He studied further on the Con-
tinent, and eventually emigrated to Victoria
In 1876 he came to New Zealand from Sydney
and started farming in Waikato. Ten years
(1879-89) were spent in England and, after a
further tour of travel in Australia and the East,
Hall resumed farming, at Mangere (1891). He
was secretary of the Auckland Agricultural asso-
ciation (1892-1912), resigning to act on the cost
of living commission. He was some time secre-
tary of the New Zealand Farmers’ Union and
of the first Dominion conference (1902), and
attended all the agricultural conferences. He
was a member of the council of agriculture and
the board of agriculture. He was keenly inter-
ested in stock-breeding, herd-testing and rural
economics, and contributed many papers to the
proceedings of farmers’ societies. In his own
district Hall was chairman of the Onehunga
school committee and president of the public
library. He died on 5 Jun 1928.

N.Z. Farmers Union reports; N.Z. Agricultural
conference, do.; Who's Who N.Z., 1924.

HALL, GEORGE WILLIAMSON (1818-96) was
born at Scarborough, a brother of Sir John Hall
(qv.). As a youth he went to sea and became
a captain in the merchant service. He settled
in Canterbury, taking up the Highbank pro-
perty in 1852 and later, with his brothers,
Springfield. Hall devoted himself mainly to his
pastoral pursuits, but represented Heathcote in
the Provincial Council for one year (1861-62).
He died on 27 Feb 1896.
Acland; Lyttelton Times, 28 Feb 1896

HALL, SIR JOHN (1824-1907) was born at
Hull, the son of Captain George Hall, of
Elloughton, Yorkshire, a mariner-shipowner and
elder brother of Trinity House, Hull. To tlle
age of 10 years he was at school in Hull, and
the next six years he spent in Germany, France
and Switzerland, acquiring some knowledge of
Latin and a useful facility in French and Ger-
man. At the age of 16 he entered the office of
a London merchant, and in 1845 he joined the
Post Office, where he became private secretary
to the permanent head. He was commissioned
to visit Europe to investigate a proposal to
carry mails from India by way of Trieste in-
stead of through France. The proposal was
dropped as being impracticable.

Hall was selected as chief postmaster at

HALL

Brighton. with a salary of £600 a year; but
royal patronage gave the post to another officer
and he left the service. He became interested
in the Canterbury scheme, and, reading Weld's
Hints to Intending Sheepfarmers in New Zea-
land, he decided to emigrate, and sailed for
New Zealand in the Samarang. While in Lon-
don, Hall was a member of the Honourable
Artillery Company, and won a medal for rifle
shooting. During the Chartist disturbances of
1848 he did service as a special constable. Land-
ing in Canterbury in 1.862, he engaged a Maori
guide and rode far south. He also visited the
North Island, riding through Wairarapa and
Hawkes Bay, and eventually decided that the
best place was south of the Rakaia, where the
only white settlers were the Rhodes brothers.
He acquired a large canoe to ferry his stock
and goods across the Rakaia and to use after-
wards in a regular service for the benefit of
settlers. The first crossing was so discouraging
that he abandoned the ferry and settled on
the north side of the river, buying Stoddart's
run and stock.

Hall was clearly marked out by his experience
for public life, and at the elections of 1853 was
returned to represent Christchurch Country dis-
trict in the Provincial Council. From that time
until the provinces came to an end he was
continuously a member of the Council, except
when absent in England. He was instrumental
in getting the ordinance passed which estab-
lished the Church of England trustees for the
province and helped to pass the ordinance to
combat scab. In Oct 1854, he was appointed
provincial secretary, and he was head of the
government until May 1855. He was elected
for Heathcote in-J857. At the end of 1855
he was elected to represent the Country Dis
trict in Parliament, where he accepted the office
of Colonial Secretary in the Fox ministry
(1856). In Nov he was appointed resident
magistrate for Lyttelton, sheriff, and commis-
sioner of police, and early in 1857 he became
a magistrate and justice of the peace for
the colony. In Dec 1858 he was magis-
trate for Christchurch. In 1859 he sought
respite by a visit to England. There he spent
three years and married (1861) Rose Anne (d.
1900), daughter of William Dryden, of Hull.

In Feb 1862 the Christchurch town council
was called into being. Hall presided at the

343

-----------------------Page 189 End-----------------------

HALL

meeting of burgesses, was elected at the head
of the poll and in the following month he was
elected chainnan. In 1863 he was re-dected
under the new ordinance. The most urgent
work facing the board, the construction of
Cashel street, was carried out by an old-
fashioned working-bee of householders, amongst
whom Hall plied pick and shovel. He resigned
the mayoralty in Jun 1863, and in Jul he was
called to the Legislative Council. In Dec 1863
he returned to the Provincial Council, in which
he represented Mount Cook until 1866, when
he became member for Rakaia. In 1864 he be-
came secretary for public works in the Tan-
cred executive. Businesslike, prudent and meth-
odical, he was just the man for the emergency
which occurred in 1865, when gold was dis
covered in Westland. Communication with the
other side of the mountains was a matter of
vital concern, and Hall started off at once with
the provincial engineer (Dobson) to examine
possible routes. Satisfied with Arthur's Pass,
he authorised Dobson to put all available men
to work to open out the road. In Jun 1865 he
was appointed commissioner of crown lands.
Early in 1866 the executive resigned, and Hall
had more time for colonial politics. In Feb
he resigned his seat in the Legislative Council
and contested the Heathcote seat in the House
of Representatives (defeating Buckley). In May
he became a member for Rakaia in the Provin-
cial Council, and in Aug he was appointed
Postmaster-general in the Stafford ministry.
During the three years that he held this office,
Hall retained the confidence of his constituents,
though they passed resolutions disapproving of
the policy of the Government as a whole. Once
more ill-health compelled him to resign his
portfolio (Feb 1869), but he remained a mem-
ber of Stafford's executive until the Govern-
ment went out of office In Oct 1867 he
attended the conference in Melbourne on
ocean postal communications. Hall's interest
in Westland continued, and in 1868 he pre-
sented to Parliament a numerously-signed peti-
tion for separation from Canterbury. He warm-
ly espoused the rights of the mining region,
and when it was enacted that Westland should
be a separate county, he was sent over to in-
augurate the new system of government. Tak-
ing office as chairman of the self-governing
county, he administered affairs until the dec-

HALL

tions at the end of 1868. He had been a strong
provincialist, but was convinced that the ex-
ample of Westland would show that all the
necessary powers of self-government could be
provided under a county. He was a firm be-
liever in decentralisation and had taken part
in the formation of road boards in Canterbury,
and been a member of several. At a later date
he welcomed the establishment of counties
throughout New Zealand, and was a member
of the first Selwyn county council, and its chair-
man (1877-79). In provincial politics he headed
an executive (Oct 1870-Aug 1871).

In 1872 Hall was persuaded to resign his seat
in the lower house to strengthen the Fox Gov-
ernment in the Legislative Council. A few
months later the ministry was defeated. Stafford
held office for a month, and was succeeded by
Waterhouse, who invited Hall to be Colonial
Secretary. Unfortunately owing to his health
he had to resign (Mar 1873), when Waterhouse
also retired. Hall now withdrew from provin-
cial politics for good and sailed for England.
On his return he was for a week or two a mem-
ber of the executive in Atkinson's ministry
(1876). In 1879, having resigned from the
Legislative Council, he won the Selwyn seat
and became leader of the opposition, moved
an amendment on which Grey was defeated,
and was himself invited to fon a ministry. He
took office on 8 Oct 1879 (with Whitaker, Atkin-
son, Rolleston, Oliver, and Bryce as colleagues).
His anxiety regarding his majority was set at
rest by four Auckland members crossing the
floor of the House.

Hall's cautious administration helped to bring
order into the finances of the colony, of which
Atkinson had charge, while his social policy
satisfied for the time the yearnings of Liberals.
Amendments of the electoral law which Grey
had drafted were adopted by Hall. Triennial
parliaments and universal suffrage became law
and, with the support of Rolleston, Hall de-
clared in favour of more speedy land settlement.
-If there is any dass in the community: he
said, «which is opposed to the settlement of the
land on liberal principles, with such a dass we
have no sympathy whatever: The pacification
of the Maori was a difficult task. The Native
Minister (Bryce) advocated a policy towards Te
Whiti and Tohu which Hall could not at first
approve. The pacific Rolleston also urged

344

fo

 

HALL

patience. Early in 1881 Bryce resigned, and
Rolleston administered the department. A few
months later, however, the situation appeared
to the cabinet so menacing that Hall was con-
verted to Bryce’s views; Bryce resumed his place
in the cabinet, and a display of force was
decided upon. Though the coup at Parihaka
(Nov 1881) was carried through without blood-
shed, Hall was severely criticised. He incurred
more odium for the arrest of Te Whiti and
Tohu than credit for setting up a commission
to investigate native grievances. While the pro-
ceedings at Parihaka were still incomplete, the
general election was held and Hall was ac
corded a vote of confidence. The burden of
officg, however, had made inroads upon his
health, and in Apr 1882 he resigned the pre-
miership to Whitaker. His knighthood was re-
ceived a month or two later.

Gisborne sys of Hall: *There is nothing
especially striking in his character, but it is a
combination of useful qualities .. He was aways
painstaking, accurate, conscientious, and intel-
ligent. He is, perhaps, more an officid than a
statesman. His officia aptitude was wonderful,
and he looked on the transaction of departmen-
tal business as a labour of love .. He has mod-
eration, judgment, and commonsense. He is not
apt to rush into extremes; he is ever ready
to retrace his steps, as far as practicable, when
he has made a mistake . . All round, he has
been one of the best public men in New Zea-
land:

Hall resigned his seat in the House (Feb
1883). Four years later he appeared as mem-
ber for Selwyn, with no further desire for office,
but interested heart and soul in the liberaisa-
tion of the electoral laws. Women's franchise
had been advocated in Parliament by Dr Wallis
as early as 1877. During the electoral debates
in 187981 Ballance pushed the matter to a
division. In 1881 Wallis's bill passed its
first reading, and in 1887 Vogel dropped his
bill after it had passed its second reading
by 41 votes to 22. In the session of 1888,
Hall presented a great petition and gave
notice to move that the franchise be granted
to women. In Aug 1889, in moving a resolution
in favour of the measure, he said: «We cannot
afford to bid women stand aside from the work
of the nation. We need all their spirit of duty,
their patience, their knowledge in abating the

HALL

sorrow, sin, and want that is around us: He
was convinced, he added, that women were en-
titled to be placed on a perfect equality with
men. The motion was carried by'37 votes to
11, and a fortnight later Hall's bill was read a
first time. In 1891 he presented a petition with
over 10,000 signatures, and his bill was read a
second time by a majority of 25. The House
resolved that the act should come into force
before the next general election. To the dismay
of supporters of the measure, the Legislative
Council threw it out by 17 votes to 15. In 1892
Ballance's bill was lost on a disagreement be-
tween the houses. In 1893 Hall again presented
a petition (with 31,872 signatures). On 9 Aug
his female franchise bill passed its second read-
ing almost unanimously. The Legislative Coun-
cil bowed to the inevitable, but even then a
minority petitioned the Governor not to assent.
The bill became law on 9 Sep.

Hall retired from Parliament at the dissolu-
tion (Nov 1893). He had served in Parliament
with slight intermissions for 40 years. He rep-
resented New Zealand abroad at the Paris ex-
hibition (1889), and at the conference on fed-
eration (1890). He was fully convinced that
federation would be a mistake; indeed «that
the 1,200 miles between New Zealand and Aus-
tralia were 1,200 reasons against such a union:
Hall was a member of the first synod of the
Church of England (1859), when the constitu-
tion was adopted. He served on various bodies,
however humble-road boards, county councils,
harbour boards, school committees-and was a
governor of Canterbury College (1873-79). A
member of the Leathersellers' Company of Lon-
don, Hall was-chosen master in 1905. As the
first chairman of the Christchurch municipal
council, he was called upon to be mayor at the
time of the exhibition (1906). Failing health
prevented him'from taking his part, and he
died on 25 Jun 1907. He left bequests amount:
ing to £55,000, including £30,000 to establish
a general charitable trust in Canterbury,
£10,000 for the building of a church and vic
arageat Hororata, and £10,000 to establish the
Boys Gordon Hall in Christchurch.

N.2P.D., pass. (notably 27 Jun 1907); Canter-
bury P.C. Proc.; Col. Gent.; Cox; Saunders (p):
Cant. ON.; Gisborne; Reeves; The Press, 26 sui
4907, 12, 19 Apr 1930 (p). Portraits: Leather-
sdllers Hall, London; Parliament House.

345

-----------------------Page 190 End-----------------------

HALL

HALL, RICHARD AUGUSTUS (1824-95) was
born in county Monaghan, and educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated
M.A. He was appointed curate at Derrygort-
revy, county Armagh. Wishing to improve the
prospects of his family, he joined in one of the
Auckland special settlements, and induced
others to come out in the Mary Shepherd which
arrived at Bay of Islands in 1866. Having set-
tled his family, he accepted an invitation from
Bishop Sdwyn to take charge of the parish of
Howick, which he administered until 1882. He
then returned to Ireland and was appointed
rector of Quivy and chaplain to the Earl of
Lanesborough. He retired in 1894 and died on
9 Dec 1895. Hall published several controver-
sial works, including an essay on Swedenbor-
gianism.
N.Z. Herald, 8 Feb 1896.

HALL, ROBERT (1832-1920) a native of Ulster,
came to New Zealand in the Ellora in 1848,
and for more than 50 years farmed in the
vicinity of Auckland. He was president for
many years of the Agricultural association, a
member of the One Tree Hill road board (and
44 years chairman); of the One Tree Hill do-
main board and the Manukau licensing com-
mittee; a trustee of the Auckland Savings
Bank; chairman of the James Dilworth trust
and a member of the council of Auckland Uni-
versity College. Hall acted on the land com-
mission in 1905. He died on 22 May 1920.

Gycl. N.Z., ii; N.Z. Herald, 21 Mar 1905; 24 Mav
1908, .

HALL, WILLIAM (?- 1832) was born at Car-
lisle, entered the service of the Church Mission-
ary Society in 1809, and was sent to Hull to
learn carpentering and shipbuilding. He sailed
with Marsden in the Ann on 25 Aug 1809, and
for several years maintained himself by his trade
in New South Wales, awaiting the opportunity
to proceed to the mission in New Zealand.

Hall accompanied Kendall on the first voy-
age of the Active and later in 1814, when Mars
den established the mission, he settled at Bay
of Islands with his wife and family, his prime
duty being to build the mission houses. He
landed at Rangihoua on 12 Jan 1815. A few
months later he moved to Waitangi, where he
acquired 50 acres of land, built a house and
commenced farming, but owing to the constant

HALL-JONES

assaults by natives in this isolated spot he had
to move. Under Marsden’s direction Hall built
stores at Kerikeri (1819) and he built ships un-
der the direction of the Rev Henry Williams
(the Herald being launched in Jan 1826)
Marsden considered him industrious and per-
severing, but stubborn and saf-willed. About
4825 he resigned from the mission owing to ill-
health and commenced farming in New South
Wales. For some time he taught at the semin-
ary at Parramatta and assisted Marsden with
the work of the mission. He was still catechist
to gangs at different stations in New South
Wales in 1831. He died on 28 Oct 1832.

Marsden, L. and J., and Lieutenants; Carleton;
Ramsden.

HALL-JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1851-1936) was
a native of Folkestone, England, and was edu-
cated at public schools there. Trained as a
carpenter and builder, he came to New Zea
land in 1875, settled at Timaru, and was fore-
man for George Filmer for some years before
entering into business on his own account. He
carried out many contracts for buildings and
other works.

Hall-Jones was a member of the Timaru
borough council for five years and of the Levels
road board for three years. In 1890, following
the death of R. Turnbull, he was returned to
Parliament for Timaru as a Liberal, and he
held the seat continuously till 1908. When the
Atkinson Government was defeated and Bal-
lance took office Hall-Jones was junior govern-
ment whip, under Perceval (1891). He did
not fully accept the view of his leaders that
members of the party should vote with the Gov-
ernment, and in 1893 he resigned his post as
whip. For three years he sat apart, keenly
criticising the Government and voting in an
independent liberal spirit and co-operating
with McNab, Buick, G. J. Smith, Pirani and
Montgomery, though on questions of no-con-
fidence they aways cast their vote with the
Government.

In Feb 1896, Buckley and Reeves having re-
tired from the Government. Hall-Jones was
offered a portfolio, and he became Minister of
Public Works and Marine. A painstaking, con-
scientious administrator, with a competent
knowledge of building and contracting, he de-
voted himself with enthusiasm to the adminis-

6

 

 

 

HALL-JONES

tration of departments which at that time were
of high importance in the Government. He
gained a reputation as a thorough and fearless
manager in his own domain. When Seddon
visited Australia in 1906 Hall-Jones, as the
senior member of the cabinet in New Zealand,
was acting-Prime Minister, and on Seddon's
death he carried on the government as Prime
Minister pending the return to New Zealand of
Sir Joseph Ward. He set his face sternly against
the counsel of a fairly strong section of the Lib-
eral party that he should retain the leadership.
The strain of administrative work told upon
his health, and he was compelled in 1907 to
take a holiday.

Returning to duty in Jan 1908, he was offered
a few months later the position of High Com-
missioner in London rendered vacant by the
resignation of Reeves. During the four years
that he held this post he represented New Zea-
land at the Imperial copyright and education
conferences and the international refrigeration
congress in Vienna (at which he carried a reso-
lution protesting against the restrictions in
Europe against frozen meat from the do-
minions). He was the Dominion's representa-
tive on the Pacific Cable board, the Imperial
wireless committee and the advisory committee
of the Board of Trade. He was created
K.C.M.G. in 1910.

On his return to New Zealand in 1913, Sir
William was called to the Legislative Council
by the Massey Government and remained a
member till his death (on 19 Jun 1936).
Staunch adherence’ to principle marked his
whole public life; and his personal character
was distinguished by courtesy, consideration and
a singular lightness of heart even into advanced
age. Hall-Jones played an important part in
the preliminary study and_ representations
which led to the acceptance by the Seddon
Government of the policy of old age pensions.
In a private memorandum (portion of which
was published shortly after his death) he states
that his first election was largely due to his
advocacy of the subdivision of large estates.
In discussions of old age pensions in 1894-95,
he made careful estimates of the cost of grant-
ing pensions forthwith and suggested how this
could be done without increasing taxation. He
had intended making this a plank of his plat-
form at the election in 1896, but on accepting

HALLENSTEIN

an invitation to join the ministry he could not
make use of it without the approval of his chief.
Seddon fully concurred in the desirability of
the pension but proposed raising the money
by special taxation. A bill was introduced that
session, but dropped after these objections had
been urged against it. Next year it was passed
by the lower house without special taxation,
but thrown out by the Legislative Council. In
1898, after some new members had been ap-
pointed to the Council, the bill was carried.

While acting-Prime Minister in 1906, Hall-
Jones, on behalf of New Zealand, sent to the
Colonial Office a despatch protesting against
the non-consultation of the Dominions in the
matter of the New Hebrides. As the outcome
of conversations between Seddon and the Aus-
tralian Prime Minister, it had been intended
that the despatches from the two dominions
should be identical, but Hall-Jones considered
the terms too strong, and took the responsibility
of toning down the despatch which he sent on
behalf of New Zealand.

N.Z.P.D., pass.; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924,
4932; Condliffe; Scholdietd, N.Z. Evol.; Reeves;
Evening Post and The Dominion, 20, 22 Jun 1936.
Portrait: Prime Ministe’s galley, Parliament
House.

HALLENSTEIN, BENDIX (1835-1905) was
born and educated in Brunswick, Germany. He
finished in England, where he spent five years
in a shipping house in Manchester. In 1857 he
emigrated to Victoria and in 1863 crossed to
New Zealand. He took up his residence first in
Invercargill, but soon-moved to Queenstown,
where he established a business with J W.
Robertson and erected a flourmill at Kawarau
for the benefit of the small farmers whom they
settled upon their land. Hallenstein was several
times mayor of Queenstown and represented the
Lakes in the Otago Provincial Council (1872-
75), and Wakatipu in the House of Represen-
tatives (1872-73). In 1873 he removed to Dune-
din, where he helped to found the New Zea
land clothing factory, of which he was manag-
ing director for many years. He was also a
director of the D.LC. (established in 1884), of
Kempthorne Prosser and Co. and the National
Insurance and Westport coal companies. He
was German consul for some years. Hallenstein
died on 6 Jan 1905.

347

-----------------------Page 191 End-----------------------

HALLY

Gilkison; Cycl N.Z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times,
7 Jan 1905.
HALLY, PATRICK (1866-1938) was born at
Dunedin, educated there and brought up to the
boot trade. He was president of the boot trades
union (1890) and of the Dunedin tailoresses
union (1893), and a member of the first con-
ciliation board of Otago and Southland. In
1902 he was on the Dunedin City Council; in
1904 was appointed inspector of factories and
in 1908 a conciliation commissioner under the
act of 1908. He retired in 1936 and died on 21
Jul 1938.

HALSE, HENRY (1820-88) was born in the
City of London; educated there and entered at
St George's Hospital to study medicine but,
preferring an outdoor life, sailed in the Amelia
Thompson with his brother for New Zealand
Arriving at New Plymouth (1841), they at first
engaged in farming, but in 1846 Halse entered
the civil service. He married Mary Ann Shaw.
In 1858 he was appointed commissioner of
native reserves in Taranaki and in the following
year magistrate and commissioner of police. In
1858, as assistant native secretary, he reported
the murder of Katatore. In 1875 Halse became
a judge of the native land court, from which
he retired in 1880. He was a fine Maori scholar
and a capable, conscientious judge. Halse died
on 5 Jun 1888.

App. H.R., 1867 A4; Wells; N.Z. Times, 7 Jun
1888.
HALSE, WILLIAM (1816-82) came to Taranaki
in the Amelia Thompson (1841) and was imme-
diately appointed a justice of the peace. In
1848 he succeeded Bell as resident agent for the
New Zealand Company in New Plymouth
(1848-52). He was appointed commissioner of
crown lands in 1851 and held that office till
1863, when he entered into business. In 1853
Halse contested the Superintendency of the pro-
vince against C. W. Brown (Brown 173, Halse

138). He acted as deputy-Superintendent 111
1858.

Wells; Seffern; Jourdain; Taranaki Herald, 13
Apr 1882. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.
HALSWELL, EDMUND STORR, a son of Henry
Halswell, of Presteign, Radnorshire, was admit-
ted to the Middle Temple in 1831 and called
in 1834. As a shareholder and a member of the
committee of the Church of England Society,

348

HAMILTON

he was appointed by the New Zealand Com-
pany as commissioner of native reserves, and
arrived in the Lady Nugent (1841). He was
appointed a magistrate in May, chairman of
quarter sessions and protector of aborigines for
the Southern district (Jul 1841), and judge of
the county court (Feb 1842). In 1842 he tried
and convicted a young Maori chief for theft.
In 1845 he was an officer of the defence organ-
isation in the Te Aro district. He shortly after-
wards left the Colony.

G.B.OP., 1842/569; 1846/722; E. J. Wakefield:
Ward.

HAMER, THOMAS HUTCHINSON (1855-
1924) was a son of the Rev Thomas Hamer
(1814-99), who was sent to Auckland by the
Congregational Union in 1865 to establish a
church, and was a founder of the Freedom of
Religion Society, formed to resist the establish-
ment of a state religion. His son Thomas was
born in Auckland and educated at Wesley Col-
lege and McRae's high school. He was in the
office of the Provincial Superintendent (1872-
76), then for two years inthe Bank of New Zea
land at Thames, and in 1878 became a clerk in
the Mines department. He was acting-Under-
secretary in 1887 and later chief clerk of lands
and mines. In 1891 Hamer became private sec-
retary to the Minister (Hon R. J. Seddon) with
whom he remained until his death (1906) when
he became Under-secretary for Mines. In 1908
he was appointed auditor in the High Com-
missioner's office in London. Hamer married
first (1883) Isabella Rayner (of Hutt), and
second (1893) a daughter of W. Dollimore
(Lyell). He died on 13 Feb 1924.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Southern Cross, 6
Oct 1865; N.Z. Herald, 21 Jun 1899, 25 Oct 1905;
NZ. Times, 15 Feb 1924.

HAMILTON, AUGUSTUS (1853-1913) was
born at Poole, Dorsetshire. Educated at Dorset
County College, he began his medical course at
Epsom college, but had an inclination for na-
tural history. In 1875 he came to New Zealand
in the Collingwood, and commenced teaching
at Thorndon school. He was afterwards

appointed to Okarito, Westland, and while there

made a noteworthy exploration in south West-
land collecting plants. While teaching at Pe-
tane, Hawkes Bay, he was secretary to the
Hawkes Bay Philosophical society and founded

 

HAMILTON

a museum in connection with it. In 1890 he
was appointed registrar of Otago University
and in 1903 he succeeded Sir James Hector as
director of the Dominion Museum.

Hamilton contributed frequently to the pro-
ceedings of the New Zealand Institute and
published 72 papers in various branches of
science, notably botany, ornithology, ethnology
and entomology. He took a particular interest
in the Maori collection and his most note-
worthy published work was a fine volume on
Maori Art (1907). He made an expedition to
the Macquarie islands and many excursions in
different parts of New Zealand (especially in
South Canterbury) in search of specimens of the
arts of the native race. His comprehensive col-
lection was acquired by the Government for
the Dominion Museum. Hamilton was a gover-
nor of the New Zealand Institute, a member of
the Maori mission board, a founder of the Poly-
nesian Society; a member of council of the
New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts and a phila-
telist. He died on 12 Oct 1913. (See Haroip
HAMILTON.)

Polyn. Journ., vol 22, P 230; Who's Who N.Z.,
1908; Hamilton, op. cit.; Evening Post, 13 Oct
1913.

HAMILTON, GEORGE DOUGLAS (1835-1911)
was born in France and educated on the con-
tinent and at Edinburgh University, and in
4851 received a commission in the IIth hussars.
He came to New Zealand in 1857 and managed
stations for Dr Featherston and St Hill, after-
wards taking up the Mangatoro property in
Hawkes Bay. In the Maori war he served in
various capacities for eight years, being twice
wounded. He was deputy land frauds commis-
sioner in 1867-68; chairman of the Seventy
Mile road board (1868-72), president of the
Woodville and Dannevirke Jockey clubs and
of the Bush Districts Farmers’ club (1891-1900).
He did much to stock the rivers of his district
with trout, and published Trout Fishing and
Sport in New Zealand (1904). His only other
publication was The Relation of Capital to
Agricultw'e and Labour in New Zealand (1892).
He died on 29 Nov 1911.

App. H.R. ; N.Z. Times, 7 Oct 1910; }ho's Who
N.Z.,1908.

HAMILTON, HAROLD (1885-1937) was the
son of Augustus Hamilton (q.v.) and was born

HAMILTON

at Napier. Educated at the Waitaki Boys High
School and Otago University, he qualified as an
associate in geology at the Otago School of
Mines (1908). He was biologist to the Austra-
lasian Antarctic expedition (1911-14), assistant at
the Dominion Musedm (1919-27), and the first
director of the School of Maori Arts at Rotorua
from 1927 till his death (on 31 Dec 1937). Dur-
ing the war "he served in the Royal Naval Re-
serve as a lieutenant. He married (1917) Edith
Leahy (Southampton, England). Hamilton
studied deeply the arts and crafts of the Maori,
and during his administration of the school was
responsible for the carving and design of many
native buildings erected all over New Zealand

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; RotoTua Morning Post,
3 Jan 1938.

HAMILTON, WILLIAM JOHN WARBURTON
(1825-83) was born at Little Chart Rectory,
Kent, of Irish extraction. He was the eldest
son of the Rev John Vesey Hamilton. His
education he obtained in England, in Paris, in
Brussels and at Harrow. At the age of 18 he
left for Sydney in the Bangalore. Captain Fitz-
Roy was a passenger, proceeding to be governor
of New Zealand. This association was of im-
portance in shaping Hamilton's career. The
young naval officer who was to have been Fitz-
Roy's private secretary having to resign as the
result of a wound, FitzRoy offered the post to
Hamilton. In this capacity he visited sattle-
ments and native strongholds from end to end
of the colony. Many of FitzRoy's dispatches
were drafted by him and he had also the duty
of entertaining guests. During Heke's war in
1845, 2s a lieutenant in the Auckland militia
and aide-de-camp to the Governor, he saw some-
thing of the fighting.

When FitzRoy was recalled (late in 1845)
Hamilton continued for a while under Sir
George Grey, and then returned to England
(1846), where he appears to have spent two
years. He came again to New Zealand as a
survey officer in H.M.S. Acheron, detailed to
make a survey of the coast (1848). Fellow
officers were Captain Richards and Lieut. Evans,
whose surveys were embodied in the first New
Zealand Pilot and still remain the basis of navi-
gation instructions for the New Zealand coasts.
Richards was later Sir George Richards (manag-
ing director of the Cable Maintenance Co.),

349

 

-----------------------Page 192 End-----------------------

HAMILTON

while Evans became hydographer to the Navy
Hamilton's work was chiefly in the South Is
land. Early in 1849 he made inland explora-
tions in north Canterbury, and discovered open
grass country up the Hurunui and Waiau rivers,
part of which was called the Hamilton plains.
His report (dated 3 May 1849) shows a sound
knowledge of geology. When the Acheron was
in Foveaux straits, Hamilton was put ashore,
with a midshipman and a Maori guide, and
made important explorations to the westward
as far as Mt Hamilton, Jacob's river. They
spent three days on the flat which aftenvards
became the site of Invercargill and then re-
turned overland to Dunedin. During the sum-
mer of 1849-50 he examined the coastline from
Banks Peninsula to cape Campbell, making
soundings and landing in every cove. His re-
ports were published in Captain J. Lort Stokes's
paper before the Royal Geographical Society.
When in Canterbury Hamilton considered the
streets of the capital town should be two
chains wide, with rows of trees, as in Paris.

Returning to Auckland, Hamilton was ap-
pointed by Grey to the post of resident magis-
trate at Wanganui (Aug 1850), a considerable
responsibility for a young man of 25 years. He
made several trips far up the river, got into
communication with the natives, and organised
a native police (of which Keepa te Rangihi-
winui, qv., was a member). His integrity and
fairness commended him to both races. His
next officid post was collector of customs in
Canterbury, to which he was appointed in Aug
1853.

At the first elections for the Provincial Coun-
cil Hamilton was elected for Lyttelton, which
he represented 1853-57. An active and useful
member, he was shortly appointed provincial
auditor, which was in the gift of the Council
In the following year he was made also sub-
treasurer for the general Government. Hamil-
ton was a member of the Tancred executive
(1853) and presented a good deal of govern-
ment business in the Council. He was again
in Tancred's executive (1855-57), and finally
in that of Packer (1857). He did not seek re-
election or to enter Parliament.

In Feb 1856 he was appointed resident magis-
trate in Canterbury, and was called upon to
clear up outstanding difficulties with the South
Island natives. His early knowledge of the

HAMLIN

native question was extensive, but he insisted
that a competent interpreter should accompany
him, and the Rev J. Aldred was appointed. The
negotiations in one district resulted in an area
of 50,000 acres being purchased for £150, with
£45 additional for expenses. North of Kaiapoi
Hamilton purchased 1,140,000 acres for a pay-
ment of £200. Much of this area had already
been let or sold to Europeans in the belief that
it had been duly purchased from the natives.
Hamilton strongly advised the Government to
send a competent person to visit the South Is-
land Maori every few years, and Sir Donald
McLean agreed. In the Provincial Council,
in his officia capacity, and in the press Hamil-
ton set his face firmly against the ‘gridironing’
of Canterbury lands by wealthy people, to the
detriment of the working settlers. Several cases
of evasion of the law were brought into the
courts. He was for some years a commissioner
of the land board. In 1863 Hamilton was a
member of the provincial commission which
recommended the improvement of Lyttelton
harbour. Mter leaving the customs service he
was appointed receiver of land revenue, a posi-
tion which he held until his retirement (1874).

Incidentally he was for some time manager in
Lyttelton of the Dnion Bank and a director of
the Trust and Loan Co. He was also for 25
years a part proprietor of the Lyttelton Times.
Hamilton was many years a governor of Christ's
College, and was on the board of governors of
Canterbury College (1875-83). He was a deeply
religious man, a keen churchman and a lay
member of the synod. He died on 6 Dec 1883.
Hamilton married (1857) Frances, eldest
daughter of James Townsend, who arrived in
the Cressy (1850). She died in 1889.

GB.OP, 1850; A. Mackay; Cox, Men of Mark:
Godley, Letters; Beattie, ii; Lyttelton Times, 26
May 1853, 3 Jan 1884, 13 Dec 1917; The Press, 26
Apr 1930. Portrait: The Press, 28 Apr 1930.

HAMLIN, EBENEZER (1844-1900) was born
at Orua, Manukau, the youngest son of the
Rev James Hamlin (q.v.). Educated at the
Church of England Grammar School in Auck-
land, he was withdrawn at the age of 16 to
join the 1st battalion Auckland militia on the
outbreak of the Taranaki war. He was in the
3rd battalion at the opening of the Waikato
war, but transferred to a frontier force at Wai-
uku and (serving under Maj. Lloyd) was twice

350

 

 

HAMLIN

mentioned. He contested the Raglan seat in
the Provincial Council in 1868 and represented
Raglan (1870-73) and Waiuku (1873-74). In
1876 he was elected M.R.H. for Franklin, and
he sat in Parliament for Franklin (1876-81);
Franklin South (1881-90), and Franklin (1890-
93). He was chairman of committees from 1882
to 1890. Hamlin died on 4 Jun 1900.

N.2P.D., pass; Gudgeon; N.z. Herald, 5 Jun
4900. Portrait: Parliament House

HAMLIN, JAMES (1803-65) was born in Eng-
land and trained as a flaxdresser and weaver.
Being drawn towards missionary work, he came
to Bay of Islands with William Williams (q.v.)
in 1826 and was stationed for some years at
Waimate as a lay teacher, aftenvards moving
to Keri Keri. In 1834 he accompanied Arch-
deacon Brown on his exploration of the Wai-
kato, and in the following year was stationed
at Mangapouri. In 1836 he was placed in charge
of two stations at Manukau, witli headquarters
at Awhitu. In 1844 he was ordained deacon
and sent to Wairoa, Hawkes Bay. His ordina-
tion as priest took place in 1863 and in tlle
following year, owing to the murder of his
brother Job by King natives, he returned to
Auckland, where he died on 15 Nov 1865.

Williams papers; Marsden, L. and ].; Stock;
Southem Cross, 16 Nov 1866. Portrait: Sherrin and
‘Vallace.

HAMMOND, THOMAS GODFREY (1846-
1926) was born at Richmond, Nelson, on 4 Oct
1846; educated at Nelson and spent 14 years
in business before entering the Wesleyan min-
istry, for which he was accepted in 1874. He
did duty as a probationer at Rangitikel, New
Plymouth and Manawatu. In 1878 he was ap-
pointed to the Maori mission at Hokianga as
suocessor to the Rev William Rowse, and in
1887 he was appointed to resuscitate the West
Coast Maori mission (with headquarters at
Patea). The natives were bitterly hostile, and
every door was closed to him except that of
Taurua and his brother. A church was opened
at Hukutere and services were held at Wai-
totara and Whenuakura. Hammond often met
with insult, but gradually won his way, coun-
selling the natives against armed resistance. By
his patient endurance and virile courage in
face of disappointment he eventually won the
goodwill of Te Whiti and Tohu and was wal-

HANATADA

comed to Parihaka. Throughout Taranaki the
name of ' Te Hamana+ is revered by the Maori.
In 1890 he was appointed superintendent on
the West Coast, and in 1917 superintendent of
the Maori missions. He had a wide and accurate
knowledge of Maori history and customs and
made many contributions to the journal of the
Polynesian Society. In 1916 he published In
the Beginning; The History Of a Mission, and
in 1924 The Story of Aotea, both dealing with
the history of Taranaki. He was superannuated
in 1920, but continued to serve the Maori
people until his death on 13 Dec 1926. Ham-
mond married (1878) Lydia St George (1857-
1936) of New Plymouth.

Cyel. .Z., vi; Pratt, Minutes Conf. 1938; W. J.
Williams; ‘Centenary Sketches; T. A. doughin.
foreword to The SOl)1 of Aotea (p):

HANATAUA, TE REI (?-1860) a principal
chief of Ngati-Ruanui in the early nineteenth
century, lived chiefly at Te Ruaki, and was
considered by Gudgeon the greatest chief in
Taranaki. He was constantly at war to pre-
vent the passages of heke through his country
towards Cook strait. In 1824 he participated
in the combined attack on Te Rauparaha at
Kapiti. In revenge for the death at his instiga-
tion of a Ngati-Awa chief, Te Karawa, a strong
taua of Ngati-Awa and Taranaki, with rein-
forcements from Waikato under Awaitaia and
Waharoa, invaded the Ngati-Ruanui country
in search of Hanataua (1826), but without
success. He protected the heke Tama te Daua
from Ketemarae (1832) until it was safely past
the hostile Whanganui tribes. Two years later
a stronger force came from Waikato bent on
obtaining revenge. Though many of his men
were absent Hanataua defied the invaders and
taunted them with breaking their peace. Mter
a long siege and a truce for negotiation the pa
fell and Hanataua was captured. Waikato pro-
ceeded to attack Matakatea (qv.) at Ngateko,
and in the confusion of their defeat at Nga-
Ngutu-Mairo, Hanataua and many of his people
escaped (1834).

Hanataua sympathised with Wi Kingi te
Rangitake in the Waitara dispute (1860) and
led to Taranaki a contingent of the Nga-Rua-
hine hapu armed with double-barreled shot-
guns. Arriving at Waireka on the eve of the
engagement he was killed in the first charge.

351

 

-----------------------Page 193 End-----------------------

HANDLEY

TITO Te Hanaraua, chief of the Tangahoe
tribe, was hostile to the pakeha during the early
part of the Hauhau war, but took the oath in
1866.

S P. Smith, Taranaki; Cowan; Gudgeon.

HANDLEY, HENRY EDWARDS, (1836-92) was
born at Grantham, Lincolnshire, his father be-
ing a partner in the banking house of Philip
Handley, Peacocke and Handley. He held a
commission in the 2nd Royal Dragoons, sen-ed
in the Crimea, and commanded the right troop’
in the charge of the heavy brigade at Balaclava,
where he showed conspicuous courage and was
wounded. He afterwards came to New Zee
land; farmed for a few years at Oakura (Tara-
naki) and was fied adjutant on Herrick's ex-
pedition to Waikaremoana (1869). He was for
some time in the Legislative department and,
having land in Taranaki, contested the Omata
seat in the Provincial Council against W. Car-
rington (1872). He afterwards lived in Auck-
land. Handley was a prominent figure on the
turf and afterwards for some years wrote sport-
ing notes under the nom de plume ‘Old Turf-
ite’ He died on 24 Jun 1892.

Cycl. N.z., vi, p 285; Gudgeon; N.z. Herald, 25
Jun 1892.

HANDLEY, JOHN (1811-67) was born in Eng-
land, brought up to farming, and on coming to
New Zealand in 1841 settled in the Wanganui
district at Southern Grove, near Westmere.
There he had a model farm which was much
frequented by military officers and government
officids. Handley was a justice of the peace,
and in 1856 was elected to the Provincial Coun-
cil, in which he represented Wanganui and
Rangitikei until 1861, supporting Featherston's
policy throughout. He was chairman of the
town board (1862-64). He died on 3 Mar 1867
as the result of injuries received by his horse
falling on him. His widow died on 8 Jun 1868.

cyel. N.Z., i; ‘Woon,

HANNAH, MARJORY LYDIA (1891-1930) nee
Nicholls, was born in Wellington, the youngest
child of H. E. Nicholls. She was educated at
Clyde Quay school, The Terrace school and
Wellington Girls’ College, and passed on to
Victoria College. While there she took a pro-
minent part in most of the College activities,

HANSON

contributing to, and later on, editing The
Spike, and distinguishing herself in the drama-
tic and debating clubs. She was the first woman
to win the oratorical contests for the Plunket
medal (1913). Eye-strain and nerve trouble
caused her to leave Victoria College without
taking her degree, and she commenced her
travels in 1914, visiting Australia, South Africa,
England, Ireland, France, Belgium and Switzer-
land. She returned to Wellington (1915) and
for the next three years taught at Marsden
School. In 1917 she published her first book of
poems, A VentUl'e in Verse, and in 1918 spent
a year in Ceylon and India. In Feb 1920 she
was married to John Hannah of Colombo, who
died a few weeks later. Mrs Hannah then re-
turned to New Zealand. Between intervals of
teadung at Marsden School, Chilton House,
Girls College and Chilton St James, she visited
many overseas countries. In 1922 she published
her second book of poems, Gathered Leaves_
She did notable work on the amateur stage in
wVellington and was a foundation member of
the National Repertory Theatre Society. She
aso did competent work in stage-production for
the University Dramatic Club and other socie-
ties. She was a gifted dramatic reader. During
the winter of 1930 she was largely occupied in
lecturing on the drama in Wellington, the
Hutt, Masterton, and Palmerston North for the
W.EA. Her final book of verse, entitled
Thirdly, was published within a few days of
her death (which occurred on | Oct 1930).
Marjory Nicholls, op. cit.; Art in N.Z., Mar
1931; The Dominion, 23 Aug (p), 3 Oct 1930.

HANSEN, THOMAS (1785-1874) came to New
Zealand in 1814 as chief officer of the brig
Govemor Phillip, of which his father was cap-
tain. Having married a daughter of Sergeant
Tolles, of the New South Wales Regiment, he
settled at Te Puna in 1815 and lived con-
tinuously in the vicinity until his death on 8
Mar 1874. His wife predeceased him by seven
years.

Marsden, L. and J and Lieutenants; N.z.
Herald, ll, Apr 1874.
HANSON, SIR RICHARD DAVIES (1805-76)
was born in London, educated at Melbourne,
Cambridgeshire, and articled to a London
solicitor. After being admitted an attorney
(1828), he practised for a while and also did

352

 

HANSON

journalistic work for the Globe and the Morn-
ing Chronicle. He became associated with
Wakefield's South Australia scheme in 1880,
and after it had received the sanction of Parlia-
ment he went to Canada as an assistant com-
missioner to inquire into lands and emigration,
being associated there with Wakefield and
Charles Buller. On returning to England, Han-
son was private secretary to Lord Durham, and
in 1840 he arrived in New Zealand in the Cuba
(Jan 1840) as agent for the purchase of land
for the New Zealand Company. In this quest
he visited Kawhia, where his operations were
halted by Captain Hobson's proclamation; and
he later visited and purchased the Chatham
islands, but the deed was repudiated by .the
British Government. He then settled in Wel-
lington and was appointed, with Evans and
Moreing, to lay before the Governor of New
South Wales the grievances of the settlers. At
later meetings he opposed the demand for Hob-
son's recall. In May 1841 he was gazetted a
justice, and in Sep crown prosecutor. He failed
to secure a seat at the election of aldermen in
Wellington (Oct 1842). Hanson edited The
Colonist until its demise (Aug 1843). In 1844
he was appointed commissioner of the court of
requests. About two years later he went to live
in Adelaide, where he soon took a leading
position at the-bar, and wrote for the Register.
He was elected to the legislature, but his dec-
tion being declared invalid, he was appointed
advocate-general, and ex-officio member of the
legislature (1851). Hanson in the next few
years passed some important laws, including a
district councils act (1852); the abolition of
grand juries and reform of court procedure
trusts and joint stock companies. He was At-
torney-general in the first ministry under re-
sponsible government (1856-57), and shortly
after its defeat formed a ministry himself which
held office until 1860. He again made im:
portant amendments of the law, and after op-
posing the land registration bill he secured the
services of Torrens as head of the office He
was a member of the Legislative Assembly from
1857 to 1861, when he was appointed Chief
Justice. During a visit to England (1869) he
was knighted. In 1872-73 he was administrator
of the government, and in 1874 he was chosen
as chancellor of the new University of Adelaide.
Hanson died on 2 Mar 1876. He was the

TE HAPUKU

author of several works on: theology and re-
ligion, including Law in Nature (1865), The
Jesus of History (1869), Letters to and from
Rome (1869).

N.z. Journal, 1841 (p. 100, purchase of Chatham
Islands); C. H. Spence in Melbourne Review, 1876;
C. P. Lucas, Lord Durham's Report... 1912;
Mennell; Loyau; Austral. Encycl; Desiderata,
Aug 1936; NZ. Company reports; N.z. Colonist
(Wellington), 1842-43. Portraits: S Australian
Archives; tt(us. London News, 31 Jul 1869.

TE HAPUKU (Te Ika Nui o te Moana) (1808-
78), a chief of Ngati-Kahungunu, Ahuriri, was
born about 1808. He married a daughter of
Kaimokopuna, a Rangitane chief, who was cay-
tured at Te PuTU.

In the twenties and thirties he had many
exciting experiences during raids of northern
tribes on Hawkes Bay, especially at the siege
of Te Pakake pa, on the sand spit at Napier,
by Taupo, Waikato and Bay of Plenty tribes
(1825). Some of the raiders on raupo rafts
reached the channel side.of the fort and the
place was taken. Te Hapuku was amongst the
prisoners, but he escaped and sought refuge at
Mallia, where the Ngapuhi -chie, Te Wera,
offered protection to the tribes from the plains.
There the Hawkes Bay tribes were again
attacked (in 1828) for the last time. After re-
pelling this invasion they were able to find
their way back to their homes, the last to do so
sailing from Mallia in 1837 in a Heet of 69
canoes. After desultory fighting with the natives
in the Him Valley Hapuku in Sep 1840 made
peace and visited Port Nicholson in a trading
schooner.

Hapuku made much trouble by selling land
to Europeans and many were killed in the fight-
ing which took place between two sections of
Ngati-Kahungunu. He and his people were
driven away from the Heretaunga district to the
north (about 1853) by Karaitiana, Tareha and
Renata Kawepo, who later besieged him in: his
palisaded pa. Sir Donald McLean intervened
to bring about a settlement. In 1858, being
taunted with having sold the ancestral forests
of Ngati-Kahungunu, Te Hapuku built a pa
and for several months defied the chief rival,
Te Moananui. Te Moananui defeated him at
Pakiaka, and when it was obvious. there would
be a massacre the Governor ordered a force of
the 65th Regiment to Napier. An armistice

363

23

-----------------------Page 194 End-----------------------

HAPURONA

was arranged and Hapuku marched out with
honours and moved off to his lands at Poukawa
(Feb 1858).

Te Hapuku, who was a magistrate as early as
1853, was in Waikato in the critical days of 1863
and strongly urged the pakeha not to fire first
for fear of a general war. His own loyalty was
strained by the government refusing to support
him against Te Moananui. In Feb 1865 the
emissaries of Pai Marire from Taranaki gath-
ered at his place and he was believed to have
encouraged them and to have made promises
of help to Te Waru (q.v.). The determined
hostility of the other Hawkes Bay chiefs pre-
vented him from joining the Hauhau. In 1867
he opposed the disposal of confiscated lands
in Hawkes Bay. In Dec 1868 he led a con-
tingent of his own people against Te Kooti. Te
Hapuku was a thickset savage of medium
height, elaborately tattooed. He was a good
specimen of the old order of Maori chief, and
a firm believer in the dignity of labour, in
which he co-operated with his people at see
sonable tasks. He was generous, but punctilious
about his dignity, and quick to resent a slight.
Toiroa, a tohunga of considerable mana, once
commanded the building of a house in the fol-
lowing words: +Build my house at Te Hauke.,
The name for it is the name of a hill in Here-
taunga. When a mist settles on the top of this
hill, it is a sign to the people that a storm is
about to break. Those at sea and going to sea,
let them -beware !" In 1876 Te Hapuku built
the house in response to: the command of the
prophet, and called it «Kahuranaki,’ the name
of ahill on the sea side of the river Tukituki.
Sir George Grey reconciled Te Hapuku and
Karaitiana a few weeks before Te Hapuku's
death, which took place on 23 May 1878, at Te
Hauke.

Cowan, Sketches (0): do. Wars; Polyn. /ourn.,
vol 38, p 171; Lambert; Cox; JH. Grace (in.
formation); appreciation in Te Wananga, 1878.

HAPURONA (otherwise IWIMAIRE, or PUKE-
RIMU, formerly known as Ngawakawawe) was a
chief of Ngati-Awa and one of the most sucoess-
ful of the Maori generals against British troops.
Not of high birth, he was the son of Pukewhao,
a-Taranaki chief, his mother being a Ngati.Awa
woman of Pukerangiora. He escaped from that
stronghold when it was captured.

HAPURONA

Hapurona was a tall, rough, honest-looking
man; with some oratorical powers, fiery and
jealous. A skilful engineer with considerable
military talent, he was the fighting leader of
Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake (q.v.). Having
appealed to the King (Tawhiao) for help, he
took the field early in 1860 in defence of Wai-
tara. He was driven out of Te Kohia on the
disputed block (17 Mar 1860). Three months
later, on 27 Jun, he commanded skirmishers of
Ngati-Awa in their victory at Puketakauere,
which raised Maori mana against both soldiers
and naval forces. He had made preparations
for resisting the troops at Mahoetahi, but on
the arrival of Wetini Taiporutu with the Wai-
kato contingent he took a subordinate position
and was posted with 800 men to make a flank
attack. Hapurona now had a contempt for the
soldiers and signed a letter challenging General
Pratt and threatening to occupy the Bell block.
When Wetini’s position was stormed Hapurona
fired a volley and retired, leaving the Ngati-
Haua to be destroyed. On 23 Jan 1861 he led
one party in the assault at dawn on No. 3
redoubt. He commanded the long defence of
Te Arei against the clever sapping operations
of Pratt, but under heavy artillery fire surren-
dered on 19 Mar. On 8 Apr he accepted terms
of peace. Wi Kingi was to retire with the King
people to Waikato, and Ngawaka Patukakariki
also signed the treaty providing for the inves-
tigation of Waitara block, the completion of
the survey, the restoration of plunder to the
settlers and the submission of the Ngati-Awa.
Hapurona had kept British troops in the field
for more than a year and inflicted on the pro-
vince losses of over £200,000.

Hapurona received a salary of £100 a year
as commandant of Matarikoriko blockhouse. In
Aug 1863 the Maori King and chiefs were liv-
ing with him at Te Arei and Pukerangiora and
in Oct troops burned the whares at Te Arei.
Later Hapurona became a Hauhau, taking the
name Tuahuterangi. He continued to have a
great influence over Rangitake, whom he
brought into New Plymouth to meet McLean
and be reconciled with the government (22
Feb 1872). He lived his later years at Te Arei
blockhouse, where he died on 26 Feb 1874. He
had one son named Horopapera.

Cowan (p); M. S Grace (p); R. Carey, Narra:
tive of the late War in N.Z., 1863.

354

 

 

HARATUA

HARATUA, a Ngati-Kawa chief of Bay of Is
lands, had been a matua of the Europeans. in
the early days of the Colony, when his pa was
at Mangakahia. During the troubles of 1844-46
he acted as Heke's general, and took a leading
part in the destruction of the flagstaf at Koro-
rareka. Heke rebuked him for looting. He
was with Kawiti at Ruapekapeka, and was
wounded at Ohaeawai. Haratua aften'lards
lived for many years near Archdeacon Williams
at Pakaraka. He was a candidate for baptism
before 1851, and took the name Te Wiremu
on his baptism a few years later. His son was
one of the first adults baptised there. Haratua
took command of his people in a tribal dispute
with the yritaniwha hapu at Pakaraka in 1867.

Buick, First War; Carleton; Cowan.

HARDHAM, WILLIAM JAMES (1876-1928)
was the son of George Hardham, Wellington,
and was educated at Mount Cook school. He
was captain of the Petone Rugby football club
and played for many years in the Wellington
provincial team. He was employed in the rail-
way workshops at Petone until proceeding to
the South African war, in which he served as a
farrier-sergeant with the 4th and 9th New Zea
land Contingents. He received the Queen's
medal with five clasps, and the V.C. for rescu-
ing a wounded trooper at Naauwport (28 Jan
1901). In the war of 1914-48 he served with
the Wellington Mounted Rifles in Egypt, Galli-
poli and Palestine. He died on 13 Apr 1928.

Studholme; Ranfurly ; Who's Who N.Z., 1924.

HARDING, ISAAC (1815-97) was born at
Wanstron, Somerset, England, three months
after the death of his father. At two years he
was adopted by a childless uncle and aunt, and
eventually he was confirmed in the Anglican
church. Shortly afterwards he joined the Wes
leyan Methodist church and soon became a
local preacher. At the age of 21 he entered
the ministry and was ordained at Newcastle-on-
Tyne (1840). During the dissensions in British
Methodism (1849-53) he rendered yeoman
service by his loyalty and eloquence and his
writings.

In response to a call for volunteers for Aus-
tralia Harding offered and sailed for Victoria
in 1852, Landing at the height of the gold
rush he engaged in strenuous labour, enduring

HARDING

hardships, establishing schools and erecting
churches. He was one of the originators and
the first editor of the Victorian Wesleyan
Chronicle. In 1858 he was transferred to New
Zealand, his first sphere being Auckland. The
discovery of gold in Otago led to Harding's
transfer to Dunedin, where the Rev James
Buller had. arranged for the erection of a
church for him on Bell Hill. Harding held his
first services in the Athenaeum and then occu-
pied a canvas tent at the corner of Stafford and
Malville streets. He speedily took the whole of
Otago for his circuit and during two years
churches were erected at Tuapeka, Clutha,
Tokomairiro, Waikouaiti, Oamaru and dse-
where. In the course of one journey he went
to Gabriel's Gully, thence proceeding through
Teviot to Dunstan, up the Kawarau to Arrow
and Queenstown, thence to Inverairgill and
Dunedin. In this journey he used four horses
and made some very long daily journeys. He
opened preaching services in 23 centres and
had canvas and frame churches erected on the
goldfields at Hogburn, Shotover, Alexandra,
Clyde, Hyde and other places. A robust con-
stitution, volcanic energies and an indomitable
will gave him a rich endowment for pioneering
work.

Harding was a man of unusual mental
ability, a profound thinker and book lover. He
was a contributor to leading magazines and re-
views in England. His letters written from
Auckland and Dunedin and published in the
London Times over the signature’ Uncle John:
did remarkable service to New Zealand and its
intending colonists. In 1859 he published a
lecture entitled Young men ror the Colonies,
and a controversial pamphlet addressed to
Governor Gore Browne on correspondence be-
tween him and Bishop Pompallier. In 1860 he
published a pamphlet addressed’ To the in-
telligent Roman Catholic laymen of the pro-
vince of Auckland,’ regarding the inspection of
schools receiving government grants. Mter
leaving Otago Harding served at Wellington
(1864-66) and Wanganui (1867). In 1868 he
was transferred to Queensland, where in 1872
he founded the Methodist book depot in Bris-
bane. He died on 17 Jul 1897. M.A.R.P.

HARDING, JOHN (1820-99) was born at
Southampton, England, and brought up to the

355

-----------------------Page 195 End-----------------------

HARDING

trade of a turner. He came to New Zealand in
the Birman (1842), and worked in Wellington
at his trade for some years and later as an iron-
monger. He was one of the founders of the
order of Rechabites in New Zealand (1842),
and with Francis Bradey organised the anni-
versary celebrations in 1843 and subsequent
years. About 1850 Harding acquired land in
Hawkes Bay and made his homestead at Mount
Vernon, Waipukurau. About 1876 he estab-
lished his Romney flock with sheep purchased
from Alfred Ludlam (q.v.). Later he bred also
Clydesdale horses. Harding served on several
local bodies. He died on 25 Jun 1899.

Ward; Playne; Gycl, NZ., vi (p); Hawkes Bay
Herald, 26 Jun 1899.

HARDING, RECHAB (1844-97) was born in
Wellington, the son of John Harding (qv.),
and educated at Toomath's school and the
Wellington Commercial and Grammar School
He then went to Hawkes Bay, where he worked
on his father's station, Mount Vernon. He
represented Te Aute in the Hawkes Bay Pro-
vincial Council (1875-76) and served also on
the Hawkes Bay education board, the land
board, the Napier harbour board, the Waipawa
county council, the Waipukurau hospital
board and the Napier High school governors.
He died on 2Jun 1897.

Hawkes Bay Herald, 3 Jun 1897.

HARDINGTON, HENRY (1828-87) was born
in England and arrived in Auckland in the
early forties. He first kept the Victoria hotel
on the beach, and later the Exchange in the
Crescent. In partnership with S A. Wood, he
managed a horse bazaar and auction mart at
the Greyhound. Hardington had great influ-
ence with the natives, and was on terms of
confidence with Tamati Ngapora and other
Waikato chiefs living at Mangere. On the out-
break of the war (1860), he joined the Auck-
land Cavalry volunteers, in which he became
captain (1863), and served throughout the Wai-
kato war. Mter the war he controlled the One-
hunga coaches and held mail-carrying contracts
for some years. He took a great interest in the
Auckland Racing Club, of which he was one
of the promoters and acted as clerk of the
course both at Epsom and at Ellerslie. He
died on 31 Jul 1887.

HARDY

Gudgeon (p); N.Z. Herald, 3 Jul 1880, 2 Aug
1887.

HARDY, CHARLES ALBERT CREERY (1843-
1922) was born in Ireland and educated under
the Church Education society. Having gained
some experience in a store, he came to New
Zealand in 1863, spending the next four years
in Dunedin. In 1868 he went to the West
Coast, where he kept a store at Charleston for
some years, and later at Hokitika. He moved
in 1879 to Canterbury, opening a store at Ra-
kaia

Hardy was for many years a member of most
of the local bodies in his district. He was chair-
man of the Rakaia school committee and of
the North Canterbury education board. In
1899 he was elected M.H.R. for Selwyn, which
he continued to represent till 1911, when he
was defeated by W. J. Dickie. In 1913 he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member until his death (on 29 Aug
1922). He acted for some years as whip for
the Reform party and was chairman of the
joint house committee.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Aug 1922; Parltry Record; Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; The Press, 30 Aug 1922. Por-
trait: Parliament Honse.

HARDY, JOHN (1821-82) was born at Ux-
bridge, Middlesex, educated there and in Lon-
don, and qualified as a civil engineer. He mar-
ried Helen Akerman. In 1855 he came to
Otago in the Dunedin and settled at Toko-
mairiro, his farm being named Helensbrook
after his wife.

Hardy took a prominent part in the poli-
tics of the district as a supporter of Macandrew.
An advocate of a better roading policy, within
a few weeks of his arrival in the province he
approached the Provincial Council with a peti-
tion on the subject, and for some years he was
commissioner of roads and deviations. He
presided at meetings to consider district needs
and to form the mutual improvement society
and the agricultural society. As a farmer he
showed a fine example of scientific methods and
new ideas. He imported valuable stud horses,
and his ploughing teams were prominent at
matches for many years. In 1860 he organised
the coal company, of which he was secretary
and manager.

Hardy was elected to the Provincial Council

356

 

HARE

in Jun 1861 and represented the district until
1864. He was for somé time provincial secre-
tary and treasurer under Richardson, and was
chairman of the committee on roads and their
deviations. His chief service to the district and
to New Zealand was, however, the encourage-
ment he gave to Gabriel Read (then in his
employ) to persist in his search for gold in the
Tuapeka district. Hardy and his sons accom-
panied Read on these expeditions, and as pro-
vincial secretary Hardy reported in the Coun-
cil the outcome (28 Jun 1861). He advocated
encouraging Victorian miners to come to Otago
after the opening of the fields Hardy was a
prominent member of the Church of England
and presented land for its endowment. He
was defeated at the Council election in 1864
and three years later moved to Dunedin, where
he practised as a surveyor and architect. He
maintained his iuterest in communications and
led a deputation to the Council to protest
against the railway line as projected. He car-
ried out many engineering contracts, including
the ferry and accommodation house at the
Clutha; and acted as clerk and engineer to
several road boards.

Mter moving to Oamaru Hardy surveyed
much of the country lands for the provincial
government and made many bridges. He was
engineer in charge of railway construction on
the Moeraki-Waitaki section. He laid before
the Oamaru borough council in 1875 a scheme
for lighting the borough with gas. He was
for some years a member of the borough coun-
cil (1876 and 1881-82), founded the permaneut
building society and was a vestryman and lay
reader of the Church of England.

Hardy was a fine cricketer and a supporter
of all musical societies. He contributed a good
deal to the press, writing a graceful style of
prose and some verse of passing quality. He
died on 22 Sep 1882.

Otago P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Diary Of Gabriel Read
in Public Library, Dunedin; Pyke; Hocken, Otago;
Bruce Herald, 1864-67; Otago Witness from 1855;
North Otago Times, 23 Sep 1882.

HARE, FRANCIS AUGUSTUS (1845-1912)
was born in Germany and educated at St
Columba's College, Dublin, and Emmanuel Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated (B.A.,
1868; M.A., 1873). He was ordained in Ely
Cathedral and proceeded to Perth, West Aus-

HARINGTON

tralia, as headmaster of the collegiate school.
In 1872 he came to New Zealand; in 1873
was private secretary to Sir James Fergusson,
and on the conclusion of that appointment was
temporarily engaged in the Ricearton parish.
In 1877 he was appointed divinity and classics
assistant at Christ's College, of which he became
headmaster in 1889. He resigned in 1893, but
remained on the staff until his death (on 26
Jul 1912). Hare was a canon of Christchurch
Cathedral.

NZ. Gaz. 1873; Christ's Coll. List (p); The
Press, 27 Jul 1912.

HARGREAVES, EDWARD ALLEN (1826-
80) was born in England. Coming to Canter-
bury in the early fifties, he was in business as
a merchant in Lyttelton till 1870 when, having
suffered considerable loss in the fire, he retired.
He represented Lyttelton in the Canterbury
Provincial Council (1861-62 and 1865-69), and
in Parliament (1866-67). On being elected to
Parliament he resigned the chairmanship of
the Lyttelton municipal council, which he had
held since its inauguration. Hargreaves after-
wards lived at Timaru, having an interest in
the Richmond station. He died on 9 Mar 1880.

NZP.D., 1866-67; Canterbury P.C. Proc.
Timaru Herald, 10 Mar 1880.

HARGREAVES, JOSEPH (1821-80) was born
in Liverpool. While a young man he came to
‘Auckland and purchased a property at Tamaki,
which he sold a few years later and bought
from the natives a larger estate near Kaipara.
He was an ardent sportsman and a successful
breeder of horses. Hargreaves was elected in
1860 to represent the Suburbs of Auckland in
Parliament, but owing to repeated proroga-
tions and a visit to the Old Country, he re-
signed (24 Jul) without having taken his seat.
He died on 10 Apr 1880.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, Il Apr 1880.

HARINGTON, THOMAS CUDBERT (1799-
1863) was born in India, his father, John Her-
bert Harington, being a member of the Sup-
reme Council of Bengal. Having sold property
in India for £6600, he arrived in New South
Wales in 1820 and was at first allowed to
occupy 6,600 acres in consideration of the pos-
sion of capital. In 1827 he became a civil ser-
vant, and in 1829 joined the Colonial Secre-

357

-----------------------Page 196 End-----------------------

HARKNESS

tary's office. In 1834, when he was assistant
colonial secretary, he helped Surgeon W. B.
Marshall to get infant lessons translated into
Maori for use in New Zealand. Two years
later he was petitioning for a permanent ap-
pointment in the service. This being declined,
he seems to have gone to England (1837) and
become secretary of the New Zealand Company.
His system of keeping office records was very
@ficient. In 1850 Harington made a gift of
£300 to the endowment of Trinity College,
Porirua (as soon as the name was announced).
He died on | Feb 1863.

Hist. Rec. Aust., xviii, 447; N.Z.C., pass.; Wel-
lington Independent, 9 May 1863.

HARKNESS, JOHN (1853-1938) was born in
Derbyshire, educated at the Derby school and
graduated from Corpus Christi College, Ox-
ford, proceeding M.A. A_ strong classical
scholar, he was appointed to the staff of the
Manchester Grammar School. In 1883 he was
chosen as the first rector of the Waitaki Boys
High School, of which he was in control for
fourteen years. Harkness was a man of deep
culture and a generous spirit. Mter resigning
from Waitaki, he was for seven years in charge
of a private school in Christchurch and later
on the staff of the Boys High School. Return-
ing to England about 1911, he resided for the
rest of his life at Cheltenham. Harkness mar.
ried (1889) Miss Satchell, one time matron at
the Waitaki High School. He died on 28 Jul
1938.

K. C. McDonald (p); Oamaru Mail, 6, 10 Oct
1938.

HARKNESS, JOSEPH GEORGE (1851-1930)
was born in Nelson, the son of William Dixon
Harkness, of Scotland, who represented Wai-
mea East in the Provincial Council (1863-65).
Educated at Nelson College (1867-68), he be-
came a school teacher and then a farmer.
Elected to Parliament as a supporter of the
Atkinson Government, Harkness represented
Nelson City (1889-93). He was a member of
the Waimea county council (for eight years),
of the school committee aRd of the Nelson
education board, and chairman of the Rich-
mond town board. In 1893 he took up land
at Tariki, Taranaki. He was the chief promoter
(in 1896) of the Midhirst Dairy Co., of which
he was secretary and general manager till 1905,

HARMAN

when he moved to Wellington. Harkness con-
tested the Egmont seat in Parliament in 1897.
In Wellington he became president of the
chamber of commerce (1907-08), and president
(and afterwards secretary) of the National
Dairy Association, from which he retired in
4921. He was a member of the harbour board
from 1908 and chairman (1919-22). In 1907
he was elected mayor of Onslow. He afterwards
lived at Te Horo, where he was chairman of
the dairy company, and he was one of the
founders of the Wellington CooOperative Freez-
ing Co. Harkness married a daughter of George
MacRae. He died on 9 Jan 1930.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Philpott
(p); The Dominion, 10 Jan 1930. Portrait: Par-
liament House.

HARMAN, RICHARD JAMES STRACHAN
(1826-1902) was born at Dublin and educated
at Rugby in the days of Dr Arnold. Amongst
his school-fellows were Freeman, the historian,
Sir Richard Temple and Dr Liddell. He
learned to play good cricket, and figured in
the earliest games in Canterbury a few years
later. Harman qualified as a civil engineer,
serving his articles with George and John Ren-
nie in London, and soon after sailed with the
first expedition for Canterbury in the Sir George
Seymour. When the settlers organised the
Society of Land Purchasers, he was elected to
the council, and as executive officer he had to
present to the agent of the Canterbury As
sociation the recommendations of the Society
with regard to roads and other public works.
In 1851 Harman started in business as a land
and estate agent and agent for a number of
purchasers who had not come out. In 1862 he
was joined by E. C. J. Stevens (q.v.). Early in
4853, in partnership with Cyrus Davie, one of
the early surveyors, he took up a run between
the Selwyn river and Lake Ellesmere. They
soon made several thousand acres freehold, and
held it until the end of the seventies. In 1854
Harman, Bray, Cridland, Jollie and Dobson
were appointed a commission to report on the
best means of communication between Christ-
church and its port. They recommended an
open road by way of Sumner, with a tunnel
through Evans pass. Harman assisted Bray in
the survey for the tunnel, and then went to
England. While there he acted as emigration
agent, and sent out many people to the pro-

 

358

 

 

HARMAN

vince. In 1855 he married Emma, daughter of
Dr Thomas de Renzy, of county Wicklow.
They came out in 1856 in the Egmont.

In 1857 Harman entered the Provincial
Council for Heathcote, which he represented
until 1860. He was a member of the executive
(1856-58). The Council in 1858 appointed
him to a commission to decide upon the best
lines for road and railway communications. In
1859 he led the executive. In 1860 he was
elected to represent Akaroa in the Council and
he continued as its member until 1862. He
was a member of the waste lands board, and
he also did much surveying for the provincial
government on Banks Peninsula. For the first
month he was required to attend the land board
twice a week. This entailed leaving camp at
Duvauchelles at midnight, walking through the
bush to Purau, boating to Lyttelton and thence
walking to Christchurch. Eight times in the
month Harman covered this journey. In 1865
he joined the provincial expedition to discover
a route across the mountains to the West Coast,
where a new mining population was settling.
Crossing the Canterbury plains on foot, and
swimming the Rakaia, Ashburton, and Rangi-
tata rivers, they discovered Browning's Pass.

In 1867 Harman was nominated for Mande-
ville in the Provincial Council, but he retired
in favour of a local man. In 1867 he was a
member of the Financial Reform association,
formed to bring economy into the affairs of the
province. In 1871 he acted as deputy-super-
intendent. Harman was elected (1869) a mem-
ber of the South Waimakariri board of con-
servators, and was chairman throughout. He
was for long on the domain board (chairman
1874-81), and did much towards beautifying
the city, notably in planting Rolleston avenue
and the avenues surrounding Hagley Park, and
in presenting a garden of rhododendrons (op-
posite St Michael's Church). He was for
twenty-five years a churchwarden and for thirty-
seven years a church officer of St Michael's; a
member of the diocesan synod from its forma-
tion, and one of the first members of the
"cathedral chapter; and a governor of Christ's
College. As a volunteer Harman was elected
a lieutenant when No. 2 Company was formed
(1864). He succeeded Col. Packe as captain,
and held that rank until the corps was dis-
banded. In 1885 he cooOperated with de Renzie

HARPER

Brett in forming the honorary reserve corps, in
which he became a captain and helped to
make a body of fine marksmen. He took part
in the formation of the Canterbury Rifle As-
sociation, and represented it for many years
on the New Zealand Association. He was one
of the leading cricketers in the province, and
for many years a supporter of the United Club,
of which he was president. He was president
of the Canterbury Rowing Club from its
foundation, and of the Christchurch Football
Club. Harman died on 26 Nov 1902.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Chris's Coll. List; The
Press, 27 Nov, 1 Dec 1902; 6 Sep 1930 (p); Lyttel-
ton Times, 28 Nov 1962.
HARPER, CHARLES JOHN (1838-1920), a
son of Bishop Harper, was born at Eton, Eng-
land, and educated at RossaU and Cirencester
Agricultural College. He came to New Zealand
in the Duke of Portland (1855), and took up
the Malvern Hills and Lake Coleridge runs.
Later he owned properties at Brackenfield
(Amberley), and Hackthorne (Ashburton).
He was a member of the Rakaia road board
and of the Provincial Council (in which he
represented Sefton 1873-75), In 1900 he con-
tested the Ashburton parliamentary seat against
McLachlan. Harper was a member of the Up-
per Ashburton road board (chairman 1898 and
1901), and of the Ashburton county council
(chairman from 1899), and chairman of the
Rangitata road board. He married (1868)
Sarah, daughter of Walter Cracroft. He died on
6 Sep 1920.

CanterbUI"Y P.C. Proc.; Actand; Cyel. N.z., iii
(p).
HARPER, SIR GEORGE (1843-1937) was born
at Stratfield Mortimer, England, the son of
Bishop Harper (1804-93), and educated at
Radley and Eton Colleges. He came to New
Zealand with his parents in 1858, and returning
to England in 1866 (after three years at Christ's
College and four years on stations at Malvern
and Avoca) he was called at the Inner Temple
in 1869. He joined the Northern Circuit, held a
few briefs at Manchester and returned to New
Zealand in 1870 and commenced to practise.
In 1880 he became a partner in Hanmer and
Harper. He had a sound knowledge of local
body law and also appeared in several cde-
brated cases, including those of the »severed
hand’ and the yacht Ariadne. He was presi-

359

-----------------------Page 197 End-----------------------

HARPER

dent of the Canterbury Law Society (1910-11),
of the Christchurch Club, captain of the Christ's
College rifle volunteers and founder of the
Citizens’ Defence Corps: (1914-18); a governor
of Christ's College from 1900, and later sub-
warden, a member of the McLean Institute, and
chairman of the! Christchurch domains board.
He received the O.B.E. in 1918 and was
knighted a few weeks before his death (on 12
Mar 1937). Harper married (1871) Agnes,
daughter of Judge Loughnan. In 1864 he ex-
plored the passes to find a route for sheep to
Westland and drove 500 from Lake Coleridge
to Hokitika by way of Browning's Pass and the
Styx Saddle. ‘

Christ's Coll. List (p); N.Z. Law Jour. 16 Mar
1937 (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1924, 1932; J. D. Pas.
coe (information); The Press and Stm'-Sun, 12, 13
Mar 1937.

HARPER, GEORGE SAWDEN (1840-1911) was
born at Burton-Fleming, near Bridlington,
Yorkshire. He became a pupil teacher in the
Wesleyan day school at Nafferton, Yorkshire,
and began to preacll at sixteen years of age.
His gifts led to his acceptance for the ministry
by the British Wesleyan ‘conference, and his
theological training was received under the
direction of Dr Kessen. He entered the min-
istry in 1864 and’in 1865 arrived in New Zee
land, beginning work in Canterbury under the
direction of the Rev James Buller.

On the discovery of gold on the West Coast
Buller crossed the Southern Alps for Hokitika,
directing Harper to go by sea Harper was the
first Protestant minister to work on the West
Coast. His hearty manner, ready wit, tireless
energy and appreciation of the digger's lot won
their confidence and gave him great influence.
He was later sent to organise Methodist work
on the Thames goldfields and to preach in the
open air at centres of population. He married
(1868) Catherine Anne Ingamells. Harper
held pastorates at Wellington, Blenheim and
Nelson. The excitement and strain of his
pioneering work resulted in nervous prostra-
tion, and in 1878 he was superannuated. He
settled at Sanson and was for some time school-
master at Carnarvon, and worked for his church
in the Manawatu district.

Harper contributed to the New Zealand
Wesleyan a sefies of articles entitled -The
Gospel Among the Maoris’ (1872-74) and he

HARPER

left several manuscripts which are still unpub-
lished. Two of these deal with work on the
West Coast and Thames goldfields. He died on
24 Sep 1911. MA.RP.

HARPER, HENRY JOHN CHITTY (1804-93),
the first actual Bishop of Christchurch, was
born at Gosport, Hampshire. His father, Tris-
tram Harper, was a physician, and belonged
to a Worcestershire family. Educated in the
first place at Hyde Abbey school, Winchester,
Harper went on to Queen's College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A., in 1826, and M.A.
in 1834.

After his first degree Harper went as +con-
duct,’ or chaplain, to Eton College (where his
coadjutor was Selwyn). At Eton he evinced
characteristics which pointed him out as a man
for high preferment. He was the leading spirit
in many reforms at the college, and when he
left he received testimonials from the authori-
ties, and from the people of the parish of
Eton, which showed the high esteem in which
he was held. He was at Eton College from
1831 to 1836, and curate in charge of the
parish till 1840. (There was no vicar at the
time, the College holding the vicariate). Mean-
while Harper was ordained deacon (1831),
and priest (1832). In 1840 Eton College pre-
sented him with the living of Stratfield-Mor-
timer, in Berkshire, where he remained until
he was designated Bishop of Christchurch
While curate at Eton College he took private
pupils. It was on Sdwyn's advice that he read
for holy orders, and years later Selwyn strongly
recommended Harper as the man for the
bishopric of Christchurch. Accordingly a meet-
ing of churchmen, held in Lyttelton in 1855,
decided to petition the Queen asking that Har-
per should be appointed. The Royal letters
patent were duly issued, and on 10 Aug 1856
he was consecrated by Archbishop Sumner in
the chapel at Lambeth Palace. At the same
time he became a doctor of divinity.

With his wife and family Harper sailed in
the ship Egmont, which on 23 Dec 1856 ar-
rived in Lyttelton. The scene at the meeting
of Selwyn and Harper is depicted in one of
the sculptured panels of the pulpit in Christ-
church Cathedral. On Christmas Day Harper
was enthroned in the Church of St Michael
and All Angels, which became the pro-cathedral

360

 

HARPER

of the diocese. By letters patent of the same
date as Harper's, Selwyn was appointed Metro-
politan of New Zealand: and before he left
Christchurch he discussed with the new bishop
his project of a constitution for the Church in
New Zealand. Harper lived first in a house in
Cambridge terrace (afterwards occupied by Dr
Turnbull). On 24 Jan 1857 he' consecrated the
Church of the Holy Trinity at Avoliside. Six
months later he laid the foundation stone of
Christ's College, of which he was first warden
(Selwyn holding the office for only a few
months). In the organisation of his vast dio-
cese he travelled long journeys on horseback
between the Hurunui on the north and Stewart
Island. Almost every year he visited the far-
thest settlements of Otago and Southland. Like
Selwyn, he spent many nights in the open,
sometimes with only a saddle for pillow.

In 1866 the separation of Otago as an in-
dependent bishopric was initiated, and Harper
was called upon to act as mediator and peace-
maker when the opinions held by the bishop-
designate (Jenner) caused his appointment to
be challenged. Harper presided at several meet-
ings in Dunedin, and tactfully and sympathetic.
ally endeavoured to induce the people of Otago
to accept their bishop. When this was found
impossible, he had to admit that the appoint-
ment was not valid until it was confirmed by
the general synod of New Zealand. The contro
versy was still raging when Jenner reached
New Zealand (Jan 1869). Harper convened
the synod to meet in Dunedin, and presided
throughout five or six days of anxious and diffi-
cult debate. One night he occupied the chair
from 1 p.m. to 6 am. The synod declined by
a decided majority to accept the bishop, and he
returned to England. In due time Nevill a-
rived, and he was consecrated by Harper (1871).
There were several other controversies which
disturbed the even tenor of Harper's episcopate,
notably the charge of heterodoxy against the
Rev H. E. Carlyon, and the long discussion
(1862-65) on the demand of the Christchurch
synod to be allowed full control of its own
church property.

Harper's opening addresses at the synods
were marked by practical common-sense. In
4867 and 1878 he attended the Lambeth con-
ferences. With the resignation of Sdwyn, he
was elected to the primacy of New Zealand,

361

HARRIS.

but he declined to enter upon it until he was
informed by Selwyn that he had laid down the
office of Metropolitan @Ul 1869). Harper's
first general synod was at Dunedin. Several
new bishops he consecrated personally, includ
ing 1- R. Selwyn (son of the bishop) as bishop
of Melanesia (1877). In the same year at
Napier he consecrated E. C. Stuart as bishop
of Waiapu:’ The twenty-fifth year of his episcop-
ate was marked (on 1 Nov 1881) by the con-
secration for public worship of the fine Christ-
church Cathedral. In 1887 Harper announced
his intention of laying down his episcopate at
the earliest convenient moment, and on 26
Sep 1889 the diocesan synod was informed that
his resignation had been accepted. On the
following day Archdeacon Julius, of Ballarat,
was elected to the see, and on 13 May 1890
Bishop Harper consecrated him. Meanwhile
Hadfield was elected primate.

Harper was a member of the first N.Z. Univer-
sity senate, and had some influence in the for-
mation of its policy. He marriedin 1829, Emily,
daughter of Charles Wooldridge, registrar of the
diocese of Winchester. She died on 10 Jun 1888,
Harper died on 28 Deo 1893. (See SIR GEORGE
Harper, 1 B. ACLAND, C. R. BLAKISTON and
C. G. TRIPP.)

Cycl. N.z., iii (p); Cox; Purchas (p); Wigram;
Beaglehole; Cant. ON.; The Press, 29 Dec 1893,
7 Jun 1930 (p).

HARPER, WALTER (1848-1930), a son of
Bishop Harper, was educated at Christ's College,
and at Trinity College, Oxford, was ordained in
1873 and was successively vicar of Ellesmere
(1876) and of St Michael's, Christchurch
(1882); principal of the upper department of
Christ's College (1893-1906); dean of Christ-
church (1901) and a governor of Canterbury
College. He died on 6 Jan 1930.

Christ's Call. List.; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924.

HARRIS, BENJAMIN (1836-1928) was born
at Lisburn, county Antrim, Ireland, his parents
being of Irish and French stock. His father,
George Harris (1804-80), was a sergeant in the
65th Regiment. Harris accompanied his parents
to Canada, but returned to England in 1846
and in the following year sailed for Welling-
ton. In 1851 his father took up a farm at
east Tamaki, and in 1860 Harris himself took
up land at Pukekohe. Native unrest compelled

-----------------------Page 198 End-----------------------

HARRIS.

him to leave, and he joined the Otahuhu
Cavalry under Maj. Nixon. In 1862 he made
another attempt to cultivate the farm, but in
1863 war broke out. Harris acted as guide to
the 60th Regiment into Tuakau, and then re-
joined his own corps with the rank of lieu-
tenant (1863) and received his baptism of fire
at Paterangi. After the war he returned to his
farm to find the buildings burned down, and
he took charge of immigrants just arrived at
Pokeno, Tuakau and Pukekohe (1866). He
was elected captain of the Tuakau and Puke-
kohe Rifles at the same time (1869), and after-
wards major (1878). In 1875 he was com-
manding the South Franklin Rifles, and in 1885
he raised the first mounted rifle corps in Auck-
land province.

In 1862 Harris was elected a trustee of the
Pukekohe highway district. He represented
Ramarama in the Provincial Council (1874-75).
In 1879 he was elected M.H.R. for Franklin,
in 1882 for Franklin North (defeating W. F.
Buckland) and in 189396 he represented
Franklin again (defeating W. F. Massey). In
his first term in Parliament he acted as whip
for the Opposition party. In 1896 Harris lost
his seat to Massey. He was called to the Legis-
lative Council in 1897, and was a member till
1923 (when he retired). He was a member
of the Auckland land board (from 1892), the
Franklin county council from 1876 (some
years chairman) and the Harrisville school com-
mittee (for 18 years). Harris died on 12 Feb
1928.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Who's Who N.Z., 1908;
Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z.P.D.,3 Jul 1928; Cowan, i;
Russdl (p); N.Z. Herald, 13 Feb 1928, 12 Jan 1933.
Portrait: Parliament House.

HARRIS, JOHN CHANTREY (1830-95) was
born at Bath, England, his father being a sculp-
tor and friend of Sir Francis Chantrey. At the
age of thirteen he apprenticed himself on a
West India trading ship. In 1851, when he
had been four years qualified, his ship was
wrecked at Cape of Good Hope and he was
stranded. Early in 1852 the Gwalior put in in
distress. Harris shipped as first mate, and soon
aftenvards put the captain under arrest for
drunkenness and brought the vessel to Auck-
land. He then had command of the Governor
Wynyard, the first steamer built in New Zea
land, took her across to Melbourne and ran

HARRIS.

her for a few months on the Yarra. Leaving
this to go to the Forest Creek diggings, he had
the usual vicissitudes there and finally settled
down to journalism. For many years he was
mining reporter at Thames for the Southem
Cross, Then he joined the Otago Daily Times
as representative at Port Chalmers (1873). In
1878 he was commissioned by the Union Steam
Ship Co. to describe the hot lakes of the North
Island for a guidebook. He spent a year or
two with the Southland Times and in 1880 be-
came proprietor and publisher of the New Zea-
land Times and the New Zealand Mail (Wel-
lington). This connection lasted till 1890, when
Captain Baldwin bought the paper. Harris in-
vested disastrously in silver mines at Puhipuhi,
and with his remaining capital bought the
Bruce Herald (Milton). He died on 12 Feb
1895.

Harris was a free-thinker and lectured on
that subject in Wellington (1884). His char-
acter was marked by honesty, humanity and
straightfonvardness.

Brett, White tyings, ii; Will Lawson, Steam in
the South Pacific (1909); J T. M. Hornsby in
Southland Times, 12 Nov 1912; N.Z. Hemld, 22
Oct 1873; Otago Daily Times, 14 Feb 1896.

HARRIS, JOHN HYDE (1825-86) was born at
Deddington, Oxfordshire, educated there and
received his training in law. He practised a
little before coming to New Zealand.
Arriving in Dunedin by the Poictiet-s (Sep
1850), he at once commenced to practise, his
office being in Stafford street. Later he joined
John Gillies, whose son, Thomas Bannatyne,
was aftenvards a partner in the firm. Harris
took an immediate interest in the affairs of the
settlement, and was soon recognised as one of
the ‘Little Enemy,’ Episcopalians for the most
part, who found themselves banded together
against some of the cardinal tenets of the old
identities. Harris signed his name to the peti-
tion against class settlement which was sent to
the Government for consideration. He ad-
mitted later that he had not had time properly
to study the question, and retracted his ad-
hesion to the offending document. Harris be-
came popular in the province, and was clearly
marked out for public life. He took a leading
part in the protest to Wellington against the
transference to the general Government of so-
called ' surplus revenue’ raised in Otago which

362

 

 

HARRIS.

was obviously required in the province. He
opposed the nominated Legislative Council and
co-operated as a member of the Otago Settlers’
Association in the demand for representative
government; drew up the petition to this end,
and when the object was in sight supervised
the preparation of the roll of electors. In doing
‘so he resisted hotly the attempt to enrol Maori
voters, on the ground that they did not possess
the separate qualification that was necessary
under the law.

Harris's plans were at first not very definite.
As a leading citizen he took his part in the
foundation of the Mechanics’ Institute; he
helped to promote the Otago Banking Co., and
was an interim director. He drafted the peti-
tion for a charter, which was refused by the
Government. He was a founder of the Otago
Witness when a number of the leading men of,
the settlement decided to provide a newspaper
in place of the defunct Otago News. When
gold was discovered in Victoria he was tempted
to leave, but eventually decided to stay in
Otago. He passed the examinations required
by the supreme court and, after going to Wel-
lington to be admitted, he entered into part-
nership with Gillies.

When the elections were held towards the
end of 1853 for the first Provincial Council,
Harris was elected at the head of the poll for
the City of Dunedin. He held strong views,
and his detennined attitude on several political
questions brought him to grips with Cargill,
his austere father-in-law. He remained a mem-
ber of the Council whtil 1858, and during the
last few months was also a member of the
executive. He had meanwhile been elected a
member of the first town board and of the first
education committee (1856). In the following
year Gillies was appointed a magistrate and
Harris took his son, Thomas Bannatyne, into
the practice. In 1858-64 Harris was a member
of the Legislative Council. In 1860 he was ap-
pointed a district judge, but in 1862 the office
was abolished.

Richardson in 1861 appointed Harris to be
his deputy, and at the next superintendency
election (1863) Harris defeated Richardson by
162 votes. As Superintendent he had many im-
portant public works to carry through, and
severe economic trouble to face due to the in-
flation following the influx of men into the

HARRIS

province. His task was not made easier by the
unfriendly attitude of his Council, and he re-
signed his office in Jun 1865, long before the
expiry of the term for which he had been
elected. The dissolution of the town board
was one of the unpleasant duties which fell to
his lot, but the city later attained to the dig-
nity of a municipal corporation, and in 1867
Harris had the honour of being elected mayor.
That post also he resigned before the end of
his term. He was president of the Dunedin
exhibition in 1865. In 1867 Harris was called
again to the Legislative Council, in which he
sat for about a year. He was Attorney-general
in the Stafford ministry.

Harris was at times a considerable owner of
landed property in Otago. He lived for many
years at the Grange and had rural runs at Wai-
hola, Otokia, Lee Stream, and West Taieri. He
opened for sale the first private township in
Otago, at Clarendon. Harris had a lively pas-
sion for education, and he was a member of
the council of Otago University from 1869
until his death. He was a prominent freemason
under the English constitution, and assisted at
the formation of several lodges in Otago. He
was installed provincial grand master in 1864
and held that office until 1880. His death oc-
curred on 24 Jul 1886. He married in 1851
Annie Cunningham (1830-81), second daughter
of W. W. Cargill.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Cycl. NZ. iv (p); Hocken;
Mclndoe; Otago Witness, 3 Jul 1886; Otago Daily
Times, 25 Jul 1886, 21 Mar 1930 (p). Portrait:
Parliament House.

HARRIS, JOHN WILLIAMS (1808-72) was
born in Cornwall. Going to sea with his uncle
in a China tea clipper (in which he learned a
good deal about navigation), he deserted his
ship and found his way to Australia, where he
obtained employment with J. Barrow Monte-
fiore and Co., Sydney. In 1830 the firm sent
him to New Zealand as agent for the purchase
of flax and other produce, and he eventually
settled at Turanga under the protection of the
chief Turangi and married a Maori woman. He
established the first shore whaling station on
the East Coast and was the first European to
settle permanently in the Poverty Bay district.
Harris had considerable success as a storekeeper
and sheepfarmer, but fell upon evil days in
his later years and died tragically in Auckland

363

-----------------------Page 199 End-----------------------

HARRIS

on 4 Feb 1872. While on a visit to Sydney in
1837 Harris left with a relative the moa bones
which were eventually laid before Professor
Owen.

Buick, Discovery of Dinornis (p); W. L. Wil-
liams; Gisborne Times, 30 Oct 1926; N'z. Herald,
6 Feb 1872.

HARRIS, WILLIAM CHAMBERS (1842-85) was.
born in Hull, his father being registrar in bank-
ruptcy. Educated at Bradfield College, Berk-
shire, he proceeded to Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, where he graduated (B.A. 1862; M.A
1867). He was for a year (1864-65) assistant
master at St Peter's College, Radley, and was
then appointed headmaster of Christ's College,
Christchurch, assuming the position in 1866.
Harris was a devoted teacher, an energetic
worker and no mean athlete, and under him
the school made rapid progress. He undertook
the work of the chapel in addition to his head-
mastership, and wrote his sermons every Sun-
day. His health breaking down, he resigned
and became vice-principal and lecturer at Lich-
fied Theological College (under Selwyn). He
was headmaster of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar
School at Wimborne, Dorsetshire (1874-77) and
vicar of Marchwood, Southampton (1877-79).
In the latter year he was appointed organising
chaplain to the diocese of Christchurch and in-
spector of the Church of England schools. In
1882 he became archdeacon of Akaroa, and the
following year had again to retire owing to
failing health. He died on 6 Jun 1885.

Christ's Coll. Sch. List (p); Jacobs; The Press
and Lyttelton Times, 17 Jun 1885.

HARRISON, HENRY SHAFTO (1810-92) was
born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, the son of a
clergyman. He studied at Clare College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. Having mar-
ried (1831) Henrietta Paterson (Yorkshire), he
lived for some years at Warrengate House,
Wakefield. He sailed for New Zealand.in 1839
in the Bolton.

Arriving early in 1840 they shortly aftenvards
settled at St John's Hill, Wanganui, where they
lived until the trouble of 1847. On this occa
sion Harrison served as captain, and he was af ter-
wards for many years an officer of militia. Early
in 1844 Harrison made an exploration down
the Manawatu river, and later in the year he
travelled overland with Captain Thomas to

HART

Hawkes Bay. In 1851 he was appointed clerk
to the Legislative Council. His wife having
died (1853), he married (1855) a daughter of
Dr Fletcher (Norfolk). On the new constitu-
tion being promulgated Harrison was elected
to the Provincial Council for Wanganui and
Rangitikei (1853), but (being appointed clerk)
he resigned his seat. He was again elected in
1861, and resigned his seat two years later on
accepting the post of provincial auditor. From
1861-70 he represented Wanganui in Parlia-
ment. He was one. of the founders of the
Wanganui Acclimatisation society and president
for some years of the Wanganui Jockey club.
He bred and raced many fine horses, and intro-
duced racing in the district. Harrison died on
3 Jul 1892.

Family information; Wellington P.C. Proc. and
Gaz. ; N.Z. Gaz.; Cycl. N.Z.,i (p); Wakelin; Ward;
Hawkes Bay Herald, 13 Oct 1934; Wanganui
Herald, 4 Jul 1892; Wanganui Chronicle, 4 Jul
1992.

HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1831-79)
was born at Leeds, Yorkshire. Coming to
Auckland in 1860, he was in business for some
time. In 1861 he went to Otago, and was a
member of Voge's first staff on the Otago Daily
Times. He was the first editor of the Gt'ey
River Argus (1865), and in 1871 became editor
of the Wellington Independent, from which he
returned a year later to the Argus. He was a
fine writer and a fluent speaker. Harrison re-
presented Westland Boroughs in Parliament
(1868-70), and Grey Valley (1871-75), but was’
rejected by his constituents for advocating the
use of prison labour to construct a harbour at
Port Elizabeth and the establishment of a cen-
tral prison there. He turned the first sod of the
Brunnerton railway (1873). He was a member
of the first Westland county council and the
Grey county council. Harrison died on 30 May
1879.

Parltry Record; Cycl. N'z., v; Paul; Harrop,
Westland; Grey River Argus, 9 Jun 1879.

HART, GEORGE (1820-95) was born at Winch-
more hill, London, and educated there. He
came to New Zealand with his brother, Robert
Hart (q.v.) in the Mary (1843), and settled in
Wellington. In 1848 he paid a visit to Eng-
land and, returning in the Phoebe Dunbar, he
settled in Canterbury, where he took up the

364

 

 

HART

Winchmore run (1853). Then he returned to
Wellington and was elected to the first Pro-
vincial Council for Hutt (1853), which he 're-
presented to 1861. From 185961 he was
specker. In 1859 he married Miss Kenison
James (Sydney). Shortly after this he left Wel-
lington to take up his residence in Canterbury.
In 1866 he took over also the Fernside and
Birch Hill properties. The former he sold in
1874 (with 40,000 sheep). In 1867-68 Hart was
a member of the Canterbury provincial execu-
tive. He was elected to represent Coleridge in
Parliament (1879), but at the general election
a few months later was defeated by E. G.
Wright. Hart died on 19 Aug 1895. (See R.
PARK)

Wellington and Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Parltry
Record; Acland; Lyttelton Times, 21 Aug 1895.

HART, ROBERT (1814-94) was born in Lon-
don. After his primary education, he com-
menced to attend lectures at University Col-
lege in 1830, one of his lecturers being Dr
Dionysius Lardner, who gave experiments with
electric sparks. Hart was in Paris during the
revolt of 1830. He was articled in 1831 to W.
R. King, Serjeant's Inn, and attended law
classes at University College.

In Aug 1843 Hart arrived in New Zealand
and commenced forthwith to practise in part-
nership with A. T. Holroyd, who had come in
the same ship (the Mary). He was later as-
sociated with R. D. Hanson (q.v.). In 1859 he
paid a visit to England, and on his return was
appointed district jndge for Wellington dis
trict. This post he resigned in 1861 and re-
turned to practice. In 1866 he took in as part-
ner Patrick Buckley (qv.) and they practised
together till 1878, when Hart retired from the
bar.

Meanwhile he had played his part in parlia-
mentary life, in which he held a position of
considerable influence. Elected in 1853 to re-
present the City of Wellington, he acted as law
adviser to the Government during the absence
of the Attorney-general (Swainson). At that
time he was offered a seat on the Supreme
Court bench, but declined. Hart was the only
representative of Wellington ‘province at the
parliamentary session of 1855. At the elections
later in the year, refusing to accede to the
stipulations of the Featherston party, he stood

HARTLEY

as an independent and was defeated. As crown

prosecutor he appeared for the crown in the
trial of the Maungatapu murderers. In 1867
he married Catherine (d. 29 Jun1897), sister
of Donald McLean.

In 1872 Hart was called to the Legislative
Council, of which he was a member till his
death (16 Sep 1894). Though he did not prac-
tise after 1878, Hart's advice was aways valued
as that of a sound, conscientious lawyer of un-
questioned integrity. He was a notary public
and revising barrister. At the time of his death
he was the only member of the New Zealand
Parliament who was in the first assembly in
1854. He rose from his sickbed to register his,
last vote (in favour of female suffrage).

Hart's interest in physics, aroused during his
study at University College, was continued
throughout his life. He read a paper on ter-
restial magnetism before the Wellington Philo-
sophical Society in 1892. Hart was an early
freemason. (See G. Harr and R. PARK.)

N,ZP.D., 17 Sep 1894; Cycl. N.Z., ii; Trs.
N'z. Inst., 1890; Ward; N.Z. Spectator, 27 Oct, 10
Nov 1885; N.Z. Times, 17, 18 Sep 1894. Portrait:
Parliament House.

HARTLEY, HORATIO (?-1903), an American
by birth, was attracted to New Zealand from
California in 1861 and, in company with an
Irish-American, Christopher Reilly, prospected
for gold. They first tried the Lindis, Otago.
Early in 1862, working in the bed of the Moly-
neux river about 15 miles below the junction
of the Manuherikia, they found signs of gold,
but made no report. Having obtained stores,
they returned and, taking the western bank,
worked back to the junction of the Kawarau,
a distance of 13 miles. There they obtained
good results. After returning to Waikouaiti
for provisions, outfit and packhorses, they fol-
lowed up the eastern bank, examining especi-
ally the rocky bars. In the hard winter of 1862,
with consequent low water in the river, they
obt.ained 87 Ibs weight of gold. One day,
while they were washing good dust, a Victorian
miner visited them but, not noticing their re-
sult, moved on.

In Aug they took their gold to Dunedin,
disclosed the field to the authorities and were
awarded £2,000. Hartley led the warden (Ked-
dell) to the fied, which was proclaimed on 23

365

-----------------------Page 200 End-----------------------

HARVEY

Sep 1862. Within three months 16,000 oz was
taken out, 6031 oz being brought down by
escort on 3 Oct. Hartley returned shortly
afterwards to California, taking his fortune
with him. He died in Jan 1905, leaving most
of his estate of 50,000 dollars to the Tacoma
school district.

Reilly abandoned his claim at the Dunstan,
and spent some. months investigating (without
success) the feasibility of opening the Moly-
neux for navigation to afford easy access to the
fied. He petitioned the Provincial Council (5
Dec 1862) for £400 still owing to him for ex-
penses incurred in this service, but did not
appear before the committee to support the
claim. He does not seem to have remained in
New Zealand.

Otago P.C. Proc., 1862; Pyke; Gilkison; DOI!;
Otago Daily Times, 16-20 Aug 1862: San Francisco
Call, 1 Apr 1903.

HARVEY, BACHE WRIGHT (1835-88) was a
scholar of St John's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated M.A., 2s seventeenth wrangler in
1857. After coming to New Zealand he was
curate of Westport, and later of Governor's
Bay. He was appointed incumbent of St Paul's,
Wellington, in 1871, and while there acted as
examiner to Wellington College. In 1881 he
was appointed to the staff of Wanganui Col-
legiate School, of which he was headmaster
(1882-87). Harvey's contribution to Wanganui
College was the introduction of the English
public school system and standards. Resigning
owing to ill-health, he received the honorary
degree of D.D. from the Archbishop of Canter-
bury. He died on 26 Jan 1888.

HARVEY, GEORGE WILLIAM (1823-89) was
born in Derbyshire, and as a young man came
to Australia, settling in Ballarat. There he
studied law in Randall's office On coming to
New Zealand (1861), he was at once admitted
a barrister and solicitor in Dunedin. In 1864
he began to practise in partnership with Joseph
Alexander McGregor. Later he was appointed
a district judge at Lawrence, and afterwards at
Hokitika (1875) On retiring from the bench
he practised at Hokitika and Dunedin. He was
a prominent freemason, being district grand
master on the West Coast. Harvey died on 19
Nov 1889.
Barclay; Otago Dail)’ Times, 20 Nov 1889.

 

HASLAM

HASELDEN; FREDERICK HENRY was born
in London, being the son of Charles Haselden,
with whom he came to New Zealand in 1860.
He was a member of the Rangitikei county
council and the licensing committee. He won
the Patea seat at a by-election (4 Jul 1901) on
the resignation of G. Hutchison, and retained
it on a second election (Nov 1901). He was
defeated by W. Symes at the next general dlec-
tion (1902). Haselden was a conservative in
politics, opposing the Liberal land system and
co-operative labour, protection and federation.
He left a few years later for South Africa.

Evening Star (Dunedin), 24 Jul 1901

HASELDEN, WILLIAM REEVE (1849-1934),
who was born in London, was the son of
Charles Haselden, and came to New Zealand
with his parents in 1861 by the Mermaid. Edu-
cated privately in Auckland, he entered the
civil service in Hokitika in 1866. In 1872 he
was admitted a barrister and appointed crown
prosecutor for Westport. He was active in pub-
lic life as a county councillor, a borough coun-
cillor and mayor. Haselden moved to Wel-
ington in 1889, and practised law until 1897,
when he was made a stipendiary magistrate.
From 1905 until the abolition of the district
courts he served as a district judge. He retired
in 1918 and died on 12 Apr 1934. Haselden
was the author of several works, including the
New Zealand Justice of the Peace (1895), Pro-
tection and Fee Trade (1887), and Industries
of New Zealand: (1885). In 1875 he married a
daughter of J. Lane, of Kyneton, Victoria

Cycf. N.Z., i; Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932.

HASLAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM CHAPMAN
(1848-1924), born at Cotta, Ceylon, was a son
of the Rev J. Haslam, of St John's College,
Cambridge, who was a translator of the Bible
into Cingalese. He was educated -at Rugby,
where he was head of the school, and at St
John'S College, Cambridge, where he was a
foundation scholar and exhibitioner. After
teaching at Manchester and Tonbridge schools,
and at the Westward Ho military college,
Devon, he was appointed professor of classics
at Canterbury College in 1879. Haslam was an
active member and a president of the Philo-
sophical Institute. Interested in colonial de
fence, he was president of the Navy League,

366

 

 

 

HASLEWOOD

and during the war of 1914-18 undertook the
recruiting of Ashley county. He retired from
the University in 1912 and died in 1924.

C/'cf. N.Z., iii; Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Hight and
Candy (p).

HASLEWOOD, CHARLES CHURCH, was for
some years a squatter in Australia before coming
to Canterbury in the early years of the settle-
ment. He took up the Coringarun in 1852, and
later one or two others, which he did not carry
on. Haslewood represented Rakaia in the Can-
terbury Provincial Council (1857-58). He met
his death through a gun accident in Feb
1858.
Adand.

HASZARD, RHONA (1901-31) was born at
Thames, and lived as a child at Hokitika and
Invercargill, where her father was commissioner
of crown lands. She was educated at the South-
land Girls High School, and proceeded in 1919
to the Christchurch School of Art to study draw-
ing and painting. In 1925 she went to England
to continue her studies and, having married,
she accompanied her husband to Egypt. She
died in 1931. Miss Haszard showed consider-
able ability as a painter, and exhibited with
success at most of the New Zealand exhibitions
and abroad.

Ledie Greener in Art in New Zealand, Sep 1933;
Christchurch Times, 19 Jul 1933.

HATCH, JOSEPH (1838-1928) was born in
London, his father being a furrier by trade
and an alderman. A staunch Baptist, he wished
his son to become 4 clergyman, but his bent
was in another direction and he was appren-
ticed first to printing and then to a wholesale
druggist.

At the age of 19 Joseph emigrated to Mel-
bourne, and was employed in the drug firm of
Youngman and Co. for six years. Being sent in
1862 to Dunedin to advise on opening a branch
there, he decided to settle in Invercargill, and
T. W. Kempthorne opened the Dunedin house.
Hatch was in partnership with J. D. Hayes in
Invercargill for some years. He became inter-
ested in seal and penguin oil and owned the
cutter Mary Brilliard, 13 tons (which was
wrecked at New River heads in 1873). She was
replaced by the Awarua (built at Bluff), which
sailed a good deal on the West Coast and to
the Auckland islands, and was wrecked at Raro-

 

HAUGHTON

tonga. (The Awarua picked up the survivors of
the ship Derry Castle). Hatch then bought the
Gratitude, 114 tons, in Sydney. He took over
the penguin oil business (which was initiated by
William Elder, of Port Chalmers), and as its
headquarters was at Macquarie istands he had
to move to Hobart to fulfil the requirements
of the Tasmanian Government in leasing the
station to him, At Macquarie island the Grati-
tude was lost (1898) and she was replaced by
the Jessie Niccol. When she was lost (1910) he
bought the schooner Clyde, which was lost on
her first voyage (1911). The Rachel Cohen
was the last sailer Hatcll owned, and she was
eventually equipped with an oil engine. Hatch
lost much money in this trade and sold out to
a company which had no better forfune, closing
down in 1918.

‘While in Invercargill Hatch took a leading
part in public life. He was a member of the
City Council for some years, and mayor in 1878,
and represented Invercargill in Parliament
(1884-87), being defeated by Feldwick. He was
a determined stonewaller. He was the first
secretary of the Invercargill fire brigade and
was an enthusiastic volunteer both in Mé-
bourne and in Invercargill.

Hatch died on 2 Sep 1928. He married (1872)
a daughter of Henry Wilson (Melbourne).

N.2.P.D., 2 Jul 1929; Who's Who N.2., 1924;
Ingram and Wheatley; Southland Times, 4 Sep
1928; Parltry Record. Portrait: Parliament House.

HAUGHTON, CHARLES EDWARD MAL-
LARD (1827-1904) was born in New South
Wales, taken to England as a child and edu-
cated at Oxford, where he graduated M.A. with
the intention of entering the Church. Being
appointed chaplain in H.M.S. Queen, he served
in the Crimea. Later, in the Euryalus, as chap-
lain and naval instructor he taught navigation
and mathematics to the Duke of Edinburgh.
He retired from the Navy and, having become
a Roman Catholic, came to New Zealand (1863)
and practised as a mining agent at Queenstown
in partnership with Manders (q.v.), who suc-
ceeded him 2s editor of the Wakatipu Mail.
Haughton was elected to the Otago Provincial
Council in 1865, and sat for seven years (for
Queenstown 1865-67; The Lakes 1867-72). He
was chairman of committees, and was a member
of the executive for a month or two in 1871

367

 

-----------------------Page 201 End-----------------------

HAULTAIN

(as goldfields secretary under E. B. Cargill).
In 1865-66 he was a member of Parliament for
the Goldfields, in 1866-70 for Hampden, and
in 1871 for Wakatipu. Though he was a Con-
setvative and acted as senior whip for the Staf-
ford Government, he supported the first factory
legislation of Bradshaw and Richardson.
Haughton retired from Parliament (1871) to
accept the position of Under-secretary for Im-
migration and Mines. In 1876 he left the
Government service and joined the staff of the
Wellington Independent, from which he passed
late in the seventies to the Evening Star, Dun-
edin. He was leader-writer at the time of his
death (16 Apr 1904).

Otago P.C. Proc. ; Otago Daily Times and Even-
ing Star, 18 Apr 1904. Portrait: Parliament House.

HAULTAIN, THEODORE MINET  (1817-
4902) was born at Stony Stratford, Bucking-
hamshire, of Dutch ancestors, who came to
England with William III. At the age of four-
teen he entered the Royal Military College at
Sandhurst and three years later got his com-
mission in the 88th Regiment. He transferred
to the 63rd (1836) and was a lieutenant in the
39th, with whicll he served for ten years in
India. He was quartermaster-general on the
staff of the army of reserve at Ferozpur (1842)
awaiting the return of the defeated army from
Afghanistan. In the following year he served
in the Gwalior campaign and was present at
the battle of Maharajpur (29 Dec 1843).

In 1847 Haultain returned to England with
the rank of captain and was appointed ad-
jutant (and then staff officer) of Pensioners
(1849). He came to New Zealand in the
Oriental Queen in charge of the 8th division
of the New Zealand Fencibles (1849). Located
at first at Onehunga but he moved to Panmure
after the retirement of Lieut-colonel Gray as
staff officer of enrolled Pensioners (with the
rank of captain). On completing his seven
years’ term of service with the Pensioners, he
retired and settled as a farmer at Mangere
(Mar 1857).

On the outbreak of fighting in Taranaki in
4860, Haultain organised the Auckland militia
and commanded the first battalion (with the
rank of lieut-colonel). In the Waikato war he
was appointed to command the second of the
four Waikato regiments of military settlers

HAULTAIN

raised to guard the frontier. His station was at
Alexandra. At the battle of Orakau he dis
tinguished himself and was promoted colonel;
and later he was colonel commanding the four
regiments.

Meanwhile Haultain had taken a full part in
public life. In 1852 he was a member of the
first municipal council of Auckland. He took
no part in provincial politics, but in 1859 was
elected to Parliament for the Southern division
of Auckland, defeating David Graham by one
vote. He was defeated by C. Taylor in 1861. In
1864, on the death of Nixon, he was elected to
Parliament for Franklin, which he represented
until his retirement in 1870. Finding himself
strongly opposed to the Weld ministry on the
withdrawal of Imperial troops, he resigned his
command (1865) in order to have a free hand
in politics and, the ministry having been de-
feated, he joined the Stafford cabinet as Min-
ister of Defence (16 Oct 1865). His administra-
tion was characterised by vigorous measures. He
personally supervised the location of the mili-
tary settlers and in the middle of 1868, when
events bore a serious complexion, he asked
Whitmore to take command on the West Coast.
When Te Kooti attacked Poverty Bay, Haultain
took the unpleasant responsibility of withdraw-
ing tlle outposts to Wanganui in order to con-
centrate all available forces on the threatened
East Coast. He took a personal interest in both
campaigns, and supported Whitmore at every
juncture. He personally commanded the col-
umn operating at Whakamarama until in-
valided with rheumatism (1869). In the same
year he retired from office, with permission to
retain the title of ‘honourable.’

Haultain was a high-minded soldier, a strict
disciplinarian, firm but genial, and a prudent
minister of defence. He was a strong advocate
of temperance, and president for many years of
the Auckland Total Abstinence Society. After
retiring he carried out many officid tasks. He
was a member of the flax commission (1871);
reported on native lands legislation; took
charge of the payment of pensioners (1872);
was a trustee under the native land frauds pre-
vention act; a member of the Auckland educa-
tion board (1871-80); a trustee of St. John's
College since 1860; a member of the diocesan
and general synods; a governor of Auckland
Grammar School to 1900; secretary of the Auck-

368

 

TE HAUPA

land industrial school and sheriff for Auckland.
Shortly before his death he represented New
Zealand at the reception to the New South
Wales contingent from the Soudan. He died on
18 Oct 1902.

NZ. Gaz; App. H.R.; NZP.D., pass; Cycl. N.Z.,
it (p); Whitmore; Gorton; Gudgeon_(p); Morton;
Gisborne; Saunders, ii; Cowan; N.Z. Herald, 16
dul 1881; 2 Jul 1885; 20 Oct 1902.

‘TE HAUPA (?-1818), a chief of Ngati-Paoa,
was described by Marsden, who met him first
in Jan 1815, as a man ‘of great power and one
of the best made men he had ever seen. His
pa was at Whakatiwai, Hauraki gulf. In 1806
the brig Venus, in the hands of convicts, tried
to kidnap Te Haupa, and succeeded in carry-
ing off a female relative, who was sold to a
tribe on the East Coast. Seeking satisfaction,
Te Haupa joined Hongi's expedition early in
1818, the combined force numbering more than
800 men. Many pas were burned along the
shores of Bay of Plenty and at Hicks Bay. Ac-
cording to S P. Smith, Te Haupa was killed in
an engagement with the Ngati-Porou, whom he
suspected of having killed the Ngati-Paoa wo-
man. About 2,000 prisoners were taken away
by the victors, including a niece of Hine-
Matioro.

S P. Smith, Maori Wars; Marsden, L. and J.

HAWDON, JOSEPH (1813-71) was born at
Walkerfield, Durham. He came to Australia
as a young man and became one of the pioneer
graziers of Victoria, making many explorations
on his own account and taking up large tracts
of land in different colonies. He was the first
settler at Dandenong, Victoria, and the town
is now on the site of his home station, which
he disposed of to the administrator (Captain
Lonsdale) in 1838.

Hawdon and his partner, Bonney, drove the
first mob of cattle (300) from New South Wales
to Adelaide (jan-Apr 1838), and were highly
praised by Sturt for the achievement. With
Gardiner he drove one of the first mobs of
cattle overland from Sydney to Port Phillip.
In 1842 Hawdon married Emma, daughter of
W. Outhwaite, Richmond, Yorkshire.

Hawdon took an early interest in New Zea
land, and his reports on the Canterbury block
were the means of attracting a number of Aus-
tralian pastoralists there. In 1851 he sent

HAWKINS

Joseph Pearson, one of his managers, with a
shipment of sheep to establish stations. Pearson
explored the upper Waimakariri, took up Burnt
Hill for himself and induced Hawdon to take
Craigieburn, Grasmere and other runs in the
west of Canterbury. The Hawdon river and
lake are named after him. In 1866 Hawdon was
called to the Legislative Council, but owing to
absence in England he was unable to attend.
He returned to New Zealand in 1870, and died
on 12 Apr 1871. (See R. Campsett and E. W.
HUMPHREYS)

Clucl. NZ., iii (p); Actand; Sturt; Grey, Jour-
nals; Cant. O.N.; The Press, 13 Apr 1871. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

HAWKE, ARCHIBALD FOTHERINGHAM
(1862-1936) was born at Stirling, South Aus-
tralia, and came to Southland as a youth.
Educated at a private school at Port Augusta,
and at the Invercargill Grammar School, he
became in 1878 a junior clerk in the National
Mortgage and Agency Co., of which he was In-
vercargill manager in 1890

Hawke was for some years mayor of Glad-
stone; for six years a member of the Invercar-
gill borough council; chairman of the Bluff
harbour board for three years, and of the hOSy-
tal board for fifteen; president of the South-
land Agricultural and Pastoral association, the
chamber of commerce and the Southland and
New Zealand Rugby unions. He was a member
of the High School board of governors and the
electric power board. He was called to the
Legislative Council in 1918, and served two
terms, retiring in 1932. He died on 27 Sep
1936.

N.Z.P.D., 29 Sep, 13 Oct 1936; Who's Who N.Z.,
1932; Southland Times, 28 Sep 1936.

HAWKES, JAMES GEORGE, was in business in
Christchurch as an auctioneer, and was captain
of one of the city volunteer corps. He repre-
sented the City in the Provincial Council (1862-
72), and was a member of the City Council
for some years from 1875.

HAWKINS, WILLIAM -HENRY (1862-1930)
came to New Zealand as a young man and was
first in clerical employment in Napier. He was
for some years engaged in journalism in Wai-
rarapa and Pahiatua, and was manager .of the
Pahiatua Herald. He was elected to Parllament

369

24

 

-----------------------Page 202 End-----------------------

HAWTHORNE

for Pahiatua in 1904, but defeated in 1908. He
was a Liberal and a strong advocate of no-
license. Hawkins afterwards farmed in Tara-
naki and served in the war of 1914-18 as cap-
tain in the Wellington Regiment. He died on
40 Aug 1930.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Taranaki Herald, 11 Aug
1930; Otago Daily Times, 8 Aug 1904.

HAWTHORNE, STUART (1833-75) graduated
M.A. at Sydney University and was headmaster
of the Ipswich Grammar School. In 1869 he
was appointed rector of the Otago Boys’ High
School, which was then in a critical condition.
Hawthorne already showed signs of failing
health when a commission was set up in 1873
to consider the state of the school. This body
(consisting of Sir John Richardson, Professor
Shand, R. Stout and James Hislop) recom-
mended that the school should be divided into
upper and lower departments, and that a board
of advice should be appointed. Hawthorne ap-
peared at the bar of the Provincial Council to
vindicate his administration. He died on 8
Jun 1875.

Otago H.S. 0.B. Reg.; Otago Daily Times, 5 Aug
1889, 3 Aug 1933 (p).

HAY, EBENEZER (1814-68) was born at Mid-
buiston, Ayrshire. Brought up to farming, he
was in business for some years in Glasgow as a
grain and produce merchant. He was one of
the committee which organised in Glasgow
the early Scottish emigration to New Zealand
(1839) and was a land purchaser in the New
Zealand Company's settlement.

Having married a daughter of Thomas Orr,
he sailed in the Bengal Mel'chant, arriving at
Port Nicholson in Feb 1840. Mter exhaustively
prospecting for suitable land in the North Is
land, Hay joined Captain Sinclair in examining
the Port Cooper district in the schooner Rich.
mond (1842). They visited Banks Peninsula
and Otakou, and finally decided to settle at
Pigeon Bay, the Sinclairs taking Holmes's bay.
The schooner was then sold to Rhodes for ten
head of homed cattle delivered at Pigeon Bay
from Akaroa, a difficult and expensive condi-
tion. Hay steadily improved his holding, oc-
casionally acquiring stock from Australia and
also on occasion investing in the purchase of
stock there for sale in Canterbury. He made
butter and cheese on a large scale for the Wel-

HAY

lington and Christchurch markets, and in 1852
introduced cocksfoot grass on the peninsula.
One of the teachers whom Hay obtained from
Scotland for his family was W. S Fitzgerald
(qv... The Hays had many vicissitudes from
the Maori labourers whom they employed.
from the rougher type of colonist, and from
the ravages of bush fires, which involved him
in heavy legal costs and damages. He died on
26 Nov 1863.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Cant. O.N.; Guthrie Hay;
Lyttelton Times, 16 Dec 1925; Godley, Letters:
The Press, 16 Jun 1924; The Sun, 6 Aug 1927.

HAY, BBENBZER STORRY (1850-87) was.
born at Kilsyth, Scotland, came to Otago about
4865 and qualified as a barrister and solicitor,
practising in Dunedin. A man of quaint habits
and quiet disposition, he wrote a good deal of
poetry for the press under the nom de plume
of *Fleta: Shortly before his death he col-
lected verse "from New Zealand poets for pub-
lication in A New Zealand Garland (which,
however, did not appear). He read a paper be-
fore the University debating society in 1881
on some characteristics of Wordsworth's poetry.
This was later published, with the addition of
some of his own poems. Hay died on 20 Apr
1887.

Poems in Saturday Advertiser (notably 23 Aug,
20 Sep 1879) and Otago Witness, 17 Sep, 1, 17 Oct
1886; Otago Daily Times, 22 Apr 1887.

HAY, PETER SETON (1852-1907) was born
in Glasgow and, arriving in Otago by the
Storm Cloud (1860), completed his education
at Otago University. There he graduated B.A.
in 1877, being the first Otago student to receive
that degree. In the following year he gradu-
ated M.A., with first-class honours in mathe:
matics. Having entered the Public Works de-
partment as a cadet in 1875, he was appointed
in 1879 an assistant engineer in Dunedin. In
1884 he was transferred to Wellington; in 1886
he became resident engineer; in 1896 super-
intending engineer for the Colony, and in 1906
Engineer-in-chief. He did much valuable tech-
nical work, his reports on hydro-electrical
power in New Zealand rivers being very sound.
Hay died on 19 Mar 1907.

Otago Daily Times, 7 May 1877; NZ. Times, 20
Mar 1907.

370

 

HAY

HAY, WILLIAM (1805-75) was born in Scot-
land and came to Wellington in 1840. A
builder by trade, he moved to Auckland when
it became the capital and was engaged in his
trade there for many years. He built Govern-
ment House. When Hay retired with a com-
petency he bought a farm at Woodstock, Papa-
kura. He was a member of the road board and
president of the Agricultural Society. Hay was
much interested in education, and promoted
several schools in the province. He represented
Suburbs of Auckland in the Provincial Council
(1855-57), Franklin (1870-73) and Papakura
(1873-75). He was a fluent speaker, was inter-
ested in social and religious movements, and
was an office-bearer of the Presbyterian church.
The engagement of Kirikiri was fought on his
boundary. Hay died on 15 Feb 1875.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 16 Feb 1875.

HAYHURST, JOHN (1827-89) was born near
Preston, Lancashire, and in 1850 came to New
Zealand. Having no capital, he worked for a
while in the North Island and began in Can-
terbury as shepherd to H. J. Tancred, for whom
he managed Malvern station in 1853. He after-
wards rented Ashburton station (1855-60), and
in 1861 took up Green Hayes, where he carried
out comprehensive improvements, and cut the
property up into small farms, upon which he
settled about 250 people.

Hayhurst was a member of the Timaru and
Gladstone board of works, and represented
Timaru in the Canterbury Provincial Council
(1865-66) and Geraliline (1872-74). A Liberal
in politics, he contested the Geraldine seat in
Parliament against E. Wakefield. The voting
resulting in a tie, the returning officer cast his
vote for Wakefield. Hayhurst died on 5 Apr
1889.
farltry Record; Andersen; Acland; Cycl. N.Z.,
Timaru Herald, 8 Apr 1889; Otago Daily
Times, 10 Aug 1891.

HAYNES, CHARLES (1838-1901) was born in
Tasmania, educated in Victoria and came to
Otago in 1859. He entered into business as a
carrier from Dunedin to the goldfields and when
the railway was opened moved to Palmerston,
where he opened a store (1873). He was a
member of the borough council and the school
committee, was five times mayor of the

371

 

HEALE

borough; and’ contested the Moeraki seat
against John McKenzie.

In 1886 Haynes moved to Dunedin, where
two years later he entered the City Council.
He was mayor in 1892 and thereafter again
served in the Council. In 1888 he was elected
to the benevolent trustees, of which he was at
times chairman and treasurer. He was a mem-
ber of the ‘hospital and charitable aid board,
and chairman of the George street school com-
mittee, and chairman of directors of the Com-
mercial Property Co. and the New Zealand
Cement Co. He twice contested a Dunedin City
seat in Parliament.

Haynes married (1859) a daughter of P.
Logan, and in 1888 a daughter of S. Woolley
(Palmerston). He died on 7 Oct 1901.

Otago Daily Times, 15 Oct 1901.

HAZLETT, JAMES (1829-1913) was born at
Maghera, county Londonderry, Ireland, and
educated partly in that town and partly in Bel-
fast, and he gained some mercantile experi-
ence there before sailing in 1854 for Australia.
He had some success on the Victorian diggings
and in Gippsland, and in 1861 came to Otago.
In 1863 he started business at the Dunstan, and
afterwards opened stores at Cromwell, Clyde
and other places. He was five years mayor of
Cromwell and represented the Dunstan in the
Otago Provincial Council (1873-75). In 1878
Hazlett moved to Dunedin, where he entered
into partnership with J. T. Mackerras as mer-
chants and importers. He was president of the
Dunedin Hospital for some years, a member
of the charitable aid board and a warm sup-
porter of the Dunedin benevolent institution.
He was a successful racing owner, being a mem-
ber of the Dunedin Jockey Club and some
years its president. He married (1867) a
daughter of Thomas Coleman.

Cycl. NZ., iv (p); Gilkison; Otago Daily Times,
30 Mar 1908.

REALE, THEOPHILUS (1816-85) was born in
England, the son of a sugar broker in London.
He received a good classical education, and was
an accomplished linguist, mathematician and
navigator; and something of a geologist; +a
man of singular attainments and wide experi-
ence gained in travel:

Going to sea at an early age, Heale is said to

-----------------------Page 203 End-----------------------

HEALE

have commanded an East Indiaman before be-
ing appointed to the Aurora, which brought
the first of the New Zealand Company's settlers
to Port Nicholson (arriving 22 Jan 1840). A
few weeks later, while getting a cargo of spars,
the vessel was stranded at the mouth of Ka-
para harbour and became a total loss. Heale
spent some months travelling and making busi-
ness connections in the north, and at the end
of the year, having entered into partnership
with Dudley Sinclair and others, he left for
England. In Apr 1841 Sinclair purchased town
sections for them in the first sale at Auckland.
In reply to the criticisms of Wakefield, Heale
published his book New Zealand and the New
Zealand Company. He carried out negotiations
on behalf of the Manukau Land Company with
a Scots organisation which proposed to develop
the interests of his group and establish a town-
ship (Cornwallis) inside the north head of
Manukau harbour.

Heale brought out the machinery for a steam
sawmill, which he erected on a 18 acre section
at Cornwallis. The project failed; the partner-
ship was dissolved, and Heale returned to Eng-
land again (1843). While there he gave valu-
able evidence before the select committee of
the House of Commons. In 1845, in partnership
with Whitaker (q.v.) Heale obtained a grant
from FitzRoy for 274 acres of land on Kawau
island, below highwatermark, where it was in-
tended to mine for copper. The grant was
contested by the Aberdeen company which was
operating above highwater mark and, the
Privy Council having decided against Heale
and Whitaker, they disposed of their interests
(1850). They later engaged in coppermining
on Great Barrier.

Heale was one of three members nomin-
ated by FitzRoy to the Legislative Council (3
Mar 1845) who resigned a year later to leave
Grey free to make his own appointments. In
Jan 1860 he was elected to Parliament for Auck-
land Suburbs, which he represented at the
following session. He was defeated for Parnell
at the general election by R. G. Wood (Jan
1861). A few months later (Sep 1861) he was
appointed chief surveyor of the new province
of Southland under the superintendency of
Menzies (q.v.), who shortly appointed him chief
engineer and adviser to the government. Heale
laid out and supervised the construction of the

HEALE

Bluff, Oreti and Northern railways, which were
prosecuted with vigour until the provincial ex-
chequer was empty. He also made important
reports on the settlement of Stewart island. In
May 1864 he was appointed deputy-superin-
tendent, and J. H. Baker assumed office as
deputy chief surveyor. The province being
no longer able to finance public works, Heale
did not resume his full duties, but undertook
professional work in the'north. At the end of
1864, as the outcome of a political deadlock,
the Provincial Council elected him Superinten-
dent, but as he had not received the requisite
absolute majority he retired and then appears
to have severed his connection with the pro-
vince.

Late in 1864 Heale carried out surveying
contracts at Tauranga, and a few months later
was appointed inspector of surveys under the
native land act. Early in 1866, though he was
now away from Southland, he consented to be
nomimited for the Invercargill seat in. Parlia-
ment. He did not appear to address the elec-
tors, but was defeated by Wood by only one
vote. In Nov 1867 he was appointed chief sur-
veyor in Auckland and inspector of surveys for
the Colony, which position he held until 1876.
While thus employed, he initiated the first ex-
tensive system of triangulation, which was after-
wards prosecuted by SP. Smith from one end
of New Zealand to the other. Smith considered
Heale ‘ the most scientific surveyor in the coun-
try” He took observations of the transit of
Venus and fixed the latitude of Mount Eden.
In 1871 he published his Principles and Practice
of Surveying. Miter the abolition of the pro-
vinces Heale was appointed (30 Apr 1877) a
judge of the native land court, for which his
knowledge of Maori and of Maori customs
eminently fitted him. He retired in 1880 and
visited England, but was again appointed in
1882. He findly retired in 1883 and returned
to England, where he died, at Orpington, Kent,
on 21 May 1885. He was a man of unusual
attainments and experience, but lacked the as
sertiveness of character necessary for advance-
ment in public life.

Family infonnation; G.B.O.P., 1845/56; Cycl.
N.Z., ii (p); NZ. Gaz., 1860-62, 1864-67, 1877, 1882;
App. HLR., 1869 D.20; 1870 Dull, Ha; 1872 G21;
1873 G6, H.1; 1874 HII; 1875 H.6; 1876 H.17;
Auckland Gaz. 1843; Southland Gaz. 1861-64; A

372

 

 

HEAPHY

Mackay; Jourdain; Baker; Auckland Public Lib-
rary, NZ. $83-095B; research byR. P. Fletcher,
Lands and Survey’ dept. Portrait: Parliameht
House.

HEAPHY, CHARLES (1822-81) was born in
London, the son of Thomas Heaphy (1775-
1835), who was attached to the Duke of Wel-
lington's staff as an artist and founded the
Society of British Artists. Asa youth he studied
for five years in the schools of the Royal
Academy, and he gained bronze and silver
medals and entered for the gold medal. He
appears to have exhibited at the Royal Institute
in 1835;

Heaphy was for 18 months in the works of
the London and Birmingham railway. In 1839
he received an appointment for three years as
artist and draughtsman to the New Zealand
Company and left with the first expedition in
the Tory (Apr 1839). He spent 12 years sketch-
ing and writing descriptive matter for the Com-
pany's publications, studying, surveying, and
exploring. In 1841 he accompanied the expedi-
tion to fix the site of Nelson. In 1842 he visited
England and published his Residence in Vari-
ous Parts of New Zealand, one of the most
authoritative accounts of the colony and the
Chatham islands. Some of his sketches were
lithographed for this publication.

On returning he took up land in the Nelson
settlement, but was obliged to withdraw from
it on account of the hostility of the natives.
Heaphy took part in several explorations from
Nelson to the headwaters of the Buller (1843-
46) and accompanied Brunner on his arduous
journey down the West Coast. In 1848 he was
appointed draughtsman at Auckland. In 1852
he was located at the Coromandel goldfields,
being the first goldfields commissioner in New
Zealand. On the abandonment of the fidd
(1853), he returned to Auckland, and was ap-
pointed district surveyor at Mahurangi early
in 1854. In 1858 he became district surveyor for
Auckland and in 1859 he assisted Hochstetter
in his geological survey of Auckland.

. In 1859 also Heaphy joined the Auckland
City Volunteer company, of which he became
lieutenant, and he was afterwards captain of the
Parnell company. On the outbreak of the Wai-
kato war (Jul 1863) he took one detachment
and erected St John's redoubt at Papatoetoe.
In Nov, by reason of his intimacy with the

HEBERLEY

country, he was'attached to flying columns as
guide. In Dec, as a justice of the peace, he
committed for trial in Auckland the natives
concerned in murders at Kaipara. On II Feb
1864, with a flying column under Sir Henry
Havelock reconnoitring near Waiari, he was
placed in charge of a detachment when a bath-
ing party of.the 40th Regiment was fired upon.
Heaphy, having some knowledge of surgery, went
to the rescue of a wounded soldier, tended him
under fire and eventually with some assistance
brought him off the fidd, being three times
slightly wounded himself. He was promoted
major in the militia and recommended for the
Victoria Cross. As he did not belong to a unit
of the regular army, and such an award had not
previously been made, he did not receive the
Cross until 1867.

On the termination of the war Heaphy was
appointed chief surveyor in Auckland (1865).
In. 1867 he was elected M.H.R. for Parnell,
which he represented until 1870, when he re-
signed to accept the post of commissioner of
native reserves. In 1878 he was appointed a
judge of the native land court, a position he
held until his retirement in 1880. He died in
Brisbane on 3 Aug 1881.

Besides the publications already mentioned
Heaphy contributed in 1855 to the quarterly
journal of the Geological Society a paper on
the goldfields of Coromandel. In 1863, when
he was waste lands commissioner, he prepared
a pamphlet on New Zealand in support of the
Auckland provincial loan of £500,000.

Heaphy married (1851) Catherine Letitia,
daughter of the Rev John Churton

NZ.C. papers and reports; D.N.E.; Heaphy, op.
cit.; Cowan (p); Jourdain; Gudgeon (p); Harrop,
Westland; Thomson; Buick, First War; unpublish:
ed thesis by 0. S Meads; Southern Cross, 13 May
1867; London Gaz, 14 May 1864, 8 Feb 1867; An-
nual Register, 1881

HEBERLEY, JAMES (1809-99) was born at
Weymouth. His father, a native of Wurtemberg,
Germany, who had been taken prisoner by the
British, married and settled in England, where
he commanded the brig Nancy. After three
years schooling Heberley worked in a rope-
walk, and at 11 was apprenticed to the cap-
tain of a fishing smack. He ran away and
found a post as cabin boy in the Sarah and
Margaret, trading between London .and Ham-

373

-----------------------Page 204 End-----------------------

HEBERLEY

burg, and afterwards in the West Indiaman
Somersetshire. Mter many vicissitudes he
reached Sydney in the Alexander Henry (1825),
and two years later, in the whaler Caroline,
put into Bay of Islands.

In 1830 Heberley shipped in the schooner
Watel'loo for Queen Charlotte sound, and set-
tled at Te Awaite, where he engaged in whal-
ing. He had many rough experiences during
the last campaigns of the Ngati-Tahu against Te
Rauparaha. Eventually in 1831 he settled at
Port Underwood, where he married a Maori
woman (1840). Returning in the Hannah in
1836 from Sydney, where he heard of the pro-
posed English colonisation of New Zealand, he
bought land at Port Nicholson (1 Feb 1837).
The deeds were not valid. Heberley piloted the
Tory into Port Nicholson, and round the coast
to Wanganui and Taranaki. While she was at
Kaipara he climbed mount Egmont with Dief-
fenbach (Dec 1839). He was appointed pilot
at Port Nicholson but, the fees being insuffi-
cient to maintain him, he moved to the town
and engaged in fishing, also continuing his
whaling operations. He was drowned at Picton
in 1899,

C. A. Macdonald; E. J. Wakefield.

HEBERLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1876-1937)
was born at Picton (his father Joseph Heberley,
being harbourmaster there. His grandfather
was James Heberley (q.v.). He lived as a boy
with his uncle, Jacob Heberley, in Petone, and
learned Maori carving from him. He paid
special attention to Maori art, and was em-
ployed by the Dominion Museum authorities
almost continuously from 1928. While so en-
gaged he completed many Maori works, includ-
ing the canoe in the Museum (which was car-
ried out under the supervision of Elsdon Best),
the Sir Maui Pomare memorial and the restora-
tion of the Maori church at Oteki. Heberley
died on 15 Jan 1937.

The Dominion and Evening Post, 15, 16 Jan
1997 .(P).
HECTOR, SIR JAMES '(1834-1907) was born
(probably at Edinburgh), the son of Alexander
Hector, a lawyer, and his second wife, Margaret
McCrosty. He first attended the Edinburgh
Academy (1844-45), and then for four years was
a pupil at the Edinburgh High School. After
three years at actuarial work, he sickened of

HECTOR

office routine and, having matriculated (1852)
he entered the University of Edinburgh, and
passed the medical course (apparently as an
avenue to a scientific career). He graduated
M.D. in 1856. Medicine did not hold him long.
To examine the possibility of establishing
communication between the Pacific and the
Atlantic, the British Government in 1857 sent
an expedition, commanded by Captain Palliser,
R.N. Hector was offered the dual post of
surgeon and geologist; Blakiston was astrono-
mer, and M. Bourgeau botanist. Assured by
Sir George Simpson of the co-operation of the
Hudson's Bay Company, the expedition sailed
from Liverpool on 16 May 1857 in the Arabia.
From New York it made for Sault Sainte Marie,
travelled by the government steamer to Fort
William, and reached Fort Garry (Winnipeg).
Having split the party into two, Palliser, accom-
panied by Hector and Sullivan (secretary to the
expedition), started on the longer route by
Pembina and Turtle mountain to Fort Ellice,
where the others were to meet him. On reach-
ing Carlton, Palliser returned to Montreal. Hec-
tor travelled from Edmonton to Rocky Moun-
tain House, back to Carlton, then to Fort Pitt
and down the Saskatchewan river to Carlton
to connect with the other members. He was
able to complete plans for the coming season
and to make some substantial progress with his
own scientific studies. Starting again, with Nim-
rod and Erasmus, Hector pushed on up the
Bow river, crossed over to the Beaver Fort
river and, following up the Columbia, discov-
ered the Kicking Horse Pass-the main key to
the central Rockies. Thence, though impeded
by scarcity of provisions and numerous acci-
dents, he crossed the watershed, continued down
the Saskatchewan, and reached Edmonton on
7 Oct. During the eight weeks since they sep-
arated Palliser had made extensive and suc-
cessful discoveries to the southward, including
four passes, and had removed the uncertainty
concerning the northern Kootenay pass. Setting
off again in May 1859, Hector was repulsed in
his efforts to find a pass down the Fraser and
Thompson rivers towards the Pacific. His party
returned to Colville, and then swung south to
follow up the Columbia river to Fort Van-
couver. Financial difficulties intervening, Hec-
tor penetrated to California and northern
Mexico, and towards the end of 1860 re

374

 

HECTOR

turned home by way of Panama. For his work
in Canada he was made a fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, of the Geological Society
of London and of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety (which in 1861 awarded him its gold
medal).

On the initiative of James Macandrew, ap-
proved by his successor (Major Richardson),
Hector was engaged from Nov 1861 to carry
out a geological survey of Otago. He landed
in Dunedin on 15 Apr 1862, and during the
winter made a preliminary reconnaissance of
one-third of the province. To establish the
truth of rumours of gold, he made an explora-
tion up the Shag river and into the Manuhe-
rikia valley. With two fied assistants he made
a rapid survey of certain coal deposits, the re-
sults of their analyses forming the groundwork
for his valuable Report on the Coals of Otago
(1864). Hector then turned his attention to the
West Coast to decide as to its fitness for settle-
ment, the extent of its resources, and the exis-
tence of a pass into Otago. An expedition was
planned under the command of J. T. Thom-
son, and Hector determined to make a hurried
survey west of Wanaka to assist it. On 28 Oct
he left Dunedin, reached the Dunstan diggings,
skirted Wanaka and made his way up the
Matukituki valley, returning to Dunedin by
way of Lake Wakatipu. As the arrangements
for the West Coast trip broke down, he deter-
mined early in 1863 to make an assault from
the land side, and the Government sanctioned
a expedition to discover a practicable route
in that direction. Hector intended to follow
up the Waitaki and Ahuriri rivers, crossing
over the Lindis pass and again proceeding up
the Matukituki. The party left Dunedin on 6
Jan 1863, and followed the Matukituki to its
source. On 17 Feb Hector, Sullivan, and Rayer
climbed the Matukituki saddle and dropped
down into what is now the Waipara river.
Heavy rain and lack of food placed them in
some jeopardy, and within eight miles of the
sea they were forced to turn back. Their pos-
tion was desperate as they struggled back to
their central camp in the Matukituki. They
reached Dunedin on 15 Mar. The conception
of an effective exploration of the West Coast
was first mooted by Macandrew, and revived
later by J. T. Thomson. Hector made a hurried
trip to Wakatipu and up the Greenstone valley

375

HECTOR

and on 15 May 1863, he and his party, without
Thomson, boarded the Matilda Hayes. At
Riverton Hector broke the journey to travel
up the Waiau river and back by .the Oreti and
Aparima valley. Some Maori having been en-
gaged; the vessd sailed for Preservation Inlet,
and anchored off Milford Sound on 7 Aug.
He could'find no route leading from the
Cleddau rivér across the’ range towards Waka-
tipu, so sailed towards the Awarua river and,
when opposite Martin's Bay, entered the Holly-
ford river. Passing up this, they climbed the
saddle which caps the Passburn, dropped down
the Greenstone, and on 4 Oct reached Queens-
town. Caples and Alabaster can claim priority
in the discovery of this pass, but this did not
lessen the importance of Hector's route. From
Dunedin he returned to the schooner, in which
he reached Port Chalmers on 6 Jan 1864. An
acrimonious correspondence ensued with J. T.
Thomson concerning several alterations to
Hector's report.

Hector was one of the three commissioners
for flax in Otago, and in 1870 he was appointed
a commissioner by the New Zealand Govern-
ment. His principal administrative work at
this time was in connection with the Museum
nucleus and the Exhibition of 1865. He was
appointed a commissioner for the Exhibition
in 1863, and in 1864 he was authorised to re
port on the preparations in the northern pro-
vinces. He completed his geological map and
section of the province in Nov.

Towards the end of 1864, the Government
authorised a complete geological survey of the
Colo.ny, and Weld offered Hector the position
of director of this service. The exhibition suc-
cessively finished, and his term of agreement
with the Otago provincial government having
expfred on 1 Jan 1865, he took up his new
duties at Wellington in Aug. His organising
ability and catholic interests soon established
this work on successful foundations. In 1866
Hector was elected a corresponding member of
the Geological Society of London, and later
im the year an F.R.S. In 1868, hé was largely
instrumental in forming the New Zealand In-
stitute (formerly the New. Zealand Society).
He was its first director and for 35 years edited
the Transactions. In 1868 also he married
Maria Georgiana, daughter of Sir David Monro.

In’ 1870 the Otago ‘provincial government

-----------------------Page 205 End-----------------------

HEKE

sued Hector for breach of contract, but a com-
mittee of the House of Representatives quashed
the cllage. In 1871 he became a member of
the first senate of the University of New Zea
land, and in 1885 was elected chancellor, a
position which he held for 18 years In 1875
he visited Europe, where he was awarded the
Lyell medal and received the C.M.G. for his
services in Canada. On his return through the
United States, he represented New Zealand
at the Centenary Exhibition at Philadelphia.
In 1879 Hector was appointed executive com-
missioner to the Sydney Exhibition (for which
he prepared his Handbook of New Zealand).
While he was acting in a similar capacity a year
later at Melbourne, the Victorian Government
asked him to report on the coal-resources of
that Colony. He was knighted for his services
as commissioner at the Wellington Exhibition.
In 1890 he was chairman of the royal com-
mission on the Dunedin hospital, and later
he was sent to the West Coast as a commissioner
to investigate the colliery troubles.

Hector was three times president of the Aus-
tralasian Association for the Advancement of
Science, and was unanimously awarded the
founder's medal of the Royal Geographical
Society. He was a member of numerous learned
societies. After this period his work diminished
in importance. When the staff of the geological
survey was transferred to the Mines depart-
ment, he retained his nominal position as direc-
tor of the geological survey until 1903, but for
some years had no control over the work. He
visited Canada in 1903, and died at Lower
Hutt on 6 Nov 1907. Amongst Hector's separate
publications are an essay on the geographical
botany of New Zealand (1865), Phormium
Tenax (1872) and Mineral Waters of New Zea-
land (1893). Lady Hector died on 3 Aug 1930.

R.LLM.B

Otago P.C. Pme. and Gaz.; reports (1865-95) and
bulletins of Geologicd Survey and Colonid
Museum; meteorological reports (1868-85); Hector
collection in Hocken Library; Royal Geog. Soc.
Jour., vol xxiv; Catalogue of Col. Museum (1870);
Hector, 0p. cit.; Cox; Gisborne; Beaglehole; Trans
NZ. Inst,; Cycl. NZ., i (p); Otago Daily Times,
Feb-Mar, 10 Oct_1863. 9 Jun 1864. New Zealand
Times, 7 Nov 1907.

HEKE, HONE (?-1850). This famous Ngapuhi
chief was born at Pa Karaka and was the son

HEKE

of Kau (brother of Pokaia) and Tupanapana,
and descended from the Ngapuhi ancestor Ra-
hiri. For a while he lived at Paihia with the
Rev H. Williams. Though not himself of the
highest rank, he made an influential marriage
with Hariata, the daughter of Hongi Hika
(qv).

Heke was rather a turbulent boy and as a
young man used his high mana to levy tribute
on travellers through his domain at Puketona.
Though not fond of the martial life. his am-
bitions required that he should achieve a repu-
tation. In 1830 he showed skill and bravery
in battle at Kororareka; in 1833 he was
wounded in the neck on Titore's expedition
against Otumoetai pa (Tauranga). In 1837 he
distingnished himself in fighting against Pomare
and Te Mau-paraoa at Otuihi, when he
narrowly escaped capture.

Educated by the missionaries, Heke acquired
a deep knowledge of Scripture, which he turned
to account in later years in controversies direct-
ed against the influence of the pakeha and the
British Government. On being baptised, in the
presence of the British resident (Busby) he
took the name of Hone. He married first Ono
(Lydia), the daughter of Te Pahii of Ngati-
Rehia, and they had one son, who died. He
then again became: rather troublesome. After
1837 he moved to Kaikohe. where again he
kept the people unsettled. Heke disliked the
steady encroachments of the pakeha upon
Maori customs and mana, and contrasted
gloomily the poor condition of his people after
1840 with their earlier prosperity and influence.
For himself, the arrival of British sovereignty
deprived him of the revenue he had been a
customed to levy from shipping at the Bay. As
the most prominent chief at Bay of Islands,
whose ambitions were well recognised, he had
urged up the chiefs gathered at Waitangi the
need of protection, and when he signed the
Treaty many others followed his lead. Never-
theless he disliked yielding up his mana to the
Queen. His victory in the fight with Pana-
Kareao in 1843 raised his prestige, and revived
his grievance against the Governor over the
punishment of Maketu.

Quick to take offence at pakeha arrogance,
and burning with ambition to make a name for
himself, Heke was furious at being called a pig
by a Maori woman of his tribe who was mar-

376

 

-HEKE

ried to a pakeha. He demanded her surrender.
but eventually agreed to accept a cask of to-
bacco as utu. When this was not paid by -the
pakeha (Lord), Heke led his people into Koro-
rareka (5 Jul 1844) and pillaged some of the
stores. By now he was regarded by the mis-
sionaries as an apostate, and his influence with
the natives in face of the decay of the old cus-
toms was much feared. He resented the removal
of shipping and, regarding the flagstaff at Koro-
rareka a a symbol of Maori deposition, he
chafed to cut it down. On 8 Jul, after pray-
ing to both Christian and Maori gods, Heke
led a war party and Haratua cut down the
flagstaff. Troops and H.M.S. Hazard arrived
at the Bay next month, but some of the
friendly chiefs begged the Governor (FitzRoy)
not to initiate hostilities. At a meeting at Wai-
mate Heke paid ten muskets 2s utu and apolo-
gised for his outrage, but declared that the
flagstaff was his property, cut from the forest
of his own people.

Encouraged, it is said, by passages in the re-
port of the House of Commons committee
(1844) which seemed to question the wisdom
of the Treaty of Waitangi, Heke continued his
recalcitrant attitude, and again (on 10 Jan
1845) the flagstaff was cut down, and yet again
on 18 Jan. A reward of £100 was then offered
for his capture (to which he replied by offer-
ing a similar reward for the head of Governor
FitzRoy). The flagstalf was re-erected and for-
tified with.a blockhouse garrisoned by soldiers
and men from the warship. On 1 Mar 1845
Heke again attacked the flagstaff hill. After
severe fighting during the day the position was
evacuated and the whole town abandoned to
the enemy. The city of Auckland was alarmed
at the arrival of refugees and reports that Ka-
witi had joined Heke and that an attack on the
city was imminent.

Expecting retaliation by the troops, Heke
and Kawiti built a pa (Okaihau) some distance
inland. On 3 Maya force of 400 soldiers and
marines and an equal number of friendly
natives was landed, and three days later the pa
was assaulted in a frontal attack, which was
unsuccessful for lack of artillery. The British
retreated with the loss of 14 killed and 39
wounded, and Heke sallied out of the pa and
attacked the friendlies. In this fighting he re-
ceived a gunshot wound in the thigh, which

HEKE

prevented him -taking further part in this cam-
paign. He now established himself at Ohaeawai,
49 miles inland. Colonel Despard landed a
larger force on 16 Jun, and on the 22nd paraded
at Waimate 630 men of the 58th, 96th and 99th
Regiments and from H.M.S. Hazard, with four
guns and a strong force of friendlies. Heke's
garrison in.the pa numbered 250, all armed
with guns” Artillery opened on the 24th, with.
out effect until a 32-pounder from the war-
ship breached the palisade. A sudden sally of
Heke against the friendlies under Nene re.
sulted in the capture of a Union Jack and the
narrow escape of several British staff officers.
An assault delivered on the pa on | Jul failed,
and the troops withdrew to a distance of 400
yards. Two days later Heke hoisted a flag
of truce to enable the British to carry off their
dead (44) and wounded (66). On the 9th
a few more shells were thrown into the work
and on the morning of the 10th it was found
that the defenders had evacuated the pa. The
troops accordingly took possession and five
days later retired to the coast. FitzRoy deter-
mined to give the enemy time in which to con-
sider the advisability of asking for peace. Heke's
mana, however, was now very high, since he
had thrice ostensibly beaten the British trained
soldiers.

With the arrival of Grey to assume the gov-
erorship (in Nov 1845), affairs assumed a new
aspect. Though Kawiti had constructed a very
strong pa at Ruapekapeka, Heke had in the
meantime realised the disadvantage at whicll
he was placed by the neglect of planting, so
that he was faced with a probable shortage of
provisions for the coming campaign. He was
held in his pa at Ikorangi by a feint attack
while the British forces, with nine guns, were
gradually marshalled before Kawiti’s position
at Ruapekapeka. Colonel Hulme had 1,173
soldiers and seamen and 450 native allies, with
43 guns. On 2 Jan 1846 Kawiti made a sortie
from the pa, but was driven back. On the 10tha
cannonade effected two small breaches in the
palisade. On the following morning (being
Sunday) Kawiti retired to the rear of the pa
to rest. Heke's reinforcements were in the bush
dose at hand holding their religious service
when British scouts ascertained the weakness
of the position, and it was quickly and quietly
occupied with slight resistance.

377

-----------------------Page 206 End-----------------------

HEKE

After the fall of Ruapekapeka the influence
‘of Heke diminished, and his followers dwindled
away rapidly. He made peace through his wife
Hariata, who saw Grey. Heke remained dis-
affected in his last years, but made no further
attempt at revolt, and he died on 6 Aug 1850.
His widow married Arama Karaka. Heke at
one stage called himself John William Heke
Pokai.

GB.OP., 1850/1136, p. 17; 1851/1420, pp. 30,
33; 1854/1779, p. 119; A. N. Brown; Carleton,
Marsden, L. and ].; Davis; S P. Smith; Buick,
First War (p); Bowen; Sdwyn, Annals (p); Rans-
den; Buller.

HEKE, HONE (1869-1909). This. brilliant
young Maori was born at Kaikohe in 1869, and
belonged to the Ngati-Tawake, Ngati-Rahiri
and Ngati-Tautahi hapu of Ngapuhi. His
father was Hone Ngapua Tuhirangi, of Bay of
Islands, whose father, Tuhirangi, was an elder
brother of Hone Heke (q.v.). The present
Heke was therefore the grandnephew of Heke
and the great-grandnephew of Hongi Hika.

Educated at the Kawakawa village schools,
the Oromahoe native school and St Stephen's
college, Auckland, Heke entered the govern-
ment service in 1891 as a clerk in the native
land court at Wellington. He threw himself with
great enthusiasm into the Kotahitanga move-
ment, which aimed at securing for the Maori
the full control of their own lands and local
government. A Maori parliament of nominated
members, which originated in a conference
amongst the Ngapuhi in the eighties, held its
meetings generally in the northern district.
Extending gradually to embrace practically all
the tribes but those of the King country and
Te Whiti's close adherents in Taranaki, it held
its first meeting in another district (Hawkes
Bay) in 1892.

Heke resigned his post in 1892 to accept the
position of leader of the Federated Tribes of
New Zealand. He stood for Parliament and was
elected for the Northern Maori, on the crest
of this movement, expressly for the purpose
of putting this policy into effect. Though his
bill in 1894 was thrown out, the movement
gained momentum and culminated in 1900 in
the passing of the Maori land administration
and the Maori councils acts.

Heke won several elections, retaming his
mana with his people and his seat in Parlia-

 

 

HENDERSON

ment until his death (9 Feb 1909). He was a
brilliant speaker and a man of strong person-
ality, not the least important of the gTOUP of
young men (including Ngata, Te Rangihiroa
and Pomare) who led the Maori towards their
renaissance in the early years of this century.

Heke's influence as a prominent chief of four
great tribes (Te Aupouri, Te Rarawa, Ngapuhi
and Ngati-Whatua) was such that they were
able on the advice of Sir James Carroll, to elect
as his successor a man (Te Rangihiroa) who
had no tribal connections in the north but was
likely to carry on the spirit of Kotahitanga. A
monument to Heke was erected on the Kaf-
kohe hill by the Government and unveiled by
Carroll

N.2.P.D., 10 Jun 1909; Gisborne; Scholefidd in
N.Z. Times, 10 Oct 1907; information from Heke,
Carroll and Sir A. Ngala Portrait: N.Z. Times,
cit.; Parliament House.

HEMPLEMAN, GEORGE (1799-1880) was born
at Altona, Schleswig-Holstein. He came to New
Zealand in 1835 as master of the brig Bee and
established a shore whaling station at Piraki,
Banks Peninsula, which for some years was
fairly profitable. He enjoyed the protection of
Taiaroa, but suffered much from the depreda-
tions of Tuhawaiki and other chiefs who visited
the bay. His treatment of the natives was uni-
formly severe, and caused him to be repri-
manded by Captain Stanley, of the Britomart.

Hempleman claimed to have made an exten-
sive purchase of land in Banks peninsula from
the natives on 2 Nov 1839. The claim was con-
sidered good by Colonel Campbell, but was not
substantiated before the commission. He was
twice married, first to an English woman in
Sydney. He died on 13 Feb 1890 at Akaroa,
after a prolonged illness and many disappoint-
ments. The Piraki Log, published by F_ A.
Anson in 1910, is based on Hempleman's diary
(now in the Canterbury Museum).

J. Hay; Anson, 0p. cit.; Andersen; Jacobson;
A Mackay.

HENDERSON, DONALD (1822-89) was born
and educated in Caithness, and learned the
trade of an ironmonger at Airdrie, near Glas-
gow. Coming to Otago in 1856, he engaged in
contracting and then entered into business in
Princes street, Dunedin. Having made a com-
petence, he took up land at Romahapa, where

378

 

 

HENDERSON

he lived for the remainder of his life. He rep-
resented Clutha in the Otago Provincial Co:un-
cil (1867-73, 1874-75). Though not prominent
in public life, he took a firm stand against
Vogel's hundreds regulations, which he consid-
ered were designed to favour the squatting
interest. Henderson died on 29 Dec 1889.

Parltry Record; Otago Daily Times, 31 Dec 1889.

HENDERSON, THOMAS (1810-86) was born
at Dundee and trained there as a blacksmith.
He then moved to Perth, where he married
(1834) Catherine Macfarlane. In 1840 Hender-
son came to Wellington in the London. Mov-
ing shortly to Auckland, he was at the first land
sale and bought a section in Wyndham street
‘on which he erected the well-known hostelry,
the Commercial Hotel.

For some years he was in partnership with J.
Macfarlane in the timber business, which did
not prosper. Then they founded the trading
firm of Henderson and Macfarlane (1846), of
which he was principal for many years, and they
employed some hundreds of Maori in a gum-
digging venture at Mangonui. The schooner
John Bull, which they acquired for the Sydney
trade, was not a success and they sold her in
Hobart, taking flour in payment. The success
of this deal led to the establishment of Hen-
derson's mill (at the village afterwards called
Henderson). The firm suffered heavy losses in
1849 through shipping timber to California
They sold their first vessal, thé Fanny, to Polack.
Another venture with timber to California, in
the Josephine, landed on a stagnant market.
They then chartered the Glencoe and initiated
a successful trade with China, in which Hen-
derson personally took part. On one of his
visits he brought back Chinese pheasants, which
were successfully acclimatised.

In 1852 the barque Spencer was chartered,
and thus the Circular Saw line of sailing
packets was inaugurated. Considerable profits
were made in connection with the Victorian
diggings and the firm expanded its shipping
trade to South America. On the death of John
Mactarlane in 1860, Henderson's son Thomas
joined the firm; and Henderson withdrew
shortly afterwards in favour of his eldest son
(George) and his son-in-law, Gustav von der
Heyde (q.v.). A few years later the firm met
with reverses, and Henderson returned to busi-

HENRY

ness. They purchased the steamers Airedale,
Lord Ashley and Phoebe, but made little head-
way until the youngest son, H. H. W. Hender-
son, came in

Thomas Henderson represented the City of
Auckland in the Provincial Council (1855-57)
and was a member of Campbell's executive
(1855-56). .At the same time he represented the
Northern Division in Parliament (1855-70),
holding office for a year without portfolio in
Fox's ministry (1861-62). In 1865-67 he repre-
sented the Northern Division in the Provincial
Council. Henderson was again in Parliament,
for Waitemata, in 1871-74, two of his partners
(Mactarlane and von der Heyde) being there
with him. In 1878 he was called to the Legis
lative Council, of which he was a member until
his death on 27 Jun 1886.

Henderson was a good honest type of poli-
tician, a practical thinker and a forceful
speaker. In business he was always enterprising.
His public spirit was evident in 1863 when he
visited Melbourne while Colonel Pitt was en-
listing men for the Waikato war. Learning that
the banks would not give the Government credit

. beyond £10,000, Henderson personally found
security for another £15,000; which he placed
at Pitt's disposal. Henderson was a founder and
many years a director of the Bank of New Zea
land, and a director of the New Zealand Loan
and Mercantile Agency Co., the New Zealand
Insurance Co. and the Auckland Gas Co.

Larkworthy; Auckland Star, 28 Jun 1886; N.Z.
Herald, 21 May 1881. Portrait: Parliament House.

HENRY, JOSEPH (1835-94) was born in Ire-
land and educated at Trinity College, Dublin
(L-R.CS. Ireland 1862). He came to New Ze
land in the Ironsides (1864) and during the
Waikato war served as surgeon with the 1s
Waikato Regiment, being present at Rangiriri.
He aftenvards married Miss Armstrong (d. 1891)
and practised at Charleston, where he was sur-
geon to the hospital. He represented Buller in
Parliament (1876-79), being defeated by Fisher.
In 1880 he graduated L.R.C.P., and two years
later moved to Wellington, where he practised
until his death (9 Apr 1894). Henry was a jus-
tice of the peace, chief medical officer to the
Government Life Insurance department from
4889, and a governor of Wellington College
and Girls’ High School.

379

-----------------------Page 207 End-----------------------

HENRY

N.Z. Times, 10 Apr 1894; Westport Times and
StaT, 28 Dec 1926 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

HENRY, RICHARD (1845-1929) was an accom-
published bushman and observer, who took .an
interest in natural history and espedally bird
life. Henry had a sheep station in Canterbury
adjoining crown lands and at one time had
20,000 sheep, but was ruined by the depreda-
tions of rabbits. He paid great attention to
methods of extermination, but failed to sup-
press the pest. He accordingly sold the property
but took it back again a year or_two later.
Again he had to abandon the run, but he be-
lieved that if he had studied the natural history
of the rabbit he could have fought them suc-
cessfully. In 1888 he published an interesting
pamphlet on methods of combating the pest.

Henry then took up aplace on Lake Te Arrau,
where he encountered T. Mackenzie, M. Ross
and others assisting in the search for his
friend Q. McKinnon (q.v.). In 1895 he was
appointed ranger under the animals.protection
act and stationed at Dusky Sound, With Instruc-
tions to report on the best site for a house for
observation and the protection of native fauna
on Resolution, Parrot and Pigeon islands, and
means of obtaining wingless birds from other
parts of New Zealand to place in sanctuary
there. He made valuable reports to the Govern:
ment in which he described Maori relics on the
beaches and articles left by the seders. He
described the roa (apteryx australis), and felt
confident he could catch a takahe if he heard
one.

Henry's natural history notes, many of which
were printed in the annual reports of the
departments and in the Otago Witness, are of
great interest and considerable value. .In 1904
it was considered advisable to recall him Since
he had no companion, and he was transferred
to Kapiti island. He retired in 1911, and died
at Auckland on 13 Nov 1929.

App. H.R. Cl, 1895-1904; H2, 1905-09; Otago
Daily Times, 11, 24 Jan 1893; Henry, op. cit.;
Otago Witness, 31 Dec 1896.

HEPBURN, GEORGE’ (1803-83) was born at
Leslie, in Fifeshire, Scotland. He was educated
there and in Kirkcaldy, and went nto business
in the latter town. He was an elder of the
Established Church in the congregation of Dr
Alexander, whom he followed at the Disrup-

 

HERD

tion into the Free Church. In 1850 he came to
Otago in the PoictieTs, and in the following
year he was appointed manager of James Mac--
andrew's store in Dunedin. In 1859 be entered
into business as a grain merchant in partner-
ship with James Paterson, and after a successful
experience of some years he sold out and went
to reside at Halfway Bush.

In 1855 Hepburn wes elected to the Provin-
cial Council for Dunedin Western, which he
represented till 1859, and he later sa for Wa-
kari (1863-67). During part of the nme he was
chairman of committees. From 186669 he rep-
resented Roslyn in Parliament. He was a
staunch Presbyterian, and in 1860 was one of
the founders of Knox Church, of which he was
an elder from the beginning. Deeply interested
in Sunday schools, he was for over 60 years a
teacher. He wes also interested in secular edu-
cation, and was for some years chairman of the
Wakari school committee. Hepburn died on 9
Dec 1883. His daughter married W. Downie
Stewart (q.v.), whose son, the Hon W. Downie
Stewart, edited Hepburn's journals for publica-
tion in 1934.

Hepburn, op. cit. (p) ; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Otago Daily

Times, 4 Jan 1884.
HEPPELL, GEORGE, was educated at Cam-
bridge, where he graduated M.A. He was
appointed headmaster of Nelson College. in
1859, and in his short reign showed great abllity
as a mathematician and some literary taste.
Owing to differences with the governors, he
resigned in 1861 and returned to England.

Nelson Coll. Reg.

HERD, JAMES, a Scottish seaman, was first in
New Zealand in 1822 in command of the pro
vidence trading in spars with the natives at
Hokianga. Kendall assisted him as interpreter

Herd was in command of the New Zealand
Company's expedition in the Rosanna, which
sailed from Leith in 1825 with a large body of
mechanics and arrived off the southern coast
of New Zealand early in 1826. He paid a
visit to Port Nicholson, and at the Thames
he remained for some weeks. He made a pur-
chase of land, which included the islands of
Waiheke and Pakihi, but owing to the un-
friendly manner of the natives he left for Hoki-
anga. Calling at Bay of Islands (26 Oct 1826)
he complained of the hosritity of the mission-

380

 

TE HEREKIEKIE

aries who, he said, feared that colonisation
would impair their influence with the Maori.
At Herd's Point, Hokianga, he purchased a
block of land for settlement. Some of the
mechanics settled there under the protection
of Patuone, Moetara and other chiefs and estab-
lished the respectable colony of artisans which
later visitors remarked upon.

The Rosanna arrived in Port Jackson on 11
Feb 1827, where her tender, the Lambton, was
sold, and the mechanics were discharged. She
took a cargo for England. Herd's report prac-
tically ended the venture, and the Company's
interests were bought by the New Zealand Com-
pany of 1840. Marsden remarked that Herd's
dishonest treatment of the natives on his earlier
visit was responsible for their unfavourable re-
ception.

NZ. Archives, Carleton; Marsden, L. and ].:
Sherrin and Wallace: Earle: £. J. Wakelidd; Dil-
lon; Harrop, England and New Zealand; Nol.
Jour., 1841; McNab, Murihiku

TE HEREKIEKIE (1815-1861) was the chief of
highest rank in Taupo when Christianity found
its way there. As the son of Tauteka he was
the principal chief of Ngati-Kurauia, the sub-
tribe responsible for the elevation of Herea,
or Te Heubeu Tukino |, to the position of
paramount chief many years before. Te Wha-
tupounamu, under whose authority the instal-
lation was carried out, and who had held Te
Waka-iti down while Herea recited incantations
over him, was his grandfather. On the side of
his mother, Te Kahurangi, he was an ariki of
Whanganui and the country extending north-
wards along the coast towards Taranaki, and
traced descent from Puha-o-te-rangi, of the west
coast, ancestor of the Whanganui people, and
who was so tapu that people hongi'd (or rub-
bed-noses) with his knee when they greeted
him. Te Herekiekie was also a chief of Matata
and Whakatane. Over six feet in height and
well proportioned, he is described as a perfect
specimen of a wild New Zealander. He was a
renowned athlete and is said to have jumped
across a warm pool at Tokaanu which is nearly
30 feet wide. Herekiekie never acknowledged
the authority of Te Heubeu. He was one of
the younger chiefs of Ngati-Tuwharetoa who
joined the expedition of Tauteka, Te Kotuku-
rae-roa and Te Whakarau in 1841 against Nga-

3381

TE HEREKIEKIE

Rauru and Ngati-Ruanui of Waitotara. Mter
ravaging the country between Whanganui and
Waitotara, the four chiefs occupied the pa at
Patoka, where they were attacked by the local
tribes under Matakatea (q.v.) and suffered
severe losses. Peace was made, and when all was
thought to be over, the local people slaught-
ered them. -Tauteka and Te Whakarau were
killed, but Herekiekie, on account of his high
tapu, was spared by Matakatea and escorted out
of the pa by a chief named Tutangi-te-oko-oko-
rau who, after detaining him for some time,
assisted him to regain his own country.

In Herekiekie's absence from Tokaanu in
1847 at his other pa at Turangarere, on the
Hautapu river, his mother (Kahurangj) insisted
on the killing of Manihera and Kereopa (q.v.),
missionaries from southern Taranaki, as utu for
the death of her husband at the hands of Nga-
Rauru and Ngati-Ruanui. In 1841 E. J. Wake
field was the guest of Herekiekie, whom he
described as a commanding figure, about 28
years of age, hospitable and courteous in the
extreme. Herekiekie's chief pa at Tokaanu was
near where the Tokaanu-Waihi road crosses the
Tokaanu stream. In 1850 he objected strongly
to the burial of Te Heuheu on Tongariro as
likely to establish a claim to ownership of the
mountain to which Te Heuheu and his sub-
tribe had no rights. He threatened to call in
the help of Whanganui and Tuhua to resist,
and Sir George Grey, who had hoped to: climb
Tongariro, left the district rather than add fuel
to the quarrel.

In 1853 Herekiekie and Te Iwikau became
reconciled through the mediation of the Rev
T. S Grace (qv.). He married PapuDi, the
daughter of Te Whakarau, who captured the
celebrated patu-pounamu Pahi-kaure in Hawkes
Bay. This prize is now in the hands of Te Heu-
heu's family. Herekiekie died in 1861, and was
buried at Tokaanu on 25 Jan 1862. His last
words to his people were: . Always be friendly
to the pakeha, for they are your friends.

Herekiekie's son, KINGI, lived for some time
with Wakefield in Wellington; a gentlemanly
and well-meaning youth, but not very intelli-
gent. In 1885 Kingi signed (at Poutu) Topia
Turoa's demand for Kingite self government.

Information from Sr Apirana Ngata and J. H.
Grace; Grace; Crawford; Nicholls; E. J. Wake
fidd; Waka Maori, 1872.

-----------------------Page 208 End-----------------------

HERRICK

HERRICK, JASPER LUCAS (1833-90) was born
in county Cork, Ireland, and entered the army
as an ensign in the 67th Regiment of foot
(1852). Two years later he retired and came
to New Zealand in the John Scott, arriving in
Auckland on 5 Mar 1859. He took up land in
Hawkes Bay in partnership with J. N. Williams,
and lived at Kereru, where he was postmaster
(1865-69). In 1863 he was commissioned as a
captain in the Napier militia, and he served
under Whitmore on the East and West Coast.
In the engagement at Ruakituri he was in com-
mand of the Napier volunteers. At Poutu in
1869 he had command of No. 2 company
Armed Constabulary. He was in charge of the
expedition at Waikaremoana, which was coun-
termanded when he had the boats ready to
carry the force across the lake. He then resigned
and returned to Napier, where he manied in
1870 Emily M., daughter of Richard Duncan,
of Forest Gate, Essex.

Herrick represented Hampden in the Hawkes
Bay Provincial Council (1875-76) and served on
many local bomes. He was accidentally killed
at Oparae in 1890.

Family information; War Office records; Lam:
bert; Cowan; Whitmore; Napier Daily Telegraph.
16 Oct 1925.

HERRIES, SIR WILLIAM HERBERT (1859-
1923) was born in London, the son of H. C.
Herries, barrister at law, and grandson of Gen-
eral Sir William Herries, chairman of the board
of audit. He was educated at Eton College
and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he grad-
uated B.A. (1880). He studied geology on his
Yorkshire holidays and when still young was
elected a fellow of the Geological Society.
Coming to New Zealand in the Tararue
(1881), Herries took up 900 acres of land at
Shaftesbury, near Te Aroha, and in 1889 mar-
ried Catherine Louisa, daughter of E. F. Roche,
of county Cork and Ohineroa. He was a mem-
ber of the Piako county council (1891-99), and
of the Waikato hospital and charitable aid
board (1893-97). In 1896 Herries was elected
to Parliament for Bay of Plenty (defeating W.
Kelly), and he represented that seat continu-
ously till 1908, and under its new name of
Tauranga till his death. As a leading member
of the Reform party he became Minister of
Railways and Native Affairs in the Massey cab-

HESLOP.

inet (1912) and also of Customs and Marine
in the National government. He held his old
portfolios in the new Massey government of
1919 till ill-health compelled him in 1921 to
relinquish all departmental administration.
He became K.C.M.G. in 1920.

Herries was a strong supporter of the turf,
being president of the South Auckland Racing
club and the Te Aroha Jockey club and patron
of the Rotorua Jockey club. He published in
1921 The Successful Running and Sire lines Of
the Modern Thoroughbred Horse, a noteworthy
treatise on breeding in Great Britain and Ire-
land. He contended that New Zealand would
inevitably take a similar position in the south-
ern hemisphere. Herries died on 22 Feb 1923.

NZP.D., 15, 19 Jun 1923; Memoir of Sir William
Herries (1925, p); N.Z. Herald, 23 Feb 1923. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

HESLOP, JOHN (1838-1929) was born in the
Cheviot Hills, Northumberland; educated at
Blackburn and Redsdale, and came to New Zea
land in the Indian Queen (1857). He gained
experience on John Sutherland's run at Castle
point and became manager of Hatuma estate.
At the action or Omarunui a bullet passed
through his hat. He was later corporal in the
Waipawa cavalry. With his father Heslop took
up a swamp property at Patangata, which they
had to abandon after the Waipawa river had
broken a new course and transformed the
swamp into a lake. In 1863 Heslop and S
Thorpe chartered the Rangatira to.ship bullock
teams and merchandise to Otago, mtending to
cart stores to the Dunstan. The outlook being
unfavourable, they withdrew and carted wool
in Hawkes Bay for some years. In 1872 he
drove stock through the Manawatu gorge. He
explored other unfrequented routes in Waikato
and the King Country. In 1873 he settled on
a farm within 10 miles of Wanganui. He be-
came a member of the first county council
(1876), on which he sat until leaving the dis
trict in 1883 to take up a new property at
Mawhitiwhitu, where he was a successful
breeder of shorthorn and Holstein cattle. He
was chairman of the Goat Valley and Matapu
school committees, a member of the Taranaki
land board (1904-21), the lands for settlement
board, the Egmont forest board, the forest con-
servation board, and the Wanganui, Hawera

382

 

 

TE HEUHEU

and Egmont licensing committees; the Hawera
county council (1884-98; chairman six years);
the Waimate road board (10 years), and the
Taranaki hospital and charitable aid board.

Heslop tried to win the Patea seat in Parlia-
ment (being defeated by F. H. Haselden Nov
1901). In 1921 he was appointed a Government
member of the assessment court. Heslop mar-
ried (1874) a daughter of M. Ud Goodson (East
Coast). Re died on 6 Feb 1929.

Who's Who M.z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p).

TE HEUHEU TUKINO I, or HEREA, a leading
Ngati-Tuwharetoa chief at the end of the
eighteenth century, was the son of the Ngati-
Turumakina chief Tukino and his wife Pare-
wairere. After the death of the paramount chief
of the tribe, Rangi-tua-Matatoru, Rerea was
invited by the sub-tribes Ngati-Turangi and
Ngati-Kurauia, under Whatu-pounamu, to ac-
cept the paramount chieftainship in defiance
of Te Waka-iti, who was of high rank. Accord-
ingly Rerea challenged the leadership and
overcame Te Waka-iti in a duel with the pou-
whenua, thus becoming undisputed chief of
Ngati-Tuwharetoa. Re married Rangi-aho, a
chieftainess of Ngati-Manipoto and Waikato.

Ris son, Tukino, had been named by his
mother ‘Te Reubeu' in the following circum-
stances: Before his birth a party of the tribe
had gone to the Ngati-Maniopoto country to
bring back the bones of her relative Rangi Pu-
mamao, who had died there. Though they knew
where to find the bones, the spot was so over-
grown with the shrub maheubeu that they could
not without great difficulty penetrate the shal-
low cave in which they lay. The name Heubeu
was accordingly given to the child (which was
already conceived), and Rerea himself, after
he had gained the leadership, was called Rangi-
maheubeu by his wife and others of the tribe.
A wise councillor and strong ruler, Herea pre-
sided for many years over the tribe. Re died in
his palisaded pa at Waltahanui, and was buried
at Motu-o-apa.

TE HEUHEU II, or MANANUI (21780-1846)
was one of the most celebrated chiefs in New
Zealand when British sovereignty was pro-
claimed. The son of Rerea Tukino and Rangi-
aho (of Ngati-Maniapoto), he was descended
from Ngatoro-i-Rangi, the priest of the Arawa

TE REUHEU

canoe who discovered the central mountains in
the North Island. Through his mother he
derived great mana from Ngati-Maniapoto and
Waikato. Re received the name of Te Heubeu
in the manner described (see supra). Called
back from a war expedition at Poutu to the
deathbed of Taipahau (a great tohunga of Te
Reubeu's own sub-tribe), he received through
the rite of ngautaringa all the sacred wisdom
and supernatural powers. Re was thereafter
called 'Mananui.'

Te Reubeu had outstanding success in war
and- great influence in council. As a warrior he
made several expeditions 'with the central tribes
against the people of Reretaunga, especially
Ngati-Kahungunu, and he assisted in repeated
endeavours to instal the Ngati-Raukawa in the
Rawkes Bay district. On one of these expedi-
tions (in 1820) while he was besieging Roto-a-
Tara (near Pukehou) a detachment went off to
Waimarama, where they lost Te Reubeu's
brother Manuwhiri, the Taupo chief Tawake,
and Peehi Turoa’s brother Rangimarama. As
he raised the siege Ngati-Kahungunu taunted
Mananui with his grey hairs. Two years later
he returned with a stronger taua and reduced
the pa with great slaughter. About 1828, he re-
turned with a very strong taua of Ngati-Tu-
wharetoa, Waikato, Ngati-Raukawa, Ngati-Maru
and Arawa, and besieged Ngati-K ahungunu and
the Ngapuhi chief Te Wera at Mahia peninsula.
On the way there, while passing Wairoa, his
section of the army defeated an enemy force,
capturing the chief Te Reketua-te-Rangi and
his daughter, whom he released and eventually
befriended. An avenging taua of Ngati-Kahu-
ngunu and their allies two years later invaded
Taupo and ovenvhelmed a pa at Omakukura.
They had intended going on against Waikato,
but Te Reuheu made peace on behalf of Ngati-
Tuwharetoa and Waikato and persuaded them
not to go farther.

In 1825 Te Reubeu accompanied Ahi
Karamu on the heke of Ngati-Raukawa to
Kapiti. Te Rauparaha tried to persuade him
to join his federation, but his objection to the
Ngati-Maru prevented him doing so. In 1832,
with their Whanganui allies, the Ngati-Tu-
wharetoa under Te Reubeu attacked the heke
Tama te Uaua at the passage of the Whanga-
nui river, but was repulsed with loss, including
his brother Te Popo and the Taupo chief

383

-----------------------Page 209 End-----------------------

TE HEUHEU

Tutawa. In 1834, in response to an appeal from
Te Rauparaha for help in quelling the dis
putes of the tribes who were now located in
the south, Te Heuheu led a taua of 800. Mter
stubborn fighting, in which his brother Te
Papaka was killed, the Ngati-Awa were de-
feated at Pakatutu and peace was concluded
at Haowhenua, the vanquished tribe agreeing
to stay south of W"aikanae.

Te Heuheu on this occasion marched as far
as Port Nicholson. He resented the efforts made
by the missions to Christianise his people, but
befriended them for the advantage he would
receive in attracting trade. To Selwyn, who
visited him in 1843, he complained that no
missionary had been sent to him, but said that
he would take his time to decide upon the
acceptance of Christianity, or which creed he
would choose. In 1840 Iwikau, while at Bay of
Islands, signed the Treaty of Waitangi and re-
ceived red blankets and other gifts distributed
by Captain Hobson. When Pirikawau and a
government commissioner called on him Te
Heuheu warmly repudiated the act of his
brother, and insisted on the return of the
blankets. He received Edward Jerningham
Wakefield (in 1842) with cordiality and dignity,
but suspecting that he wished to buy land,
declared firmly that he had sold neither his
land nor his authority, and warned the pakeha
to remain along the seaboard and not to invade
the interior of the country. In common with
other visitors Wakefield found Te Heuheu a
dignified and commanding personality. Sir
William Martin described him as ‘a grand old
heathen chief, a man of huge sze and weight;
a regular aristocrat.’ Richard Taylor consid-
ered him the perfect picture of a savage chief.
Angas, who was in Taupo in 1844, pictures him
in the same light-imposing and dignified, a
fine old man, generous and hospitable. D. Mc-
Lean, too, was impressed by his intellectual
powers.

Herea had lived in a palisaded pa at Waita-
hanui. When Te Heuheu became chief he
abandoned this pa and took up his abode at
the village of Te Rapa, near Tokaanu. In 1842
his elder son, who had been living with the
Ngapuhi chiet Tamati Waka Nene in the
North (and had assumed the name Te Waka)
returned to his home accompanied by a strong
deputation of northern tribesmen and the gift

TE HEUHEU

of ahorse. In Jan 1844 Te Heuheu led a strong
war party to exact utu from Ngati-Rauru and
Ngati-Ruanui. While he was encamped at
Whanganui Bishop Selwyn and Major Rich-
mond arrived in H.M.S. Hazard and by the
combined efforts of the missionaries he was per-
suaded to return to Taupo. Te Heuheu was
a great tohunga and a capable military tactician.
Sagacious and eloquent in council, his mana
was greatly enhanced by his relationship with
Waikato and Ngati-Maniapoto.

He met his death tragically in a landslide
which enveloped his village on 7 May 1846,
burying himself and his wives, Te Waka and
54 others. A younger brother, Tokena te
Kereihi, escaped, and the heir presumptive, Pa-
taatai, was absent with his mother's people.
Owing to tribal objections to the proposal to
bury the remains of the chief on the mountain,
Tongariro, they were interred close to the scene
of the tragedy, but were removed secretly to
Tongariro in 1850. Sixty years later they were
again exhumed and interred in the mausoleum
at the village of Waihi, close to Te Rapa.

‘Amongst the chiefs of Ngati-Tuwharetoa was
a proverb, which originated with Potatau te
Wherowhero in the fifties: "Ko Tongariro te
maunga. Ko Taupo te moana. Ko Te Heuheu
te tangata: (Tongariro is the mountain; Taupo
is the sea; Te Heuheu is the man.) Owing to
the inexperience of his son Pataatai, Mananui
was succeeded by Iwikau, his brother.

Persond information from Sir Apirana Ngata,
J.-H. Grace, R. H. Ward, Russell Duncan and
Judge F. 0. V. Acheson; Bidwill; Cooper; Sdwyn,
Annals; E. J. "Wakdidd, Adventure; Crawford;
R. Taylor; Thomson; Buller; Tucker: Angas (p);
Cowan; Carleton.

TE HEUHEU III, or IWIKAU (21790-1862)
was the younger brother of Te Heuheu I, and
for many years his war leader. He was smallish
in stature, slighter in build and less prepossess-
ing in appearance.

A brave and determined warrior, Iwikau took
part in most of his brother's expeditions and
led in battle, though it is said his brother
planned the operations. In 1832 at the battle
at Putikiwaranui, on the Whanganui river, he
crossed the river and carried out an effective
flank attack. Fearing the firearms of the north-
ern tribes, Iwikau accompanied the Rev Henry
Williams to Bay of Islands in Jan 1840 and

384

 

TE HEUHEU

affixed his signature to the Treaty of Waitangi.
This act Te Heuheu repudiated emphatically.

In 1841, against the wish of Te Heuheu, Twikau
accompanied Tauteka and Herekiekie in their
expedition against Ngati-Ruanui and Nga-

Rauru. Wiremu Kingi te Matakatea and Te
Anaua tried to dissuade them from proceeding,
and Iwikau returned when the taua reached

Putiki. In 1844 he went south again with Te
Heuheu to avenge the losses of this expedition
but was persuaded to return by Bishop Selwyn,
officids and missionaries. Shortly after his
accession as leader (1846), he made a final
peace with the Taranaki tribes.

Fearing another landslide, Iwikau removed
his pa from Te Rapa to Pukawa. He strongly
resented the treatment to which Maori chiefs
of rank were sometimes subjected by Europeans.
and the steady encroachment of the pakeha
upon their lands and mana. He was a warm
friend of Governor Grey, and paid a visit to
Auckland in 1847 to be present at his swearing
in as Governor-in-chief. He was then oldish,
with a grey beard but hair still black. Grey
gave him a horse, and next year made a note.
worthy. journey to Taupo in his company, Iwi.
kau gomg to Auckland to escort him. Cooper-s
journal” of this visit shows that the Ngati-Tu-
wharetoa were still heathens, but in 1850
Iwikau set aside land at Pukawa, near his new
pa, for a mission station. This was opened by
the Rev T. S Grace (q.v.), who became a close
personal friend of Iwikau and a staunch sup-
porter of peace during the troubled years that
followed. Though resttained by missionary in-
fluence from fighting, Iwikau made many
journeys in the interests of peace, notably in
1857 when he went to Hawkes Bay to curb Te
Hapuku. Grace considered him ‘a fine honest,
chief of the Maori race. With all his faults, he
was the noblest Maori | ever met: He was a
constant attendant at church services but reo
fused to put away his wives in order that he
might be baptised.

Feeling deeply the grievances and the im.
minent extinction of the Maori race, Iwikau
sympathised with the King movement from its
inception, but he opposed Matene te Whiwhi's
“first overtures in 1853 lest Potatau should
be elected king over himself. He was much im-
pressed" by the meeting in the Ngati-Ruanui
country in 1854 and the rise of the land league.

TE HEUHEU

A few months later Iwikau himself convened a
meeting to be held at Pukawa; A Roman
Catholic mission had been established at Waihi.
and on this occasion a number of priests were
present and the French flag was hoisted. In
the following year the king was elected. Te.
Heuheu regarded the movement as being peace-
ful and altrujstic, and continued" his efforts to.
compose the: disputes of the tribes. In 1857
he went with Grace to the Whanganui to make
peace, but was fired upon, and after persever-
ing for three days he retired without succeed-
ing. In proceeding to the King meeting in 1857
he spoke strongly to Governor Browne at Rangi-
riri and Otawhao about the insulting treatment
of Maori chiefs, the desertion of half-caste
children by their fathers, and other native
grievances.

Throughout the Taranaki war Iwikau re-
mained quietly at his own place trying to re-
strain his people. This became increasingly
difficult in their enthusiasm for the King move-
ment, and his fierce temper suffered much irri-
tation. He supported both Potatau and Ta-
whiao, and admitted sorrowfully that if Waikato
became involved in the war his people would
have to join in. Shortly before his death he be-
came reconciled with Herekiekie. His
which was ascribed to the fact of some native
children having broken up a tapu canoe, took
place in Oct 1862. His principal wife, Ruinga-
rangi, survived him. Iwikau was succeeded by
his nephew, Pataatai, or Tukino.

Personal information from Sir Apirana Ngata, J.
H. Grace and F. O. V. Acheson; Cowan; Angas(p);
Grace; Thomson; Buick, Waitangi; Sdwyn, An-

nals; Proc. of Maori Parliament, 1857; Taranaki
Herald, 6 Dec 1862.

TE HEUHEU TUKINO IV, HORONUKU, or
PATAATAI (1826-88), the younger son of Te
Heuheu I, took the name Horonuku from the
circumstances of the death of his father. Pa.
taatai was with his relatives the Ngati-Mania
poto when the landslide at Te Rapa occurred.
On becoming head of the tribe he assumed also
the patronymic +Te Heubeu.’ A grandson of
Rangiaho, a chieftainess of Ngati-Maniapoto,
he was absent with his mother's people at Pa
motumotu, in the Rangitoto range, at the time
of the disaster. ‘As he was too young for the
leadership of the tribe his uncle Iwikau (q.v.)
ruled as regent.

 

385,

-----------------------Page 210 End-----------------------
TE HEUHEU

In 1847 Horonuku was escorted back to his
father's people by a great gathering of Ngati-
Maniapoto, vVaikato and Ngatl-Haua, including
Tawhiao and Tamihana te Waharoa. Though
a man of great stature, Horonuku was not a
distinguished warrior, and in fact never engaged
seriously in warfare. He was a.staunch suppor-
ter of Christianity and the mSSOns, but sym-
pathised strongly with the King movement; and
when the Waikato war broke out (1863) he
warned the missionaries that he could no longer
protect them. Raising a taua of 200 men, who
attended a solemn service at the mission at Pu-
kawa, he embarked in a fleet of canoes fur-
nished by the Ngati-te-Rangi-ita, and proceeded
through lake Taupo and down the Waikato
river to join the King forces at Meremere. Find-
ing the King troops already retreating before
General Cameron's advance, he declined to be-
come involved in the fighting at Orakau, from
which he quietly withdrew his taua, and re
treated to his own country. Meanwhile the Rev
TS Grace had abandoned the mission. Horo-
nuku was not again on the warpath until 1869,
when he yielded to pressure by Te Kooti and
brought a detachment to his help. With thiS
contingent he garrisoned one of the.works at
Porere, a little to the west of the fortified posi-
tion of Mahaukura, west of lake Roto-ara
Shortly after the attack commenced, on 3 Oct
1869, Horonuku escaped to the bush with his
men and remained in hiding. In response to a
message from Colonel McDonnell and Sir D.
McLean advising him to withdraw from associa.
tion with Te Kooti, he came out and tendered
his Submission. McLean had Horonuku and
his family sent to Napier, where they were
admitted to a benevolent parole to keep them
out of harm. In 1870 they returned to their
homes.

Horonuku only sowly became reconciled to
British rule. lii 1878 he presided over the
native parliament, but took little part in its
proceedings. He remained a Kingite. at heart,
and he and hiS son Tureftl in 1885 Signed To-
pia Turoa's demand for self-government. In
1886 the native land court awarded to Horo-
nuku the peaks of the three mountains.
Anxious to secure the future of this region, he
accepted the suggestion of his son-in-law (L. .M.
Grace, q.v.) and presented the area, amounting
to 6,500 acres, to the government as the nucleus

HEWETSON

of a national park. It was later increased by
purchase to 150,000 acres. Horonuku died on
30_Jul 1888.

The inscription on the monument at W.
and the explanation of this given by Judge
F. O. V. Acheson regarding the use of the title
‘Horonuku' conflict with the statements of James
Cowan, J. H. Grace and R. H. Ward. Acheson
sys that the leaders of the tribe when the
monument was erected desired the name Horo-
nuku to be applied to Te Heuheu I, who was
himself killed in the landslide in 1846.

Cowan; Grace (p); N.z. Railways Magazine, Nov
1935 (p); N.Z. Herald, 13 Aug 1BBB.

TE HEUHEU TUKINO V, or TURBITI (1865-
1921) was the son of Pataatai, and succeeded
him as chief in 1888. As a child of four years
he accompanied his father on the campaign .in
support of Te Kooti, and was taken to Napler
with his parents after the surrender at Porere.
A man of great ability and personal charm,
Tukino was proud of his ancestral traditions
and deeply schooled in the poetry and lore of
his race. Once he contested the Eastern Maori
seat in Parliament against Wi Pere (1893), and
on four occasions (1899, 1902, 1905 and 1908)
he' contested the Western seat. He was gen-
uinely interested in the welfare of his people,
and much impressed Sir John Gorst on his VISIt
to New Zealand in 1906 by his perfect command
of English and sensible appreciation of the POS
tion of the Maori. He was responsible for the
removal of his grandfather's remains from their
burial place on the side of Mount Tongariro
to the mausoleum at Waihi (1910).

Te Heuheu actively promoted the recruiting
of Maori soldiers for the war of 1914-18, and
gave 35,000 acres of land for farms for them
on their return. In 1918 he was called to the
Legislative Council, of which he was a member
at the time of his death (on 1 Jun 1921).

Tureiti's eldest son, Hepi, died in 1918, and
he was therefore succeeded in the title and
chieftainship by his younger son HOANI.

N.Z.P.D., 23 Sep 1921; Gorst, N.Z. Revisited:
Cowan in N.Z. Railways Magazine, Nov 1935 (p);
N.z. Herald, 2 Jun 1921. Portrait: Parliament
House
HEWETSON, JOSEPH, came to Nelson in the
forties and established a business in Motueka
as flounniller and sawmiller. He represented

 

386

 

HEWETT

Motueka in the Provincial Council (1859-61)
and died in Jan 1901.

Nelson P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., v, 232; The Col-
onist, Jan 1901

HEWETT, JAMES DUFF (1830-1865) was the
son of Colonel W. Hewett, of the Rifle Brigade
(a Waterloo veteran who died in 1891). He was
educated at Bonn University in Germany, and
was intended for a military life, but came to
New Zealand in 1855 and settled on the Toi
farm at Ka-iwi. In 1858 he married Ellen
Baker. Living in a district which was constantly
disputed by the disaffected Maori, Hewett had
many escapes and was twice burned out.
He was chairman of the road board; a justice
of the peace (1862); ensign in the militia (Oct
1863) and captain (May 1864)

In 1863 he was elected to represent Wanga-
nui and Rangitikei in the Wellington Pro-
vincial Council. He favoured separation as a
blow at provincialism, but early in 1864 changed
his opinion. Hewett introduced Dr Featherston
and J. C. Crawford to the disaffected chie's
when they discussed the Maori boundary, and
thereafter was several times warned of impend-
ing attacks on his farm. Nevertheless he per-
sisted in his military duties, declined to leave
his farm and go to the stockade at night, and
continued to employ Maori farm labour. He
was murdered by Hauhau on 18 Feb 1865. His
widow and family, after living for some years
in England, settled in Wanganui.

Cyd. N.z,, ii; Gudgeon; Ellen Hewett, Looking
Back, 1925: Independent, 11 Feb 1B65.

 

HEWITSON, WILLIAM (1860-1932) was born
at Smythesdale, Victoria, and educated at the
High School at Ballarat, Ormond College, Me-
bourne, and Melbourne University. He entered
the service of the Union’ Bank of Australia,
but afterwards studied for the ministry of the
Presbyterian Church, was licensed in 1888 and
put in charge at Brunswick. In 1895 he was ap-
pointed to Knox Church, Dunedin. Hewitson
was convenor of the foreign missions committee
of the Church (1901-22). In 1909. he was
appointed master of Knox College, a post
which he administered with conspicuous suc-
cess until shortly before his death (on 8 Dec
1932). He was moderator of the General As
semblv in 1928, a member of the council of

HICKSON

Otago University (1903-22), and of the senate
of the University of New Zealand (1912-22).

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; Otago Daily Times, 10
Dec 1932,

HICKSON, WILLIAM (1810-85) was born in
Liverpool and was a member of the firm of
Ridgway and Co., who chartered ships to the
New Zealand Company. Amongst these was the
Martha Ridgway, which: made two voyages
(1840 and 1841).

Hickson came out in the Theresa at the end
of 1843 to wind up the affairs of the branch
establishment in Wellington (Ridgway, Guyton.
and Earp). He brought only his wife and
elder children, but liked the prospect so well
that he entered into business on his own ac-
count (as Hickson and Co., merchants and
shipowners), and was at one time a successful
shipowner trading between Sydney and Well-
ington. He made a special study of marine in-
surance, shipping and finance. Hickson was
called to the nominated Legislative Council by
Governor Grey (1848), and was at the same
time a member of the Council for the pro-
vince of New Munster. When the new con-
stitution came into force he did not at once
seek election, but in 1854, having retired from
business, he was elected to the Provincial Coun-
cil for Wellington City (which he served 1854
56 and 1865-69). He was a member of Bor-
lase's executive for two years, holding the post
of provincial treasurer part of the time. He
was a member of the first town board (1863).
As a landowner Hickson quite early imported
from Australia stud sheep, purebred cattle and
thoroughbred horses. He owned some good
racehorses and was a constant supporter of tlle
Wanganui and Wellington Racing clubs. For
a while he was president of the Wellington
Jockey club, and for many years acted as judge.
He was also chairman of trustees of the Hutt
Park racecourse.

Hickson was a senior justice of the peace
from an early date, at a time when the first
three on the list were almost automatically in-
vited to join the Legislative Council. He pre-
sided on the bench until a year or two before
his death. In 1857, when the steamer Wonga
was sent down to Wellington from Auckland to
be sold, Hickson, Hunter and Rhodes by a
vigorous canvass secured a capital of £5,000 to

387

-----------------------Page 211 End-----------------------

HIGGINS

purchase her. Hickson was chairman of the
company for the first five years, It bought also
the Stormbird from John Jones, and paid its
shareholders 10 per cent. each year for four
years, and then returned them £19 for each
£10 invested. Hickson was a man of great
strength and vigorous constitution. He died
on 6 Jul 1885. (See C. Rous MaRTEN.)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Ward; N.z. Times, 7 Jul
1885; Evening Post, 28 Oct 1929 (p)

HIGGINS, ROBERT LUKE (1828-92) was born
in Australia and was managing runs in Vic-
toria for John Terry Murphy (a cousin of
Gabriel Read), who sent him across to Canter-
bury with stock to take up a station. He took
up Murphy's run on the Waimakariri, and acted
as managing partner until Murphy's death,
when he was executor. He also had a property
of his own near Cust.

Higgins represented Ashley in the Canter-
bury Provincial Council (1857-61) and Oxford
(1870-75). Gabriel Read's diary (in the Dune-
din Public Library) shows that Higgins did him
many services, which he recognised by sending
a quantity of seeds of trees collected in Tas-
mania by the naturalist Dickenson. From these
the fine plantations at Cust originated. Higgins
died on 9 Nov 1892.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Adand; Lyttelton Times,
29 Nov 1892,

HIGHTON, ALFRED HENRY (1858-1915) was
educated at Marlborough College, England, un-
der Dean Farrar. He went to Cambridge in
4875 (St John's College), and graduated M.A.
in 1878. He was then selected out of many
applicants for the post of classical master and
lecturer in science at St Peter's College, Ade-
laide. A few years later he was appointed
mathematics and natural science master at the
Auckland Grammar School, and in 1886 head-
master of the Southland Boys and Girls’ High
School. He established the chemical laboratory
there and took a great interest in athletics, but
he was reserved and rather feared by his pupils.
Resigning in 1848, he took over a milk con-
densing factory at Underwoed. This was not a
success, but he afterwards had a prosperous
dairy business in Gippsland, Victoria. He died
in Melbourne on 27 May 1915.

Southland BR.S. Reg.; The Argus (Melbourne),
28 May 1915.

HILL

TE HIKO-O-TE-RANGI, a Ngati-Toa chief, was
a son of Te Pehi Kupe (q.v.). During his
father's absence in England he wes chief of
his tribe, but was unable to withstand the over-
bearing Te Rauparaha, whose influence grew
inordinately. After his father's death at Kaia-
pohia Te Hiko directed his energies towards
obtaining utu against Ngati-Tahu, and took a
leading part in the plans for the capture of
Tamaiharanui (q.v.). After the capture of
Onawe (Akaroa harbour) he remained behind
owing to his canoe being out of repair. In spite
of his part in this treachery Te Hiko was in-
clined to clemency and treasured the humane
precepts of his father. When Kaiapohia was
reduced he captured Tangatahara, who actually
killed his father, but would not permit him to
be killed and liberated him before returning
to Kapiti.

In 1832 Te Hiko and Reretawhangawhanga
led a taua to help the heke Tama te Uaua,
whose passage was contested by Whanganui
and Taupo. Thereafter there was no further
fighting.

E. J. Wakefield found Te Hiko a man of
chieftainlike demeanour, with noble and intelli-
gent physiognomy, quiet and mild in speech,
and inoffensive in his intercourse with the
whites. He signed the deed of sale to the New
Zealand Company (24 Oct 1839) and was anxi-
ous to receive clothing and utensils rather than
guns and powder. Te Hiko was absent when
Major Bunbury visited Kapiti to obtain signa-
tures to the Treaty of Waitangi.

Stack; Buick, Old New Zealander; Travers;
Cowan and Pomare.

HILL, GEORGE (ROWLEY) (1837-1930) join-
ed the Royal Navy in 1851, and saw service in
the Crimea, being in H.M.S. Leopard at the
bombard of Sebastopol and afterwards in the
Batic. In the Indian mutiny he was with
Peal's naval brigade, and was slightly wounded
at Lucknow. Leaving his ship (H.M.S. Hanni-
bal) at Palermo in 1860, he served with Gari-
baldi and was wounded. When he rejoined
his ship, his desertion was pardoned. In 1868
Hill came to New Zealand and joined von Temp-
sky's Forest Rangers. He served in Taranaki
and against the Hauhau on the East Coast in
No. | company Military Settlers and the Armed
Constabulary. At the siege of Hiruharama pa,

388

 

 

HILL

near Mohaka on 10-12 Apr 1869 he led a party
of natives past the rifle pits of Te Kooti's men
and so gained admission to the pa. Hill was
the life of the defence thereafter, strengthening
the palisade and keeping up a steady and
destructive fire from the angles. He was recom-
mended for the New Zealand Cross, which was
granted. After the war he joined the submarine
mining section of the permanent force at Fort
Cautley, and afterwards lived at Takapuna. He
held two medals presented by the Royal
Humane Society for saving human life. Hill
died on 15 Feb 1930,

Lambert (p); Who's Who N.z., 1924; Cowan

(p); Gudgeon (p); The Dominion, 7 Jan 1927;
Evening Post, 15 Jul 1879.
HILL, HENRY THOMAS (1849-1933) was born
at Lye, Worcestershire, the son ofa nail factor.
Educated in his native town, he completed his
training as a school teacher at Cheltenham
Training College. He organised St Mark's
school at Nottingham.

In 1873 Hill came to Canterbury in the
Merope under engagement to the provincial
government, to organise schools. He aso taught
science at Christ's College and mathematics at
Miss Lohse's, and organised the first teachers’
association (which held its conference at Christ-
church in 1876). While he was engaged at the
East Christchurch school, he studied at the
University for his B.A., which he gained in
1878. He won the first Bowen prize. In 1878
he was appointed secretary and inspector to the
Hawkes Bay education board, a position he
held for 36 years. He started the New Zealand
Schoolmaster and edited it for some years, and
was a member of the commission on teachers!
salaries.

Hill had a strong scientific bent and spent
much time in the study of geology (F.G.S. 1896),
Maori history and folklore. He contributed
many papers to the proceedings of the New Zea-
land Institute and was president of the Hawkes
Bay branch and a governor of the New Zea
land Institute. He was a member of the Napier
borough council and mayor (1917-19), and
was a member also of the hospital board, the
Hawkes Bay power board, and the High School
governors, and chairman of the Parkeisland old
people's home. He contested the Napier seat
in 1920. He was a member of the Anglican
diocesan synod.

HILLYARD

Hill married (1873) Emily, daughter of John
Knowles. Hedied on 15 Jul 1933.
Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Cyel. N.z.,

vi; Hight and Candy; Hawkes Bay Herald, 16 Jul
1933; Daily Telegraph (Napier), 18 Jui.

HILL, JAMES (1822-97) was hospital sergeant
of the 57th Regiment, with which he served in
Corfu, India and Crimea, and came to New
Zealand in 1861. He was steward of the New
Plymouth hospital (1867-82). In 1869 Hill was
elected to the Provincial Council for Grey and
Ball, but a few weeks later retired in the belief
that his position disqualified him. He was
defeated by Upjohn at the by-election. He died
on 2 Jan 1897.

HILL, JOSEPH SYDNEY (1851-95) was born
at Barnack, near Stamford, England, the son of
a builder. Orphaned at the age of nine, he en-
tered a working school at Haverstock Hill and
at 14 was apprenticed to a trade. The Rev
Alexander Burton, of Trinity Church, South-
ampton, persuaded him to study for the minis-
try, and he passed his examinations after two
years at Reading College and a further course
at the CMS. College at Islington. There he
met and married Lucilla Leachman. Ordained at
St Paul's (1876), he proceeded to Lagos, but was
soon compelled by fever to return to England,
and was appointed to the cure of Holy Trinity,
Richmond. In 1878 he was sent by the C.M.S.
to New Zealand, where he worked with great
success amongst the Maori in Hawkes Bay and
Auckland. He was aso a strong supporter of
the Y.M.CA. in Auckland. In 1890 Hill re-
turned to England and -was engaged in home
mission work until 1893, when he was conse-
crated as Bishop of West Equatorial Africa in
succession to Bishop Crowther. He and his wife
died of fever in the Niger diocese on 9 Jan
1894.

Biography by Rose E. Faulkner, 1895 (p); N.Z.
Herald, 24 Feb 1894, 9 Mar 1895.

HILLYARD, CHARLES, was a Canterbury
sheep farmer and owned the Wai-iti run, on
the Waimakariri river, from 1860 till 1868. He
represented Mandeville in the Canterbury Pro-
vincial Council (1867-70). He left shortly after-
wards for Fiji and did not return to New Zea
land.

Parltry Record; Acland.

389

-----------------------Page 212 End-----------------------

TE HINAKI

TE, HINAKI (2-821) was a chief of the
Ngati-Paoa, whose stronghold was at Mokoia,
Tamaki. He was a son of Te Whakapakonga.
It is said that he was taken in the Calder to
Valparaiso, where he was well treated and re-
ceived many presents, and that on returning
in the St Patrick he made an attempt to size
the ship, but was frustrated by Captain Flor-
ence. Afraid of the power of Hongi, Hinaki
entered actively into the trafic in spars, de-
livering 50 spars to the St Patrick for one
musket. Marsden in 1820 concluded a peace
between him and his enemies at Hauraki. Major
Cruise took his son Te Tata to Sydney, and
Hinaki himself went in 1821. He met Hongi
there on terms of friendship and came back
with him to Bay of Islands. After entertaining
Hinaki at the Bay, Hongi prepared a powerful
expedition against him. Hinaki was besieged
at Mokoia (Nov 1821) and shot by Hongi dur-
ing the storming of the pa, which was aocom-
panied by great slaughter and cannibal feasts

S P. Smith, Maori Wars; Cruise; Marsden, L.
and ].; Buller; Bayly.

HINDMARSH, ALFRED HUMPHREY (1860-
1918) was born at Adelaide and educated at
St Peter's College there. In 1878 he came to
New Zealand. He was for some years in the
office of Smith, Chapman, Sinclair and White,
solicitors, Dunedin, and was admitted a bar-
rister and solicitor at Christchurch (1890). In
4894 he commenced to practise in Wellington.
He was a member of the City Council (1905
15) and of the Wellington harbour board from
1911. Taking a keen interest in Liberal politics,
he was defeated by R. C. Kirk for selection as
Labour candidate for Wellington City in 1898.
In 1911 he was elected M.H.R. for Wellington
South, defeating R. A. Wright and in 1914 he
defeated J. P. Luke. At the time of his death
(on 13 Nov 1918) Hindmarsh was leader of the
Parliamentary Labour party.

Evening Post, 13 Nov 1918; N.Z. Times, 14 Nov;
N.z.P.D., 13 Nov 1918, pp 343, 355; Cycl. N.Z., vi.
Portrait: Parliament House.

His father, JOHN HINDMARSH (1820-1903) was
the son of Rear-admiral Sir John Hindmarsh,
Governor of South Australia. He was educated
at the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth, but
being too delicate for the Navy he accompanied
his father to South: Australia, where he spent

HIPANGO

some years surveying. He helped to layout
the towns of Hindmarsh and Walkerville. In
4841 he returned to England, entered the’
Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. He
then settled on a large property at Victor har-
bour, South Australia, also practising law and
acting as revising barrister. He married a
daughter of Captain Leworthy, R.N. In 1878
Hindmarsh came to New Zealand for the bene-
fit of his health and acquired a property near
Napier.

HINDS, SAMUEL (1793-1872) was born at
Barbados and educated in England. At Queen's
College, Oxford, he graduated M.A. (1818) and
four years later was ordained. He was associated
with the Society for the Conversion of Negroes.
In 1827 he was appointed vice-principal of St
Alban Hall, Oxford, under Whately, to whom
as archbishop of Dublin, he was domestic chap-
lain (1831). In 1832 he wrote an essay on
colonisation which was published as an appen-
dix to Whately's Thoughts on Secondary
Punishment. He was later prebendary of
Castleknock and in 1846 chaplain to the Lord-
lieutenant, in 1848 dean of Carlisle, and in 1849
Bishop of NorVlich. Hinds was on the com-
mittee of the New Zealand Association. He
published in 1838 The Latest Official Docu-
ments relating to New Zealand, in which he
supported the plan of the Association and re
plied to the criticisms of the Rev J. Beecham
and Dandeson Coates. He gave evidence before
the select committee in 1840.

D.N.B.; Hinds, op. cit.; Marais; Harrop, Wake-
field; O'Connor.

HIPANGO, JOHN WILLIAMS (HOANI WI-
REMU) (?-1865), an influential chief of
Whanganui (Ngati-Tumango hapu), was a
landed proprietor and lived at Putikiwaranui.
Though inferior in rank to Te Anaua, his per-
sonal influence was greater. He early be
friended the Europeans, embraced Christianity
a soon as the missionaries arrived: at Whanga-
nui, and was himself an exemplary teacher. In
1846, when the Taupo chiefs and Mamaku
made a hostile raid upon Wanganui, Hipango
and the Putiki chiefs were appealed to for pro-
tection, and they garrisoned the town pending
the arrival of a military force. On the murder
of the Gilfillan family Hipango offered to pur-
sue the murderers, and with five of his tribes-

390

7

i

 

 

HIRST

men he followed them up the river. Both
canoes were upset in the fight, but five of the
six murderers were captured and brought back
to Wanganui for trial. Governor Grey
granted Hipango a pension for his services and
he was appointed an assessor (1849).

In 1855 the ‘Whanganui natives furnished
Hipango with money to enable him to accom-
pany the Rev Richard Taylor (q.v.) to Eng-
land and convey their gifts to the Queen.
These included Te Anaua's greenstone mere (a
token of allegiance), a bag made by his wife,
Rawinia, and an ancient family weapon sent
by Pehi Turoa. The gifts were presented in
audience with the Queen and Prince Albert at
‘Windsor. On his return to New Zealand Hi-
pango at once went to Taranaki with other
dliefs and Mr Taylor to endeavour to effect
peace between Rawiri Waiaua and Katatore,
but without success. He then entered St
Stephen's School at Auckland to study for the
ministry, but having to desist owing to failing
eyesight, he accepted with reluctance from Sir
George Grey a position of trust at Wanganui.

When the Hauhau, after recovering from
their defeat at Moutoa, threatened Wanganui
again by advancing down the river, Hipango
was chosen to command the friendly force which
advanced towards the Hauhau camp at Ohou-
tahi, above Hiruharama. Having skillfully
manoeuvred to gain the advantage of his op-
ponents, he declined to be the first to shed
blood, and twice sent back to the enemy a
captured picket. The Hauhau then commenced
the attack, and after some blood had been shed
Hipango led the assault on their position. Re-
ceiving a bullet in the chest, he walked to the
rear and handed over the command to Haka-
raia’ He was carried down to Wanganui
where he died on 24 Feb 1865. He was accord-
ed an impressive public funeral and some time
later a monument to his memory was erected
in Wanganui.

His son, HOR: KING] HIPANGO (b. 1852) died
while visiting England with Taylor (29 Jun
1871). Another son WALTER, presented Hipa-
ngo park to Wanganui.

Buller; Downes; Taylor, Past and Present.

HIRST, HENRY (1838-1911) was born at Hud-
dersfield, Yorkshire, and educated at Hudders-
field College. Coming to New Zealand by the

391

HIRST

Agra (1858), he settled in Otago, but soon re-
moved to Southland and took up land at Te
Anau and Manapouri. Having accompanied
Captain Weatts-Russell (q.v.) to prospect for
grazing land at Breaksea Sound, he established
a butchery at Riverton, and once drove a mob
of cattle from there to Gabriel's Gully (1861).

Later he t90k up a run at Orepuki, and when
it was resumed for gold mining purposes he
bought a freehold property.

In 1877 he was elected to the Wallace county
council, of which he was a member until his
death, and chairman (1877-85). In 1879 Hirst
was elected M.H.R. for Wallace (defeating J
P. Joyce), but he was defeated in 1884 and
1887. He strongly advocated the Riverton rail-
way. As a young man he was a good cricketer
and captained the Riverton club. He married
(1860) a daughter of William Dallas. Hirst
died on 14 Dec 1911.

NZ.P.D., 27 Jun 1912; Southland Times, 15 Dec

4911; Otago Daily Times, 5 Dec 1900. Portrait:
Parliament House.

HIRST, THOMAS (1805-83) was born at Hali-
fax, Yorkshire. He was already in middle age
and had made a competence as a woolstapler
when he sailed for New Zealand with his family
in the Gwalior (1852). He took up a farm at
Bell Block, Taranaki, and worked it until the
outbreak of the Maori war compelled most of
the settlers to retire to New Plymouth. He
then with his wife paid a visit to England, sal-
ing in the William Brown. The ship was
burned at sea off Madeira and the passengers
were rescued from the boats by a Swedish brig
(Oct 1861).

(On returning to New Zealand Hirst resided
mainly in New Plymouth, taking a great interest
in public life and in proposals for the improve-
ment of the town and harbour. He constructed
several ingenious models of concrete moles,
breakwaters and floating landing stages He
stood for Parliament in 1853 and was a member
of the Provincial Council for New Plymouth
for one year (1865-66), trying unsuccessfully to
regain a seat in 1873. He did duty for many
years as a justice of the peace and was a pro-
minent member of the Anglican synod. Hirst
died on I1 Oct 1883 and his widow (who was
a daughter of Jonathan Bracken, of Luddenden,
Yorkshire) on 8 Sep 1901

-----------------------Page 213 End-----------------------

HISLOP

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz.; Jacobs; Tara-
naki Herald, 12 Oct 1883; 9, 10 Sep 1901 ; News, 18
Oct 1883. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

HISLOP, JAMES (1870-1932), son of Andrew
Hislop of Stirling, Scotland, was born and edu-
cated at Taieri, Otago. Joining the Post and
Telegraph department in 1885, he was ais
tant private secretary to Sir Joseph Ward (1900-
06) and secretary until 1911, accompanying him
when he went as Prime Minister to England
in 1907, 1909 and 1911. In 1912 he was ap-
pointed Under-secretary to the department of
Internal Affairs, from which post he retired in
1928. (O.B.E., 1919; M.V.O., 1920; C.V.O.,
1927.) In 1900 he married Anne Grove, eldest
daughter of Benjamin O'Connor, of Dunedin.
He died on 7 Jul 1932.

Who's Who N.Z,, 1924, 1932; The Dominion, 8
Jul 1982 (p).

HISLOP, JOHN (1821-1904) was born at Pent-
land, Midlothian. He received his education in
Edinburgh, took the prize in every class at the
School of Arts (now Heriot Watt College), and
left with his diploma at the age of 17. Next
year Hislop was appointed assistant master
at Burntisland Grammar School, and two years
later, at the age of 20, he was appointed to the
staff of the school at Lasswade, his native
parish. He afterwards attended the Normal
School in Edinburgh, and then was master
successively of the parish schools at Colinton,
Cults, and Kirknewton. He was at Kirknewton
for 12 years prior to leaving for New Zealand.

In 1855 Hislop applied for a post under the
provincial government of Otago, and he arrived
at Port Chalmers by the Strathmore in Oct
1856. He was appointed to the school at East
Taieri, where he spent four and ahalf years;
and then he was appointed inspector of schools
for the province and secretary of the Otago
education board. While in this post he had
much to do with the establishment of the: Boys’
and Girls’ High Schools in Dunedin, the Train-
ing College, the School of Art, and the district
high schools. He was also first secretary to the
Otago University council and registrar of the
University. In 1867 the provincial government
employed him to report on the resources of the
province, and he published an interesting hand-
book. When the industrial school was estab-
lished at Caversham in 1869, the task of organ-

HISLOP

ISing and supervising the institution was en-
trusted to Hislop and St John Branigan (q.v.).

The passing of the national education act:
marked the end of Hislop's official career in the
province. As early as 1871 he had a large part
in the drafting of the bill, which was then read
for a second time in the House of Represen-
tatives. It made no further progress, but many
of its provisions were embodied in the later
bill of 1877, which gave to the Colony a uniform
system of education, free, secular and compul-
sory. Hislop was selected for the post of Secre-
tary for Education when the new system was
brought into force, and he went to Wellington
to inaugurate it. When he left Otago the
teachers of the province, who were to leave their
mark upon the teaching profession of the’ Col-
ony during the next generation, paid him a
remarkable demonstration of affection and re-
spect. Henceforward Hislop's duties kept him
mainly in Wellington,

In 1882 he visited Great Britain, when he reo
ceived from the University of Edinburgh the
honorary degree of LL.D. in recognition of
his services to the cause of education. He also
received the fellowship of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. Mter retiring from the Education
department (1886) Hislop lived in Dunedin.
He became a member of the education board, of
the hospital board of trustees, and of the
City Council; chairman of the industrial school
board of advice, a representation commissioner,
a member of the committee of the benevolent
institution, and a visiting justice of the gaol. In
the commercial world he was a director of the
Mosgiel Woollen Co. A prominent freemason,
he was at one time grand master under the
Scottish constitution. He also took a keen in-
terest in the Caledonian Society.

Dr Hislop married (1846) Miss J. Horne, of
Caithness-shire (who died in 1903). His death
‘occurred on 19 May 1904. (See THOMAS WIL:
Liam HISLOP)

Otago P.C. Proc.; App. H.R., 1878-86; Cycl
N.Z., iv (p); Butchers; Mclndoe; Otago Daily
Times, 20 May 1904, 31 May 1930 (p). Portrait
by Horsburgh at Otago University.

HISLOP, THOMAS WILLIAM (1850-1925),
who was born in Kirknewton, Midlothian, was
a son of John Hislop (q.v.). With his parents
he came to New Zealand in 1856 by the
Strathmore. He attended the Taieri primary

392

mW

i
|

 

 

HITCHINGS

school, Shaw's grammar school, the Otago
Boys High School and Otago University. Ad
mitted a barrister’ and solicitor in 1871, he prac-
tised law in Oamaru until 1890, being crown
prosecutor (1872-76).

From 1876 until 1880 (when he resigned),
Hislop represented Waitaki in the House of
Representatives (defeating Sir William

Steward). He was again in the House for
Oamaru (1885-90) (defeating Lord Reid-
haven). In 1887 he joined the Atkinson minis-

try, first as Colonial Secretary and later as
Minister of Education and of Justice. During
this time he drafted the optional clauses in the
land act of 1877, and passed the local bodies
powers act, the representation act, and the
shipping and seamen's act. Several of his social
measures were thrown out as too extreme, and
were carried a few years later. In 1889 Hislop
was made an officer of the Legion of Honour,
in recognition of his services at the Paris exhibi
tion

Moving to Wellington in 1890, he practised
in partnership with A. de B. Brandon. He
contested Wellington seats in the elections of
1890, 1905 and 1908, but was not again success-
ful. Hislop was mayor of Wellington (1904-08).
In 1921 he was appointed a member of the
Legislative Council, a position he held till his
death on 2 Oct 1925.

He married, first (1873) Maria Annie (who
died 1909), daughter of James Simpson of
Parramatta, and second (1923) Margnerite E.
Smith, of Wellington. One of his sons, THOMAS
Cuartes ATKINSON HISLOP, (1888-) was elected
mayor of Wellington in 1931.

NZ.P.D., 18 Jul 1926; Cycl. N.Z., i, iv; Who's
Who N.Z., 1908, 1924; Butt. Fort. Notes, 10 Nov
1925; Auckland Star, 27 Sep 1887; Evening Post,

8 Oct 1925; North Otago Times, 19 May 1885. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

HITCHINGS, THOMAS (1816-94) was born
at Oxford, England, qualified M.R.C.S. London,
and came to New Zealand in the early fifties.
He settled in Hawkes Bay, was government
health officer, and attended to the wounded in
the tribal fighting at the Big Bush between
Hapuku and Te Moananui. He was M.P.C. for
Napier Town (1859-67). In 1864 he was ap-
pointed provincial surgeon. Hitchings died on
26 Feb 1894. He married (1861) Mary Elizabeth
Challen, daughter of George Garland (Sussex).

 

HOBBS
HOBBS, JOHN (1800-83) was born at St
Peter's, Isle of Thanet, the son of Richard

Hobbs, a coach builder and Wesleyan local
preacher. His father was admitted to the Wes-
leyan Society by John Wesley. He learned his
father's trade and followed in his footsteps,
joining the Church in 1816 and becoming a
local preacher in 1819.

In 1822 Hobbs decided to emigrate to Tas-
mania to work among the convicts. Nathaniel
Turner, whom he met there, urged him to offer
himself to the Wesleyan Missionary Society, but
Marsden had already offered to employ him
under the Church Missionary Society in New
Zealand. He accordingly, on 3 Aug 1823, sailed
from Port Jackson in the Brampton (with Mars-
den, Williams and Turner) and walked from
Bay of Islands to join the mission at Wesley-
dale, Whangaroa. The Rev Samuel Leigh hav-
ing returned to New South Wales sick, Hobbs
remained to assist Turner at Wesleydale. He
was a skilled mechanic and built himself a
house; cultivated a garden, had a good know-
ledge of medicine and became so proficient in
Maori as to become one of the translators of
the Bible into the vernacular. He translated
the book of Job into Maori and composed and
translated many Maori hymns (including a
translation of Toplady's Rock of Ages.)

Unfortunately, when Hobbs arrived at Wha-
ngaroa, George, the local chief, was already fail-
ing in health and unable longer to protect the
mission. On his death hostile natives made a
violent attack on the station (Jan 1827), which
had to be abandoned. Turner and his col-
leagues, with their families, protected by Pa-
tuone, walked through the bush to Bay of Is
lands.

Hobbs went to Sydney, where he married an
English lady, Miss Jane Blogreff (1799-1887),
and returned a few months later with un-
flinching courage to-renew his exertions. Co-
operating with Stack in the selection of a site,
they opened a new station at Mangungu in
Apr 1828 under the protection of Patuone and
Nene, who gave them 850 acres of land. Hobbs
had now received full ministerial standing, and
he and Stack worked under the Rev W. White.
In 1833, on his request to be moved, the home
committee sent him to Tonga, where, having
speedily acquired command of the language,
he took charge of the press. Owing to the

393

-----------------------Page 214 End-----------------------

HOBBS

health of his wife he was designated for Tas-
mania, but the vessel springing a leak, put into
Bay of Islands, and Turner claimed the ser-
vices of Hobbs to take charge of his station.
There he built boats and houses, operated the
printing press and (with the assistance of
Abraham Taonui) translated part of the Bible.
He made several journeys with Bumby for the
extension of the mission. Sailing in a small
schooner from Hokianga they visited North
Cape, Bay of Islands, East Cape, Port Nichol-
son, Cloudy Bay, Kapiti, Taranaki and Kawhia.
They fixed a site at Port Nicholson on 8 Jun
1840 for a permanent mission. With Bumby
and Whiteley, Hobbs travelled overland to
Taranaki with the object of stopping a tribal
war, and on another occasion he walked from
Hokianga to Port Nicholson. He had great in-
fluence with Patuone, Nene, Muriwai, Moetara
and Tawhai, and rendered service to the gov-
ernment as interpreter for Hobson at a gather-
ing of 3,000 natives held at Mangungu to con-
sider the Treaty of Waitangi (1840).

The outbreak of Heke's war was fatal to the
prosperity of the Wesleyan mission, but Hobbs
did much to wean the Ngapuhi from their war-
like habits. In 1848 he was designated by con-
ference to open a mission up the Whanganui
river. The ship Harriet Leathart, which was
engaged to take the missionaries there, was
stranded in a storm. Hobbs spent the night
lashed in the rigging and thus incurred deaf-
ness which increased so as to incapacitate him
for heavy duty. In 1855-56 he spent a year
resting at Three Kings Institution, Auckland,
after which he retired. He died on 24 Jun
1883. Hobbs lived a life of strict integrity,
devoted to the service of the mission. He never
acquired property in New Zealand, the regu-
lations of the Wesleyan mission forbidding any
of its agents to acquire land or to engage in
business. Mrs Hobbs died on 16 Dec 1887.
(See RicHano HOBBS, Rev W. KIRK, and Rey W.
Grrros.)

Marsden, L. alld ].; Morley; W. J. Williams;
Buller; M. A. R. Pratt (information); N.Z. Herald
25, 28 Jun 1883.

HOBBS, RICHARD (1833-1910) was born at
Hokianga, the son of the Rev John Hobbs
(qv.). Educated at the mission school at Wai-
mate, and aftenvards privately by Dr Day, he

HOBHOUSE

went to Tasmania, where he was apprenticed
to Waterhouse Brothers (drapers). He married
Emma, daughter of the Rev John Waterhouse.

Hobbs spent 12 months at the Friars Creek
diggings in Victoria, and then returned to New
Zealand and entered into business in Auckland,
He was able to retire with a competence in
1873. Hobbs was a lieutenant in the First
Volunteer Rifles in Auckland, and served in
the Waikato as a captain in the militia (Sep
1864). He was a member of the Auckland City
Council (1871-73). Taking up land at Springs,
Pokeno, he bred horses and cattle and had a
fine orchard. He represented Franklin in Par-
liament (1879-80) and Bay of Islands (1881-
90). He was a member of the native affairs
committee and was the promoter of the gaming
and lotteries bill (1881). Hobbs was a member
of the Manukau county council, the Pokeno
road board and school committee and the Auck-
land education board (of which he was two
years chairman). He was a justice of the peace
and a trustee of the Auckland Savings Bank.
A Wesleyan by tradition, he was superintendent
of the Sunday school in High street, a member
of the board of trustees of the church, and
treasurer of Wesley College (for 30 years). Later
he became attached to St John’s Church, Pon-
sonby. He died on 16 Jul 1910. (See G M.
WATERHOUSE.)

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908;
N.Z.P.D., 19 Jul 1910; N.Z. Herald, 3 Oct 1902, 18
Jul 1910.

HOBHOUSE, EDMUND (1817-1904), the first
bishop of Nelson, was a son of the Rt Hon
Henry Hobhouse and brother of Lord Hob-
house. Born in London on 17 Apr 1817, he
was educated at Eton and Oxford. He grad-
uated B.A. (at Balliol, 1838), M.A. (at Merton,
1842) and B.D. at Durham (1850). In 1841 he
was ordained deacon and became a fellow of
Merton College, and two years later vicar of
St Peter's-in-the- East, Oxford.

Having declined to be a candidate for the
bishopric of Christchurch (1856), Hobhouse was
chosen in 1857 for the see of Nelson. He was
consecrated with Abraham (q.v.) in Lambeth
Church on 29 Sep 1858, receiving later the
honorary D.D. of Oxford, Cambridge and Dur-
ham. Arriving in Nelson in Feb 1859, he atten-
ded the first general synod in Wellington before

394

 

HOBSON

his installation. Hobhouse had to carry out the
organisation of the new bishopric and its cOlll-
mittees and institutions. He visited every corner
of his wide diocese, on horseback or on foot,
opening new churches in many districts in Nel-
son, Marlborough and what is now north Can-
terbury. He naturally became involved in much
criticism, which he studiously ignored in the
interests of peace. The whole of his stipend he
devoted to diocesan objects, and he made the
splendid gift to the diocese of Bishopdale and
the first part of the old bishop's house.

Owing to failing health he intimated his in-
tention of resigning (Aug 1864). A few months
later his wife died. Released from his charge
in Dec 1865, he returned to England, to spend
many years in partial retirement. From 1869
to 1880 he was assistant to the Bishop of Lich-
field, and for one year chancellor of the diocese.
He died 20 Apr 1904.

Hobhouse married first (1858) Mary Eliza
beth, daughter of General the Hon John Brod-
rick; and second (1868) Anna, daughter of Dr
Williams, warden of New College. One of his
sons was the Ven Walter Hobhouse (Bampton
lecturer and editor of The Guardian).

Nelson Dice. Gaz., Oct 1933. Portrait: Nelson
Evening Mail, 11 Dec 1926.

HOBSON, WILLIAM (1793-1842) was born in
Waterford, Ireland, the son of Samuel Hobson,
assistant barrister for the county of Cork, and
his wife Martha Jones, who was seventh in
descent from Henry Jones, Bishop of Clogher
in the seventeenth century. In 1803 he entered
the Royal Navy as a second-class volunteer and
went to sea under the patronage of Sir John
Poo Beresford in the frigate Virginie. In 1805
he was appointed to the frigate Dart (28 guns),
in which he spent more than two years on the
West Indies station, seeing much active service
against pirates and privateers.

Passing for midshipman in 1806, Hobson was
appointed to the Temeraire, and in 1808 he
again served under Beresford in the Theseus
(74 guns). His only engagement of large ships
was when Willaumez made his escape from
Brest. He was present at the boat attack on the
French squadron in Basque roads, and also at
Walcheren. Hobson again served with Beres-
ford in the Poictiers (74 guns) in Portugal, and
was supernumerary lieutenant in the Dragon in

HOBSON

the West Indies. In 1812 he was appointed act-
ing-lieutenant, and afterwards lieutenant, of
the sloop Peruvian (18 guns), which captured
the American privateer John after a chase of
15 hours. In 1814 he was present at the opera-
tions on the coast of Maine, including the ex-
pedition up the Penobscot river and the reduc-
tion of Hamden. Returning to England in Jun
1815, the Peruvian cruised in the Channel to
gain tidings of the campaign of Waterloo, and
after the surrender of Napoleon was with the
escorting squadron which conveyed him to St
Helena. In his next ship, the Spey, Hobson
caw considerable service in the Mediterranean
against pirates. He distinguished himself in
command of the brig Frederick, which cut out
of Smyrna harbour the pirate brig William, of
Liverpool.

In the Tyne (28 guns) Hobson passed several
years operating against pirates in the West In-
dies. While on independent service in com:
mand of the schooners Eliza and Whim, he was
captured by Pepe Diablito in the port of
Camaguey and eight days later cast adrift in
the dismantled schooner without food, water or
instruments. Punitive operations resulted in the
capture of Aragonez, the leader of the band,
and the Zaragonaza, of 120 tons and 80 men.
During 1823 Hobson, with a small flotilla, prac-
tically demolished the piratical haunts in the
northern cays of Cuba, for which he received
the thanks of the Admiralty. While he was
again temporarily in the power of pirates the
command fell to Lieutenant Francis Liardet
(q.v.). Admiral Owen recommended Hobson
to the Admiralty as an officer ‘who to the most
persevering zeal unites discretion and sound
judgment." Promoted commander in May 1824,
he commissioned the Ferret (10 guns) early in
1825 and spent another year in the West In-
dies. He then commanded the sloop Scylla (18
guns) for two years, capturing the letter of
marque Diana, 20 guns and 170 men, in Jan
1827.

At the end of that year Hobson married, at
Nassau, Eliza, only daughter of a Scots West
India merchant, Robert Wear Elliott. He was
not again employed until 1834, six years after
paying off the Scylla, when, through the in-
terest of Lord Auckland (now First Lord) he
was posted to the frigate Rattlesnake (28 guns)
to join the flag of the admiral commanding in

395,

-----------------------Page 215 End-----------------------

HOBSON

the East Indies (Sir T. Bladen Capel). The
company which he selected for this ship in-
cluded three future admirals-To M. C.Symonds
(1813-94), Hastings R. Henry, afterwards Ya-
“erton, and P. F. Shortland (1815-88). Shortly
afterwards Lord Auckland was appointed Gov-
efnor-general of India. In 1836 the Rattle-
snake was detached to visit Austrdia. There
Hobson was under the orders of Sir Richard
Bourke, the Governor of New South Wales. He
assisted to establish the new colony at Port
Philip, where the Rattlesnake lay for three
months while her officers surveyed the harbour
and helped to layout the town of Melbourne.
Bourke directed that the northern arm of the
bay should bear Hobson's name. About this
time Hobson was mentioned for the post of
superintendent of the Bombay Marine, but he
was already contemplating settling in one of
the colonies, the climate of which was a great
attraction.

The precarious situation of British settlers
in New Zealand owing to the outbreak of a
tribal war at Bay of Islands induced Bourke
to despatch the Rattlesnake thither. Hobson
made a careful study of conditions in the coun-
try and, with the advice of Marsden (who was
visiting New Zealand at the time) and Henry
"Villiams, he made many contacts with native
chiefs, missionaries and the British Resident
(James Busby). On his return to New South
Wales he made an interesting report outlining
a scheme for the government of the country
through a system of factories similar to those
existing in India at that time. Despatches were
now received ordering the Rattlesnake to rejoin
the flag at Trincomalee in view of projected
operations against Burma in which,.as senior
officer, Hobson would take command. Counsels
of peace prevailed, however, and the Rattle-
snake proceeded to England and paid off. Again
unemployed, Hobson spent some months with
his family in Plymouth. The New Zealand
question was becoming more insistent, and Lord
Glenelg, when he retired from the post of
Secretary for the Colonies in Feb 1839, ex-
pressed the opinion that steps must be taken
to place British authority there on a definite
basis. His successor (Lord Normanby) was im-
pelled to act by reports of French activities
and by the preparations made by the New Zea
land Company to establish a colony in New

HOBSON

Zealand. He considered the reports of Hobson
and Busby on the proposed form of govern-
ment, and decided to send an officer, in the
capacity of consul, who might treat with the
chiefs for the cession of sovereignty over portion
or all of the country, and then become lieut-
enant-governor therein, subject to the jurisdic-
tion of the governor of New South Wales. Hob-
son was chosen for the post (1 Jul 1839). On
14 Aug he received from the Secretary of State
carefully drawn instructions, which laid em-
phasis upon the desire of the British Govern-
ment to deal honestly with the natives and to
safeguard their future interests against the en-
croachments of white settlement. He was not to
be provided with a military force, nor even
with the power to raise a militia of the white
population.

On 25 Aug (four months after the departure
of the Company's ship Tory) Hobson sailed
with his wife-and family, in H.M.S. Druid. In
his party was Willoughby Shortland (q.v.), with
whose family at Plymouth the Hobsons had
lived on terms of close intimacy. Arriving in
Port Jackson on 24 Dec, Hobson spent several
weeks consulting with the Governor (Sir George
Gipps) 2s to the machinery of government he
should erect in New Zealand, the relations of
New Zealand to New South Wales, the officids
who should be taken to inaugurate the admin-
istration, and proclamations which were con-
sidered necessary to stop land speculation in tlle
prospective colony. He sailed for New Zealand
as a passenger in H.M.S. Herald (Captain
Joseph Nias), and arrived at Bay of Islands on
29 Jan 1840. He at once got into touch with
the British Resident (Busby) and the leading
members of the Church Missionary Society. On
the following day, in the mission church at
Kororareka, he read his commission, extending
the limits of the colony of New South Wales,
and appointing him Lieutenant-governor over
such part of New Zealand as might be ceded
in sovereignty to the Queen. A memorial of the
act was drawn up and signed by 40 European
witnesses. Hobson then read proclamations an-
nouncing his assumption of office and warning
claimants to land that only such claims as
were derived from, or confirmed by, a grant
from the crown would be held valid. Invitations
were sent out for a meeting of chiefs to be held
at Waitangi on 5 Feb to discuss the proposed

396

 

HOBSON

ion of sovereignty. In all these proceedings
Hobson was cordially assisted by the mission-
aries and the Resident. At the meeting on 5
Feb, and at subsequent meetings both at Wai-
tangi and at other places in the north of
Auckland, the chiefs signed the instrument
ceding sovereignty to the Queen, and copies
were thereafter taken elsewhere to receive the
signatures of more distant chiefs On 8 Feb
the British flag was hoisted and saluted with 21
guns to celebrate the cession.

Having attended similar meetings in the Ho-
kianga district, Hobson sailed on 21 Feb in the
Herald for the dual purpose of obtaining signa-
tures and inspecting the Waitemata district,
which Williams had recommended as the site
for the capita. On 1 Mar, as the result of
fatigue and anxiety, he suffered a stroke of
paralysis which temporarily incapacitated him
for duty, and on the advice of Williams he was
taken to the mission station at Waimate for
rest and medical care. The Herald returned to
Port Jackson for provisions, taking George
Cooper, the officid whom Gipps had expected
to assume office in such a contingency.

Gipps in the circumstances decided to send
to New Zealand Major Thomas Bunbury (q.v.),
of the 80th Regiment, who had been acting as
Governor of Norfolk Island, the understanding
being that if he should find Hobson incapable
of continuing his office Bunbury would assume
the administration, with a salary of £1,000 a
year. Hobson meanwhile had responded to the
careful treatment he was receiving, and when
Bunbury arrived at’ Bay of Islands in the
Buffalo with a detachment of soldiers (16 Apr)
he found Hobson had moved from Waimate to
Paihia and had resumed almost the full burden
of his duties. On the advice of his officids he
had entered into an agreement with Captain
Clendon for the purchase of his property at
Okiato, in Bay of Islands, as a temporary seat
of government. Bunbury co-operated loyally
with Hobson in completing the cession of sov-
ereignty, and at his request went to the south-
ern parts of the country collecting signatures
of chiefs. The Herald sailed for this purpose
on 27 Apr, and the Queen's sovereignty was
proclaimed at Stewart island and (as regards
the South Island) at Cloudy bay (on 17 Jun).
Shortland meanwhile had been sent to Port
Nicholson to display the dignity and authority

 

HOBSON

of the Crown amongst a body of settlers of the
New Zealand Company who had been arriving
in a series of ships since 22 Jan. Shortly after
Bunbury's departure for the south Hobson re-
ceived word from Port Nicholson of the pro-
ceedings of the settlers there. Acting under a
voluntary agreement which they had signed be-
fore leaving. England, they had constituted a
committee or council for their own salf-govern-
ment, with legal officers purporting to act in
the capacity of magistrates. On 14 Apr this
tribunal adjudicated upon the complaint of a
settler against the captain of the British brig
Integrity. The defendant, refusing to acknow-
ledge the authority of such a court, was com-
mitted to prison, and an attempt by his men
to release him was repulsed by the settlers. He
escaped from custody, however, and sailed for
Bay of Islands to complain to the Governor.
Believing the settlers at Port Nicholson guilty
of high treason, Hobson on 21 May proposed
to send Shortland with a detachment of troops
to enforce obedience. In order to validate any
action which Shortland might take he published
two proclamations (dated 21 May), the one
taking possession of the North Island by virtue
of the cession of sovereignty by the chiefs, and
the other taking possession of New Zealand by
right of discovery. A third proclamation (23
May) declared the settlers’ council illegal and
ordered it to disband. Shortland left in the
Integrity for Port Nicholson, where he arrived
on 2Jun. On the 4th he read his proclamations
with ceremony before an eager and’ hospitable
community which sent to Hobson addresses of
loyalty. In Jul the French corvette Aube arrived
in the Bay of Islands. As French settlers were
also on the water, bound for Akaroa, Hobson
despatched thither H.M.S. Britomart (Captain
Owen Stanley) with magistrates to hold courts
in token of the existence of British authority.
The Company's settlers, who had influential
support in Great Britain, urged. Hobson more
than once to establish his capital at Port Nichol-
son, where at the moment the largest British
community was now settled. He had, however,
made up his mind that the position on the
Waitemata was the best. In Sep the land
was purchased and formally proclaimed as
the capital, and in Feb 1841 the Government
shifted its headquarters there. The house
which had been brought from England in the

397

-----------------------Page 216 End-----------------------

HOBSON

Company's ship Platina was accordingly erec-
ted, the Britomart's officers helped to survey the
bay, and Felton Mathew laid out the city with
some resemblance to the plan of Bath.

The founding of the new town inevitably
attracted labourers from the southern settle
ment, and brought upon Hobson the further
reproaches of tlle Company's settlers. The dis
allowance of the Company's purported pur-
chases of land also caused the settlers at Port
Nicholson grave anxiety. Their ably-conducted
press bitterly attacked Hobson as the cause of
their troubles. Since the mother colony of New
South Wales declined to provide for its depen-
dency, Hobson was embarrassed by lack of
money, and he was handicapped from the outset
by the indifferent quality of his officids. Public
meetings in Wellington demanded the recall of
the Governor. When despatches artived which
announced the separation of New Zealand
from New South W'des and its erection into an
independent colony, the Port Nicholson settlers
adopted an address congratulating him upon
his promotion, but repeating all the arguments
previously used to induce him to make his
home in Wellington. Hobson replied in con-
ciliatory terms, and took the first opportunity
(in Aug 1841) of paying a visit to Wellington.
He was on friendly terms with Colonel Wake-
fidd, the principal agent, whom he desired to
appoint a magistrate; but the question of a
site for the Company's second settlement was
a fresh cause of friction. Fearing that the
settlements were not strong enough to main-
tain themselves against possible native hostility,
Hobson discouraged further dispersion, and for
that reason declined to allow the new colony
to be planted at Port Cooper. He offered a site
at Mahurangi, north of Auckland, which Wake-
fied rejected. The colony was finally located
at Nelson, where the land available was not
adequate. Far from his own official head, Hob-
son was anxious to propitiate what he recog-
nised as a valuable body of settlers and the
powerful Company behind them, but the bitter
hostility of the Port Nicholson press and the
truculence of some of their leaders militated
against the establishment of cordial relations.
Having comforted the southern settlers with
an assurance as to the occupation of their
lands, relieved them in respect to customs
duties, and provided regular courts, Hob-

HOBSON

son returned to Auckland. During 1841
three officials of high character and attainments
were sent from England to New Zealand,
thereby considerably lightening Hobson's re-
sponsibility and strengthening his councils.
William Swainson (q.v.) took office as Attorney-
general, William Martin (q.v.) as Chief Justice,
and shortly aftenvards George Augustus Sdwyn
(qv.) @ Bishop of New Zealand. About the
same time came despatches from the Colonial
Secretary censuring Shortland and Mathew for
their part in the land sdes at Auckland and
the purchase of the usdess site at Russell
(Okiato).

Hobson had as yet little grounds for the
feding that the Colony was secure. A
triad at Maketu for the murder of the
Roberton family at Motu Arohia, Bay of
Islands (20 Nov 1841) terminated in the execu-
tion of the murderer (7 Mar 1842). While it
was in progress the safety of the colonists hung
in the balance. It was the wise and sympathe-
tic hearing of the case by Martin rather than
the available military force that vindicated
British authority. Shortly afterwards, the Ngati-
Maru chief Taraia reverted to the worst
savagery of the race by devouring two of his
enemies. The executive council was inclined
to use its small force against this powerful
offender, but Taraia insisted that the quarrel
was purely a native one, in which the Govern-
ment had no right to intervene. Fearing the
consequences with so small a military force to
support him, Hobson sent the protector of
aborigines to remonstrate with Taraia, and the
incident ended. Hobson's financial difficulties
were grave. The revenues of the Colony were
quite inadequate for the expenses of the admin-
istration, and with the adyice of his Council, he
issued bills on the British Treasury. In due
course they were dishonoured, and he was rep-
rimanded for adopting that forbidden expedi-
ent. The struggling settlers of Auckland now
joined their criticism to that of Wellington
and demanded the recall of the Governor.
Hobson was too ill to receive the deputation,
and he died on 10 Sep 1842. +Had he lived a
few weeks longer: says Swainson, +he would
have been cheered by the knowledge that his
general administration of the affairs of New
Zealand was approved by her Majesty's Gov-
ernment: and that he might count on official

398

 

 

HOCHSTETTER

support *against the exaggerated pretensions of
the Company and their agents.

Hobson had many good qualities. Energy,
decision and judgment he had aways shown
in times of action. He was a plain, practical
naval officer, with wide experience, a high sense
of justice and devotion to duty. Reeves says
that +most of his good" deeds were his own.’
He had a deeply religious nature, and was
earnestly desirous that the natives of New Zea
land should suffer no hurt from his adminis-
tration and from the historic instrument by
which they ceded their country to the British
crown. Mrs Hobson died in 1876.

Hobson's only son, WILLIAM ROBERT (1831-
80) was also a midshipman in the Navy. At the
age of 20 he served in the Plover and other
relief ships searching for Sir John Franklin in
Behring straits (1851-55). He had great experi-
ence of sledge travel, and in 1857 McClintock
asked for his services in the new expedition in
the Fox. With one sledge drawn by four men
and another by seven dogs Hobson discovered
relics on King William island which established
the fate of the explorer (3 May 1859). He was
promoted commander and appointed to the
Pantaloon (1860). In 1862 he commanded the
Vigilant in operations in the Persian gulf
He was promoted captain in 1866 and retired,
dying on 11 Oct 1880.

Admiralty records in Public Record office;
G.B.OP., 1840/238; 1841/311; N.z. Gaz.; Hist.
Rec. Aust.; MS. letters in Turnbull Library; New
South Wales Gaz.; Scholefield, Hobson (p); J. C.
Beaglehole, Captain Hobson and the New Zealand
Company; Buick, Waitangi and Akaroa; Bunbury;
Marsden, L. and ].; Gisborne; Harrop, England
and New Zealand; Carleton; James, Naval History ;
Rusden; Swainson; Reeves; E. J. Wakefield. Por-
trait by Collins in Auckland Public Library (copy
by James Macdonald in National Portrait Gallery) .

HOCHSTETTER, FERDINAND VON (1829-
84) was born at Esslingen, Wurtemberg, the
son of Professor Christian Ferdinand Hochstet-
ter, the principal clergyman in the town and a
naturalist and botanist. After passing through
the grammar school in his native town, he went
to the seminary at Maulbronn to study theo-
logy, but after passing (1851) he was drawn
to the study of mineralogy, palaeontology and
geology and proceeded, with his doctorate of
philosophy (1852) on a year's tour of study. In

HOCHSTETTER

1853 he was employed in the Austrian geolo-
gical survey, becoming assistant geologist in
4854 and chief geologist for Bohemia in 1856.
He made a close study of the geology of the
Bohmenvald and lectured in the University of
Vienna,

In 1857 Hochstetter was chosen to accompany
the Novara expedition, and he arrived in Auck-
land in that frigate on 22 Dec 1858. His ser-
vices were sought by the Auckland provincial
government to examine the coalfields in the
province. On the strength of his report the
general Government obtained leave for Hoch-
stetter to remain eight months in New Zealand
to report on its geology, natural history and
physical geography. This commission he achiev-
ed with a staff which included Haast and
Heaphy. He spent two months examining the
formations near Auckland and then proceeded
to Waikato, Whaingaroa, Bay of Plenty and
the thermal district. In Jun he visited Coro-
mandel, the Great Barrier and Kawau, and on
28 Julleft for Nelson, where he remained until
2 Oct, when he left for Sydney. In Nelson he
examined the Dun mountain copper deposits
and lake Rotoiti, but could not visit the Alps.

Artiving back in Austria in Jan 1860,
Hochstetter received many distinctions from the
Emperor and scientific societies. He was ap-
pointed professor of geology and mineralogy at
the Technical University of Vienna. In Jun
he took to London the two young Maori who,
had accompanied him to Europe and embarked
them with their printing press in the Caduceus
for New Zealand. He was busy at this time
working up the collections made in New Ze
land and preparing his reports. In Apr 1861 he
married Georgina Bengough, daughter of the
English director of the Vienna gasworks. In
1862 he was granted leave to complete his book
on New Zealand, which was published first in
German in Apr 1863. In May 1864 he pub-
lished his scientific work on the geology of New
Zealand for the Novara publications, and in
Dec the first half of the paleontology of New
Zealand appeared. In 1864 he made a special
study of prehistoric lake dwellings in Europe,
and in 1865 he prepared for the Imperial In-
stitute a report on cilfiads in western Galicia.

Having failed to find an English publisher
for the book on New Zealand, he had it trans-
lated into English by an American (Edward

399

-----------------------Page 217 End-----------------------

HOCKEN

Sauter) and it was printed by Cotta, of Stutt-
gart, the New Zealand Parliament having voted
£525 for the purchase of 500 copies. In 1867
he was elected president of the Imperial Geo-
graphical Society of Vienna, a position which
he held until his health failed in 1882. His
other Novara publications were now brought
out, and he prepared many text books for
higher schools. In 1867 he went to Paris to
report on the metallurgical products in the
Exhibition, and in Sep of that year the English
edition of the New Zealand book made its
appearance. He was now suffering severely
from an affection of the throat and, hoping
that it might benefit his health, he got leave to
act as consulting geologist to the Turkish Great
Railway Co. For this work he received the order
of the Medjidieh.

Hochstetter was one of the first promoters
of the Austrian North Polar expedition of
Payer and Laube, and he raised funds for the
second expedition, in the Tegethoff. As a mem-
ber of the commission for the Imperial Exhibi-
tion in Vienna in 1873, he persuaded New
Zealand to take part. In 1872 he was appointed
scientific lecturer to the Crown Prince Rudolph,
with whom he travelled in the Austrian alps.
In 1876 he became director-general of the Im-
perial Museum, to which he devoted his un-
divided attention after being pensioned from
the University in 1881. Hochstetter, as head of
the Museum, and by reason of his friendship
with von Haast, was the means of effecting
many valuable exchanges of exhibits between
New Zealand and European museums. In 1877
the last sets of the Novara publications reached
New Zealand. He was also responsible for the
appointment of a competent taxidermist (An-
dreas Reischek, qv.) for the Canterbury Mu-
seum. It is due to the continuing interest that
Hochstetter took in New Zealand that this
Colony's section in the Museum in Vienna is
s0 complete and generously equipped. He died
on 21 Jul 1884.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; Buller; biography by Sir
Julius von Haast in N.z. Joum: of Scienca, ii, no.
5, Sep 1884 (p); N.z. Herald, 25 Jul 1884. Por-
trait? Bust in’ Canterbury Museum by Victor
Tilgner.

HOCKEN, THOMAS MORLAND (1836-1910)
was the son of the Rev J. Hocken, of Stamford,
England. Educated at The Grove, Yorkshire,

 

HOCKEN

and at Durham University and Dublin, he
qualified in medicine (F.R.C.S, Eng., 1860;
LSA.) and spent two years as a surgeon on
the steamer Great Britain trading between Eng-
land and Australia. In 1862 he settled in Dune-
din and began to practise, being honorary
surgeon at the Dunedin hospital and the bene-
volent institution and for 22 years coroner.
He took a great interest in such social move-
ments as the Patients’ and Prisoners’ Aid society
and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals.

Hocken's claim to recognition arises out of
his interest in New Zealand history and his life
long collection of literature relating to it. For
many years he was collecting books, maps,
manuscripts and prints with such care and per-
sistence that his library before his death con-
stituted a body of published books and original
source material unique in New Zealand. He
devoted special attention to Samuel Marsden.
and secured from the Church Missionary Society
and other sources a remarkable collection of
documents relating to him. At an early stage
he began to read papers on New Zealand his
tory and to contribute to the press, the proceed-
ings of the Otago Institute and the transactions
of the New Zealand Institute.

In 1898 he published his first important book
Contributions to the Early History of New Zea-
land (relating to the foundations of Otago pro-
vince). In 1901 he visited England and exam-
ined the papers of the New Zealand Company
and of the missionary societies and other arc-
hives. He then devoted himself closdy to the
compilation of his Bibliography of the Litera-
ture Relating to New Zealand (1909) a
patiently compiled volume which has since been
the standard work in that sphere of research.
Another volume, lectures on the Early History
of New Zealand, was posthumously published
in 1914, with a memoir by Sir George Fenwick.
In 1896 Hocken offered his library to Otago
University to form the nucleus of a New Zea
land historical collection. It was subsequently
housed in the Hocken wing of the Otago
Museum, where its treasures have been of great
service to the student and the historical re
searcher.

Hocken was a member of many learned so-
cieties, including the New Zealand Institute,
the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal His

400

 

 

HOCKLY

torical. Society and cognate bodies in foreign
countnes. In 1884 he was elected a fellow of
the Linnaean Society in recognition of his con-
tributions to science. He contributed frequently
to the proceedings of the Australasian Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science. He was
the first lecturer in surgery at Otago University
and was a member of the council of that insti-
tution from 1883. A few months before his
death (which occurred on 17 May 1910) he
succeeded to the position of vice-chancellor.
Hocken's report on the papers of the New
Zealand Company was followed a few years
later by the transfer to the New Zealand Gov-
ernment of all documents regarded by him as
being of insufficient value to be retained in the
principal collection of records (which is in the
Public Record Office in London). Though of
secondary importance from the archive point
of View, they form a valuable and interesting
source for historical research. They include
duplicate copies of most of the despatches from
the Company's agents in New Zealand and arc
especially rich in loose papers, drafts of des-
patches and notes of proceedings in the hand of
Edward Gibbon Wakefield.
Hocken, op. cit.; Fulton; Fenwick, cit supra. +
The Pl'ess, 3 Apr, 20 Aug 1909; Otago Daily Times,
23 May 1910.

HOCKLY, FRANK FRANKLIN (1865-1936)
was born at Orrell, Lancashire, the son of Cap-
tain E. M. Hockly. Educated at Hutton Hall,
Dumfries, he arrived in New Zealand by the
Lady Jocelyn (1884) and took up land at Ma
kuri, Hunterville, and eventually at Te Awa
mutu. He was a member for nine years and
chairman for five of the Kiwitea county coun-
Of. Tn Waikato he was president of the second
Auckland district military service board. He
took a keen interest in the Farmers’ Union, be-
ing a delegate to several Dominion conferences
and chairman of a sub-provincial branch.

Hockly contested the Parliamentary seat for
Rangitikei in 1909 and the Waimarino in 1911.
In 1919 he was elected Reform member for Ro-
torna (where he was defeated by Clinkard in
(1928). He was for some years chairman of
the lands committee of the House and in 1926
was elected chairman of committees. He died
on 7 Oct 1936.

N.Z.P.D., 13 Oct 1936; Who's Who N.Z., 1932;
Evening Post, 7 Oct 1936 (p).

401

HODGKINSON

HODGKINS, WILLIAM MATHEW (1833-98)
was born in Liverpool. . He was for a while em-
ployed in the patents office in’ London and in
1856 by Waterlow and Sons. Interested in art,
he spent two yeas in the Latin quarter of
Paris. In 1858 he sailed for Melbourne in the
White Star, and in 1860 came to Otago. He
first entered -the office of Gillies and Richmond,
and then became articled clerk to Howorth and
Barton. On Barton's retirement he joined
Howorth in practice, retiring in 1885.

Hodgkins was eminent amongst water colour
painters in New Zealand, ranking with Gully
and J. C. Richmond. He travelled widely and
painted many New Zealand landscapes. He was
a founder of the Otago Art society (1876) and
president (1880-98). He married (1866) a
daughter of John S. Parker (Sydney). He died
on 9 Jan 1898.

Otago Daily Times, 10 Feb 1898.

HODGKINSON, SAMUEL (1817-1914) was
born at Babworth, Nottingham; and received
his education at the Retford day schools and
the Collegiate Grammar School at Southwell
At the age of 17 he was apprenticed to Dr Va-
entine Williams in Nottingham (with whom
one of his earliest experiences was a cholera
epidemic). On completing his apprenticeship
in 1838, Hodgkinson studied at Apothecaries’
Hall and the Royal College of Surgeons, Lon-
don. There he saw something of his relative
Millais and of Clement Hodgkinson, his uncle
(afterwards an explorer in Australia). In 1840
he gained the diploma of the Society of Apothe-
caries and membership of the Royal College,
and went to Paris to walk the hospitals.

Returning to England he was appointed
house siurgeon to the Newark-on-Trent hospital
and dispensary. While there he became inter-
ested in the New Zealand Company, and was
appointed surgeon superintendent in the ship
Bombay. Arriving in Nelson on 14 Dec 1842,
Hodgkinson spent a little time in Wellington,
and then took passage to Valparaiso, and joined
an American whaler, which landed him in New
Bedford in Jun 1843. Mter travelling for some
time in the United States, he returned to Eng-
land and entered into practice again.

In 1846 he was appointed by the Colonisation
Commissioners as surgeon superintendent to the

-----------------------Page 218 End-----------------------

HODGKINSON

David Malcolm, bound with emigrants to Port
Adelaide. From there he went to Port Philip
and Warrnambool, and after spending some
time in Victoria he crossed in 1851 to Canter-

bury (encouraged by the recommendations of
Frederick Tuckett and Sir William Martin).
Hodgkinson assisted G. D. Lockhart with a ship-
ment of stock and before the year was out took
up (in partnership with Hunter Brown) the
Deans Peaks and Doctor's Hills stations in north
Canterbury (including what is now Waipara
downs). By next year they had 1,500 sheep
running on 29,000 acres. In 1852 Hodgkinson
was compelled by ill-health to visit England,
and he published a pampWet on emigration
to Canterbury. In 1855, while he was absent

G. H. Moore purchased the run. While in
England, Hodgkinson married a granddaughter
(who d. 1902) of the Earl of Gosford. He
played some part during this visit in persuading
William Rolleston to make his home in New
Zealand.

Coming to New Zealand in 1857 in the ship
Joseph Fletcher, the Hodgkinsons landed at
Auckland, and lived for a time at Parnell. They
purchased land at Remuera at £30 per acre, and
built a cottage. Not caring for the climate of
Auckland, Hodgkinson in Jan 1859, with Dr
Buchanan, rode from Dunedin to Invercargill,
and from there walked with W. H. Pearson to
Riverton. He purchased for £1,000 cash J. P.
Taylor's Wairaka property, but sold again
almost immediately and selected 900 acres at
the foot of the Longwoods. He brought his
family down in May 1860. In Jun 1861 they
moved to Riverton, and Hodgkinson chose the
homestead site at Fairfax. The house was built
and occupied in the middle of 1862.

When SoutWand gained separation from
Otago Hodgkinson declined to stand for the
superintendency. Towards the end of 1864 he
was elected to the Provincial Council for River-
ton, and he threw in his weight to secure the
election of Taylor as Superintendent. He was
a member of the executive (1865-66). In 1869
he moved to Invercargill and retired from the
Council, entering into medical practice for a
short time with Monckton. He fought strenu-
ously against the reunion of SoutWand with
Otago, and re-entered the Council in Sep 1870
with that object. When the province was ex-
tinguished Hodgkinson gave up his practice,

HODGSON

but devoted much time to education, temper-
ance, and other objects.

In 1876 he was elected to represent Riverton
in Parliament, in which he was a staunch sup-
porter of Grey. He did not seek re-election in
1879. In 1887 he was elected for Wallace,
which he represented until 1890. His motion for
an elective executive was only defeated by 27
votes to 25; he tried to reduce the members’
honorarium according to the length of the ses-
sion; and he took steps to have the grave
of Wakefield in Wellington cared for, and to
have a portrait of the coloniser hung in the
town hall in Invercargill. He continued to be
active in Invercargill, sitting on the bench, do-
ing duty as coroner, and on the hospital and
charitable aid board (1885) and the education
board (1889). He had throughout life a vol-
uminous correspondence with scientific men (in-
cluding Lecky and Goldwin Smith); and he
wrote many pampWets on social and political
topics. As long ago as 1860 he wrote on close
settlement versus large estates; and for many
years after the passing of the education act in
1877 he advocated Bible reading in state
schools. Hodgkinson died on 10 Jan 1914.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Hoc-
ken; Roberts; Fulton, p 7482 (p); Acland;
Southland Times, 11 Jan 1914; Otago Daily Times,
16 Aug 1930 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

HODGSON, WILLIAM CHARLES (1826-94)
was born at Chorley, Lancashire, the son of
William Hodgson, a Manchester cotton spin-
ner. Having lost his money by the introduction
of the power loom, and having married his
deceased wife's sister (then forbidden by the
law of the Church) William Hodgson came to
New Zealand in the Himalaya, arriving in Nel-
son in 144. He took up 50 acres of land at
Wakapuaka, upon which he and his family
struggled in vain to establish themselves. The
father died in 1847 and the son, who had been
educated at the Manchester Grammar School
and had hoped to go to Oxford, taught the
private school which had been established in
Nelson by Thomas Arnold (qv.). He after-
wards taught under the education board at
Wakapuaka, and in 1863 was appointed inspec-
tor of schools. He represented Nelson in the
Provincial Council in 1865. Hodgson retired
in 1893 and died on 28 Jul 1894. A man of

402

 

HODSON

great literary taste and classical learning, Hodg-
son wrote a good deal of verse, the quality of
which ranks very high amongst New Zealand
poetry. Classical allusion and graceful diction
abound, some of the choicest of his verse being
English versions of Greek poems. A volume
of his poetry, selected by A. A. Grace (who also
wrote a biographical introduction) was publish-
ed in 1896. A sister of Hodgson married J. W.
Barnicoat (q.v.).

Cycl. N.Z., v; Grande; Hodgson, op. cit. (p);
The Colonist, Jul 1894.

HODSON, JAMES EDMUND (4d. 1900) settled
early in Marlborough, where he had a sheep
run. He represented Awatere in the Marl-
borough Provincial Council (1870-74) and was
a member of the executive twice during that
term. On moving into Blenheim to live he
represented the town (1874-75). He was mayor
of Blenheim in 1875-76, and was a member of
the education board and other local bodies.

Cyol. NZ, v.

HOGBEN, GEORGE (1853-1920) who was born
in. London, was the son of a Congregational
Illillister, and attended a Congregational school
in Lewisham, Kent, where he won a scholarship
which took him to Nottingham (1867-69). Mter
, some years in the civil service as Junior auditor
in the office of the controller-general, he en-
tered St Catherine's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. (1877) and M.A. (1881) after
a distinguished career. In 1881 he came to New
Zealand as science master of the Christchurch
Boys’ High School, from which he was appointed
Inspector of schools to the North Canterbury
education board (1887). Hebecame rector of the
Timaru Boys High School (1889) and inspector-
general of schools in 1899. During his 16 years
in this office (1899-1915) a large number of re-
forms in the education system of New Zealand,
culminating in the Education Act of 1914, were
effected. In 1907 Hogben represented New
Zealand at the education conference in London.
In the year of his retirement (1915) his title
was changed to director of education, and he
was awarded the C.M.G. Hogben was an
authority on seismology and a fellow of the
Geological Society. He died on 26 Apr 1920.
His wife was a daughter of Edward Dobson,
C.E., of Canterbury. He published a number of
works on education.

403

HOGG

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Butchers (p); Nz.
Graphic, 16 Sep 1893; Evening Post, 26 Apr 1980.

HOGG, ALEXANDER WILSON (1845-1920)
was born in Glasgow and educated ili. the prim-
ary schools there and at tlle Andersonian Col-
lege. At the age of 13 he emigrated to Victoria,
where he engaged in mining, storekeeping and
journalism. "He helped to form a miners’ pro-
tectIOn Teague, one object of which was to in-
stitute courts of arbitration in place of courts
of law. In 1877 he crossed to Dunedin, and
was on the staff of the Southern Mercury and
for some years manager and editor of the Dune-
din Age. From there he went to Ashburton,
where he conducted a paper, then to Timaru
and finally he became part proprietor and
editor of the Wairarapa Star (Masterton)
(1881-92).

Hogg was elected to Parliament for Master-
ton in 1890 as a Liberal, and sat continuously
for that electorate till 1911, when he was de-
feated by G. R. Sykes. He was chairman of the
lands committee (1902-05). In 1909 he was
Minister of Labour and Customs in the Ward
Government, but he withdrew owing to a dif-
ference of opinion on matters of policy. He
was a member of the school committee, the
Wellington education board, the licensing com-
mittee and the land board (1889-1904), and of
the Victoria College council (1898-1913). A
fearless and outspoken politician, Hogg was
scarcaly fitted for the restrictions of team work
and found it difficult to attune his opinions to
those of the cabinet, with which he worked for
only a few months. He was a firm believer in
the leasehold tenure and in small settlement,
and fought unceasingly for the formation of
roads in the backblocks. Hogg died on 16 Nov
1920.

NZ.P.D., 11, 14 Mar 1921; Russell (p); Evening
Post, 18 Nov 1920. Portrait: Parliament House.

HOGG, DAVID (1811-80), the first Presby-
terian Illlllister In Wanganui, was born at Had-
dington, Scotland, and educated in Edinburgh.
He was ordained in the United Presbyterian
Church of Scotland and built up a new con-
gregation in East Lothian. His brother, Peter
Dodds Hogg, was sub-collector of customs at
Port Nicholson (1841), and temporarily filled
the post of chief collector of revenue at Auck-
land, and commissioner of audit (after the re-

-----------------------Page 219 End-----------------------

HOGGARD

signation of George Cooper 1843). In 1845 he
was stationed at Nelson and a few months later
at Wellington. He was drowned at sea about
1850. David Hogg came to New Zealand in the
Slains Castle (1852), and was appointed to
Wanganui, where he preached in a toetoe whare
to 30 people in Jan 1853. He retired about
1870 and died in 1880.

Family information; C)'cl. N.Z., i; Ward; Woon.

HOGGARD, JOHN FARR (1815-71) spent his
early life in the West Indies, but went to Eng-
land for his education and is believed to have
attended one of the leading universities and to
have entered upon a medical course. Having
money, he sailed for Australia towards the end
of 1839 and there made the acquaintance of one
or two other young men, who joined him in the
purchase of a small vessel in which they crossed
to Mangonui, walking thence overland to Bay
of Islands. He did not intend to stay in New
Zealand, but after a visit to Sydney in Sep 1840
he made his home here. He seems to have been
in business with Daniel Pollen (q.v.) for some
little time in Auckland, and in 1843 joined the
civil service as a clerk. In 1844 he was trans-
ferred to Wellington, where he practically per-
formed the duties of postmaster, though nom-
inally collector of customs. In 1853 he was
appointed postmaster, and he held that position
until his death (on 4 Sep 1871). Hoggard was
a man of some culture and a pleasing person-
ality.

Records Pos and Telegraph department; D.
Robertson, Rist. of Wellington Post Office.

TE HOIKA, WIREMU NAHIRA (71812-1903)
a Ngati-Tahu chieftain, was born at Kaiapohia,
and took part in the last tribal wars. He
escaped from one of the raids of Te Rauparaha,
but was captured at the sack of Kaiapohia and
afterwards released. In 1844 he was present at
the sale of the South Island lands, and he was
also present when Kemp arrived in the Fly at
Akaroa harbour to pay for the block. Te Hoika
gave evidence in the native land court (1878)
and before the royal commission (1879) tend-
ing to show that threats had been used to in-
duce the natives to agree to the sale. In 1850
he settled at Tuahiwi, Canterbury. He assisted
Canon Stack to obtain the church glebe in
1859, and was present at the laying of the foun-

HOLLAND

dation stone of St Stephen's (1867). For some
years he was chairman of the runanga. He died
on 8 Dec 1903.

The Press, 6 Feb 1903.

HOLDSWORTH, JOSEPH GODFREY (1824-
84) was born in London. Arriving in Welling-
ton in 1853, he entered into business with John
Knowles. He represented the City of Welling-
ton in the Provincial Council (1856-57), and
resigned to accept the position of paymaster of
roads. This entailed much horseback travelling
in Manawatu and Wairarapa. In 1870 Holds-
worth was appointed commissioner of crown
lands for Wellington, a position he held till a
few months before his death (on 16 Aug 1884).
He was the first president of the Y.M.C.A. in
Wellington, and was chairman of the Bene-
volent Institution (1878).

‘A son, SIR CHARLES HOLDSWORTH (1863-1935)
who was educated at Wellington College, be
came managing director of the Union Steam-
ship Co. of New Zealand (Kt. Bach. 1926).

Ward; Jourdain; Who's Who N.Z,, 1982; Cycl
NZ, i, P 475.

HOLLAND, HENRY EDMUND (1868-1933)
was born on 10 Jun 1868 at Ginninderra, near
Canberra, New South Wales, and was educated
in the Stone Hut (a provisional school) at Can-
berra and in the public school at Ginninderra.
At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to print-
ing in the office of the Queanbeyan Times,
where he spent five years. He took a lively
interest in social matters and, reading as widely
as local resources would permit, laid the foun-
dations of a deep culture. He was much in-
fluenced by Bellamy's Looking Backward, Karl
Marx's Capital and Henry George's Progress
and Poverty; had an intimate knowledge of
both Old and New Testament philosophy,
especially in its bearing on human reélation-
ships; and became a zedous member of the
Salvation Army.

‘At the end of his apprenticeship Holland

went to Sydney, where he made acquaintance *”

with slums, poverty and unemployment, be-
came a loyal trades unionist and a member of
the Australian Socialist league and (some years
later) of the Australian Electoral league. In
4888 he married a playmate of his boyhood,
Annie McLachlan. He help to form the

404

 

 

 

HOLLAND

Sydney tailoresses' union and was its first presi-
dent. When he was editing The Vedette in
Grenfell the union invited him to conduct
their case in court; and he cycled 300 miles
to do so (without fee). He was the leader in
1901 of a strike of tailoresses which assumed
state-wide proportions and ultimately produced
great improvements in the wages, hours of
labour and conditions of the women workers
concerned. An outspoken advocate of labour
rights, he thus early risked the ordeal of im-
prisonment for his opinions, which in later
days held no terrors for him. He was in fact
imprisoned in 1896, 1909 and 1913-14 as the
result of his writings and speeches at Newcastle,
Broken Hill and Wellington (New Zealand).
Ill-health caused Holland in 1912 to come to
New Zealand, where he at once became asso-
ciated with the Labour movement, then in its
infancy, and threw himself with quiet but
determined energy into the advocacy of labour
principles. He was appointed editor of the
Maoriland Worker, which he conducted for
nearly six years with conspicuous success. A
fluent writer with an incisive, logical style, he
expressed the views of his party with such force
and effect that he was recognised during the
struggles of 1912 and 1913 (including the Waihi
strike) as a coming factor in the success of the
party. He exerted every effort in support of
the unity movement. In the Worker he led the
fight against conscription during the war of
1914.18. His first parliamentary contest was in
Wellington North in 1914 (against Herdman).
Again in 1918 he stood (against Sir John Luke),
but he did not gain a seat in Parliament until
4918, when the disqualification of P. C. Webb
caused a vacancy for Grey. At the by-election
(on 29 May 1918) Holland defeated T. E.
Coates by 2,865 votes to 2,717. This electorate
was abolished in the following year, when he
defeated D. Q. O'Brien (by 3,545 votes to 2,542)
for the Buller seat, which he held until his
death
On the death of A. H. Hindmarsh (qv.) in
1919, Holland was elected leader of the Parlia
mentary Labour party, which then occupied
the cross benches. Mter the election of 1925
Labour became the second strongest party in
the House, but in 1928 it again found itself
the weakest party and returned to the cross
benches. Holland did the party a great service

HOLLAND

in his clear and explicit statement of the aims
of Labour, not only in the press and in party
propaganda, but in public and parliamentary
speeches. He defended with the greatest per-
tmadty the pnvdeges gained for Labour in a
succession of acts passed by the Ballance and
Seddon Governments, and gradually brought the
Labour party to occupy in the public mind the
position of successors of the Liberals of the
nineties. He marked the end of what might
be termed the battle between ins and outs. He
believed in increasing socialism rather than in
reforming capitalism to make it more socid.
The party platform, as he saw it, should be
determined only by the consideration whether
it could lead or help towards complete socialism.
His advocacy of the usehold principle of land
tenure was also noteworthy.

A man of high principle and deep culture,
Holland was one of the finest speakers in the
Parliament of his day; formidable, incisive and
devastating in debate; lofty and inspiring on
the public platform. He was an indefatigable
writer and pamphleteer, and published about
30 party pamphlets on social and political sub-
jects. Noteworthy amongst his smaller publica-
tons are: Armageddon and Calvary (1919),
The Farmer and the Mortgagehold, Indentured
Labour, Boy Conscription, and Samoa. He aso
wrote verse of good quality. His volume Red
Roses on the Highway contains much of high
poetfc standard.

Holland died on 8 Oct 1933 while attending
the funeral of Te Rata Mahuta at Waihi. The
public tribute paid to him both by the
thousands who filed past his coffin in the main
entrance hall of Parliament buildings, and by
the huge concourse which followed his body to
its resting place in the old Sydney street ceme-
tery, was impressive evidence of the high esteem
in which he was held by the community gen-
erally. His grave is marked by a fine symbolical
memorial statue erected by the Labour move-
ment of New Zealand.

N.2.P.D., pass. (notably 10 Oct 1933); Who's Who
NZ, 1924, 1932; Annals N.z. Lit.; Holland,op.
cit.; typescript in Alexander Turnbull Library;
Janet Fraser in The Standard, 6 May 1937;
The Standard (p), Grey River Argus, Evening Pose,
9 Oct 1933. Portrait: Parliament’ House.

HOLLAND, JAMES JOB (1841-1922) was born
in Leicester, England, educated there and

405

-----------------------Page 220 End-----------------------

HOLMES

learned the trade of a builder with his father.
In 1860 he came to New Zealand in the Persia,
and after spending a short time on the Otago
goldfields he was drafted into the militia for the
Maori war, in which he rose to the rank of
sergeant.

In 1864 he settled down as a building con-
tractor, and he erected many important edifices
in Auckland (including St Benedict's Church,
the Costley home and the Baptist Tabernacle).
He served on highway boards, the Auckland
harbour board, the charitable aid board, the
hospital board, the Auckland College and Gram-
mar School governors and the council of Auck-
land University College. Holland was a mem-
ber of the City Council (1886-93); mayor of
Auckland. (1893-95); a sinking fund commis:
sioner and a trustee of the Auckland Savings
Bank. Elected in 181 to the licensing com-
mittees for Auckland North, South and East, he
was chairman for three years.

In 1896 he was elected to Parliament for City
of Auckland, but he was defeated at the follow-
ing election (1899). Holland was an Oddfellow
for 46 years and a trustee for 30. He married
(1864) Agnes Melvin, daughter of Dr Mac:
kenzie. Holland died on 31 Ju11922.

N2P.D., 7 Sep 1922; Cyl. NZ. ii (p); Who's
Who N,Z,, 1908; N.z. Herald, 1 Aug 1932. Por-
trait: Parliament House

HOLMES, JAMES (1831-1910) was born at
Brighton, England, and learned the trade of a
painter. Emigrating to Australia in 1852, he
was for some time goldmining at Forest Creek,
Bendigo and Ballarat, and for five years (1855-
60) working in his own business in Geet0ng.
In 1861 he came to Dunedin, followed his trade
there for four years, and in 1865 moved to
Hokitika, where he continued in his business,
with a branch at Greymouth. In 1880 he bought
the Okuku water race at Kumara, which he
worked successfully for 20 years. He was also
interested in the erection of one of the earliest
batteries on the Coast. He was chairman of the
first licensing committee, a member of the har-
bour board and the High School board and a
vice-president of the Savings Bank. A Liberal
in politics, Holmes was interested in the early
political career of Seddon, who called him to
the Legislative Council in 1901. He died on
17 Apr 1910.

HOLMES
N.zP.D., 28 Jun 1910; Cycl. NZ, vi (p);

NZ. Herald, 18 Apr 1910. Portrait: Parliament
House.

HOLMES, JOHN (1838-1907) was born in
county Kilkenny, educated at the Royal School,
Dungannon and at Trinity College, Dublin, and
admitted to the bar at King's Inns. In 1865 he
emigrated to Victoria and was for some years
magistrate at Wangaratta. In 1878 he settled
in Christchurch, where he practised in partner-
ship with A. Loughrey. He represented Christ-
church in Parliament (1881-87), and during the
next three years (1887-90) led the Radical
party. His manifesto at the election of 1890
is an interesting exposition of radical ideas of
the day. Holmes died on 3 Jul 1907.

Cycl. N.Z., iii; The Press, 5 Jul 1907.

HOLMES, MATTHEW (1817-1901) was born
at Strabane, county Tyrone, educated in north-
ern Ireland, and trained for commercial life.
At the age of 20 he emigrated to Victoria, where
he farmed for a short time on the Barrabool
hills. Being burned out, he went into business
in Geelong, interesting himself in_ shipping
wool and other produce and supplying the
diggings. :

Having made a small fortune, Holmes re-
turned to Scotland in 1854 and purchased an
estate near Edinburgh, but in 1859 he sailed
for New Zealand in the Pirate to take up the
position of general manager for the New Zea
land and Australian Land Co. Visiting Ei
land in 1862 as a commissioner for the Exhil
tion of that year, Holmes sold his estate in
Scotland and brought his family to Otago. He
took up extensive holdings of land on behalf
of the company and in his own name, notably
the estates of Awamoa (near Oamaru), Castle-
rock (Lumsden) and Manapouri. His other
interests included Seaward Downs, Spar Bush
and Totara. He was a progressive agriculturist,
and imported a great deal of machinery for
various properties. He also took a keen interest
in stock breeding and purchased many stud
animals abroad, especially Clydesdale horses and
long-woolled sheep. At Castlerock he had a
Cheviot flock.

In 1866 he was called to the Legislative
Council, and he attended to his duties regularly
for the remainder of hislife. He was an original
director of the Mosgiel Woollen Co. On re

  

406

 

HONGI

tiring from active business Holmes disposed of
his connection in Dunedin to Dalgety, Rattray
and Co. He married (1841) a daughter (d.
1897) of Allan McLean, of Strathallan, Victoria.
Holmes died on 27 Sep 1901. (See G. McLean.)

Cycl. N.Z., i (p), iv (p); N.zP.D., 27 Sep 1901;
Col. Gent.; u. Church, in Otago Daily Times, 1 Oct
1901; Otago Daily Times, 17 Mar 1875, 28 Sep
1901. Portrait: Parliament House.

HONGI HIKA (21777-1828) was a Ngapuhi
chief of high rank, the son of Te Hotete, chief
of Te Tuhuna (Kaikohe), and was descended
from the great ancestor Rahiri. In person he
was of medium stature and slight build, with
large broad forehead, quick piercing eyes; dig-
nified, mild mannered, little suggestive of the
savage; and one of the least assuming of all
the travelled Maori chiefs.

Hongi first distinguished himself in the field
in Pokaia's expedition against the Roroa (1806)
and he was one of the tribal leaders against
Ngati-Whatua at the battle of Moremo-nui
(1807), where Ngapuhi, stricken with terror at
the death of Pokaia, fled the fidd. Hongi lost
two brothers and many relaives and only
escaped by his fleetness. It was here that he
conceived the idea of revenge which shaped his
later life by convincing him of the efficacy of

firearms. In the next few years he had some
personal successes in the field, but only where
the enemy had no guns. With native weapons
the fortunes of war swung from side to side. A
campaign against the Ngati-Korokoro in 1812
on the lower Hokianga river created an en-
tanglement which had the effect in 1844 of
ranging the Ngati-Pou on the side of the British
against Hongi's relative Hone Heke.

Hongi greatly widened his knowledge of the
world by visiting Sydney in 1814 in company
with Kendall, Hall and his nephew Ruatara.
Marsden, with whom he lived at Parramatta,
was much struck by his mild manners, his
chiefly conduct and his sincere desire to acquire
European arts. Hongi learned the alphabet in
six days. He showed some skill in carving a
bust of himself with an iron hoop. Returning
to New Zealand with Marsden at the endof 1814.
he assisted materially in the establishment of
the mission. With Korokoro and Ruatara he
helped to regulate the natives attending the
first service held by Marsden, and thereafter
was a constant protector of all Christian mis

HONGI

sions. He was most anxious to encourage the
intercourse of white men, and punished severely
any offences against the pakeha in his terri-
tory. Agriculture interested him,- and he grew
wheat from seed sent by Marsden, but military
matters were his preoccupation. He laughed at
Marsden's admonitions to stop fighting, but
agreed to desist while the missionary was in
New Zealand. In 1817 he planned a naval ex-
pedition to the North Cape, but having quar-
relled with the Whangaroa tribe en route he
returned to the Bay, lest they should make
reprisals in his absence. In Feb 1818 Hongi
joined Te Haupa (Ngati-Paoa) in an expedi-
tion to East Cape. With 900 men they harried
the coast of the Bay of Plenty as far as Hicks
Bay, where Te Haupa was killed. Hongi re-
turned to his home with many hundreds of
prisoners. Marsden' dissuaded him from taking
part in the Amiowhenua expedition (181
20). By a deed dated Nov 1819 he granted land
for the mission at Kerikeri

Desirous of visiting England, Hongi sailed
with a near relative, Waikato (qv.) in Mar
1820 in the whaler New Zealander. They spent
several months in Great Britain-in charge of
Kendall, making a prolonged stay at Cambridge,
where they collaborated with Professor Samuel
Lee (q.v.) in compiling a Maori dictionary.
Hongi was dignified in bearing, behaved de-
voutly in church, and was everywhere treated
with great deference. He was especially inter-
ested in the arts and crafts of the country, in
army organisation and in implements of agri-
culture.. George IV granted him an audience
and gave him a suit of armour and some two-
barrelled guns. Hongi had already conceived
the ambition of being paramount king in New
Zealand. He wished to take back with him 100
artisans, some missionaries and 20 British
soldiers with three officers, and he offered to
give them land to settle on. He was at special
pains to secure firearms, even exchanging for
them presents which seemed to him to have less
value. Waikato, on the other hand, was inter-
ested in implements of a more peaceful purpose.

The English winter proving injurious to
Hongi's health, the government provided thaD
with passages to New South Wales in the con-
vict ship Speke. He was received by the Gov-
ernor and presented with a cow and other
Gifts. While there Hongi heard of the death

407

-----------------------Page 221 End-----------------------

HONGI

of a son-in-law fighting against the Thames
tribes, and he aso met the Thames chief Te
Hinaki (qv.) and the Coromandel chief Te
Horeta (q.v.). Te Hinaki was awaiting an
opportunity of a passage to England, but was
dissuaded by Marsden. Hongi discussed freely
his intention of turning his arms against Hinaki
and Horeta as early as possible to obtain utu
for his losses. Fired with this passion, and his
ambition of being the King of New Zealand,
he disposed of many utilitarian gifts and bought
guns and ammunition. Moreover, according to
Bishop W. Williams, he brought back to New
Zealand a mind exasperated against the Church
Missionary Society.

Returning in the ship Westmoreland to Bay
of Islands (where they arrived 11 Jul 1821)
Hongi held aloof from the missions, and his
example was soon reflected in the defiant and
truculent behaviour of the common people and
the mischievous conduct of inferior chiefs. He
entertained the Thames chiefs for a short time
and then set about preparations for his expedi-
tion against them. He constructed for his own
defence an ingenious fortification. On 5 Sep
Hongi embarked the strongest taua ever des-
patched from the Bay-2000 men, many of them
with guns; and amongst the leaders such men
as Rewa, Patuone, Muriwai and Waikato. The
expedition sailed up the Hauraki gulf against
the Ngati-Paoa pas at Mokoia and Mau-inaina,
where Hinaki, poorly supplied with guns, had
made the best preparations he could for the
attack. Though presents were offered and ac-
cepted, Hongi pressed forward to the attack.
The helmet which George IV had given him
was shot off at an early stage, and in the close
fighting he was in grave danger through getting
his feet entangled in a vine. But Patuone urged
anew attack, and Hongi, forming his superior
numbers into a cuneus with himself at the apex,
carried the position. Te Hinaki he shot person-
ally and drank some of his blood. The pa was
then attacked with rifle fire from high platforms
and taken with great slaughter of men, includ-
ing three pakeha sailors, women and children.
Some hundreds of the vanquished were de-
voured in a feast lasting several days, and
Hongi returned to the Bay of Islands with
Hinaki's head as a trophy. In the two fights
it is believed that at least 1,000 Ngati-Paoa
were killed.

HONGI

All of the northern tribes resented the mono-
poly of trading and pakeha intercourse which
Hongi had created, and they lived in terror of
the irresponsible supremacy of his guns. Mars-
den reasoned with him without avail that if
he would only cease fighting they might accept
him as king. In Dec 1821 Hongi proceeded
against the Ngati-Maru pa Te Totara (Thames)
which withstood his assault for two days and a
night. He then sent sixty of his chiefs to make
a deceitful peace, which Ngati-Maru accepted
and sealed with gifts. Pomare, to avoid com-
plicity in the plot, withdrew his men and re-
turned home. Hongi's forces took to their
canoes and pulled 2s far as Tararu as if"re-
tiring; but when night fell they landed and
took the pa by surprise. Sixty Ngati-Maru
chiefs and many of other tribes who were in
the pa were killed. Hongi's son-inaw, Tete,
was amongst the casualties, and the belief that
he died at the hands of a Waikato warrior
afforded the pretext for a new campaign. Mean-
while Hongj returned to the Bay with his cap-
tives, upon whom revolting cruelties were com-
mitted.

In Jan 1822 1,000 men left for Thames, and
in Feb an equal number. Their goal was a
triple pa held by Waikato (with some allies of
Ngati-Whatua and Ngati-Paoa) at Matakitaki”
at the junction of the Mangapiko and Waipa
rivers, 14 miles north of Pirongia. Hongi's
canoes were paddled up the Tamaki, pulled
across the portage at Otahuhu to Manukau,
and thence across the portage from Waiuku to
the Awaroa, a tributary of the Waikato. Ob-
structions carefully prepared by the flying enemy
delayed the journey, and it was probably the
middle of May when Hongi sat down on the
west bank of the Waipa, within 100 yards of the
position. Many of the defenders escaped when
the Ngapuhi guns first opened fire, and the pa
was taken without much resistance, hundreds
of the defenders being smothered in the ditches
while trying to escape. On the following day
Te Wherowhero and Te Kanawa led a counter
attack and drove the Ngapuhi back into the pa,
but Waikato were again defeated at Orongo-
koekoe. -Te Wherowhero, though vangnished,
had yet another triumph at Otorohanga, where
he surprised a considerable force of Ngapuhi
who had captured a party of Waikato women.
Sixty of the enemy were killed. Ngapuhi re-

408

 

 

 

HONGI

turned north at their leisure, while Waikato
hid in the forests of the upper Mokau.

Hongi was back at his home at the end of
Jul. His next great expedition, against Rotorua,
was in the early part of 1823. On this occasion
the canoes paddled up the Pongakawa river,
east of Maketu, towards Roto-rehu, and
were then hauled overland to Roto-iti_ and so
into Roto-rua. This difficult portage was ham-
pered throughout by the bold attacks of the
Ngati-Pikiao (Arawa), from whom Hongj_ suf-
fered many losses. The Arawa, fearing Hongi's
guns, had assembled with their canoes and
supplies on theisland of Mokoia. Hongi paddled
round the position for three days, opening fire
occasionally but really reconnoitring. Mean-
while many of the defenders swam to the shore
of the lake and escaped. On the third day
Hongi landed on the north side of the island,
which was carried without great difficulty. In
this attack the leader again had his helmet shot
from his head and was thrown down in his
canoe. Ngapuhi lost many men in the fighting
in the canoes. They stayed some time in Roto-
rua, but abandoned the idea of a permanent
occupation and eventually left, after making a
partial peace with the chief Hikairo, to whom
Hongi gave one of the helmets of George IV.
The conqueror returned to the Bay with many
prisoners. Hongi in 1823 promised Marsden
he would devote his attention to agriculture
if a man were sent to teach his people to
plough; but he still exulted in his conquests
and lamented that there was so little goodwill
shown towards him by other chiefs. Later in
the same year, while Pomare and Te Wera
went on a new expedition, Hongi made pre-
parations for sending Rewa with sixty other
Ngapuhi chiefs and Rewa's daughter, Matire-
toha, to cement a peace with Waikato by the
marriage of the latter with Kati (brother of
Te Wherowhero) and the reinstatement of that
tribe upon their lands. This was achieved
early in 1824,

Now at last Hongi was free to seek utu from
his old enemies of Ngati-Whatua. Overtures
were sent to the Hokianga people, who agreed
to co-operate. Hongi then set out with a taua
of 500 against the Te Roroa division of the
hostile tribe, but timely presents assuaged his
anger and he returned without attacking. Late
in Feb 1825 the campaign was commenced.

HONGI

Hongi had with him his son Hare Hongi' (aged
20, who had shown great bravery in the cam-
paign against Hinaki), and many great chiefs,
including Whareumu, Taiwhanga, Te Morenga
and Te Tirarau, while the Hokianga contin-
gent included Patuone, Nene and Moetara
Ngati-Whatua rejected the sage advice of the
veteran Murupaenga to await attack at the
head of navigation on the Kaiwaka river, and
took up their position at Te Ikaaranga-nui,
about a mile up the little tributary Waimako.
Hongi wore his full coat of mail. Most of his
men had guns, whereas the thousand of Ngati-
Whatua and Uri-o-hau had very few. Ngati-
Whatua impatiently dashed into the stream to
fight hand to hand with the well-armed Nga-
puhi under Whareumu; and killed many of
them before Hongi came on the scene. Very
soon the Ngapuhi firearms gained the upper
hand. The carnage was terrible and, though
Ngati-Whatua returned to the charge, they had
no chance. They had lost one thousand men
before they took to their canoes and escaped
down the river. In one heap by the river's
bank lay 120 dead, with Hongi's son, Hare
Hongi, amongst them mortally wounded. Many
Ngati-Whatua chiefs fell, but Murupaenga
escaped, only to meet his death shortly after-
wards. The tribe dispersed into the forest and
did not reassemble until British sovereignty
brought security to the weak. Ngapuhi lost
about 70. Many prisoners were taken back to
Hokianga, but liberated later by the inter-
cession of Moetara.

Shortly after Hongi's return to Bay of Islands
he moved his abode to Waimate. About Jun
or Jull825 he went with Tareha to Whangaroa
to punish the local tribe for the capture of the
brig Mercury, an incident which he feared
might discourage the visits of pakeha ships.
Later in the year," to avenge a reverse suffered
by his people at the hands of the fleeing Ngati-
Whatua, he pursued them to Waikato and came
up with them at Noho-Awatea, on the Manga-
piko river. Some Ngati-Paoa who were in the
pa were called out, and peace was made with
them and then, with the help of a Ngati-Haua
contingent under Waharoa, Hongi over-
whelmed the Ngati-Whatua and killed Re-
wharewha. On his homeward journey he met
Pomare and tried to persuade him.to abandon
his expedition, but without succes. About this

409

-----------------------Page 222 End-----------------------

HONGI

time Murupaenga, the only chief who was able
year after year to maintain a successful warfare
against Ngapuhi, died.

Family tragedies and the ingratitude of
people who feared but did not love him weighed
on Hongi's mind, and late in 1826 he decided
to leave Bay of Islands, drive his enemies from
Whangaroa and live there. While he was fight-
mg agamst the Ngati-Pou of Whangaroa (Jan
1827) the Wesleyan mission station at Wedey-
dale was plundered and the missionaries fled
to Bay of Islands. In an engagement on the
Mangamuka river Hongi received a bullet
wound in the chest from which he eventually
died. Marsden hurried across from Sydney (Apr
1827) to assure himseff that the missions were
sale. In spite. of his unwavering care for them,
Hongi was stlll consumed with the passion for
war. Almost up to the day of his death (3 Mar
1828), he was planning a raid against Waikato
for the death of Pomare, and his last words
were to exhort his people to repel stoutly any
attacks upon them. The missionaries had real
reason to appreciate his protection, though un-
doubtedly it was prompted by the advantage
he reaped from having pakeha settlers amongst
his people and European ships engaged in com-
merce with him.

Hongi was cruel and treacherous, but not
more so than his flows. Powerful chiefs could
not easily discard long traditions of revenge
and utu Without falting in the estimation of
their people. The early possession of firearms
was a temptation to an ambitious man to estab-
lish a hegemony for his tribe. This restless am-
bition was fatal to Marsden's pious hope that
the Maori people might accept a sovereignty
based. upon Christianity. Hongi had two wives,
Tangiwhare, and the blind wife Turi-ka-tuku,
who accompanied him-on most of his cam-
paigns and often advised him shrewdly as to his
plans. She was the mother of Hare Hongi and
of Harata, who married Hone Heke (q.v.) and
Heke's military ambitions were inspired in some
degree by jealousy of his father-in-law's repu-
tatfon. Harata aftew'ards married Arama
Karaka Pi, whom she survived. Turi died about
the time of the last campaign against Wha-
ngaroa.

.A son of Hongi, Ripiro (born about 1804)
ViSited New South Wales in 1819, returning in
H.M.S. Dromedary.

 

HOOKER

S P._Smith, Wars; Buller; Marsden, L. and ].
(p); Creevey Papers; Carleton; Barton (p);
Ramsden; Sherrin and Wallace.

HONORE, ABRAHAM (1818-94) was of
French Huguenot extraction, and was born at
Fredericia, in the Danish province of Jutland.
An earnest student of the Bible, he oUered his
services at the age of 22 to the North German
Missionary Society and was accepted. Having
been brought up to farm work, his education
was inadequate, and he spent two years in the
seminary at Hamburg,

In .1843, following the arrival of a young
Maon from Stewart island in a German whaler,
the Society decided to establish a mission in
southern New Zealand and chose Wohlers (q.v.)
for the post. When Wohlers had been four
years at Ruapuke, Honore was sent out in the
Blundell (1848) to assist him. They spent 20
years together, working by day on their farms
and preaching on Sundays to a dwindling con-
gregation of Maori. Honore went to Stewart is
land (1855). In 1859, when living at Jacob's
nver, he became naturalised. He was now most
of the time on the maiuland, and had charge
of all the natives between Dunedin and Inver-
cargill until he was persuaded that there was
better work in the North Island. He settled at
Marton, ministering to the Scandinavians and
constantly travelling up and down the coast
keeping in touch with the despondent and often
hostile tribes of Titokowaru, Te Whiti and Wi
Kingi te Rangitake. Though his stipend was
never much more than £50 a year he was twice
married and brought up a family. He died at
Foxton on 23 Jul 1894.

Taranaki Herald, 22 Nov 1873; Beattie, ii;
Wohlers; Cyol. N.Z., 1; N.z. Gaz, 1859.

 

HOOD, AUGUSTUS ADOLPHUS ALEXAN.
DER (d. 1866) was captain and owner of the
barque Augusta at the time of his death (27
Jul 1866). He was a member of the Marl-
borough Provincial Council from 1862, his seat
being vacated in 1866 owing to his failure to
attend either session during that year.

Marlborough P.C. Proc.; Marlborough Press, 1
‘Aug 1866.

HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817-
1911) was born at Halesworth, Suffolk. Edu-
cated in the Glasgow High School, he proceeded

410

 

HOOKER

to the University (where his father was profes-
sor of botany), and studied moral philosophy
and medicine, graduating M.D. in 1839.

Interested in botanical research, he received
an offer from Sir James Clark Ross to accom-
pany the Antarctic expedition and he sailed
from Chatham as assistant surgeon in the Erebus
on 29 Sep 1839, The voyage was broken at
Tasmania, New Zealand and the Falkland is
lands, and Hooker had ample opportunities of
making collections. He spent some time at the
Auckland ana Campbell islands, where with
Lyall he collected 370 specimens of plants. At
Bay of Islands (early in 1841) he met Colenso
and Dr Sinclair, who assisted him to make a
thorough exploration of the vicinity. The
botanical results of the expedition were pub-
ished in six volumes by the British Govern-
ment. The Flora Antarctica, Flora Novae Zea
landiae and Flora Tasmaniae, which appeared
between 1843 and 1860, embraced all the infor-
mation on the subject which Hooker had col-
Jected ftom various sources. He had ample
time to gather from correspondence with
Colenso, Sinclair and others the results of their
later observations.

In 1846 Hooker was appointed botanist to
the geological survey of Great Britain. In
1847 he made a botanical and geographical sur-
vey of the Himalaya region, discovering many
new plants (including 37 species of rhododen-
dron), Hooker's researches had an important
beanng on the theory of evolution. In the
Pacific he found identical species in islands
separated by 3,000 miles of ocean, and in the
Galapagos he found related but different ani-
mals and plants in the different islands. In
1844 Darwin first confided to Hooker his theory
of evolution by natural selection, and they cor-
responded continuously during the next 14
years before the theory was published. Danvin
valued Hooker's opinion more than that of
anyone dse and believed he would live to see
Hooker the first authority in Europe on geo-
graphical distribution. His introductory essay
on the flora of Tasmania (1859) is remarkable
as the first sketch of a rational theory of geo-
graphical distribution of plants. Hooker and
Lyell some time earlier acted for Darwin, who
was ill, in proving that his theory had been put
forward 14 years before.

In 1860 Hooker took part in a naval scientific

HOOKER

expedition to Syria and that year also he began
(with Bentham) his Genera Plantarum. In
1865 he succeeded his father as director at Kew,
where he had been engaged as botanist since
1855. His handbook of the New Zealand Flora
which was commissioned by the New Zealand
Government, appeared in 1867. In 1868 he was
president of the British Association. In 1871
he went with John Ball and George Maw on an
expedition to Morocco in which he proved that
the Arctic-Alpine flora did not reach the Atlas
mountains. Hooker in 1872 found himself in
conflict with the Office of Works over the func-
tion of Kew Gardens, which the department
thought should have the character of a pleasure
garden. Gladstone sided with Hooker, and re-
moved the offending commissioner.

In 1872 Hooker drew up suggestions for the
collections to be made by the Challenger ex-
pedition, and in 1876, as president of the Royal
SOCidy, he welcomed back the expedition. He
was chairman of the committee for publication
of the reports, which appeared in 50 volumes
during the period 1876-95. In retiring from the
presidency of the Society in 1878, Hooker an-
nounced the raising of a sum of £10,000 as an
endowment to enable the Society to reduce its
fees, which had prevented many men of high
eminence from joining. After some years of
scientific work in America Hooker returned in
1879 to Antarctic botany, discussing the flora
of Kerguelen Land as a result of the transit of
Venus expedition (1874). His Genera Plan-
taTum having been completed in 1883, he turned
to his Indian botany, which he completed in
seven volumes in 1897. Retiring from Kew in
1885, he edited in 1896 Sir Joseph Banks's
journal of Cook's first voyage, and thereafter
worked on the flora of Ceylon and the Imperial
Gazetteer of India.

Hooker received honorary degrees from Ox-
ford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow and
Dublin. (C.B., 1869; K.C.SL, 1877; G.C.SL,
1897; Order of Merit, 1907.) He received the
most prized medals of many learned societies,
including a Royal medal (1854), from the
Royal Society, the Copley medal (1887) and
the Darwin medal (1892). In 1892 he was the
sole recipient from the Royal Swedish Academy
of the medal struck to commemorate the bi-
centary of the birth of Linnaeus. His physical
and mental powers remained unimpaired until

411

-----------------------Page 223 End-----------------------

HOOS,

his death, on 10 Dec 1911.

Leonard HUxley, Life and Letters of Sir J. D.
Hooker,. DN.B.,. Hooker, op. cit... N.Z. Jour. of
Science, May 1885.

HOOS, CONRAD, was born in Germany and
acquired some experience in farming there
and elsewhere on the Continent and in Scot-
land. He came to New Zealand on the dis
covery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, and followed
the rush to Westland in 1865. He was a mem-
ber of the Canterbury Provincial Council (for
Westland) in 1866-67, and a member and first
chairman of the Westland county council
(1868). About 1870 he edited the West Coast
Times. Hoos stood for the superintendency
against Bonar, M. Kennedy and J. White in
1874, but was at the bottom of the poll. He was
the author of The New Zealand Practical Agri-
culturist (1882).

HOPKINS, ISAAC (1837-1925) was born in
London. He saw service in the mercantile
marine during the Crimean war, and came to
New Zealand first in 1855. Having married, he
returned to the West Coast in 1865 and
was on the Thames goldfield soon after it
opened (1867). He and his mates working on
the Golden Crown battery there first instituted
the eight-hours system on the field in place of
the 10 hours previously observed.

It was at the Thames that Hopkins com-
menced beekeeping, with a gincase hive (1874)
In 1879 he obtained a copy of Langstroth on
the Honey Bee, and from this constructed his
first moveable-frame hives. He established an
apiary at Parawai, Thames, which attracted con-
siderable attention. From 1880 he c.ontributed
notes on beekeeping to the Thames Advertiser,
and the Auckland Weekly News and shortly
aftenvards he brought out the first edition
of his Bee Manual (aftenvards the Australasian
Bee Manual). In conjunction with J. C. Firth
he established an apiary at Matamata, where he
bred Italian queens and sent them to all parts
of Australia and New Zealand. He also im-
ported Holy Land bees and other varieties.
Owing to ili-health, Hopkins removed to Auck-
land in 1887 and there organised the New Zea
land Beekeepers’ association, and promoted the
foul brood and bee diseases bill of 1888 (which
was unfortunately shelved). In 1905 he was
appointed Government apiarist, and in 1907

 

TE HORETA

and 1908 he got the legislation passed. He
started the apiary at Ruakura state farm and
the departmental bulletins on bee culture. In
1883 Hopkins was running the New Zealand
Illustrated Bee Journal. He died on 20 Jul
1925.

Hopkins. op. cit, and Practical Bee Keeping,.
biography of Hopkins (New York State College of
Agriculture, Cornell University); N.z. Jour. Agric.,
20 Aug 1925. N.z. Herald, 21 Jul 1925.

HOPPER, EDWARD BE'ITS (d. 1840) of
Dover, was first associated with Dr G. S. Evans
in 1832. He was a moving spirit in the South
Australia Company and in 1837 E. G. Wakefield
introduced him as the projector of that scheme.
He was one of the promoters of the New Zea-
land Company and was a member of the Church
of England Society, of the committee of the
first colony and of the provisional committee
formed in Wellington after the landing. He
arrived in the Oriental (Jan 1840), and entered
into partnership with H. W. Petre and F. A.
Molesworth in a mercantile firm at the Hutt,
which established a Hourmill and sawmill and
had a millwright and engineering shop at work
in Jun. Hopper had considerable landed in-
terests in the province and was a director of
the bank. He was drowned in the Hutt river
on 17 Sep 1840, while working timber for the
mill.
Ward (p). MS journal in Turnbull Library.

TE HORETA TANIWHA (2176Q-1853) was the
principal chief of the Ngati-Whanaunga tribe,
of the Coromandel and Thames, when the
pakeha colonists arrived. He claimed as a boy
of nine to have seen Captain Cook when he
was in Hauraki gulf, and was middle-aged when
the first white settlers arrived. His daughter
married William Webster (q

Horeta allowed the storeship Coromandel to
take in spars in the gulf, and from her the
name Coromandel was applied. He was one of
the signatories of the: Treaty of Waitangi
(1840) and was consistently friendly to the
whites, who called him +Old Hooknose.’ His
name’ Taniwha: he adopted from having killed
his assailant in the water after falling over-
board wounded. A few months before his death
Horeta convened a meeting of chiefs to discuss
with Colonel Wynyard, Sir William Martin
and Bishop Selwyn the conditions on which

 

412

 

TE HORI

gold prospecting should be allowed. Feeble and
stooped with age, he was proud that this anoeS-
tral lands should produce gold. He embraced
Christianity early, but was baptised only a few
weeks before his death (which occurred on 21
Nov 1853)

G.B.ap., 1854/1779, p_ 180; C. W. Ligar, in
Illustrated London News, 24 Nov 1855 (p); Cowan,
Sketches (p); SP. Smith; Bowen, 291-2; Carleton;
Thomson; White, Ancient History of the Maori,
vol. v; New Zealander (Auckland), 15 Dec 1852.

TE HORI, PITA (? 1805-1872) was a lineal de-
scendant of Tuahuriri, the founder of the Ngai-
Tahu tribe. A courageous warrior, he took part
in the defence of Kaiapohia and was taken
prisoner by Te Rauparaha (1827), but escaped
and took part in Taiaroa's expedition against
the Ngati-Toa at Queen Charlotte Sound. Pita
was one of the envoys to arrange a peace, and
he resided thereafter in Waikato till 1844, when
he returned to take part in the sale of the Can-
terbury block. He died in Aug 1872.

The Press, 5 Sep 1904.

HORN, JAMES (1855-1932) was born at Inver-
kethney, Banffshire, educated at Huntly school,
Aberdeen, and trained as a draper. Coming
to New Zealand by the Oamaru in 1875, he
spent a few years in business at Port Chalmers
and then entered into partnership in Horn,
Roy and_Co. and built the first store at Stir-
ling. There he was a member of the Clutha
licensing committee. .In 1883 he purchased a
business at Bannockburn, where he was chair-
man of the school committee, a member of the
Kawarau and Wakatipu licensing committee
and of the hospital board, and 13 years chair-
man of the Vincent county council. A firm be-
liever in the future of central Otago when by
means of irrigation fruit and lucerne should be
developed, he was a member of the Railway
League and afterwards organised the Upper
Valley Settlers’ Delegates League.

A Liberal in politics, Horn contested the
Tuapeka seat in 1908 against Chapple; and the
Wakatipu seat in 1911 against Fraser. On that
gentleman's retirement (1919), Horn was
elected. He retained the seat against J. Ritchie
in 1922 and 1925, and retired in 1928. He was
a member of the Otago education board from
1916, and of the King Edward Technical School

HORNSBY

governors from i919. Horn was a keen rifle
shot and a member of the champion team in
1882-83. He married Maude Barltrop (of Nel-
son). His death occurred on 11 Dec 1932.

N.z.P.D., 26 Jan 1933; Otago Daily Times, 12
Dec 1932.

HORNBROOK, ALFRED, was a son of a colonel
of the Royai Marines, and himself served as a
fidd officer of engineers in the British Legion
in Spain (1837), and was created a Knight of
Saint Ferdinand. He came to Wellington in
the O"iental (1840) and engaged in business.
During 1850, in anticipation of the arrival of
the Canterbury settlers, he established the Mitre
inn at Lyttelton. He was one of the first to
start a station in Canterbury, taking up Mt
Pleasant at Arowhenua, where he lost his money
owing to scab. About 1870 he and his brother
William bought Raukapuka from A. Cox, and
they had also Opuha Gorge and Kakahu for a
while. Hornbrook represented Port Victoria in
the Canterbury Provincial Council in 1862-71,
and was in the executive (1869-70). His wife
is said to have been the last woman in Canter-
bury who wore the crinoline.

William Hornbrook, who was born in France
in 1822, also served in Spain. He died at Sex
down in 1882.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.,. Cox; Acland; Cyel. N.Z.,
iii; Ward.

HORNE, CECIL GREVILLE (1845-1920) was
born in Australia, where his parents had settled.
He went to England to prepare for the Royal
Navy, in which he served on several stations and
rose to the rank of commander. In 1880 he
settled in New Zealand, and shortly afterwards
married a daughter of Singleton Rochfort. He
was sergeant-at-arms to the House of Represen-
tatives from 1880 till 1889, when he resigned
and accepted the governorship of a prison in
northern New South Wales. There his wife
died, he remarried and, returning to New Zea
land, was again appointed sergeant-at-arms. He
died on 12 Jul 1920.

N.ZP.D,, Jul 1920; Evening Post, 12 Jul 1920.

HORNSBY, JOHN THOMAS MARRYAT
(1857-1921) was born in Hobart, Tasmania,
where he was educated and brought up to print-
ing by his father. Coming to New Zealand in

413

-----------------------Page 224 End-----------------------

HORT

1874, he settled at Queenstown, and soon after-
wards took charge of the Observer at Arrow,
where he was a borough councillor and lieut-
enant of the volunteers. In 1876 he became
foreman printer of the Southland Times, and
some years later was on the News. In 1882 he
started the Lake Country Press at Arrow, and
he contested the Wakatipu seat against T.
Fergus in 1884. In 1886 he became editor of
the Napier Evening News, and later of the
Waipawa Mail. While in Hawkes Bay he was
a member of the education board. After a few
months in Dunedin he returned to the Even-
ing News. He became editor of the New Zea-
land Times in 1896 and in that year contested
the Wairarapa seat in Parliament.

In 1898 Hornsby purchased the Wairarapa
Leader, and in 1899 he won the 'Vairarapa
seat against Buchanan. Defeated by the same
‘opponent in 1902, he turned the tables in 1905.
In the following year he relinquished the
Leadel’ and became editor of the New Zealand
Railway Review. Defeated in 1911 and 1914,
he won the Wairarapa seat once more in 1914,
but was defeated in 1919 (by A. D. McLeod).

Hornsby died on 23 Feb 1921. He married
(1876) Sarah Scott, a daughter of Dougald
Napier (Glasgow).

Who's Who N.z., 1908; Cj'cl. N.L., i. Portrait:
Parliament House.

HORT, ABRAHAM (1799-1869) arrived in New
Zealand in 1843. His son Abraham preceded
him to Wellington, where he arrived in the
OTiental in 1840 and established himself in
business. There were several other Jews on
board under engagement to him. Hort, junior,
was elected to the committee of colonists in Apr.
He was a keen oarsman and took part in
amateur crews at regattas. In 1840, when sail-
ing his whaleboat up the harbour (Heaphy be-
ing also on board) she upset in a gust of wind.

Abraham Hort, senior, arrived in 'Welling-
ton in the Prince of Wales (3 Jan 1843). A
man of wide Hebraic knowledge, he had auth-
ority from the Chief Rabbi (Dr Herschell) to
form a congregation, and on the Saturday fol-
lowing his arrival (7 Jan) he conducted the
first Jewish service held in New Zealand. Im-
mediately aftenvards he applied to the Admin-
istrator of the Government (Lieut. Shortland)
for a site for a synagogue and cemetery in

HORTON

Wellington; ‘grants which’ he said, ‘will
greatly conduce to the direction of the capital
and industry of the Jewish people to these dis-
tant shores’ The application was approved on
16 May, and on the 31st Nathaniel Levin, Solo-
mon Mocatta, and Kauffman Samuel were
named as trustees. Hort was on the burgess
roll in 1843, and seems to have been one of the
aldermen elected in Oct of that year. He also
signed the address of sympathy with the Nelson
settlers after the Wairau affray, In 1845 he was
a member of the military sub-committee for the
defence of Wellington.

In 1848, when he was about to visit England,
Hort moved a resolution at a public meeting
to receive an address of sympathy from Auck-
land inhabitants on the earthquake in Welling-
ton. He said it was a matter of congratulation
to him that he had not left New Zealand be-
fore he heard such a message had been received
from the people of Auckland. Some members
of the Hort family settled in Tahiti as mer-
chants a few years after the father's arrival in
New Zealand.

Hort returned to England in the Clontarf
in 1859, and died there on 18 Oct 1869. (See
SR F. BELL and N. Levin.)

N.Z.C.; Jewish Review; Dora Hort, Tahiti, the
Gem of the Pacific, 1891; Ward; Wellington In-

dependent, 20 May 1859; N.I. Spectator, 20 Jul
1853,

HORTON, ALFRED GEORGE (1842-1903) was
born at Hull, Yorkshire, and as a youth was
employed on the reporting staff of the Daily
Express there. In 1861 he came to New Zealand
and served a year on the staff of The PTess
(Christchurch). He established the Timaru
Herald (Jul 1864), which he edited and sub-
edited for eight years, and then sold out to
his partner. After a visit to England he joined
Wilkinson in the Thames Advertiser and, re-
moving two years later to Auckland, purchased
the Daily Southern Cross from Vogel's com-
pany. At the end of 1876 the Wilson brothers,
proprietors of the New Zealand Herald, nego-
tiated a partnership with Horton, which in-
volved the amalgamation of the daily papers.
and the weekly issues.

Horton represented the town of Timaru in
the Canterbury Provincial Council (for a few
weeks in 1869), and he was instrumental in

414

 

HOSKING

getting Stafford to stand for the Parliamentary
seat (1868). In Auckland he took no part in
public life. In 1884 he visited London at the
request of the committee of investigation of the
Bank of New Zealand and secured more capital
and the first steps towards reorganisation of the
institution. He was for a time a director of the
Bank of New Zealand Estates Co.; from 1890
of the New Zealand Insurance Co. (two years
chairman); and for some years chairman of the
local board of the Mutual Life Association of
Australasia.

Horton married (1867) Jessie Haliburton
Chisholm (Dunedin). She died in 1879. His
death occurred on 11 Mar 1903.

Cyl. N.I., ii; The Press and N.z. Herald, 12 Mar
1903.

HOSKING, SIR JOHN HENRY (1854-1928)
was born at Penzance, Cornwall, and came to
New Zealand with his parents in the Rock City
when only a year old. He was educated at
Auckland and at the age of 16 was articled to
Samuel Jackson. In 1875, having passed the
necessary examinations, he was admitted by
Judge Gillies, and he at once proceeded to
Dunedin to take up a post as managing clerk
to E. P. Kenyon. In 1877 he was admitted to
a partnership which lasted till 1898, Hosking
carrying on most of the time alone after the
departure of Kenyon to England. He was a first-
class conveyancer.

Accepting the advice of S Solomon (q.v.) to
enter into practice as a barrister, he showed
himself aso an excellent advocate, a sound and
able lawyer. He gave valuable assistance in
drafting the Bank of New Zealand legislation
in 1894. In 1907 he took silk with the first
batch of K.C.'s in New Zealand, and in the fol-
lowing year he entered into a new partnership
with John Cook. In 1913, with A. McIntosh,
he acted as a royal commission to inquire into
the working of the Public Trust office, and in
1914 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme
Court. During his tenure of this appointment
he had to decide many difficult and intricate
legal questions arising out of post-war legislation
designed to adjust the relations between mort:
gagees and mortgagors. In 1924 he was ap-
pointed to carry this work to a conclusion under
the mortgages final extension act. He.was also
chairman of the war pensions board.

HOUSTON

Hosking retired from the bench in 1925 and
was knighted (K.B.) in that year. He married
Kathleen, daughter of Colonel Reader. With
his wife he took a prominent part in Dunedin
in the early activities of the Royal New Zealand
Society for the Health of Women and Children,
Lady Hosking being first president of the Dune-
din branch...He died on 30 May 1928.

N.I. Law Jour., 12 Jun 1928; N.z. Herald and
Otago Daily Times, 31 May 1928.

HOUKAMAU, TE HATIWIRA (1842-1916)
was born at Wharekahika, Hicks Bay, the son
of Iharaia Houkamau, a leading chief of Ngati-
Porou (who was descended from Porourangi
and who took the loyal side in the Hauhau
rising. He diedin 1875).

In 1865, when left in charge of Te Mawhai
pa, Tokomaru, with only women and boys
while the men were in the field against the
Hauhau, Houkamau successfully defended the
position against a force of overwhelming
strength. He then proceeded to Waerenga-
hika and took part in the fighting there and
later at Ngatapa. As sergeant-major of the
Ngati-Porou contingent, he served through the
Urewera campaign and then received his com-
mission as captain in the New Zealand militia.
Commanding a Ngati-Porou force against Tito-
kowaru, he took part in much of the fighting
there. After the death of Ropata Wahawaha
(qv.) Houkamau became chief of the Ngati-
Porou tribe. He died on 17 Sep 1916.

Cowan; Who's Who N.I., 1908; Evening Post,
19 Sep 1916.

HOUSTON, ROBERT MORROW (1842-1912)
was born in county Down, Ireland, the son
of the Rev T. Houston, D.D., and educated at
Belfast Academy and Queen's College. Arriv-
ing in Lyttelton by the Canterbury in 1864, he
remained in Christchurch for six months, and
then went to Auckland, where he was employed
as a school teacher at Whangarei, Otara and
Otahuhu. His pupils won two out of three of
the first state scholarships given in the province.
Houston kept a store in Mangonui for many
years, and was interested also in the timber and
kauri gum industries.

He was chairman of the Mangomii. town
board and Oruaiti district board, and for 24
years chairman of the Mangonui county coun-

415

-----------------------Page 225 End-----------------------

 

HOVELL

cil. In 1890 he was elected to Parliament for
Bay of Islands, which he represented until 1908.
He was a fluent speaker, well versed in parlia-
mentary forms, and for 15 years was chairman
of the native affairs committee (retiring in
1906 owing to ill-health). Houston married in
1870 Tina, sister of James Stewart, C.E., Auck-
land. He died on 27 Sep 1912.

NZP.D., 1 Oct 1912; Who's Who N.Z,, 1908;
Cycl. NZ, ii; N.Z. Herald, 28 Sep 1912.

HOVELL, DE BERDT (1850-1905) was the son
of Dr C. H. J. Hovell, of the 3rd Waikato Regi-
ment, and came of an old East Anglian family.
Educated at King's School, Rochester, where he
was a scholar on the foundation, he proceeded
to Boniface College, Warminster (1868) and to
St Augustine's College, Canterbury (1870).
There he distinguished himself in mathematics
and Greek, winning the Whytehead Greek
Testament prize in 1870. He was captain of
the eleven and the fifteen.

Hovell devoted himself to oriental languages,
with a view to missionary work in India. He
went there in 1872 under an appointment from
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,
and was ordained in Bombay (1873) and
stationed at Kolapore. For health reasons he
had to leave India in 1874, and he came to
New Zealand in 1875. He served for three
years in the diocese of Christchurch, at St
Michael's, Christchurch, and in the:parishes of
Prebbleton, Templeton and Halswell. He mar-
ried (1876) Emily, daughter of George Ffitch
(Woodstock, Canterbury). Appointed vicar of
St John's, Napier, in 1878 he displayed great
energy in his parish and in furthering the build-
ing of the Cathedral. In 1889, on the formation
of the Cathedral chapter, he was appointed
dean. For some years he edited the Church
Herald, and for 23 years took a Bible class in a
district high school. Hovell was an able org-
aniser, an eloquent preacher, and a man of
considerable culture and literary taste. He was
a prominent freemason and Rechabite and for
20 years was chaplain to the Napier garrison.
He died on 4 Sep 1905.

Cycl. N.Z., vi (p); New Zealand Graphic, 19 Dec
1891 (p); Hawkes Bay Herald, 5 Sep 1905.

HOWARD, EDWIN JOHN (1868-1939) was
born at Bristol, educated at Plymouth, and
apprenticed to an accountant at Devonport.

HOWELL

He served for some years in the Royal Navy,
and in 1887 married Harriett, daughter of
Amos G. Goring.

In Australia Howard worked for some years
as a copper, lead and zinc smelter. He became
foreman for the Australian Smelting Co., and
later for the South Australian and West Aus
tralian Governments. He studied chemistry at
the Adelaide School of Mines and prospected
for gold in the Macdonald range. Howard
came to Christchurch in 1902 and joined the
Labour movement, in which he held every office
from secretary of a union to secretary of the
general labourers’ union and eventually presi-
dent of the national organisation. In 1919 he
was elected to Parliament for Christchurch
South, which he represented till his death (on
26 Apr 1939). Under the Labour Government
(which came into office in 1935) he was chair-
man of committees and deputy-speaker. He was
a member of the school committee, the boards
of governors of Canterbury University College,
the Technical College and the Agricultural
College, of the Christchurch City Council, the
Lyttelton harbour board, the domain board and
the repatriation board.

N.Z.P.D., 1919-39 ; 30 Jun 1939; Who's Who NZ.,
1924, 1932; The Dominion and Evening Post, 27
Apr 1939 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.
HOWELL, JOHN (1809-74) was born at East-
bourne and lost his father at an early age. His
first. employment yielded him threepence a
week, and with a friend he ran away to sea on a
smuggling vessel. On their return from France
they were apprehended by the coastguard, but
he was released on account of his youth, and
with a companion (Luxford) stowed away on an
emigrant ship for Australia. On being dis
covered they worked their passage. Howell
shipped on whalers for some years and in 1829
was first mate under Captain Lovett. He spent
some years in New Zealand waters and event-
ually took service with John Jones (q.v.) at
Waikouaiti.

In 1836 Jones sent Howell with three ships
to establish a station at Jacobs river to replace
the abandoned station at Preservation Inlet.
The settlement which he established at Falls
Point was successful, and in a few years Howell
purchased it for himself. By his marriage in
4838 with Koikoi, a daughter of Horomoana
Patu, the Ngati-Mamoe chief of Centre island,

416

 

HOWITT

he received a wide expanse of land between the
Waimatuku and Jacobs rivers. While enjoying
his honeymoon in Sydney Howell persuaded his
half brothers and sisters (the Stevens family) to
give up their unsuccessful farms in Australia
and make their homes in Southland. They
came in the whaler Success (1842), his half
sisters being the first white women in South-
land. Cattle and horses were brought across to
stock the run and George Stevens took charge
of the marine store which Howell established
at Riverton. Theophilus Daniel, who arrived
soon after, married the youngest Miss Stevens.

In 1844 Howell received visits from Bishop
Sdwyn and F. Tuckett. Developing his mer-
cantile interests, he built the schooner Amazon
(laid down in 1848), which on her first voyage
carried some French colonists from Akaroa to
Tahiti, and then went on to prospect the
riches of California. On the return Howell
brought 500 sheep from Sydney. His wife hav-
ing died, he married a daughter of Captain
Brown, a sealer at Codfish island. He now
definitely left the sea and lived in a substantial
house of Tasmanian hardwood. His grants
aggregated 50,000 acres, extending from Fairfax
to Wreys Bush, to which in later years he
added the Burwood estate, Fairlight, south of
Kingston, and some smaller properties. He built
a fine new country house, Eastbourne, at Flints
Bush. Howell continued to own and sail small
ships, but he persuaded many whaler friends
to forsake the sea and settle down on the land.
He represented Riverton in the Southland Pro-
vincial Council (1862-69). He died on 25 May
1874.

Riverton; Roberts, Southland; Beattie, ii; Cycl.
‘N.Z,, iv; Southland Times, 24 Apr 1937.

HOWITT, HERBERT CHARLTON (1838-63)
was born at Esher, Surrey, the son of William
Howitt and Mary Howitt, the poet, and brother
of the Australian explorer A. W. Howitt. From
his infancy he showed a passionate love of
nature, animal and plant life. He received a
good education, but was more interested in
gardening, farming and the construction of im-
plements. For a few years he was in a business
office, walking into London each day.

In his early twenties Howitt came to Australia
and spent two years with his father and brother
on a bush selection. After they returned to

HOWORTH

England he decided to settle in New Zealand
and arrived in Canterbury in 1860. He found
employment under the provincial government
prospecting for gold on the West Coast and in
Jan 1863 was instructed to open out a route to
the goldfields from the Hurunui plain to the
mouth of the Grey or the Teramakau. Having
sent back two of his men as unfit for the stren-
uous work, he marked out and cut 40 miles of
the track through Harper's pass and down the
Teramakau. Having fixed a camp on Lake
Brunner, he carried on into the winter, living
mainly on eds and birds. He lent his horses.
to Lauper, the survivor of Whitcombe's party,
to get back to Canterbury.

About the end of Jun Howitt lost his
life, the only survivor of his party being Ham-
mett, who found his way to the mouth of the
Teramakau.

Encycl. Brit.; Money; Austral. Encycl.; Howitt;
Harrop, Westland; Sherrin’s journal in The Press,
Jan 1864; Lyttelton Times, 27 Deo 1863.

HOWORTH, HENRY (1834-1907) was born in
Shenley, Hertfordshire, the son of James
Howorth (q.v.). He came to New Zealand with
his father in the Strathmore in 1856 and studied
law under him in Dunedin. He was appointed
coroner in Dunedin in 1860, and admitted to
the bar in 1862.

In 1869 Howorth was elected to Parliament
for Taieri, which he represented till the follow-
ing year. On one occasion his vote kept the
Fox-Vogel Government in office. He practised
in Wellington till 1894, and was then appointed
examiner of titles in the Land Transfer depart-
ment. He married a daughter of Charles Mot-
tram Steel. Howorth died on 8 Jan 1907.

Evening Post, 8 Jan 1907.

HOWORTH, JAMES (1792-1867) was born
in England, educated Jor the bar at Gray's Inn,
and came to New Zealand with his family in
the Strathmore in 1856. Settling in Otago, he
practised in Dunedin for many years, and
occupied the position of provincial solicitor
and crown prosecutor. He represented Cen-
tral district in the Provincial Council (1860-
63), and was a member of the executive for
two years at that time. He died on 13 Mar
1867.

Otago P.C. Proc. and Gaz.; Otago Daily Times,
15 Mar 1867.

417

-----------------------Page 226 End-----------------------

HUGHES.

HUGHES, ROBERT CLINTON (1847-1935)
was born at Auckland, the son of Robert
Hughes (1821-1914), a Shropshireman. He
arrived in New Plymouth as a young man and
was apprenticed to W. Halse (qv.), under
whom he studied law and was duly admitted a
solicitor. He practised for many years in New
Plymouth.

Hughes was elected a member of the Pro-
vincial Council for New Plymouth in 1874, and
sat until the abolition. He took a great in-
terest in the amenities of the town, being a
member of the Pukekura park board from its
inception until his death. He was a member
of the town board (1884-89) and of various
societies for beautifying the town and humani-
tarian objects. Hughes was the last surviving
member of the Provincial Councils in the North
Island (see SIR J. MILLS). He died on 18 Jan
1935.

Taranaki Herald, 19 Jan 1935; Cycl. N.Z., vi (p);

Taranaki P.C. Proc.
HULBERT, CHARLES PARTRIDGE (1841-
1926) was born at Bristol and arrived in New
Zealand from Australia in 1860. He had some
experience at Gabriel's Gully in 1863, and
served in the Maori war. Later he settled in
Christchurch, where he was for 30 years in busi-
ness. He was elected to the City Council in
1879, 1881 and 1886, and was mayor in 1884-
85, and a member of the domain and hospital
boards. During his mayoralty he promoted the
establishment of the Jubilee home for the in-
digent poor of Christchurch. Hulbert was an
officer and life member of E battery of volun-
teers, and during the South African war (1899-
1902) and the war of 1914-18 he did service as
examiner of military clothing. He was a free-
mason, being master of lodge St Augustine and
past provincial grand warden. He'died on 22
Jun 1926.

Cycl. N.Z., iii; Evening Post, 23 Jun 1926.
HULKa, WILLIAM KING (1819-1908) was
born at Deal, the son of a doctor. The family
originated in Holland, whence they fled to Eng-
land to escape the persecutions of the Spaniards.
Apprenticed to the sea under the East India
Company, Hulke disliked the life, and after one
voyage retired to farming in Pembrokeshire.

In 1840 he sailed for New Zealand in the
ship London. Landing at Port Nicholson he
walked overland to Wanganui, where he

HULL

started a store in partnership with Dorset, Keith
and Barley brothers (Bristol). Returning to
Wellington, he made a voyage to Sydney for
dairy cattle and established a farm at Kilbirnie
and Miramar, from which he supplied vegetables
and milk to the town. At the end of 1842 he
moved to Wanganui, where he erected a flour-
mill (driven by the wind) with machinery which
he had imported from England. It was burned
down in 1845 and he moved to New Plymouth,
where he erected a new mill with the same
machinery. This was aftenvards the Union mill
and was run by water power. In the early fifties
Hulke purchased land at Bell Block, which he
farmed until the war, when he retired to New
Plymouth and established a nursery garden. In
4866 (with the Webster brothers) he established
a steam flour mill. In proposing C. Brown for
the Legislative Council of New Munster, Hulke
advocated universal suffrage (1852). In 1886
he became a pioneer of the Taranaki dairy in-
dustry, when he started a model farm and dairy
at Corbett road, Bell Block. Importing Jersey
cattle, he established a famous herd and rend-
ered valuable service to the industry and the
province by promoting the dairy factory system.
In 1882 he published Golden Rules for Butter-
making. :

Hulke was member of the Provincial Council
for Grey and Bell (1857-58, 1861-65). He died
on 23 Oct 1908.

Taranaki P.C. minutes and Gaz.; Philpott (p):
Taranaki Herald, 23-28 Oct 1908.

HULL, FRANCIS HOLMES (1816-84) was born
in England. He arrived in Auckland by the
Blue Jacket (1860) and settled at Mangawai, or
Kaiwaka, where he farmed for many years. He
was appointed a justice of the peace (1861),
and served on the bench in his own district and
later in Auckland. In 1866 he was elected
M.H.R. for Marsden, which he represented to
1869. Four years later he contested Otamatea
for the Provincial Council. He was the first
chairman of the Pukekaroro road board (1869)
and for many years chairman of the school com-
mittee. He was one of the promoters of the
Mangawai Racing club (1860). On going to
reside in Auckland (1883) Hull took a keen
interest in the Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals and other humanitarian
bodies. He died on 13 Jul 1884.

N.Z. Herald, 21 Jul, 6 Aug 1884.

418

 

HULME

HULME, EDWARD (1812-76) was born at
Hythe, Kent, and at the age of 16 was appre.n-
ticed to the Royal College of Surgeons in Lon-
don. He studied also at the Middlesex Hospital
and, having received his diploma, practised in
Exeter, and was appointed a physician at the
infirmary. He subsequently pursued his studies
on the Continent, notably at the School of
Medicine in Paris and at the Salpetriere asylum.
In 1848 he was awarded the Jacksonian prize
of the Royal College of Surgeons for his essay
on asphyxia

Hulme resigned from the Rotunda Hospital
in Dublin in 1856 and came to New Zealand
in the Strathmore, intending to go on the land.
He was, however, persuaded to practise his pro-
, and in 1857 was appointed provincial
surgeon in Dunedin. He was afterwards coroner
and for many years port health officer. Hulme
was for a short time a member of the Dunedin
town board, but took no other part in public
life. He died on 27 Dec 1876.

Fulton (p); Otago Daily Times, 28 Dec 1876.

HUME, ARTHUR (1840-1918) was born at
Dublin, educated at Cheltenham College,
Gloucester, and in 1859 received his commis
sion as ensign in the 79th Highlanders, with
which he served in India for some years. Re-
turning to England in 1871, he became a cap-
tain in 1874 and deputy-governor of Millbank
Prison, London. In 1875 he was transferred to
Dartmoor; in 1878 he became deputy-governor
of Portland, and later governor of Wormwood
Scrubs.

In 1880 he was appointed inspector of prisons
in New Zealand. In 1888 he was gazetted col-
onel of militia and inspector of volunteers.
Two years later he became commissioner of
police, a position which he occupied (together
with that of Under-secretary of Defence till
1895) until his retirement in 1909. He died on
2 Feb 1918 Hume married (1864) Miss Mac-
intire, daughter of the deputy-inspector-general
of hospitals in the Punjab.

Who's Who_N.Z., 1908; Cycl. N.z, i (p);
N.z. Times, 4 Feb 1918.

HUME, FERGUS (1859-1932) was born in
England and educated at the Otago Boys High
School and Otago University. Becoming a bar-
rister, he spent three years in Melbourne and
settled in England in 1888. His first novel, The

419

 

HUMPHRIES

Mystery Of a Hansom Cab, was published in
1887 and was followed by Madame Midas
(1888) and many others. Hume died on 12
Jul 1932.

Otago H.S.0.B. Reg.; Who's Who N.Z., 1931.

HUMPHREYS, EDWARD WINGFIELD (1841-
92) was the second son of Erskine Humphreys,
barrister, Garthmyl, Wales. He came to Otago
in 1864 and took up a property at Strath-Taieri.
About 1888 he left this station and settled in
Christchurch. In 1889 he was elected to Parlia-
ment as a supporter of the Atkinson Govern-
ment for Christchurch North, which he repre-
sented till the end of the following year, when
he was defeated. In 1891 he was elected to the
Christchurch City Council but had to resign on
account of ill-health, and died on 28 Apr 1892.

Humphreys married Alice, second daughter
of the Hon J. Hawdon (qv.).

Parltry Record; Otago Daily Times, 30 Apr 1892.
Portrait: Parliament House.

HUMPHRIES, EDWARD LARWILL (1816-69)
was born in Finsbury Square, London; edu-
cated in London, and passed the examination
of Apothecaries Hall in 1838 and that of the
Royal College of Surgeons in 1839. He COn
menced to practise in the East End but, his
health not being equal to the strain, he sailed
for New Zealand as surgeon in the Mary, which
touched at all ports in 1849.

Returning to England, his health again failed
a year later and he came out to New Zealand
with his family in the Sir Edward Paget (1851).
Humphries settled in New Plymouth and Was
soon engrossed in an arduous, if not aways
lucrative, practice. Owing to native unrest the
family had to move into the town while he
acted as surgeon to the forces in the field.

In 1857 he was elected to the Provincial
Council for New Plymouth, which he represen-
ted until 1861, being speaker of the Council
the whole of that time. He was also on three
occasions in 1860-61 deputy superintendent. Be-
ing a good business man, and finding medicine
not profitable, he opened a business in the
town, first as chemist and afterwards adding
wine and spirits. Humphries and his wife (a
daughter of William Dixon, lieutenant in the
44th Regiment) were active in all social move-
ments, including the initiation of the recrea
tion grounds, which afterwards developed into

-----------------------Page 227 End-----------------------

HUMPHRIES

Pukekura park. Humphries died on 9 Jul 1869.
His widow (Ellen Maria) died, on 27 Apr 1889,
aged 68. (See T. HUMPHRIES, C. W. HURST-
House.)

Skinner (p); Cycl. N.Z., vi; Taranaki Herald, 14
Jul 1869.

HUMPHRIES, THOMAS (1841-1928), son of
E. L. Humphries (q.v.), was born in London
and came to New Zealand in 1851. He was.
educated privately in New Plymouth and in
1857 joined the Taranaki survey department.
He subsequently rose to the position of chief
surveyor and commissioner of crown lands for
Taranaki, Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Nelson and
Canterbury and in 1906 became Surveyor-gen-
eral. Serving with Atkinson's Forest Rangers,
he took part in the Maori war in the sixties and
became a good rifle shot.

Humphries was interested in astronomy in
relation to surveying and wrote a text book
on the subject. He officially observed the transit
of Venus in 1882, and photographed the eclipse
of the sun in 1885. He was a fellow of the
Royal Astronomical Society and of the Institute
of Surveyors, and a member of the Government
Life Insurance and Public Trust boards of in-
vestment, and of the miners’ and surveyors’
boards of examiners. Retiring in 1909, he died
on 30 Aug 1928. In 1864 he married Martha
Ann, daughter of the Rev Robert Ward (q.v.).

Cycl. N.z., 1; Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1924; Even-
ing Post, 39 Aug 1928 (p); The Dominion, 31 Aug,
1928 (p).

HUNTER, ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1816-
1900) was a builder by trade. Arriving in Auck-
land in the early fifties, he carried on his trade
with success until 1863, when a cyclone
destroyed his factory in Parnell. Hunter was
M.P.C. for Parnell (1865-69). He died on 12
Jul 1900.
Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.z. Herald, 17 Jul 1900.

HUNTER, GEORGE (1788-1843) came from
Banffshire, Scotland. There he was educated
and, having engaged in business in Glasgow,
he came to New Zealand in the Duke of Rox-
burgh (1840) intending to make his home in
Wellington. In the first instance he was rep-
resenting the London firm of Arthur Willis,
Sons, and Co., and later he started business in
Lambton quay in partnership with Kenneth

HUNTER

Bethune as general merchants and shipping
agents. On the erection of their building SD.
Parnell (q.v.), as clerk of works, insisted on the
eight-hour day.

Hunter occupied the post of storekeeper-gen-
eral to the New Zealand Company's settlement.
He immediately took a leading place as a citizen
of Wellington. For some time the pioneers
governed themselves under a voluntary associa
tion of order and defence. When this drew
the suspicion of Governor Hobson they appeal-
ed for the erection of a municipality, which
would enable them to raise funds to carry out
the necessary works in the town. Hobson pro-
claimed Wellington a borough as from 4 Aug
1842, and steps were taken to elect a council.
This took place on 3 Oct. Hunter became.
mayor by virtue of his position at the head of
the poll, and appears to have been painstaking,
thorough, and sagacious. He was one of the
few chosen by Hobson for the commission of
peace (3 May 1841).

Hunter's life carne to an untimely end owing
to his devotion to public duty. Requisitioned
in Jun 1843 to call a public meeting to sym-
pathise with the people of Nelson in the Wai-
rau disaster, he attended it and caught a chill,
from which his death followed on 19 Jul. W.
Guyton became mayor for the balance of the
term. The ordinance of the Legislative Council
of New Zealand, under which the borough
council was established, was disallowed later,
and the corporation came to an end in Dec
1843. (See ROBERT Cotz, Henry GoVETT.)

Cycl. N.z., i; Ward (p); Evening Post, 3 Sap
4929 (p). Portrait: Wellington City Council.

HUNTER, GEORGE (1821-80) was born in
Banfishire, the son of G. Hunter (q.v.), with
whom he came to New Zealand in 1840. He
hecame a member of his father's firm, which in
1844 removed from Lambton Quay to Custom-
house street. When Kenneth Bethune died he
became the sole partner. As a business man
he was shrewd, able, and scrupulously honest.
He had large country interests in Hawkes Bay
(where he owned the Porangahau station), and
considerable’ holdings in real estate in Welling-
fon.

In public life Hunter was opposed to Feather-
ston, and he declined Grey's offer of a seat
in the Legislative Council because his partner

420

 

HUNTER

was a partisan of Featherston. He did accept
the invitation in 1848. When the constitution
of 1852 came into operation, Hunter retired
from politics; but at the election of the second
Provincial Council (1857) he was persuaded
to come fonvard, and he was a member until
the abolition. During the contest between
Featherston and Jerningham Wakefield (1857-
61) Hunter was closely associated with the
latter, and was for a short time a member of his
executive. He was also in Bunny's executive
under the superintendency of Fitzherbert

Hunter entered Parliament in 1870 as a mem-
ber for Wellington City, and supported Vogel
and Fox against Stafford. He continued in
Parliament until 1879, when he was defeated
by W. Hutchison, who also defeated him
for the mayoralty. He retired from the City
Council in 1879. Hunter was a founder of the
Wellington chamber of commerce (of which he
was president); of the Wellington Choral so-
ciety, of the Gas Co., the Patent Slip Co., the
Trust Loan, and Investment Co.; the Welling-
ton Club, the Jockey club and the New Zealand
Times. On a stud farm at Island Bay he bred
stock which he exhibited successfully at shows.
He was an efficient militia officer; started the
patriotic fund during the Crimean war and
took the first steps to see that New Zealand
was represented at the London Exhibitions of
4851 and 1862. He was a liberal member of
the Church of England, attending St Peter's
Church and building a church on his estate
at Porangahau.

Hunter married a sister (who died 1868) of
Major James Paul (qv.). He died on 6 Aug
1880. (See Sr GEORGE HUNTER).

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., i; Ward (p);
N.Z. Times, 7, 13 Aug 1880; Evening Post, 3 Sep
4929. Portrait: Wellington City Council.

HUNTER, SIR GEORGE (1859-1930) was the
son of George Hunter (1821-80, q.v.), and was
born and educated in Wellington. He soon
aftenvards engaged in sheepfarming with his
brother at Porangahau, where he lived most of
his life. He was 35 years chairman of the Wall-
ingford road board, 37 years chairman of the
Porangahau road board, and 33 years a member
of the Waipawa county council. He was presi-
dent of the Hawkes Bay Agricultural and Pas-
toral association and of the New Zealand
Council of Agriculture.

42

HUNTER

As a sportsman Hunter was president of the
Waipukurau and Wellington Racing clubs.
With his brother he bred many thoroughbreds
and raced with some success The mare
Cynisca, owned by him and Sir George Clifford,
won the Wellington Cup three times in suc-
cession. As a member of the racing confer-
ence, he in.troduced the gaming amendment
bill on the-first occasion. Hunter represented
Waipawa in Parliament (1896-99), and again
from 1911 till his death (which occurred on
20 Aug 1930). He married (1923) Mrs Edith
Munro (nee Ford).

Hunter donated £30,000 worth of land for
the settlement of veterans from the war of
1914-18. He was knighted in 1921.

Parltry Record; N.Z.P.D., 20 Aug 1930; Evening
Post and The Dominion, 20, 21 Aug 1900. Portrait:
‘Ward ; Parliament House.

HUNTER, WILLIAM MAGEE (1834-68) and
his brother, Henry BOYLE HUNTER, were born
in county Antrim, Ireland. William was trained
in the militia in Ireland and at Hythe gunnery
school. On coming to New Zealand he was
clerk to the Auckland Provincial Council. On
the outbreak of war in 1863 he received a com-
mission as captain and adjutant in the 1st Wai-
kato Regiment of militia, in which his brother
aso served for a while. On the day of the
attack on Turutum-mokai (12 Jul 1868) von
Tempsky, as senior officer, led his division to
relieve the post and Hunter, having received
no orders, remained to defend the Waihi re-
doubt with his division of mounted Constabu-
lary. Unjustly accused of failing to come to the
rescue of the garrison, he was acquitted by
courtmartial, but the accusation rankled in his
mind.

At the first attack on Te Ngutu-o-te-Manu
(21 Aug) he commanded the second division,
which formed the rear-guard in the retreat. In
the second attack (7 Sep) he requested per-
mission of Colonel McDonnell to storm the
position, but was refused and ordered to escort
the wounded out of the bush. Von Tempsky
was one of the five officers killed and Lieutenant
Henry Hunter, of the Wellington rifles, met his
death while heedlessly exposing himself to ob-
serve the enemy movements.

Major Hunter was killed in the reverse at
Moturoa (7 Nov). With 50 men of the Armed

-----------------------Page 228 End-----------------------

 

HURST

Constabulary he advanced across the open front
of the position under heavy fire and led his men
round the stockade searching for a weak spot.
He was severely wounded, and though Whit-
more tried to staunch the bleeding, died almost
immediately. Hunter had begged permission
the previous night to lead the assault

Cowan; "Whitmore; Gudgeon (p).

HURST, WILLIAM JOHN (?-1886) was born
in England. He settled in Auckland: in the
early sixties, and was a conspicuous figure in
politics for the remainder of his life. In 1868
he was elected to the Provincial Council for
Auckland East, which he represented until 1875.
In 1870 he moved the resolution which un-
seated the executive, and he was a member of
the incoming government without portfoli
but later he accepted the treasurership, which
he held for three years. In 1871 he was elected
to the Auckland City Council, and in 1876-77
he was mayor of Auckland. He was also a
member of the education board. In 1879 Hurst
was elected to Parliament for Auckland City
West, which he represented till 1881, and from
that date until his death he was member for
‘Waitemata. He was one of the four Auckland
Liberals who supported the Hall ministry. He
was a fine debater, an active thinker and a
good business man, and was much interested in
agricultural matters. He died in England on
29 Sep 1886.

Cyc!. .Z., ii; Morton; Auckland star, 8 Oct, 15
Nov 1886. Portrait: Parliament House; Barr.

HURSTHOUSE, CHARLES FLINDERS (1812-
76) was born in England. At the age of 19 he
was sent to the United States and Canada to
report on the prospects for settling there. He
advised the family to turn their attention to
New Zealand and he came to Nelson in 1842.
Froin Wellington he walked to New Plymouth,
where he spent five years, and then revisited
England. There he published An Account of
the Settlement of New Plymouth (1849) and
lectured to induce emigrants to come to the
Colony. He came back in the Joseph Fletcher
in 1854 with other members of the family, but
returned to England at once and was not able
to come here again for 15 years. During that
time he published New Zealand, the Britain of
the South (1860), a Letter to Australian Col-
onists (1867), The Incorporation of the British

 

 

HURSTHOUSE

Colonial in the Home Empire (1867), the New
Zealand Handbook, A Short Synoptical View
Of New Zealand To-day (1867), Australian In-
dependence (1870), and a number of pamph-
lets. He was thanked by the Taranaki Provin-
cid Council for his services to the province.
Hursthouse came to New Zealand again by the
Halcione in 1870. He died on 23 Nov 1876.

Hocken, Bibliog.; Taranaki Herald, 24 Nov 1816.

HURSTHOUSE, CHARLES WILSON (1841-
1911) was born in Norwich, England, and edu-
cated in New Plymouth, where: he arrived with
his parents at the age of two. In 1855 he entered
the survey department as a cadet, and two years
later became assistant surveyor. In this capacity
he was sent to survey the Waitara purchase,
but was turned off by Wi Kingi's people (1860)
He served in the Taranaki war (1860-64), and
was present at Waireka and Mahoetahi. (Ensign
of Military Settlers, 1866; lieutenant Taranaki
militia, 1869; captain New Zealand militia,
4881 ; retired 1905.)

He represented Grey and Bell in the Taranaki
Provincial Council (186973). In 1871 he was
appointed a surveyor in the Public Works de-
partment to layout railway routes; in 1875
resident engineer in Taranaki, and in 1880 a
road surveyor making roads to Parihaka. He then
proceeded to make the explorations for the
North Island main trunk railway. While on
this duty, in Mar 1883, he and T. Newsham
were captured by Mahuki and bound hand and
foot for 48 hours. He was for many years en-
gaged in the King Country and as resident en-
gineer began the construction of the line, which
he completed to Mokau station, 34 miles from
Te Awamutu. In 1901 he was made chief en-
gineer of the new Department of roads. Hurst-
house married a daughter of Dr E. L. Hum-
phries (q.v.). He died on 26 Feb 1911.

Cowan, Wars and Old Frontier; Who's Who N.Z.,
1908; Jourdain. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll

HURSTHOUSE, RICHMOND (1845-1902) was
born in New Plymouth (the son of John Hurst-
house, who arrived in 1842). Owing to the out-
break of the Maori war he was taken by his
parents to Nelson, and his education was
limited to one year at the Bishop's School there.
At the age of 19 Hursthouse was with a survey
party which laid out the town of Westport. He
then returned to New Plymouth and served for

422

 

 

TE HURUHURU

two years in the Bush Rangers under his kins-
man Harry Atkinson. In 1868 he visited the
Thames goldfields and afterwards spent three
years in engineering works in Melbourne. He
was fairly successful at the Gulgong rush in
1871, and returned to New Zealand for the
Green Half rush at Coromandel. This was dis-
appointing, and he returned to live in Nelson.

Hursthouse was elected to Parliament in 1876
by the Motueka constituency, which he repre-
sented for Il years. He contested the Nelson
seat (1899) and Egmont (1902). Hursthouse
was farming until 1893, and thereafter was
manager of the Australasian Gold Trust and
Pioneer Co.'s works at West Wanganui. For
many years he was a member of the land board
and education board, and he was the first mayor
of Motueka (1900). He died on Il Nov 1902.
His wife, a daughter of Edward Fearon, died on
| Sep 1901

Cycl. N.Z., v; Parltry Record; Nicholls; The

Colonist and Taranaki Herald, 12 Nov 1902. Por-
trait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

TE HURUHURU, a South Island chief of the
early nineteenth century, belonged to the Ngai-
Tahu tribe. He had a narrow escape from
death in a fight between Ngai-Tahu and Ngati-
Mamoe on the Waitaki river, south Canterbury.
Bishop Sdwyn, who met him at the Waitaki
ferry in 1844, found him a man of pleasing
manners, and Edward Shortland, who found
him as chief person at Te Puna a Maru, says
that he acted as ferryman very conscientiously
He gave much information about the interior
of Otago, and drew a map showing the position
of the inland lakes.

‘Sdwyn, Annals; Shorttand; Hocken, Otago.

HUTCHISON, GEORGE (1846-1930) was born
at Dundee, Scotland, the son of W. Hutchison
(q.v.). To the age of 15 he received his educa-
tion in public schools in Ireland and Scotland.
Coming to New Zealand with his parents
(1866), he was associated with the Southem
Cross in Auckland for a year or two; then
studied law and, having been admitted, com-
menced in 1872 to practise at Wanganui and
Wellington.

Hutchison first attempted to enter Parliament
in 1881. He announced himself for Waitotara,
but stood down in favour of Bryce and con-
tested the Egmont seat against Atkinson. In

HUTCHISON

1884 he contested the Taranaki seat against
Atkinson, and’ in 1887 defeated Bryce for
Waitotara, which he represented till 1893.
Electoral boundaries having been altered, he
sat for Patea from 1893, A vigorous indepen-
dent in politics, he had a part in the defeat of
the Atkinson ministry (1890), but remained in
opposition to the Ballance Government and
afterwards to that of Seddon. In 1889 he intro-
duced a bill to give accused persons the right
to give evidence in their own defence.

In 1899 Hutchison went to South Africa,
where for a while he did military staff duty
during the advance to Bloemfontein and Pre:
toria. He resigned his seat in 1901 to practise
law in South Africa, where he remained till
1907. After spending two years in England he
returned to Auckland, where he passed the re-
mainder of his life. He died on 30 Jul 1930.

Hutchison married a daughter of the Rev
D. Hogg (Wanganui). He was for some time
an officer of the 'West Coast infantry battalion.
An eloquent speaker and a capital debater,
Gisborne expected him to achieve some poli-
tical success.

Parltry Record; N.z.P.D., 2 Jul 1890; Gisborne
(p); Saunders; N.Z. Herald, 31 Jut 1930; Auck-
land Star, ib. Portrait: Parliament House.

HUTCHISON, WILLIAM (1820-1905) was
born in the village of Bellie,- Banffshire, edu-
cated in the parish and at Inverness, and be-
came a journalist. He worked on newspapers
in Scotland and Ireland, and published several
pamphlets on the poor law and education. In
1866 he came to Auckland under engagement
to the Southenz Cross, but a few months later
accepted the editorship of the Wanganui
Chronicle, which he controlled for seven years.

During this time he was mayor of Wanganui
(1873-74), and represented the town and dis
trict in the Wellington Provincial Council
(1867-76). In Feb 1874 he established the Tri-
bune (in Wellington). He sold out two or
three years later to E. T. Gillon (q.v.), and
edited the Nelson Colonist for a short time. He
was very prominent in the civil life of Welling-
ton, being five times elected mayor (1876-77,
1879-81). He was on the education board
(1877-84) and represented Wellington City in
Parliament (1879-81) and Wellington South
(1881-84). In 1884, having been defeated by
G. Fisher, Hutchison went to Dunedin and

423

-----------------------Page 229 End-----------------------

 

HUTT

again engaged in journalism. Here he became
deeply interested in trades unionism and in
politics. He was first president of the Otago
Protection League; president of two trades
unions and of the Industrial League of New Zea-
land (1890). After contesting the Roslyn seat
in 1887, he was elected for the City in 1890
as a Labour representative (with Pinkerton and
Fish). In 1896, and at a subsequent by-election
in 1897, he suffered defeat, and he was not
again in politics. A strong party man, yet very
independent, he was perhaps not as well suited
for politics as for journalism. As a writer he
was higWy endowed, with the accomplished
style of a good essayist. He wrote prolifically
on social, philosophical and religious topics.
He was for 50 years an ordained elder of the
Presbyterian Church, and for some years an
ordained deacon of Knox Church. Hutchison
was described at his death as ‘an all-round
worthy: He was on the committee of the Dun-
edin City mission and one of the Dempsey
trustees. He married, in 1846, Helen Aicheson,
of Inverness (who died in 1900). Their sons
included G. Hutchison (q.v.), T. Hutchison,
SM., and Sir James Hutchison. Hutchison died
‘on 3 Dec 1905.

Cyel. NZ., iv (p); Otago Daily Times, 4 Dec
1905; Evening Star, ib.; Lyttelton Times, 8 Dec

1890. Portrait: Wanganui Town Hall; Wellington
Town Hall; Parliament House.

HUTT, SIR WILLIAM (1801-82), after whom
the Hutt river was named, was born in Lam-
beth, Surrey, and educated privately at Ryde,
Isle of Wight, and Camberwell. Matriculating
from St Mary Hall, Oxford, he entered Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
(1827) and M.A. in 1831. He married (1831)
Mary, daughter of J Milner, and dowager
countess of Strathmore.

Hutt was M.P. for Hull (1832-41) and for
Gateshead (1841-74). A freetrader and much
interested in colonial affairs, he was a member
of the select committee on colonial lands (1836).
He was a commissioner for the foundation of
South Australia, a member of the New Zealand
Association (1837), and of the select commit-
tee on New Zealand (1840). After the New Zea
land bill was thrown out in 1838 Hutt formed
the New Zealand Company, amalgamating the
interests of the New Zealand Land Company,
the New Zealand Colonisation Company and

 

HUTTON

the old New Zealand Company of 1825. He
was later a director and chairman. In 1860
he was vice-president of the Board of Trade.
(K.C.B., 1865) He died on 24 Nov 1882. His
first wife (who died 1860) left him mining pro-
perties worth over {18,000 a year. He married
again (1861) a daughter of the Hon Sir James
Francis Stanhope.

D.N.E.; G.B.O.P., 1838, 1840 et seq.; Harrop,
Wakefield; Marais.

HUTTON, DAVID CON (1843-1910) was born
in Dundee, Scotland, educated there, and pro-
ceeded to the School of Art, where he gained a
free studentship and in 1859 was appointed an
art pupil-teacher. He continued his studies in
modelling, and published his freehand drawing
series. In 1863 he gained an art master's cer-
tificate, and in 1865 was appointed art master
at the Perth School of Art. Early in 1870 he
arrived in Otago (in the Christian McCaus-
land) as drawing master under the Otago pro-
vincial government, and he forthwith estab-
lished the School of Art in Dunedin, of which
he was principal till his death (on 20 Oct 1910).
Hutton married (1872) a daughter of A. Doug-
las, Edinburgh.
Otago Daily Times, 7 Nov 1910.

HUTTON, FREDERICK WOLLASTON (1836-
1905) was the son of the Rev F. H. Hutton,
and was born at Gate Burton, Lincolnshire. He
was educated at Southwell Grammar School and
at the Royal Naval Academy, Gosport, but at
the age of 14 entered Green's merchant sevice
and made several voyages to the East in the
Alfred

In 1854 he entered the applied science de-
partment of King’s College, London, to quality
2s a civil engineer; but on the outbreak of the
Crimean war he received his commission
(1855) as ensign in the 23rd Regiment (Royal
Welsh Fusiliers). After a period of service in
the field he returned to England, was promoted
lieutenant (1857) and sailed for China, but
was diverted to India. He was at the relief of
Lucknow under Sir Colin Campbell. In 1858
Hutton returned to England to help raise a
new battalion of the regiment. He passed the
school of musketry at Hythe and was appointed
instructor to the battalion, with which he went
to Malta. Having completed his training at
Sandhurst and Woolwich (specialising in geo-

424

 

HUTTON

logy and mineralogy) and been elected a fa-
low of the Geological Society (1860), he was
attached to the Royal Horse Artillery, and then
to the 9th Lancers. Promoted captain (1862),
he rejoined his regiment at Malta. In 1863 he
was brigade-major at the Curragh, and in 1864
deputy-adjutant and quartermaster-general at
Dublin.

In 1865 Hutton sold out of the army and
came to New Zealand in the Queen of the
South, reaching Auckland in 1866. He started
flaxmilling, but was soon employed by the pro-
vincial government to examine the extent of
the coal deposits in lower Waikato, and then
spent two years under the Colonial Government
reporting on the Thames and the geology of
the Great Barrier. In 1869 he erected a flaxmill
at Churchill, Waikato, but abandoned it as a
financial loss. At the request of McLean, Hut-
ton reported on the defence of Auckland
against a sudden cruiser attack, and examined
the harbours of Nelson, Wellington, Lyttelton
and Port Chamers. He recommended the
mounting of guns and locomotive torpedoes
and the training of marine artillery and volun-
teers.

In 1871 Hutton published his catalogue of
New Zealand birds, in 1872 a catalogue of
fishes, and in 1873 a catalogue of mollusca. He
was appointed geologist to the Geological Sur-
vey and teacher of natural science at Wellington
College. He then became provincial geologist
of Otago, and in 1873 professor of natural
science at Otago University. In 1880 he was
appointed professor ‘of biology at Canterbury
College, a position he held until 1892, when
he resigned to become curator of the Canter-
bury Museum. In that year also he was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Hutton wrote many scientific papers. In 1861
he reviewed Darwin's Origin of Species, and some
years later his Lamarckism and Darwinism at-
tracted a good deal of attention. He also pub-
lished many scientific text-books, and collab-
orated with J. Drummond in The Animals of
New Zealand (1904). His magnum opus was
the Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae, published
in the same year. Hutton was president of the
Australasian Association for the Advancement
of Science.

HYDE

He married (1861) Annie Gouger, daughter
of Dr William Montgomerie, H.E.I.C.S, and
died on 27 Oct 1905.

Gol. Gent.; Hight and Candy; Hutton and
Drummond, op. cit. (4th ed.); Otago Daily Times
and The Press, 31 Oct 1905. Portrait: N.2. Jour.
at Science, vol ii (p).

HYDE, ROBIN, nee IRIS GUIVER WILKIN-
SON (1906-39) was born in South Africa, the
daughter of George Edward Wilkinson (who
was born in India and went to South Africa
with Lumsden's Horse in the war of 1899-1902)
and his wife, Adelaide Butler, whose parents
were pioneers of Victoria Her great grand-
father, John Sircom, was a minor poet. Com-
ing to New Zealand as an infant, she was edu-
cated at the Berhampore school (Wellington)
of which she was dux, and then at Welling-
ton Girls’ College, where she won junior and
senior scholarships and several literary prizes
and contributed to the school magazine, The
Reporter. ‘While on the staff of The Dominion
she attended lectures at Victoria College. Hav-
ing suffered permanent injury in an accident
she devoted herself to literature, mainly as a
freelance writer, and won a short-story com-
petition of the Auckland Sun and a poetry
prize. Under the pseudonym’ Robin Hyde’ she
wrote verse and prose for that paper, the Syd-
ney Bulletin, the Triad, Auckland Star and the
New Zealand Artists’ Annual. Her first pub-
lication, The Desolate Star, a small volume of
verse, appeared in 1934, and her first volume ot
prose, Journalese, in the same year. She de-
veloped quickly as a writer, publishing in rapid
succession Passport to Hell and Check to Your
King (1936), Wednesday's Children (1936),
Nor the Years Condemn (1938), The Godwits
Fly (1938) and two other volumes of verse,
The Conquerors (1935) and Persephone in
Winter (1937). Early in 1988 she went to
China, where her health suffered from hard-
ships undergone in the war. Her book, Dra-
gon Rampant, was in the press when she died
(in London) on 22 Aug 1939.

Robin Hyde, op. cit., and personal information;
The Dominion, 25 Aug; Evening Post, 23 Aug (p);
2 Sp 1939.

-----------------------Page 230 End-----------------------

 

 

 

ICK, CHARLES THOMAS (1827-85) was born
on the Lady Halton estate, Shropshire, and
arrived in New Zealand in the Lord Worsley
in 1858, going into business in Dunedin as a
draper. In 1863 he started farming at Waikou-
aiti, where he took an interest in local affairs
2 a member of the borough council. Losing
money on his farm, however, he moved to
Christchurch in 1870, where he carried on busi-
ness as an auctioneer for 12 years. In Dunedin
Ick assisted in securing the return of Vogel to
Parliament and was a member of the. City
Council. He was active in social work in Christ-
church, being a founder of the Benevolent Aid
society (1879) and a member of the hospital
and charitable aid board. He was mayor of the
City in 1879-80, and many years chairman of
the works committee. He died on 27 Apr 1885.

Cycl. NZ., iii (p); Lyttelton Times, 28 Apr 1885.

INGLES, HENRY ANTHONY (1840-92) was
born in London, the son of David Ingles, of
Kincaid, Stirling. Educated at Edinburgh
Academy and Sandhurst, he received his en-
signcy in the 78th Highlanders (1856) and sold
out in 1861 as a lieutenant. He came to Nelson
by the Ravenscraig (1862), and with a brother
purchased the Pukipuki run, Marlborough (ex-
tending from the Iron Gate to the Kowhai
river), which they named Kincaid. They had
a stem struggle with scab and rabbits.

Ingles was a justice of the peace and a mem-
ber of the road board. He represented Clarence
in the Marlborough Provincial Council from
4868 until the abolition, and was a member of
the executive in 1870 and again from 1874 until
the end of the period. He was M.H.R. for
Cheviot (1871-75). As a friend and confidant
of Stafford (q.v.) Ingles suggested to Vogel
bringing down the abolition resolutions on 13

Aug 1874. He was afterwards on the county
council. He married (1875) Emily Ann,
daughter of Walter Glas Chieve (Tasmania).
He died on 21 Mar 1892.

Information from family and James Davison, Ka-
koura; Parltry Record; Press Association, 21. Mar
1892; The Colonist, 30 Nov 1869; The Press, Oct
1894; N.Z. Herald, 3 Dec.

INGLIS, JOHN (1822-84) was the son of a
Presbyterian minister and was born at Milden,
Roxburghshire. He emigrated to Victoria in
1854 and to New Zealand a few years later, tak-
ing up a sheep farm in the North Island. After
spending a year or two in business in Timaru,
he was appointed in 1864 manager of Mathe-
son's agency in Christchurch. When that busi-
ness was disposed of (1878) he carried on on
his own account.

Inglis took a great interest in free and un-
denominational education, and as a member of
the Provincial Council for Christchurch (1869-
74) he did much to promote the Canterbury
system. In 1871 he was appointed by the Sup-
etintendent a member of the board of educa
tion, and he assisted to frame the education
ordinance. He was chairman of the first board
of education (1874) and was a member and
chairman of both the boards subsequently set
up under acts of Parliament (1874-84). Alto-
gether he served 13 years on the board (includ-
ing more than nine years as chairman). He
was interested also in the Canterbury Philoso-
phical Institute and was a governor of Canter-
bury College and some time chairman of the
chamber of commerce. Inglis was a staunch
member of the Trinity Congregational Church
(of which he was 15 years treasurer). He died
on 19 Oct 1884.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Hight and Candy; Lyttel-
ton Times, 24 Oct 1884.

426

 

 

INNES

INNES, ALEXANDER (1832-82) was born at
Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh. He was
apprenticed to his uncle, a sed engraver, but
on emigrating to Victoria he was for some years
a storekeeper at Ovens. He designed the town
hall at Beechworth. In 1863 he came to Otago,
settling in Queenstown as salesman to Bendix
Hallenstein. Later he went to Arrowtown in
charge of a branch store. There he acquired
considerable property (including an orchard),
to which he devoted his whole attention. Innes
represented The Lakes in the Provincial Coun-
cil (1872-73). He was the first mayor of Arrow-
town and designed the seal of the corporation.
‘A man of some culture and education, he took
a keen interest in the local library. Innes died
on 11 Dec 1882.

Lake Wakatipu Mail, 15 Dec 1882.

INNES, DAVID, came to Canterbury in the
first years of the settlement and in 1853 was
allotted 25,000 acres (later Holme and Pareora
stations). He entered into partnership with
William Hyde Harris, owner of Waikakahi
(1855), and they worked the stations together
until 1864. Then Innes and Edward Elworthy
became partners. -When they dissolved Innes
took the lower Pareora, of which he freeholded
15,000 acres about that time.

While returning from England in the Ken-
sington in 1862, Innes purchased from L.
Walker (q.v.) a consignment of horses which
Walker considered unfit for further travel. Thus
Traducer, Leotard and Mermaid (dam of Lur-
line) came to New Zealand. Innes was in the
Provincial Council (for Pareora) from Mar to
Jul 1864, being twice elected in that period.
After selling his station he resided in Christ-
church till his death in 1865.

Innes married (1860) Catherine Lucy,
daughter of Mrs D. T. Williams. She published
in 1879 a volume, Canterbury Sketches, and
wrote verse and fiction for the Otago Witness
and other papers up to the time of her death
(on 28 Apr 1900).

Acland; Cox; C. L. Innes, op. cit.; Canterbury
P.C. Proc., 1864; Lyttelton Times, 30 Apr 1900.

INNES, SIR JOHN (1840-1912) came to Can-
terbury in the early sixties and bought run 167.
This became part of the Mt Brown station, of
which he was later sole owner (1877). He took
his younger brother James into partnership and

IRONSIDE

in 1890 they bought the freehold of the whole
of Double Corner and Mt Brown from the
Midland Railway Co. He was a justice of the
peace.

In 1878 Innes succeeded to the baronetcy of
Balveny. He returned to Scotland in the nine-
ties and died unmarried on 2 May 1912. He was
succeeded as .thirteenth baronet by his brother
James (born 1846) who also returned to Soot-
land and was a justice of the peace for the
county of Banff, where he died unmarried on
7 Jan 1919.

Acland; Burke, Peerage, 1935; Woodhouse.

IRELAND, GEORGE (1829-80) was born in
north Ireland of Scots extraction, educated
there and emigrated to the colonies. (Ross says
Ireland was not his real name and that he had
been an army officer.) He was at Gabriel's
Gully (1861), the Dunstan and the Molyneux;
and eventually left goldmining and settled
down as a schoolmaster at Roxburgh. He was a
well read, serious-minded man and though a
Wesleyan, acted as secretary of the provisional
committee before the appointment of the first
Presbyterian minister (1868). After giving up
the school he returned to mining and held a
claim at Roxburgh until his death.

Ireland was member of the Provincial Coun-
cil for Mt Benger (1873-75). In 1879 he was
nominated by the miners as a Liberal to op-
pose the runholders' candidate for the Waikaia
seat in Parliament and was elected. He died on
15 Aug 1880.

Don; Ross; Evening Star, 16 Aug 1880; NZ.
Times, 10 Sep 1880. Portrait: Parliament House.

IRONSIDE, SAMUEL (1814-97) was born at
Sheffield, Yorkshire. In Sep 1836 he was sent
to Hoxton Wesleyan College for theological
training, where he distinguished himself as a
linguist. On 24 Aug 1838 he married Sarah,
daughter of William Eades, of Sheffidd. They
sailed for New Zealand by the barque James,
350 tons, on 20 Sep 1838 (the Revs J. H. Bumby
and Charles Creed being fellow-passengers)..
They arrived on 19 Mar 1839.

With the assistance of the missionaries and
of Tamati Waka Nene, Ironside studied Maori;
in six weeks he read the morning service to the
native congregation, and in five months was
preaching extempore in Maori. He and the
Rev John -Warren accompanied the Hokianga

427

-----------------------Page 231 End-----------------------

IRONSIDE

chiefs to Waitangi to meet Captain Hob-
son, and he instigated the speech made by
Nene in opposition to Hone Heke, as a result
of which the chiefs signed the Treaty (6 Feb
1840). Ironside signed as a witness. He and
Hobbs prepared for Hobson's visit to Mangu-
ngu, where on 13 Feb 34 Hokianga chiefs
signed the Treaty. Hobson wrote a letter of
thanks to the Wesleyan missionaries for their
aid.

Ironside was appointed to open a mission at
Cloudy Bay. While at Kawhia with Whiteley,
Ironside and the Revs J. Aldred and G. Buttle,
accompanied by Paul Mariwhenu led a party of
liberated slaves to their ancestral homes, and
on this journey (Jun-Aug 1840) Ironside selec-
ted sites for mission stations in the Taranaki
and Wanganui districts. The schooner Hannah,
28 tons, chartered to convey him and Buddle
to Cook straits, was totally wrecked when leav-
ing Kawhia. In Dec Ironside and Aldred left
in the Magnet. Ironside was landed at Guard's
Bay on 20 Dee, and Aldred at Port Nicholson
on 23 Dec. Ironside selected as his headquarters
Ngakuta Bay, at the head of Port Underwood,
Admiralty Bay and Pelorus river. He planted
native teachers at about 30 villages and sent
preaching squads to the West Coast, Kaikoura
and Banks peninsula, and to assist Watkin at
Waikouaiti. At the 16 churches erected in his
station were 600 baptised natives and a great
body of adherents. The church at Ngakuta
(opened on 5 Aug 1842) accommodated 800
people. Ironside established causes at Motueka
and at Nelson in 1842. At Nelson in less than
three years he baptised 680 adults and 168
children.

In Apr 1843 he gave evidence at an important
murder trial in Wellington, the result of which
angered the natives and outragea Ironside's
sense of justice. The natives were sore aso
about certain land transactions. Ironside
warned Tuckett (who was surveying some Wai-
rau lands) and Captain Wakefield that the
consequences might be serious. Failure to fol-
low his advice led to the Wairau tragedy on 17
Jun. Ironside at Ngakuta heard of it the next
afternoon (Sunday), and early on Monday tried
vainly to launch his boat in the teeth of a
south-east gale. On Tuesday, aided by men
from the whaling station, he set out and en-
countered Te Rauparaha and Rangihaeata, who

IRONSIDE

advised him to leave the dead to the wild pigs.
At the scene of the tragedy Ironside buried
some of the slain where they lay, and a dozen
others in a large grave. Next day the Govern-
ment brig Victoria arrived, and he handed over
to StHill, the sheriff, the pocket books, watches
and money he had found on the various bodies.
In Feb 1845 the residents of Nelson presented
Ironside with a handsomely bound Bible in
three volumes in appreciation of his heroic
humanitarianism at the Wairau. The tragedy
disrupted Ironside’s plans, for the natives
loaded their canoes and carried out their 10ng-
cherished purpose of returning to their ances-
tral homes in Taranaki. Ironside could not
muster a native crew for his boat. He left the
station in the temporary charge of Paramena;
a native teacher, and later arranged for a
catechist named Jenkins to supervise the work
at Cloudy Bay and Queen Charlotte Sound.

Ironside settled in Manners street, Welling-
ton, near Te Aro pa. From 1843 to 1848 he
shared fully in the life of the town. On 13
Aug 1843 he officiated at the opening of a
native chapel at Te Aro flat. He was a mem-
ber of the committee dealing with the sale of
lands at Te Aro, and witnessed the signatures
of the natives to the deed of sale in Sep 1844,
In that year he was a vice-president of the
Mechanics’ Institute. On 5 Dec he preached
at tlle opening of a brick church of which Gov-
ernor FitzRoy had laid the foundation stone.
He was a trusted adviser of both FitzRoy and
Grey, and his counsel on native affairs was
valued by the Attorney-general and the Col-
onial Secretary. In 184 petitions were sent by
the church members and by prominent citizens
asking that he should not be removed from
Port Nicholson. He was accordingly left un-
disturbed until 1849, and exercised a pro-
found influence amongst excited tribes from
the Wairarapa to Wanganui. He co-operated
heartily with Hadfield and Wiremu Kingi te
Rangitake in preventing a Maori attack on
Wellington. After the earthquake of 1848 Iron-
side bore a worthy part in organising relief
measures.

In 1849 he was transferred to Nelson. Upon
his departure from there in 1854 the citizens
presented him with a silver tea service in testi-
mony to his Christian philanthropy and emin-
ent usefulness. After serving at New Plymouth

428

 

IRVINE

(1855-57), Ironside transferred to Australia,
where he laboured at Sydney, Adelaide, Hobart
and Melbourne. From 1875 to 1878 he was
foreign mission secretary in Victoria In 1878
he was superannuated and settled in Hobart.
He acted as custodian of church property deeds
in Tasmania (1885-89) and died on 24 Apr
4897. MA.RP.

G.B.ap., 1844/556. 1845/131; N.z. Gaz. 1843;
E. J. Wakefield; Buller; Buick, Marlborough and
Old New Zealander; C. A. Macdonald; Morley;
Pratt; G Smales in N.Z. Herald, 6 Jan 1894;
Methodist Times, 1890-92; Nelson Evening Mail, 11
Dec 1926 (p).

IRVINE, JOHN (1805-88) was born at Ler-
wick, Shetland. As a boy he showed a taste for
art, but being left an orphan at the age of 10
he had to go abroad before he was 21 in search
of a livelihood. He studied in Edinburgh and
in London at the Royal Academy (1826-28)
where Herbert, Etty and Maclise were fellow
students. In 1828 he received a medal for work
in the antique school, and in 1834 he was dec-
ted an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy,
where he exhibited. At the Royal Academy he
sold seven pictures in one year.

Irvine specialised in portraits, and finished
some of the work of Thomas Lawrence. He
came to Melbourne to join his son, and while
in Adelaide made a portrait of Sturt, the ex-
plorer. In 1863 he settled in Dunedin, where
he painted many portraits for the Provincial
Council (including Dr Burns, Cargill, John
McGlashan and Moses Wilson Gray). In. 1865-
66 he did some engraving and lithography for
the Otago Witness. He was president of the
Dunedin Art Society, to which he presented
some books as the nucleus of a library. He died
on 22 Jun 1888.

Otago Daily Times, 11 Jul 1888.

ISAACS, EDWARD (1820-91) was born in Lon-
don and emigrated to Tasmania about 1840.
He obtained a post with a firm whaling and
sandalwood trading in the South Sea islands.
In 1844 he established a business of his own
and, leaving his partner in charge, went to
London and sent to Auckland his brothers
George and Henry. They did well as general
merchants, and opened a branch in Melbourne
when gold was discovered (1853). There he
spent the next’ few years, identifying himself

 

ISITT

with social and! charitable objects. After re
moving to Auckland in 1860, Isaacs assisted to
promote the Auckland Shipping Co. (after-
wards merged in the New Zealand Shipping
Co.). He was a member of the City Council
1875-79 and of the harbour board for many
years. During the Waikato war the firm carried
out large contracts for supplies. Isaacs died on
20 Aug 1897. :

His younger brother, Henry ISAACS (b.
1824) came to Auckland in 1852. He was on
the harbour board and the City Council (1871-
74 and 1875) and was mayor in 1874.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.z. Herald, 11 Sep 1891.

ISITT, FRANCIS WHITMORE (1846-1916)
was born at Bedford, England, and received his
theological training at the Wesleyan College,
Richmond. He came to New Zealand in 1870.
He was a master of pulpit oratory, and held
several important pastorates until broken health
compelled temporary retirement. With health
restored he devoted some years to church work
and in 1900 he became secretary of the New
Zealand Alliance (a position he retained until
1909). He was a prominent prohibition leader
and brought to this work great organising cap-
acity, strong conviction, boundless enthusiasm
and tireless industry.

A magnetic personality, Isitt had great gifts
as a platform speaker and wielded a trenchant
pen as editor of The Prohibitionist (afterwards
known as The Vanguard). During his secretary-
ship of the New Zealand Alliance ten electorates
carried no-license. The impress of his influence
is upon the statutes relating to the licensed
liquor traffic.

Isitt married (1874) Mary Campbell, daughter
of William Purdie. He died on 11 Nov 1916.

MA.RP.

ISITT, LEONARD MONK (1855-1937) was
born at Bedford, England, educated at Bedford
Modern and Clevedon Colleges and entered
a softgoods business. Suffering ill-health, he
came to New Zealand in 1875 and joined his
brother (F. W. Isitt, q.v.) in Dunedin. There
he studied for the Methodist ministry as a home
missionary and was ordained in 1883. He early
adopted the crusade against the liquor traffic
and, allying himself with T. E. Taylor, became
ina few years one of the protagonists of prohibi-

429

-----------------------Page 232 End-----------------------

ISLINGTON

tion. Isitt was associated as chairman with the
Sydenham no-license campaign, which resulted
in the closing of all hotels within the electorate
(a decision afterwards reversed by the Privy
Council). With the consent of the Methodist
conference, he resigned from the ministry to
devote his whole time to the prohibition cause.
First he concentrated on the passing of a bill to
provide for local option. The success of this
crusade led to his being invited to England
by the United Kingdom Alliance, and he made
four lecturing tours of Great Britain.

On the death of T. E. Taylor (1911), Isitt
contested his seat in Parliament (Christchurch
North), which he won and held continuously
till 1925. He then retired and was called to the
Legislative Council, of which he was a member
till his death (on 29 Jul 1937). He was a bril-
liant orator and a persistent advocate of his
ideals, prohibition and Bible-reading in schools.
He repeatedly introduced in Parliament bills
to further them, and he established The Van-
guard and ran it for many years in the inter-
ests of prohibition. He was vice-president of
the Methodist centenary conference in 1922.

Isitt married (1881) Agnes, daughter of John
Scott Caverhill. He was principal of the firm
.of L. M. Isitt, Ltd., booksellers, and was a
governor of Canterbury College.

NZ.P.D., 10 Sep 1937; Who's Who N.zZ,, 1932;
Evening Post and The Dominion (p), 29 Jul 1937.
Portrait: Parliament House.

ISLINGTON, SIR JOHN POYNDER DICK:
SON-POYNDER, 1st Baron (1866-1936), was
the son of Rear-admiral J. B. Dickson and Sarah,
daughter of Thomas Poynder. Succeeding his
uncle as baronet in 1884, he assumed the addi-
tional name of Poynder. Educated at Harrow
and Oxford, he gained his commission as lieut-
enant in the 3rd battalion the Royal Scots.
He served in the South African war and was
aide-de-camp to Lord Methuen (D.S.0.). Mter
retiring he became major and honorary colonel
of the Wiltshire Yeomanry.

From 1898-1904 Dickson-Poynder was a mem-
ber of the London County Council (for St
George's, Hanover Square). He took a great
interest in the feeding of school children and
other social activities. In 1892 he was elected
in the Conservative interest for Chippenham,
which he represented till 1910, when he was ap-

IZARD

pointed to be Governor of New Zealand. Hav-
ing travelled widely in the British dominions,
Dickson-Poynder was converted to Liberalism
in 1905, but aways asserted his independence.
He was created first Baron Islington on taking
office 2s Governor of New Zealand. His term
lasted only two years. He retired on 2 Dec
1912 to undertake the chairmanship of the In-
dian public services commission.

In 1914 he was Under-secretary for the Col-
onies; in 1915-19 Under-secretary for India, and
in 1920-26 chairman of the National War Sav-
ings committee (P.C. 1911; K.C.M.G. 1911;
G.C.M.G 1913) He was chairman of the Im-
perial Institute (1914-21) and president of the
African Society (1915-16), chairman of the
Royal Northern Hospital (1891-1912) and a
knight of justice of the Order of St John.

Islington married (1896) Anne, daughter of
R. H. D. Dundas. He died on 7 Aug 1936, the
title becoming extinct.

Who's Who N.Z.; Burke, Peerage; The Times, 8
Dec 1936.

IVESS, JOSEPH (1844-1919) was born at
Askeaton, county Limerick, Ireland, and accom-
panied his parents to Melbourne in 1852. Edu-
cated at Barnett's Grammar School at Emerald
Hill, he came to New Zealand in 1868, and was
engaged in the printing business in Hokitika
and Reefton. He represented Inangahua in the
Nelson Provincial Council (1873-75). In 1875
he moved to Patea, where he established the
Patea Mail and in 1877 to Ashburton, where
again he established a newspaper.

He was a member of the borough council
and contested the Parliamentary seat for Wa-
kanui against J. C. Wason (1881). The election
of Wason being declared void, Ivess defeated
Alfred Saunders. In 1884 he was defeated by
u. Grigg, but he regained the seat in 1885, de-
feating E. G. Wright. On being again defeated
(in 1887) he retired. Ivess established 45 news-
papers in various towns in Australia and New
Zealand. He died on 5 Sep 1919.

NZPD,, 11 Sep 1919; Who's Who NZ. 1908;
Schoidield, Union Catalogue.

IZARD, CHARLES BEARD (1829-1904) was
born at Brighton, England, and educated at
King's College, London, and Magdalen College,
Cambridge. (B.A., first senior optime 1854.) He

430

 

 

IZARD

was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (1854)
and practised in the chancery division until com-
ing to New Zealand in 1860 by the Avalanche.

Beard commenced to practise in Wellington,
and in 1875 admitted H. D. Bell to partnership.
Retiring in 1887, he devoted some attention
to business, being a director of the Wellington
and Manawatu Railway Co. and a governor of
the Wellington Girls’ High School and Boys
College. He contested the Foxton seat in Par-
liament in 1881, and was elected for Wellington
South and Suburbs in 1887. A supporter of
Atkinson, he was nevertheless a free-trader, and
voted against his leader on his tariff proposals.

Izard married (1859) Miss Hayward (Sussex).
He died on 24 Oct 1904.

Cycl. N.Z., i (p); N.Z. Times, 25 Oct 1904.

431

IZARD

IZARD, CHARLES HAYWARD (1860-1925)
was born in New Zealand, the son of Charles
Beard Izard (q.v.). Educated at Harrow school,
he read law at Lincoln's Inn (1880) and was
called. On his return to New Zealand he en-
tered the firm of Ball, Gully and Izard (1885)
and afterwards (from 1906) practised with T.
S Weston. He was a member of the Wellington
City Council (1898-1907), and was M.H.R. for
Wellington North from 1906 to 1908, when he
was defeated by A. L. Herdman. Izard was a
member of the Legislative Council (1918-25).
He was a director of several companies, includ-
ing the Manawatu Railway, and the Wellington
Trust and Loan. He died on 18 Sep 1925.
N.ZP.D., 21 Sep 1925; Evening Post, 19 Sep 1925.
liament House.

 

 

-----------------------Page 233 End-----------------------

 

 

 

JACKSON, FREEMAN RAYNEY (1838-1900)
was the son of the Rev Francis Jackson, M.A.,
of Recall, Yorkshire, and of Emmanuel College,
Cambridge. He came to Lyttelton in 1851 and
a few years later made a prospecting tour
through Otago and Southland and took up the
Birchwood run on the Jacob's river and also
Manapouri lake station. He contested the Apa-
rima seat in the Southland Provincial Council
in 1861 and represented New River in the
Council (1861-64). He married (1859) Anna
Eleanor Augusta, younger daughter of John
Shea Lawlor, of Gurteenrue, county Cork.

About 1866 Jackson moved to Wanganui,
where he entered into business in 1874 as an
auctioneer and stock and station agent (F. A.
Krull being a partner later). He was a mem-
ber of the borough council and mayor of Wa-
nganui (1892-96). He was many years secretary
of the Wanganui Jockey club and the Wanga-
nui Gas Co. He died on 8 Jun 1900.

Southland P.C. Pmc.; Col. Gent.; Cycl. N.Z., i
(p); Roberts, Southland; Wanganui Herald, 8 Jun
1900.

JACKSON, HENRY (1830-1906) was born in
England and educated at York College. At 15
he entered as a midshipman in the Indian
Navy, in which he served for 17 years and
attained the rank of lieutenant. He carried out
some marine surveys, including that of the
Cocos channel (while in command of the sur-
vey ship Krishna) and was attached to the
commission which delimited the Turko-Persian
boundary. On this duty he rode from the head
of the Persian gulf to Mount Ararat, where
three frontiers met, thence to Trebizond and
by sea to Constantinople, where he was en-
gaged for three years on his plans. Jackson
made many journeys in Persia and Armenia

and travelled widely also in India. In 1862,
while he was in New Zealand on furlough, the
Indian Navy was abolished, and he entered the
New Zealand Survey department. Three years
later he was appointed chief surveyor in Well-
ington province. He was a first-class mathema-
tician. In 1879 he retired from the service and
was elected to Parliament for the Hutt (defeat-
ing Mason). Parliament being dissolved five
weeks later, he was defeated by Mason.

Jackson was an accomplished linguist in
French, Arabic, Persian and Hindi. He died
‘on 29 Oct 1906.

N.z. Surveyor, Dec 1906; N.z. Times, 24, 27 Jun,
16 Dec 1879.

JACKSON, THOMAS (181-85) was principal
of the Battersea Training College and a preben-
dary of St Paul's, and had made many speeches
in England on behalf of the Canterbury Asso-
ciation before being chosen as Bishop of Lyt-
telton.

When the letters patent were examined it
was found that the diocese of New Zealand, to
which Bishop Selwyn had been consecrated,
could not be divided without his consent, and
that therefore Jackson must go out first and be
consecrated afterwards. He accordingly came to
Canterbury in 1851 in the Castle Eden to take
up his see. Each of the ships carried a clergy-
man selected by him. Jackson had an interview
with Sawyn, who was quite ready to relinquish
portion of his vast diocese and wished him to
go to Sydney for ordination, but after inspecting
his diocese he decided to return to England,
and on arriving there resigned his appointment.
He is described as a talented and amiable man,
but not possessing the right qualities for the
post to which he had been designated. He was
for many years rector of the parish of Stoke

432

 

 

JACKSON
Newington. He died on 3 Jun 1885.
Wigram, P 49; Jacobs; Godley, Letters.

JACKSON, WILLIAM (1832-89) was the son
of Samuel Jackson, of Green Hammerton, York-
shire. At the opening of the Waikato war he
was farming at Papakura. He at once volun-
tered for service, and distinguished himself in
repelling an attack on Ring's redoubt at Wai-
roa, then only partially built. He was then
authorised to raise a company of 60 men for the
Forest Rangers Oul 1863), and by the end of
the year they were in the field scouring the
Wairoa forest and the Hunua ranges. He was
present at Mauku (Sep 1863) and on Dec 14
his (No. 1) company surprised a strong body of
Maori in a gorge near the source of the Wairoa,
and killed eight of them.

The Rangers being reorganised, Jackson
raised a fresh company which was attached to
the 2nd Waikato Regiment and was actively
engaged throughout 1864, being present at Wai-
arai (II Feb) and Orakau (Mar-Apr). For
these services Jackson was thanked and pro-
moted major. When hostilities ceased he settled
down on a military grant. Though there was
no further fighting, conditions were so uneasy
that Jackson raised two troops of volunteer
cavalry (one at Te Awamutu), of which he had
‘command for some years.

In 1872 he was elected M.H.R. for Waikato,
which he represented to 1875. In 1887 he was
again elected to Parliament, this time for Waipa,
which he represented to the time of his death
(29 Sep 1889). He was Government whip dur-
ing three sessions. Jackson devoted much energy
while in Parliament to securing for the Forest
Rangers and Nixon's men the privileges granted
to others who served in the war.

Gudgeon (p); Cowan, i (P), and in N.z. Rail-
ways Magazine, 1 Feb, 1936 (p); Parltry Record;
N.Z. Herald, 30 Sep, 1 Oct 1889.

JACOBS, HENRY (1824-1901) was born at 5t
Catherine's, Isle of Wight, the son of William
Hearne Jacobs. At the age of 10 he entered
the Charterhouse, where he was captain of the
school in 1841. He went on to Queen's College,
Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1845 (first class in
classics), and later proceeding M.A. In 1848
he was elected a fellow of Queen's. Ordained
the previous year, he was appointed curate of
Bassall, Gloucestershire, andin 1848 headmaster

JAGO

of St Nicholas College at Shereham. He then
became vicar of All Saints, Poplar, audin 1850
was chosen as classical professor of the proposed
Christ's College in the Canterbury settlement.

Jacobs arrived in the Sir George Seymour and
conducted the first service at Lyttelton. In
1851 he held the first service at St Michael's,
Christchurch. In Apr 1852 he opened Christ's
College graminar school as headmaster. He re-
signed in 1863 and declined the bishopric of
Nelson (1864), to become archdeacon of Christ-
church. This post he resigned in 1866 on being
appointed dean of the Cathedral. In 1873 he
relinquished the charge of St Michael's, and he
was again archdeacon of Christchurch (1876-
1900). In 1878 Jacobs was commissary while
the Bishop was attending the Lambeth confer-
ence, and at that time he was created a doctor
of divinity, He was for some years editor of
the New Sealand Church News, and in 1889
published his history of the Church in New
Zealand. He was a distinguished classical
scholar, and wrote a good deal of verse, notably
Shadows of the Old Church (1870), and A Lay
of the Southern Cross (1893). He was much
interested in philanthropies in Christchurch,
and was associated for many. years with the St
John Ambulance Association. Jacobs died on
6 Feb 1901.

Buller; Jacobs, op. cit.; Cycl. N.Z, iii; Lyttelton
Times, 7 Feb 1901

JAGO, JOHN WESLEY (1830-1904) was born
at Nailsford, Gloucestershire, and at the age
of eight was taken to Glasgow and then to
Alloa, where he served a four years’ appren-
ticeship to brassfounding. Then he joined the
staff of the North British Railway and Shipping
Joumal and later the Examiner, and then the
Caledonian Railway Co.'s Garlsterrie ironworks.
Transferred to the company's works at Lugar,
Ayrshire, he was dismissed for refusing to assist
the Conservative candidate for Ayr Burghs. He
found employment with Schrader and Mitchell
(leather, bark and hide merchants).

Having signed the pledge at the age of seven,
Jago gave temperance addresses when he was
15 as chief ruler of the Phoenix Hope tent of
the Juvenile Rechabites at Alloa. About 1861
the Dunedin Total Abstinence Society sought
in Scotland for a man to act as agent, and Jago
was selected. He sailed for Otago with his wife

433

28

-----------------------Page 234 End-----------------------

JAMESON

and family in the Cheviot (1862), and when the
engagement expired went into the timber trade
with Allan Galt. Later he was a flax exporter
and proprietor of a bonded warehouse in Stuart
street. In 1872 he was appointed manager of
the Evening Star, which he controlled until his
death (on 18 Nov 1904). Jago was an officer
of the Congregational Church in Moray place,
which he helped to found, and was chairman
of the Congregational Union of New Zealand
in 1889. He also took a deep interest in the
Salvation Army.

In provincial politics he supported Reid
against Macandrew, and he contested the Par-
liamentary seat for Port Chalmers against Mac-
andrew. He stood also at a Provincial Council
election for Dunedin. He was a member of the
Otago education board in 1890, and some years
chairman of the George street school commit-
tee. Having superintended a temperance mis-
sion in Glasgow, Jago, on arriving in New Zea
land, collaborated with Sir William Fox and
helped to introduce the Order of the Sons of
Temperance (of which he became Grand
Worthy Patriarch). He was chief templar of the
first Good Templar lodge in Dunedin (1872)
and was G.W.C.T. at the grand lodge at Christ-
church in 1877. He edited the Temperance
Advocate and its successor, the Temperance
Herald; was president of the New Zealand
Alliance (1898-99) and wrote and spoke a great
deal on the subject of temperance. (See JOSHUA
STRANGE WILLIAMS)

Cycl. N.2., iv (p); Evening Star, 19 Nov 1904.

JAMESON, JAMES PURVIS (1824-96) was
born and brought up in London. He came to
New Zealand in the Sebastopol (1863). He was
in business as a merchant in Christchurch and
had farms at Leeston aDd Coalgate. In 1868
he was elected to the City Council and in 1871
he was mayor. He took an active interest in
fostering New Zealand industries, and was a
promoter and sometime president of the indus-
trial association. He helped to establish the
Kaiapoi Woollen Co. and was a director of the
Mutual Benefit Building Society. Jameson died
on 6 Sep 1896.

The Press, 7 Sep 1896.

JEBSON, JOHN (1819-1900) was born at Flock-
ton, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, and worked at

JELLICOE

the coalmines at the age of five. By attending
night schools, he ultimately qualified as a min-
ing engineer and worked in that capacity in
Yorkshire and Lancashire before coming to New
Zealand in the Zealandia in 1862. He super-
vised the construction of telegraph lines be-
tween Lyttelton and Christchurch and the West
Coast, and was appointed manager of the Kowai
Coalmining Co. When the company suspended
operations he bought the lease and worked the
mine for 20 years. He was the first chairman
of the East Malvern road board and represented
Rakaia in the Canterbury Provincial Council
(1874-75). Jebson was 10 years chairman of
the school committee, and was one of the
founders of the Methodist Church, Malvern,
of which he was a local preacher. He died on
22 Apr 1900.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Cyol. N.Z., iii (p); Lyt-
telton Times, 24 Apr 1900.

jELLICOE, JOHN RUSHWORTH JELLICOE,
1st Earl (1859-1935), was born at Southampton,
the son of Captain J. H. Jellicoe. Educated at
Rottingdean, he entered the Britannia as a
cadet (1872), and served with the Channel
squadron during the Egyptian war (1882). He
distinguished himself at the Naval College and
in 1891, after a period of staff duty, he became
assistant to the director of naval ordnance. He
was in the Victoria when she was sunk in col-
lision with the Camperdown (1893).

In 1897, being now a captain, Jellicoe was
a member of the ordnance committee. During
the Boxer war, in which he was flag captain in
the Centurion, he commanded the naval brigade
and acted as chief of staff to Admiral Seymour
during the attempt to relieve the legations at
Pekin (1900). He was severely wounded. (C.B.
1900.) In 1902 Jellicoe was naval assistant to
the Controller of the Navy. In 1905 he returned
to sea duty as Director of Naval Ordnance and
Torpedoes. Promoted rear-admiral in 1907, he
served for more than a year in the Atlantic
fleet and was then a Lord Commissioner of the
Admiralty and Controller of the Navy (1908-
10). During the next year or two he com-
manded the Atlantic fleet and in 1911-12 the
second squadron of the Home fleet, being then
appointed Second Sea Lord of the Admiralty.
On 22 Jul 1914 he was appointed commander:
in-chief of the Home fleet.

434

 

JELUCOE

On the outbreak of the war of 1914-18 Jellicoe
was appointed commander-in-chief of the
Grand Fleet. He was in supreme command dui
ing the first two years of the war, having his
flect of capital ships based all the time at
Scapa Flow and exercising a general command
of the North Sea (G.C.B. 1915; G.C.V.O.
1916.) When the pressure of the German
blockade became severe, and public opinion
demanded that the Navy should pass to more
aggressive action, Jellicoe succeeded (May 1916)
in bringing the German High Sea Fleet to ac-
tion off the coast of Jutland. After a fight
lasting throughout the day, in which the battle
cruisers and cruisers suffered heavy losses, and
the battle squadrons were for some hours en-
gaged, the German fleet escaped under cover
of night to the shelter of Heligoland and
Wilhelmshaven, leaving the British fleet in com-
mand of the sea, which was never again chal-
lenged. He received the Order of Merit in
1916. In November of that year Jellicoe gave
up the command to become First Sea Lord, and
that position he vacated at the end of 1917,
when he was created Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa.

At the end of the war he was invited by the
British Government to confer with the Do-
minion governments on Empire defence. He

, sailed for this purpose in H.M.S. New Zealand,
“flying the flag of admiral of the fleet, to which
rank he had been promoted for the occasion
Having returned from that mission, he was
appointed Governor-general of New Zealand,
assuming the administration on 27 Sep 1920.
Jellicoe’s term of office was marked by no
special event or incident, and he retired with
the good wishes of all classes on 26 Nov 1924.
Having gone on the retired list in that year, he
was created an earl (1925).

At the close of the war Lord Jellicoe received
the freedom of the City of London, with a
sword of honour; honorary degrees from the
Universities of Glasgow, Oxford, Cambridge and
St Andrews, and many decorations from foreign
governments. After his retirement he served as
a Boy Scout commissioner for the county of
London; was chairman of the National Rifle
association; and vice-president of the British
Legion (1928-32). He made his maiden speech
in the House of Lords (on the naval treaty)
in May 1930.

Jellicoe died on 20 Nov 1935. He married

JENNER

(1902) Florence ‘Gwendoline, daughter of Sir
Charles Cayzer.

R. Bacon, Life of John Rushworth, Ear! Jellicoe
and The Jutland Scandal; J. £. T. Harper, The
Truth about Jutland and The Riddle of Jutland;
Corbet, Naval Operations; The Times, 21 Nov
1935.

JENKINSON, JOHN EDWARD (1858-1937)
was born in Dunedin, the son of John Hartley
Jenkinson, wharfinger. Educated at state
schools, he served his time to boilermaking in
a Dunedin foundry and shipbuilding yard. In
4882 he joined the first labour union-the Dun-
edin boilermakers-by which he was elected
president and deputed in 1883 to form unions
in other cities. He also represented the union
at the conference with New South Wales boiler-
makers in 1883, with a view to forming an
Australasian federation. Jenkinson wasone of the
committee of three appointed to draw up rules
for the Canterbury trades council and for the
railway servants’ union. He inaugurated tech-
nical classes under the auspices of the unions
in Christchurch and represented his trades
council at several annual conferences. For some
years he was president of the tailoresses’ union
and treasurer of the Labour Day celebrations
committee.

Jenkinson was called to the Legislative Coun-
cil in 1892 (one of the number appointed to
create a Government majority), and was a mem-
ber till 1914. On retiring, by the effiuxion of
his third term in 1914, he contested the Clutha

seat in the House of Representatives. He was

keenly interested in New Zealand history and
was president for some years of the Wellington
Early Settlers’ association. Jenkinson died on
29 Nov 1937.

NZP.D., 1 Mar 1938; Who's Who N.z., 1908;
Otago Witness, 17 Mar 1931; Evening Post and
The Dominion, 30 Nov 1937. Portrait: Parliament
House.

JENNER, HENRY LASCELLES (1820-98) was
a son of Sir Herbert Jenner Fust, judge of the
Court of Arches. Educated at Harrow, he was
fond of music and was himself a fine singer
and successful composer. At Cambridge he
played in the XI and was a scholar of Trinity
Hall, where he took his LL.B. (being placed
second in the law tripos in 1841). He was
ordained deacon (1843) and priest (1844), and

485

-----------------------Page 235 End-----------------------

JENNER

held the cures of Chevening (Kent), St Columb
Major (Cornwall), Antony (Cornwall) and
Brasted (Kent). He became vicar of Preston-
by-Wigham, near Sandwich, Kent, in 1854, and
played for the Kent XI. In 1852 he was made
aminor canon of Canterbury Cathedral. There
he founded the choral union and was for five
years its precentor, and secretary of the ecclesio-
logical society.

In 1865, on the request of the deanery board
in Otago, Archbishop Longley selected Jenner
% first bishop of Dunedin, the new diocese
about to be established out of the southern
portion of Christchurch diocese. Objections to
his appointment were lodged, and the rural
deanery board rejected the appointment (Feb
1866). Jenner was duly consecrated (Aug 1866),
and made preparations for his departure for
New Zealand. Meanwhile it came to the know-
ledge of the people of his prospective diocese
that he favoured a rather advanced type of
ritual. Bishop Harper warned him in England
not to come out, as he had not resigned the
new diocese. Accordingly when Jenner arrived
in Lyttelton (Jan 1869) Harper forbade him
to take any officid part in public worship,
but alowed him to hold meetings in the
hope that his charm of manner and high attain-
ments might heal the breach. Eventually the
diocesan synod held its first meeting (17 Apr
1869), Harper being present. A discussion
which lasted until 6 am. culminated in a deci-
sion adverse to the acceptance of Jenner as
bishop, and he shortly afterwards sailed for
England.

In 1871 the Archbishop of Canterbury re-
affirmed his right to the see but said that he
advised him to forego it. Jenner did resign
in 1871, but protested against Bishop Nevill's
assumption of the offic. In New Zealand Sd-
wyn insisted that Jenner had been consecrated
with as much formality as he himself; that
there had been undue delay in lodging a protest
against the appointment, and that he was, in
fact, the first bishop of Dunedin. This view
was upheld by the English bishops in 1872 and
1875.

Jenner had received the degree of D.D. from
Cambridge University on his appointment to
the bishopric. He continued vicar of Preston
until his death (which occurred on 18 Sep
1898). He took a warm interest in the French

JENNINGS

phase of the Old Catholic movement, and dur-
ing the period 188293 made periodical visits
to Paris as Bishop of the Eglise Catholique
Gallicane. He published a number of musical
compositions, including some much admired
hymns.

Crockford; Jacobs; Purchas; Tucker; Hocken,
Bibliog.; Otago Daily Times, Jan-May 1869, 3 Nov
1898.

JENNINGS, WILLIAM THOMAS (1854-1923)
was born in Auckland (his parents having ar-
rived in 1849), and received his education at
St Paul's school there and at Dunedin. He was
apprenticed to printing to his uncle, W. H. J.
Seffern (q.v.) in the New Zealander office at
Auckland, and after completing his term went
in the early seventies to the Thames, where he
became foreman of the Guardian. He was later
foreman of the Otago Guardian and manager of
the Dunedin Age and then of the Oamaru Mail
Returning to Auckland he became foreman of
the Star (1882).

Jennings took a leading part in labour organ-
isation, being connected at different times with
the Knights of Labour and president of the
Auckland trades and labour council, the tail-
oresses union (1898-1900) and the typographi-
cal union. He was keenly interested in social
reform, and was secretary for some years of the
Auckland Liberal association. In 1892 he was
called to the Legislative ‘Council, in which he
sat until 1902, watching carefully all social
measures. He resigned (1902) to contest the
Egmont seat, which he won and held until
1908. In the following Parliament he represen-
ted Taumarunui (1908-11), being defeated by
C.K. Wilson. In 1915 he was returned for Wai-
tomo, which he represented unti11922, when he
was defeated by J. C. Rolleston. His devotion
to the welfare of the bush settlers in Taranaki
and the King Country was noteworthy. He was
a member of the Auckland Grammar School
governors, the Taranaki school commissioners
and the Waitara harbour board. As a volunteer
he held a commission in the Hobson rifles and
the engineer corps, and was secretary of the
Rifle Association. Jennings died on 6 Feb 1923.

N.ZP.D., 9 Feb 1923; Scholefidd, Union Cata-
logue; Parltry Record; Cycl. NZ., ii (p), viz Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; Auckland Star, 17 Oct’ 1892; NZ.
Times, 7 Feb 1923. Portrait: Parliament House.

436

 

 

JERVIS

JERVIS, HENRY MAHON (1820-1901) was
born at Stroud, Kent, educated there and in
London, and trained to mercantile life. He
came to New Zealand in the ship London,
arriving at Port Nicholson Dec 1840 and in-
tending to settle at Bay of Islands. Early in
1841 he sailed in the Brougham with the Com-
pany's surveyors, seeking a sitefor the Taranaki
settlement. (His diary of this journey was pub-
lished in the New Zealand Herald in Mar
1892.) Fearing that his goods had been lost in
the schooner Jewess, Jervis walked over-
land by the coast to Wellington. He spent some
time sawing timber in the Hutt valley, but the
floods carrying it away he commenced trading
in Wellington.

In 1842 he visited Nelson, and chartered a
schooner of 70 tons to visit the ports on the
west coast of the North Island. Reaching One-
hunga at the time of Hobson's death (Sep 1842),
he sailed in the schooner Osprey for Hobart
and walked overland to Launceston. He traded
Tasmanian produce with New Zealand ports,
and eventually settled for 12 months at Hicks
Bay. In 1845 he returned to Auckland, and
worked for Scott and Davis. Early in the fifties
he married, and for some years he was asso-
ciated with Nathan and Co., for whom he
managed the shipping and troop business. He
retired from this service about 1860 to act as
agent for passenger ships trading to New Zea
land, and became New Zealand manager for
the Panama Mail Co. and Hall's Californian
line, and agent for the Australian and New
Zealand Co.'s services.

For a short time Jervis was engaged in mining
ventures at Thames and Coromandel, but in
1870 he returned to Auckland and purchased
the Golden Crown Brewery, which was after-
wards acquired by Campbell and Ehrenfried.
He died on 14 Sep 1901.

Cycl. NZ., ii (p); N.Z. Herald, 5 Mar, 14 May
1892, 16 Sep 1901.

JERVOIS, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS DRUM-
MOND (1821-97) was born at Cowes, Isle of
Wight, the son of General William Jervois,
K.H. Educated at Dr Burney's academy at Gos-
port and Barry's school at Woolwich, he en-
tered the Royal Military Academy in 1837.
(2nd lieut. Royal Engineers 1839; lieut. 1841 ;
capt. 1847; brev. major 1854; brev. lieut-col.

JERVOIS

1861; lieut-col. 1862; col. 1872; maj-general
1877; lieut-gen. 1882; colonel commandant of
Royal Engineers 1893.)

Jervois sailed for the Cape in 1841, and ser-
ved on the construction of defensive posts on
the eastern frontier against the Kdfirs. Late in
4842 he was brigade-major to a mixed force to
check the Boers at Colesberg. He built a bridge
over the Fish river at Fort Brown and a road
to Fort Beaufort, and did much surveying and
engineering in Natal, Cape Colony and Ka-
fraria, part of the time under military escort.
His work was warmly praised by Sir Harry
Smith. In 1849-52 Jervois commanded a com-
pany of his corps at Woolwich and Chatham,
and in making the defences of Alderney. In
1855 he was commanding Royal Engineer in the
London district, and in 1856 assistant ingpector-
general of fortifications. Next year he was ap-
pointed (in addition) secretary to the defence
committee, and in 1859 to the royal commission
on the defences of the Kingdom. The defences
of dockyards and naval bases were for the most
part designed by him. In 1862 he was director
of works for fortifications and confidential ad-
viser to the secretaries for war. In 1863 he
reported on the defences of British North
America, and during the Civil War he visited
the principal forts on the Atlantic seaboard of
the United States. (C.B. 1863) He replied
with energy and success to criticisms of his
plans. In 1869 Jervois visited Halifax, Bermuda,
Gibraltar and Malta, and in 1871-72 the Red
Sea and India. He was close at hand when Lord
Mayo was assassinated at the Andaman islands.
(K.C.M.G. 1874 for services in Canada.)

In 1875 Jervois was appointed governor of

‘Straits Settlements, where he sent commissioners

to govern Perak in the name of the sultan. He
received the thanks of the Government of India
for a successful campaign against the ruler. In
1877 he was appointed adviser on defence to
the governments of the Australian colonies. In
Jul he was appointed Governor of South Aus-
tralia and, after taking over his duties, he
visited New Zealand and Tasmania in contin-
uation of his work as advise. (G.C.M.G.
1878.) His recommendations were accepted and
generally carried out.

After five years of successful administration
in South Australia, Jervois was appointed to
New Zealand, taking up his duties on 20 Jan

437

-----------------------Page 236 End-----------------------

 

JOHNSON

1883. His reports on our defences created gen-
uine interest, and the war scare of 1885 assisted
the Government in inaugurating a scheme of
defence. Jervois incurred a certain amount of
criticism by his intervention to prevent the
New Zealand Government sending a national
vessal to Samoa when the king made overtures
for protection (1884). His views on defence
and imperial policy were very sound, but
occasionally daring, as for instance when he ex-
pressed the opinion that Chinese labour was
the most suitable for the development of parts
of Australia) He completed his term in New
Zealand on 18 Mar 1889, and left behind him
the reputation of a highly successful and popu-
lar governor.

In 1890 he was a member of Stanhope's com-
mittee on coast defence duties, when he strongly
urged that the Navy should be entrusted with
the protection of naval bases. He contributed
many papers on engineering and fortification
to technical and service journals. In 1892 he
revisited Australia) He died on 16 Aug 1897.
Jervois married (1850) Lucy (d. 1895), daughter
of William Norsworthy.

D.N.B.; Roya Engineers records; Saunders;

Gisborne (p); Scholefield, Pacific; The Times, 18
‘Aug 1897.
JOHNSON, GEORGE RANDALL (1833-1919)
was a son of the Rev Richard Johnson, M.A.,
and was born at Lavenham, Suffolk. He was
educated at Eton and Clare College, Cambridge
(B.A. 1857; M.A. 1860). He was a fine crick-
eter, and on one occasion played for the Gentle-
men of England. He was called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn (1861). In the late sixties, with
his brother, J. W. Johnson (q.v.), he took up
the Maraetaba station at Young Nick's Head.
He was a member-of the Legislative Council
from 1872 to 1892, when he retired to live in
England. There he was a justice of the peace,
living at Stalham and Tunstead, Norfolk. He
married Lucy, daughter of Colonel A. Hamilton
Russell. Johnson died on 24 Nov 1919.

NZP.D., 29 Jun 1920; Col. Gent.; The Times,
13 Apr 1920. Portrait: Parliament House.
JOHNSON, JAMES WOODBINE (1844-99)
was born at Lavenham, Suffolk, and educated
at King Edward's School, Bury St Edmunds,
and at Rugby. He then proceeded to Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1865. After visiting Queensland, he came to

JOHNSON

New Zealand (1867) and, with his brother (G.
R. Johnson, q.v.) took up the Maraetaha
station, of 9,300 acres, at Young Nick's Head,
Poverty Bay. He was a justice of the peace, a
member of the road board, and chairman of the
Cook county council (1877-78, 1881). He rep-
resented Turanganui in the Auckland Provin-
cial Council (1873-75). He was a captain in
the militia, and a member of the Gisborne High
School trust, and president of the Poverty Bay
Turf club. Johnson died on 11 Oct 1899. (See
SiR MAU! POMARE)

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Col. Gent.

JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1827-1905) was born at
Manchester, educated there and, having served
his apprenticeship to the printing trade, started
in business (1850). He drifted into journalism,
and had some experience in connection with
the Manchester Daily Telegraph. In 1858 he
went to Castleford, Yorkshire, as editor and pro-
prietor of the Castleford Guardian.

While there he became interested in the pro-
posed Nonconformist settlement at Albertland
(1862), with which he allied himself as printer
and editor of the newspaper. He sailed for
Albertland in the Matilda Wattenbach, taking a
printing plant with him. The first numbers of
the Albertland Gazette and Ocean Mail were
published on the voyage, and the paper was
continued at Port Albert till 1864. Meanwhile
Johnson had assisted to maintain himself and
his family by acting as postmaster and secretary
to the settlement. In 1866 he moved to Blen-
heim, where he established the Marlborough
Express. He took an active part in politics,
being a member of the Provincial Council for
Lower Wairau (1872-74). He founded the
Blenheim fire brigade, of which he was captain.

In 1868 he took a printing press to Fiji, and
established the News and Planters’ Journal at
Levuka. Returning to New Zealand, Johnson
eventually sold his interest in the Express
(1880), and in 1883 purchased the Waipawa
Mail, which he sold to a local company in 1884.
He remained there until his death (on 6 Aug
1905), engaging in journalism and taking part
in local affairs. He was chairman of the build-
ing society and secretary of the Waipawa school
committee.

Buick, Marlborough; Scholefield, Union Cata-
logue; Brett, Albertlanders (p); Hawkes Bay
Herald, 7 Aug 1905.

438

 

 

JOHNSTON

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER JAMES (1820-88)
was the eldest son of James Johnston, banker,
of Wood Hill, Kinnelar, Aberdeenshire. He
was educated at Marischal College, and later
at King's College, London, and in Paris. He
graduated M.A. at Aberdeen in 1835 and then,
being too young to be called, he spent two
years in France, Italy and Russia, and in 1838
entered at Lincoln's Inn to read for the bar.
In 1841 he was admitted as a special pleader.
While still reading he published, in 1842, a
short treatise on exchequer bills. Called to the
bar by the Middle Temple in Jan 1843, John-
ston practised till 1858 on the Northern Circuit
and at the West Riding sessions. In 1857 he
was deputy recorder of Leeds. He also practised
in Westminster Hall and before parliamentary
committees. From 1847 to 1858, with the Hon
G. Denman and J. P. Bulwer, he contributed
to the Law Journal the reports of the Court
of Common Pleas, and he collaborated with Mr
Justice Chitty in works on law.

In 1858, pursuant to a resolution of both
Houses of the New Zealand Legislature, John-
ston was selected as a puisne judge of the
Supreme Court. Her Majesty's warrant was
issued for the post in Apr, and he arrived in
New Zealand in Oct. For the next 17 years he
lived in Wellington, and in 1875 removed to
Christchurch, where he presided for the re
mainder of his life. In 1867 and in 1884 John-
ston was acting-Chief Justice, and several times
acting-Governor. He published Notes on Maori
Matters (1860), observations respecting the law
upon riots and the defence of person and pro-
perty by private persons; three volumes of the
reports of the Court of Appeal (1867-77); three
editions of the New Zealand Justice of the
Peace and Coroner (1863, 1870 and 1879) and
The Practice Of the Supreme Court. He was a
member of several royal commissions, including
that on statute law consolidation (1879). In
1861 Johnston was deputed to consider the
claims of the Ngati-Awa to lands in Taranaki.
He presided at the trial of most of the native
prisoners during the Te Kooti and Titikowaru
risings and of the Maungatapu murderers. As
a criminal lawyer he showed great acumen. On
the bench he upheld in a determined manner
the high traditions and lofty tone of British
justice. A man of great culture and high at-
tainments, he had a dry humour, was socially

JOHNSTON

popular and interested in social movements,
and was a lover of music in all forms, and of
art. (In 1861 he lectured on +The Influence
of Art on Human Happiness’) At the time of
his death he was chairman of the committee
which established the home for the aged needy
in Christchurch. His wife (Amelia Devonport
Yallop), who died in 1885, was also closely asso-
ciated with all philanthropic objects. Johnston
died on 3 Jun 1888, while visiting England.

E. Maxwell; N.Z. Times, 4 June 188B. Portrait:
Genera Assembly Library.

JOHNSTON, SIR CHARLES JOHN (1845-
1918), the third son of John Johnston (q.v.),
was a native of Wellington. He was educated
at Toomath's Commercial and Grammar
School; at the Catholic College of St Mary im
Derbyshire, and at Kensington College, London.
He returned to New Zealand in 1864 and en-
tered his father's business.

From 1881-87 he was M.H.R. for Te Aro, reo
signing his seat to visit England. When Wel-
lington celebrated the jubilee of the settlement
Johnston, 2s a native of the town and a son
of one of its founders, was elected chief magis-
trate (1890-91). He was called to the Legis
tive Council in 1891, being one of the last
nominated on the old system of life-member-
ship; and continued in the Council for the rest
of his life. In 1915 he was elected speaker, and
he held office until his death on 13 Jun 1918.
(His knighthood was practically posthumous).

Johnston married Alice Margaret (1850-1931),
daughter of Dr Featherston. He was a local
director of the Australian Mutual Provident
Society, and was for many years a director and
chairman of the Wellington Woollen Co. He
served in the Wellington Naval Volunteers, and
was eventually commander of the brigade. He
took part in the Parihaka expedition (1881)

His eldest son, FRANCIS Earr, JOHNSTON (1871-
1917), was a lieutenant in the North Stafford-
shire Regiment in 1891. (Captain 1900; major
1911; colonel 1914.) He served in the Sudan
(1896), and South Africa (1900-02). In the war
of 1914-18, he commanded the first New Zealand
infantry brigade in Egypt, Gallipoii and France.
(CB. 1915). He was killed in action on 7 Aug
1917. Johnston married a daughter of A. G.
Fell (Wellington).

N.Z.P.D., 15 Aug 1917,25 Oct 1918; Cycl. NZ., i

439

-----------------------Page 237 End-----------------------

JOHNSTON
(p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Studholme; Ward;

N.Z. Times, 14 Jun 1918; Evening Post, 10 Oct
1929. Portrait: Parliament House.

JOHNSTON, JOHN (1809-87), who claimed
descent from the Johnstons of Annandale, was
in business in London before leaving for New
Zealand with his wife and young family by the
Prince of Wales in 1841. He entered into busi-
ness in Wellington, and soon established the
wholesale house of Johnston and Co.

Johnston evinced an early interest in public
affairs. He spoke at the Reform banquet (1849),
and was a member of the Settlers’ Constitutional
Association the following year. He represented
the Wellington Country district in the Provin-
cial Council (1855-59, 1861-65) and sat for
Karori and Makara (in which district he made
his home) 1865-72. In 1858, 1861, and 1868 he
was a member of the executive. Johnston was
called in 1857 to the Legislative Council and,
with the exception of a year when he was ab-
sent, he sat continuously until his death.
Though never a prominent politician, he was
for a few weeks in 1866 a member of Stafford's
executive. He paid close attention to his busi-
ness, from which he retired in 1878, leaving it
to his two sons, Waiter and Charles (q.v.). He
was a broad-minded and large-hearted citizen,
and one of the earliest freemasons in the colony.

Johnston died on 16 Nov 1887. (See M. S
GRACE and SIR W. B. PERCEVAL,)

Wellington P.C. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., i; Ward;
N.Z. Times, 17 Nov 1887; Evening Post, 10 Oct
1929 (p). Portrait: Parliament House.

JOHNSTON, ROBERT, was educated at Foyle
College, Londonderry. In 1855 he joined the
89th regiment (Royal Irish Fusiliers) as ensign,
being promoted lieutenant the same year and
serving in the Crimea, India and South Africa.
He bought out in 1862 and, coming to New
Zealand, served in the war with the 2nd Wai-
kato Regiment. (Lieutenant 1863; captain
1864). Mter the war Johnston adopted teach-
ing, and conducted a grammar school in Well-
ington and later the Portora school in Blen-
heim. In 1876 he closed his school in Blenheim,
and joined the Wellington education board. He
died on 29 Jun 1922.
Marlborough Express, 1 Sep 1937.

JOHNSTON, SYDNEY (1841-1917) was a son
of John Johnston (q.v.), and was born in Well-

JOHNSTON

ington. Educated at the Jesuit College at Stony-
hurst, Lancashire, he returned to New Zealand
in 1860 and married Sophy, daughter of Col-
onel Lambert. In 1887 he succeeded to his
father's property at Oruawharo, Hawkes Bay.

Johnston represented Waipukurau in the
Hawkes Bay Provincial Council (1863-67 and
1871-75). He died on 28 Jun 1917.

Hawkes Bay Herald, 3 Jul 1917.

JOHNSTON, WALTER WOODS (1839-1907)
the eldest son of John Johnston (q.v.), was
born in London. He received his education in
New Zealand, and afterwards in France, and
then joined his father's business in Wellington.

Johnston entered Parliament in 1871 as
member for Manawatu, which he represented
continuously until 1884. In the last three years
he served as Postmaster-general and Minister
of Public Works in three successive governments
(those of Hall, Whitaker, and Atkinson). He
was a sound administrator. In 1888 he was elec-
ted one of the shareholders’ committee to in-
vestigate the condition of the bank of New Zea-
land. When the head office of the bank was
transferred to Wellington (1894), he was elec-
ted a shareholders’ director, bllt resigned the
following year to accept appointment as a
government director under the new scheme of
control. He was also a director of the Equit-
able Assurance Society of the United States.

Johnston married (1868) a daughter of
Forster Goring (q.v.). He died on 31 Aug
4907.

NZP.D., 3 Sp 1907; Cycl. N2., 1 (p); Ward:
N.Z. Times, 1 Sep 1907 ; Evening Post, 10 Oct 1929
Portrait: Parliament House.

JOHNSTON, WILLIAM (1825-91) was born at
Moffat Water, Dumfriesshire, and came to
Otago in 1857. He accompanied J. MacGibbon
to Southland and worked on a run at Hokonui.
In 1859 he took up land at One Tree Point,
and eventually settled on a property at Wreys
Bush, Southland, which he greatly improved.
He was an expert judge of sheep.

Johnston is said as early 2s 1858 to have
transported to Invercargill by bullock sledge
half a ton of cheese made by himself-and his
wife. He represented Roslyn in the Southland
Provincial Council (1864-69), and Waihopai
(1869-70). For a few weeks in 1869 he was
speaker. Mter the reunion with Otago he rep-

440

 

 

JOHNSTONE

resented Southland for a few months in the
Otago Provincial Council. He was a member,
and sometime chairman, of the Wallace county
council, and was a candidate for the Wallace
parliamentary seat in 1890, but withdrew at a
late stage. Johnston died on 15 Jul 1891.

Southland Times, 17 Jul 1891; J. P. Young in
Otago Daily Times, 25 Apr 1895.

JOHNSTONE, CAMPBELL (1863-1930) was
born at Waiuku, the son of Captain J. Camp-
bell Johnstone (of the 2nd Punjab infantry,
H.E..C.S,, who saw much service in India and
settled at Raglan in the early sixties, dying
there on 20 Jun 1882). He went to Raglan at
an early age, and settled on a block at Whata-
whata, where he carried on extensive farming
operations. He married (1891) Clementina,
daughter of Charles Alexander (of Te Awa
mutu).

Johnstone was 28 years a member of the
Raglan county council (and 20 years chairman);
a member of the Waikato hospital board from
1909 (chairman from 1926), and a member of
the Auckland harbour board, the highways
council, the counties association, the hospital
boards association and the Raglan licensing
committee. He was a prominent racing owner
and a member of the committee of the Waikato
Racing and Trotting clubs. He died on 2 Oct -
4930.

N2. Herald, 3 Oct 1930.

JOLLffi, EDWARD (1825-94) came of a
Huguenot family which fled to Scotland from
France, and moved to Cumberland about the
end of the eighteenth century. He was the
fourth son of Francis Jollie, of Brampton, near
Carlisle. At the age of 17 he came to New Zea-
land in the Brougham as a survey cadet under
the New Zealand Company, landing in Nelson
in Mar 1842.

In 1846 he was sent to Otago to assist in sur-
veying the Otago block. The work was let in
contract blocks, Jollie being engaged, in part-
nership with Wylie and A. Wills, on a block
which included Clutha, Kaihiku, and Waiwera.
There he became acquainted with Captain
Thomas, who undertook the block between the
Clutha and Tokomairiro rivers. Mter leaving
Otago Jollie spent some time in Nelson farm-
ing with his brother, on the understanding that
as soon as the locality of the Canterbury settle-

441

JOLUE

ment was decided upon, he should join Thomas
in the survey. In the meantime Jollie made the
first overland trip with sheep between Nelson
and north Canterbury by way of Jollie's pass.
He moved to Lyttelton in Aug 1849 to start on
the survey. The survey of Lyttelton was satis-
factorily accomplished and in Oct he proceeded
on asimitar-duty to Sumner, and then to Christ-
church. While there he lived in a grass hut at
The Bricks belonging to the surveyor Scroggs.

In planning Christchurch Jollie laid out a
few crescents, which Thomas disallowed. He
also proposed streets two chains wide, in which
trees could be planted. In naming the streets
in Lyttelton and Christchurch the names of
bishoprics of the Church of England were read
out of the peerage one by one, approved by
Thomas, and written upon the map. The work
was completed by Mar 1850, and 11 months
later Jollie was present when the settlers made
their first selections. He made his permanent
home in the province, and practised his profes-
sion of surveyor for some years. A great deal
of south Canterbury was surveyed by him and
Hewlings. In 1859 he was sent to survey the
government town of Tilnaru.

In 1860 Jollie was elected M.H.R. for Cheviot,
but other business compelled him to resign in
4861. In that year he married Caroline Arm-
strong, daughter of the Rev John Muggeridge
Orsmond. In 1865 he was elected to represent
Heathcote in the Provincial Council, and he
almost immediately became a member of Tan-
cred's executive, in which he served for 12
months. In 1866 he was elected for Selwyn,
which he represented until 1876. On the Coun-
cil reassembling in 1866, he was leader of an
executive for a few weeks In Mar 1868, he
again took officg, and continued until Jun 1869.
He was then defeated and remained out of
office for 12 hours. Returning to the govem-
ment benches as provincial secretary, he was
in office until Apr 1870. Once more (1874-75)
he was in the executive, under the leadership
of Montgomery.

On the abolition of the provinces Jollie
turned his attention to farming on his property
at Southbridge, and in 1879 he went to Eng-
land, where he remained for five years. On his
return he took up land at Waireka, near Patea.
He also had an interest in the Napier land and
estate business of Jollie, Fulton and Co. He

-----------------------Page 238 End-----------------------

JOLIiE

died on 7 Aug 1894. Jollie was one of the
founders of the Christchurch Club (1856).
Canterbury Papers; Canterbury P.C. Proc.; The
Press, 15 Dec 1900, 2 Aug 1900 (p); Napier News,
‘Aug 1894; Jollie, typed reminesences in Alexan-
der Turnbull Library. Portrait: Parliament House.

JOLLIE, FRANCIS (1815-70) was the eldest son
of the Rev F. Jollie. He arrived in Nelson by
the Fifeshire (Jan 1842) and was settled before
the Wairau affray. For a short period he acted
as resident agent for the New Zealand Com-
pany. He took a leading part in the demand
for a constitution, and when the provinces
were established (in 1853) he stood for the
superintendency of Nelson against Stafford, but
was defeated: Stafford, 251 ; Saxton, 206; Jol-
lie, 130.

In 1853 Jollie moved to Canterbury and took
up land at Peel Forest. In 1855 he paid a visit
to the Old Country and, returning in 1858,
married and lived for a short period in Christ-
church. His interests being in south Canter-
bury, Jollie took up the cudgels on behalf of
the out-districts, demanding for the settlers the
right to spend their revenue on their own
works. In 1861-66 he represented Timaru in
Parliament, and in 1866-70 he represented Glad-
stone. For a short while in 1866 he was Col-
onial Treasurer in the Stafford ministry, but
he retired on a reconstruction forced by Moor-
house, who declined office for himself. He was
a quiet, unassuming member of Parliament, but
aways assertive of the rights of his district,
and his efforts had much to do with securing
for south Canterbury the Timaru and Glad-
stone board of works, which controlled the ex-
penditure of local revenues.

In Nelson and in Timaru Jollie did useful
work as a leader writer for the Nelson Examiner
and the Timaru Herald. He had intended re-
tiring from politics when his death occurred
on 30 Nov 1870.

Acland; Arnold; Col. Gent.; The Press, 2 Aug
4930.

JONES, FREDERIC (1832-90) was born at
Arley Castle, Shropshire, and educated by the
Rev G. Wharton. He qualified as an architect
and spent some years with Haslam and Butler,
London. In 1863 he came to Canterbury for
health reasons in the Chariot of Fame, and for
some years was in the employ of F. Jenkins,

JONES

builder, with whom later he started an unsuc-
cessful flaxmill at Kaiapoi. He was afterwards
with W. Montgomery and Co.

Jones was a member of the Heathcote road
board, and member and sometime chairman of
the South Waimakariri board of conservators
(afterwards the South Waimakariri river board).
He made a valuable report on the protection
of Christchurch against flood. In 1881 he was
elected to the Selwyn county council, and. he
took part in formulating the Halswell drain-
age scheme (1882). From 1883 till his death
he was chairman of the Cashmere domain
board, and for some years he was chairman of
the hospital and charitable aid board (1886-87).
In 1887 he was twice successful in parliamentary
elections for Heathcote, which he represented
to the time of his death (8 Sep 1890). Jones
was interested also in the horticultural society,
the industrial association and the Lancaster
Park Co. He took part in the proceedings of
the sweating commission.

Lyttelton Times, 1 Oct 1890. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

JONES, GEORGE (1844-1920) was born at
Upper Hutt, and went with his parents to Aus-
tralia, where he was educated in the common
schools and at the Scales Academy and the
Grammar School at Geelong. He served part
of his apprenticeship there, finished in the
Government printing office in Brisbane, and
took employment as a journeyman compositor
in the Bulletin office, Rockhampton

In 1863 he came to Christchurch and was em-
ployed on the Standard, the Lyttelton Times
and The Press. In 1866 he went into business
as a printer and publisher, having as partner
George Tombs, founder of the firm of Whit-
combe and Tombs. Having sold out to Tombs
(1868), he started a bnsiness in Auckland, where
for a time he printed the Star. In 1872 he
founded the Waikato Times at Ngaruawahia,
and in 1874 he founded the Echo in Auckland.
This he sold late in 1875 to Reed and Brett
and moved his plant to Dunedin. There on
8 Jan 1876 he and G. M. Reed published the
first issue of the Evening News, founded to
support provincial institutions against their
growing enemies. The News closed down
on 9 Jan 1878. Jones spent a year on the Otago
Guardian and in 1877 purchased the Evening

442

 

 

JONES.

Mail at Oamaru. He changed the name to the
Oamaru Mail, which he conducted with signal
sucess as a Liberal organ. In 1909 he formed
the business into a company. About the same
time he acquired the Southland News, which
he formed into a company controlled by his
family, two of his sons being editors of the two
papers.

Jones believed that the journalist should hold
himself aloof from local bodies, and according-
ly took no part in public affairs beyond mem-
bership of musica societies. He was a fine
violinist and was for many years conductor of
the Oamaru Garrison band, which he raised
from a humble standard to achieving success in
contests. Reluctantly he was drawn into politi.
cal life as the outcome of an article which he
wrote in 1877 charging Sir F. Whitaker with
having promoted the native land bill in the in-
terests of himself and his friends. Called be
fore the bar of the House, he was adjudged
guilty of a breach of privilege and sentenced
to be confined, but as he could not be retained
in custody after Parliament prorogued, he was
prosecuted in the courts in Dunedin and a
quitted. The publicity of this trial gave a con:
siderable fillip to the paper, and Jones was
drawn into politics as a result. On the resig-
nation of T. W. Hislop in 1880, he was elected
member for Waitaki, defeating John Reid and
W. H. & Roberts. He did not stand again in
1881, as he would not oppose Shrimski for the
town seat and he believed that the country
should be represented by a farmer. T. Y. Dun-
can was thus returned:

Jones became an active supporter of Sir Wil-
liam Fox on the liquor question, and an ardent
advocate of prohibition. His political views
were strongly democratic, and he believed in
the leasehold tenure of land and the subdivision
of large estates. He was called to the Legista
tive Council in 1896, and was a member till
1916, and again from 1918 till his death (on
16 Dec 1920). He married (1865) Dorothy,
daughter of Stephen Tweedy, of Sunderland
and Canterbury.

N.Z.P.D., 11 Mar 1921; Paul; Scholeidd, Union
Catalogue; Cycl. N.z., iv (p); The Press, 25 May
4911 ; Evening Star and Otago Daily Times, 17 Dé
4920. Portrait: Parliament House.

JONES, JOHN (1809-69) was born in Sydney,
the son of Thomas Jones, an early settler of

JONES.

New South Wales. He was an adventurous
youth in days and conditions which offered no
premium to the educated boy, and therefore
he found advancement with his hands and
native commonsense. As a boy he went to sea
in a seder, and thus first saw the shores of New
Zealand. Having saved a little money while
serving béo;re the mast, Jones bought himself
a boat and took to the calling of a waterman
in Sydney Harbour. His savings he invested
<0 carefully that when he was only 20 years old
he was a partner in three whaling ships which
frequented the New Zealand waters from Port
Jackson. He seems to have been the invigorat-
ing factor in the business, which went ahead
from the moment of his intervention.

In 1835 Jones purchased for himself for £800
the Sydney Packet, in which he sailed as his
own supercargo round the whaling stations of
southern New Zealand. The year before he
had become interested in Runn's whaling station
at Preservation Bay, and in 1836 he had three
boats and 36 men working for him there. Two
years later he had stations at Awarua, in 1839
at Aparima and Waikawa, and in that year also
he acquired from the natives at Waikouaiti an
area of land which soon became a veritable
oasis in the wilderness of uncultivated prairie
and bush. Jones in 1840 took a first step to-
wards forming an organised colony by inducing
eleven families of English people from New
South Wales to emigrate to his land at Wai-
kouaiti. He offered a fixed sum per year, and
at the end of two years the freehold of 60 acres
of land per family. Intent on assuring the per-
manence of the settlement, he prevailed on the
W'edeyan Missionary Society to send a mission-
ary to Waikouaiti, the house, chapel, and school
being provided by him. Accordingly on her next
voyage jones's schooner brought James Watkin
(qv.) and his wife to act as clergyman and
teachers to the children of whalers, settlers and
Maoris.

In the early forties Jones was attracted to
Wellington by the arrival of emigrants there,
and for a while he had some business associa
tion with W. M. Bannatyne. He kept the
schooner Scotia constantly trading with Sydney,
taking whalebone and oil from New Zealand
On one occasion he placed his schooner, fully
manned and provisioned, at the disposal of the
Government for use in necessary operations or

443

-----------------------Page 239 End-----------------------

JONES

in taking succour to whites. During the alarm
following the fight at the Wairau two of his
vessds were thus at call. Jones suffered in the
slump of 1842, but maintained his New Zealand
holdings. In 1844 Mr Watkin was replaced as
missionary by the Rev Charles Creed, who was
in Otago when the pioneers arrived in 1848.
About 1846 Jones made his home at Waikou-
aiti, a sort of feudal lord among his retainers,
who found him a hard enough taskmaster, but
generous and just. Anticipating the arrival of
the settlers in Otago, he established a trading
store to supply them with necessary commo-
dities, and he earned the good opinion of the
immigrants by his fair dealing. He moved to
Dunedin in 1854. He was now a considerable
merchant with ships of his own maintaining a
regular trade around the coasts of New Zealand
and to Sydney. He purchased Captain Bellairs's
house at Fern Hill, which later he replaced by
a stone building, afterwards known as the Fern-
hill Club. In 1859, in co-operation with the
firm of Cargills, he purchased the paddle
steamer Geelong, and a few years later the
paddle steamer City of Dunedin. In 1863 the
steamer Golden Age first came to Dunedin.
Jones had a quarter share in her, and with this
basis he founded the Harbour Steam Naviga-
tion Co., which prospered in spite of setbacks.
The Albion and Scotia were added to the fleet,
and the firm obtained a contract from the pro-
vincial government to run regular services be:
tween Dunedin, Oamaru and way ports.

jones's own creation, the Harbour Co., de-
veloped into the Union Steam Ship Co. His
business on shore expanded very materially as
a result of the discovery of gold (1861). He
was now in a thoroughly substantial way, and
attempted to defeat the note issue of Macan-
drew and Co. He subsequently issued notes on
his own credit, payable on demand. It is said
that at one time £20,000 of these notes were in
currency. Jones nevertheless suffered with
others in the periodical slumps which struck
the province. In that of 1866 he was able by
judicious assistance to narrow the disaster that
visited the community. At a time when 15 and
even 20 per cent. was being charged on mort:
gage, Jones was content with 10.

In public life Jones knew his limitations. He
was at the head of the poll for the Dunedin
town board in 1855 (and chairman in 1856),

JONES:

but generally declined to accept public posi-
tions. Sir George Grey, when he visited Dune-
din in 1867, referred to him as a tried personal
friend of more than 20 years’ standing. Yet
Jones was careful to decline the offer of a call
to the Legislative Council. ‘A large-hearted
man with the simple instincts of a child," was
one description applied to him-a tall, mus-
cular figure, adorned usually in his later days
with a tall silk hat and a black. coat. He was a
liberal patron of the churches of all denomina-
tions, Besides building and endowing the
Church of England at Waikouaiti, he gave land
for St Paul's, Dunedin, and he insisted that the
clergy should travel free of charge in his ships.

Jones married in 1830 Sarah Sizemore (d.
1864). He died on 16 Mar 1869.

His eldest son, JOHN Ricxarn JONES, was a
landowner in Waikouaiti district, where he
farmed the Matanaka property until his removal
to Dunedin in 1876. In Dec 1862 he was elected
to represent Hampden in Parliament. VOgd
was also nominated, but did not demand a poll.
Jones resigned before the next session. As an
executor for his father, he attended the meeting
in 1869 at which the interests of the Dunedin
Harbour Ferry Co. were developed into the
Union Steamship Co. Jones married (1855)
Mary (d. 1906), daughter of John Orbell. He
died on 4 May 1911.

Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Hocken, Otago; McNab;
Whaling; Mclndoe: Roberts; Shortland, 79, 106;
Purchas; Pratt; Christie; Otago Daily Times, 5
May 1911, 31 Jan 1930 (P).

JONES, JOSHUA (1845-1918) was born in
Wales, educated in England and travelled wide-
ly. He spent some years in the constabulary in
South Australia; and on the goldfields in the
Northern Territory, where he was associated
with the local organisation for self-government.
Coming to New Zealand, he took up a section
in the Moa block at Tariki, Taranaki. Moving
to Mokau he became on friendly terms with the
King natives; negotiated for the lease of the
Mokau block and led a survey party into the
King Country. In 1878 he assisted to arrange
a meeting between Rewi and Sir George Grey.
In 1892 Jones proceeded to England to obtain
capital for opening up the mineral resources of
the Mokau. While there he is said to have been
a poor law guardian in a London metropolitan

444

 

 

JOUBERT

borough. After returning to New Zealand he
was engaged in protracted litigation and parlia
mentary applications. He died on 7 Jan 1918.

App. H.R., 1879, ii H35; 1888, G4, 4a, 40, 1.7:
1910, Ila; 1912, ii 1.47. Taranaki Herald, 12 Jan
1918,

JOUBERT, JULES (1824-1907) was born at
Angouleme, France, in 1824, educated at Bor-
deaux and the College Bourbon, Paris; and in
1839 sailed in the corvette Heroine for Brazil,
Madagascar and Bay of Islands. He then left
the ship and sailed in the schooner Martha for
Sydney, where he spent seven years in the
French consulate, attaining the position of
chancellor. In 1840 he accompanied Lavaud
(qv.) in the Aube in the capacity of inter-
preter.

Resigning his post after the French revolu-
tion of 1848, he went to South Australia, where
he invested in town property. The gold dis
coveries in Victoria in 1851 revived his pros-
pects, and he carried swag and shovel to tlle
diggings at Mount Alexander, where he was
commissioned by a contractor to erect a block
of government buildings. He afterwards started
a store at Sawpit Gully. In 1853 he was present
in the French cruiser Catinat at the hoisting of
the French flag in New Caledonia. After mak-

   

} ing and losing a fortune in trade and specula-

tions, Joubert was for some years secretary to
the Agricultural Society of New South Wales
(1867-78). While in this position he went to
France to study the Exposition, and on his re-
turn he and R. E. N..Twopeny established the
first international exhibition (1881). For his
services at the Paris exhibition (1878) he re-
ceived the ribbon of the Legion of Honour. He
promoted exhibitions at Adelaide, Perth and
Calcutta, and in 1889 was general manager of
the Dunedin and South Seas exhibition. In the
following year he published in Dunedin Shav-
ings and Scrapes from Many Parts.

Loyau; Joubert, op. cit.; Otago Daily Times, 26
Nov 1889 (p).

JOWSEY, THOMAS (1853-1934) was born at
Middlesborough, Yorkshire, educated at Dr
Grieve's academy, and enlisted in the army. He
served for seven years in India with the 15th
Hussars, retiring as a non-commissioned officer.
In 1883 he came to New Zealand, and for the
next 20 years was house manager of the Timaru

JOY CE

hospital. He was keenly interested in the
Timaru Rifles, in which he attained the rank
of major in 1899. He served in South Africa
(1900-02) in command of the 3rd New Zealand
Contingent (Rough Riders), which at General
Brabant's request was permanently attached to
his column. (C.M.G. 1901.)

Jowsey remained in Timaru for a year or
two after the war, and then moved to Christ-
church, where he founded and managed the
United Services Hotel. He eventually settled in
Waibi in the service of the Waihi Goldmining
Co. There he was for some years a member of
the borough council and of the hospital board
(of which he was chairman for three years).

Ranfurly; Who's Who N.z., 1902-32.

JOYCE, JAMES PARKER (1835-1903) was born
at Southampton, England, where he was edu-
cated and entered the customs service. In 1855
he emigrated to Victoria, and in 1858 to South-
land. He was stockman on Tuturau station, in
which he afterwards bought a share, and was
clerk of the town board of Invercargill (1864-
65). Some time later he became editor of the
Southland Times, and then part proprietor of
the Southland News, of which he was editor
for 40 years.

Joyce was M.H.R. for Wallace (1876-79), for
Awarua (1881-84), and for Te Aro (1884-87).
In Invercargill he was a promoter of the Hor-
ticultural Society. He married (1862) Miss
Caydzien (Edinburgh) and he died on 16 Jan
1903.

Beattie i, ii; Cycl. N.Z., iv; Pyke; Otago Daily
Times, 16 Jan’ 1903.

JOYCE, JOHN (1839-99) was born at St Ives,
Cornwall, of Irish extraction. As a boy he
went to seain a fishing smack. In 1854 he emi-
grated to Victoria with his father (Captain
Michael Joyce, 1816-95) who was an officer of
the Victorian water police, and he spent three
years (dso in the waterpolice) at Williams-
town. When retrenched out of that service he
was in charge of a hooker of 55 tons.

In 1861 he came to New Zealand and was in
the water police at Port Chalmers for a while
before being appointed clerk of the magistrates
court. Four years later he was articled to
Howorth and Hodgkins and, having qualified
in law, was admitted to the bar (1873). He
practised for a few years in Dunedin (with J.

445

-----------------------Page 240 End-----------------------

JOYNT

A. D. Adams) and then removed to Canter-
bury, practising in Christchurch and Lyttelton.
He was chairman of the Sydenham school com-
mittee and a member of the borough council,
and was mayor (1879-81). Intending to estab-
lish a deep-sea fishing company, he again sat-
tled in Lyttelton and became a member of the
borough council in 1885. He was three yeats
a member of the Canterbury education board
and for many years superintendent of the Wes-
leyan Sunday school in Lyttelton.

Joyce entered Parliament in 1887 as member
for Lyttelton (supporting the Stout-Vogel party)
and was in Parliament continuously till 1899
(for Akaroa 1893-96, Lyttelton 1896-99). He
died on 1 Dec 1899. He was an enthusiastic
volunteer. In 1883 he raised the Sydenham
rifles (of which he was captain), and he was
the first major of the Canterbury rifle battalion
(1885-91). He married a daughter of G. Coates
(Christchurch) .

Cycl. N.Z., iii; Russell; Otago Daily Times, 15
Feb 1895; Lyttelton Times, 2 Dec 1899. Portrait:
Parliament House.

JOYNT, JOHN WILLIAM (1852-1933) was
born in county Wicklow, Ireland, and was edu-
cated in a school at Kilkenny and at Sautry
school, Dublin. He proceeded to Trinity -Col-
lege as a first-class sizar and had a brilliant
career there, winning several classical scholar-
ships, the vice-chancellor's prize and the Berke-
ley gold medal for the highest distinction in
classical scholarship and double first dass hon-
ours. He was awarded in 1879 the gold medals.
of the Historical and Philosophical societies.
Next year he graduated M.A. and sat at once
for his fellowship but, his health breaking down,
he came to New Zealand.

In 1889 he was appointed headmaster of Nel:
son College, of which he had control for 10
years. On the establishment of Victoria Univer-
sity College in 1898, Joynt was an applicant for
the chair of classics. Shortly afterwards he was
appointed registrar of the University of New
Zealand, a position he held from 1899 to 1910.
He was also for a year or two lecturer in Ger-
man at Victoria College and for some years an
examiner for the University. In 1910 he went
to London, where he acted as representative of
the University of New Zealand until he retired
in 1931. He represented New Zealand on the

JULIUS

executive of the Imperial Universities Bureau.
He died on 22 May 1933.

Univ. of N.Z. Calendar; Nelson Coll. 0.B. Reg.;
Cycl. N.z., ii (p); Who's Who N.z., 1908 1924,
1932; Evening Post, 24 May 1933; Nelson Evening
Mail, 19 Sep 1931; The Times, 24 May 1933.

JOYNT, THOMAS INGHAM (1830-1907) was
born in county Galway, Ireland, and educated
there and in Dublin. He served his articles in
a solicitor's office in the capital (where he be
came acquainted with H. B. Gresson, q.v.). In
1856 he emigrated to Canterbury in the Mariner
with his wife and child. After being clerk to
the bench in Lyttelton and Christchurch, he
entered Gresson’s office and was later articled
to T. S Duncan. He was admitted to the bar
in 1863 and coinmenced to practise on his own
account. Joynt. was an eloquent pleader and a
witty conversationalist. In 1907 he was ap-
pointed a K.C. He was member of the Canter:
bury Provincial Council for Kaiapoi from 1871
till the abolition, and a member of the execu:
tive under Rolleston (1874-75). He contested
the Christchurch parliamentary seat without
success against J. Holmes. His death occurred
on 5 Sep 1907.

The Press, 8 Jun, 6 Sep 1907.

JULIUS, CHURCHILL (1847-1938) was born
at Richmond, Surrey, and educated at Black:
heath Proprietary school, at King’s College, Lon-
don, and Worcester College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. (1869) and M.A. (1871). He
was ordained deacon (1871) and priest (1872).
His first curacy was at St Giles, Norwich (1871)
In 1873 he became curate of South Brent,
Somersetshire; in 1875 vicar of Shapwick;
in 1878 of Holy Trinity, Islington, and in 1884
of Christ Church pro-Cathedral in Ballarat.
Julius came to Australia in the barque South
Australian, and was for some time archdeacon
of Ballarat and dean of the Cathedral. While
there he was elected (1889) to the bishopric of
Christchurch. The consecration took place on
1 May 1890. Cambridge University conferred
on him the D.D. in 1893, and in 1920 the hon-
orary LL.D. Julius was a man of great personal
charm and wide gifts; tolerant, industrious, an
eloquent emotional preacher and an orator of
some distinction. In 1922 he succeeded Nevill
(a.v.) 28 primate of New Zealand, becoming at
the same time the first archbishop in the pro-

446

 

JULIUS

vince. He had then been in holy orders for
53 years and a bishop for 35. Two years later
he announced his retirement from the see of
Christchurch, which took place in Apr 1925. He
was warden of Christ's College (1890-1925) and
a governor of Canterbury College (1890-1920).

In his retirement Julius devoted much of his
leisure to mechanical pursuits, including clock-
making (at which he was expert), electricity and
radio. His clock hospital was a feature of his
home for many years, and he spent one vaca-
tion repairing the organ in the old church at

JULIUS

Paihia, Bay of Islands. He married (1873)
Alice (who died in 1918), daughter of Colonel
M. J. Rowlandson.

Crockford; Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); Star-Sun and The
Press, 2 Sep 1938 (pp).

JULIUS, HERBERT AMELIUS, was a runholder
in north Otago and a prominent figure on the
turf, being clerk of the course to the Oamaru
Jockey club. In 1867 he was elected to repre-
sent Oamaru Town in the Otago Provincial
Council. His death occurred on 31 May 1868.

447

 

-----------------------Page 241 End-----------------------

 

 

K

 

KAIHAU, HENARE (1855-1920), a chief of
the Ngati-Teata, a sub-tribe of Waikato, was
born at Waiuku. His father was Ahipene Kai-
hau (one of the Waikato chiefs who sued for
peace in Feb 1861. Ahipene was afterwards
appointed an assessor, and was a policeman at
Waiuku in 1863, when he went over to the
enemy and was dismissed. He died on 3 Dec
1892).

Young Kaihau was educated at Archdeacon
Maunsell's school at Waiuku. He showed great
mental ability and was a thoroughly European-
ised Maori, with a fine stature and presence.
By the age of 24 he was taking a keen interest
in native affairs, and he was for yeas
associated with the various Maori parliaments,
in which he was recognised as a man of out-
standing mental capacity. His sister being mar-
ried to Tawhiao, he was in close touch with the
King movement, and was for years the principal
adviser of King Mahuta. In 1886 he was de-
puted by Tawhiao to visit Wellington to dis
cuss the possibility of establishing a council of
Maori chiefs in association with Parliament.

In 1884, and again in 1886, he stood for the
Western Maori seat in Parliament. Ten years
later he again came out as the first candidate
nominated for parliament by the Maori King.
He defeated Ropata te Ao and sat in Parlia-
ment primarily to represent King and Waikato
interests, from 1896 to 1911. In his first session
he introduced a Maori council constitution bill,
designed to give to the Maori race what the
King leaders considered a suitable form of local
self-government. It provided that all Maori
lands should be administered by a council of
which 14 members should be nominated by the
governor, 14 and the president nominated by
Mahuta Tawhiao te Wherowhero and 28 dec-

ted for three-year terms by the four Maori con-
stituencies. The mana of the council was to
be vested for life in Mahuta and his lawful
descendants, who should from time to time
appoint the president of the council. The bill
was read a second time, pro forma, on 25 Nov
1897 and dropped.

At several subsequent elections Kaihau was
opposed by Te Heubeu Tukino (q.v.), but he
managed to retain his seat until the advent of
Maui Pomare (q.v.) in 1911, with tribal sup-
port which enabled him to win the election.
Kaihau tried in 1919 to regain the seat, but
without success. Both in Parliament and out
he did his utmost to heal the breach with the
King natives, and he succeeded in persuading
an important party of Waikato to attend the
reception to the Prince of Wales at Rotorua
in 1920.

Kaihau died on 20 May 1920, leaving a wife
(daughter of W. Flavell, of Waipipi).

N.z.P.D., 29 Jun 1920; S P. Smith, Taranaki;
Scholefield in N.z. Times, 10 Oct 1907; Hone Heke
and Sir A. Ngata (information). Portrait: Parlia-
ment House. _
KAIN, CONRAD (71879-1934), one of the”
most remarkable guides who ever operated in~
the New Zealand ranges, was an Austro-Italian
His climbs in Europe (including Corsica) and
Canada had become recognised as classics long
before 1914, when a patron, H. O. Frind,
brought him to this country. In two seasons
he crammed daring new routes and first ascents
into his calendar, forcing his objectives, for the
most part, in the Murchison, Tasman and
Mueller valleys. His nationality caused steps
to be taken for his imprisonment on Somes Is-
land during the war of 1914-18, but the deter-

448

 

 

KANE

mined efforts of Mrs Thomson (with whom he
had traversed Mount Cook) won his passage
to Canada, where he-was made chief guide at
Banff. He died on 2 Feb 1934, after a brilliant
Alpine career. His biography, Where the
Clouds can Go (1936) was edited by the
American Alpine Club. JD.P.

KANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1858-1934) was
born in Wellington, where he was educated at
the Thorndon Catholic school and articled to F.
M. Ollivier, barrister and solicitor. In 1886 he
joined the parliamentary staff; in 1920 he be-
came clerk of the House of Representatives, and
in 1930 Clerk of Parliaments and of the Legis-
lative Council. (C.M.G.). Kane married (1921)
Rosetta, widow of F. E. Baume (qv.)

Parltry Record; Who's Who N.Z,, 1924, 1932;
The Dominion, 19 Jul 1934 (p).

TE KANI A TAKIRAU (7800-1856) was one
of the greatest chiefs of the Maori regime.
His dominant position among the aristocracy
of the territory between the Bay of Plenty and
Wairarapa was mainly due to the marriage of
his great grand-mother, Ngunguru-te-rangi, of
Hicks Bay, with Tane-toko-rangi, grandson of
the warrior chief Konohi of Whangara. The
sole issue of this union was the famous Hine-
matioro, who married a second cousin, Te
Hoatiki. Her two daughters married two
brothers, the sons of the famous Tolaga Bay
chief, Te Whakatatare-o-te-rangi; Ngarangi-ka-
hiwa, the elder, marrying Te Rongo-tu-mamao,
and Te Kakari, the younger, marrying Te
Amaru. Te Whakatatare was in his prime when
Cook visited Tolaga Bay. There was thus
merged in the person of Te Kani-a-Takirau, as
the son of Ngarangi-ka-hiwa and Te Rongo-tu-
mamao, the most aristocratic lines of descent on
the long seaboard from Opotiki to Port Nichol-
son

Owing to his high lineage Te Kani never cul-
tivated food for himself, and in the event of his
pa being besieged a special body guard was
detailed to provide for the safety of his person.
‘As a child he had been in great danger during
the Ngati-Maru raid at Mahia, and was re-
leased by Potiki when he begged to be killed
with a mere appropriate to his rank. In the
attacks by Titore, Tc Wera and Tu Korehu on
the East Coast tribes about 1820 three of his
near relatives were killed, and Hine-matioro

449

TE KANI

was spirited away by her people to prevent her
being captured. Te Kani himself escaped with
difficulty, many of his people being killed. In
the early nineteenth century he was the most
powerful chief on the East Coast. He welcomed
Te Wera when he came to settle at Mahia, and
begged his assistance in finding the hiding
place of his grandmother.

Owing to the restrictions of his high birth, Te
Kani's warlike career was not distinguished.
Having been defeated by Whanau-a-Apanui at
Parinui-te-Ra, he sent Te Houkamau to obtain
help from Pareihe and Tiakitai, and together
they turned the tables at Toka-a-Kuku (1835).
When Te Wera was free to assist Te Kani in
his search for Hine-matioro he did so by attack-
ing the Ngati-Porou stronghold of Tuatini.
which he took.

By virtue of his high lineage Te Kani was
offered the position of Maori king in 1854,
but declined it. On that occasion he said: «
am a king by right of my ancestors. Hikurangi
is not a travelling mountain: The latter ex-
pression was a sarcastic reference to the legends
of travelling mountains in the Taupo district,
whence the offer of the kingship had emanated,
Inhis later years Te Kani was most friendly to
the missions. He was tall, commanding figure,
fully tattooed,. and wore European dress ex-
cept on ceremonial occasions. At one time he
had ten wives. He was very much addicted to
horseracing. It was his invariable practice to
give gifts in return for any received by him and
he presented his best horse to McLean on the
occasion of their first meeting. In 1835 he
showed much attention to Polack. He died at
Whangara in 1856 and was buried on an island
off Tolaga Bay beside his ancestress.

SP. Smith, Wars; Polyn. Jour., xxv; Polack; sie

Apirana Ngata (information); Lambert, p. 489 ; W.
L. Williams, East Coast.

TE KANI, HIRINI (1826-96) was closdy. re-
lated to Te Kani-a-Takirau, his great-grand-
father, Tama:i-hikitea-te-rangi, being first cousin
to Hine-matioro. He was inclined towards the
King movement, but refrained from accepting
office or taking an active part. In later times
he strenuously opposed the Haubau emissaries
in the East Coast district, and threw up de-
fensive works. He died on 5 Jul 1896. Two
years later the Government erected a monu-
ment to his memory at Gisborne.

 

 

-----------------------Page 242 End-----------------------

KAPA

KAPA, EPARAIMA TE MUTU (1842-1925), a
chief of Te Whananaki hapu of Te Aupouri,
was a grandson of Patuone and descended from
Mirupokai. He was born at Kaitaia, and edu-
cated at the mission school there under Puckey
(qv). Most of his life he lived at Te Kao and
Parengarenga, always exercising .his consider-
able authority in peaceful directions. He was
a man of keen intellect and well-balanced judg-
ment, but without much driving force. Con-
vinced of the advantages of education, he per-
suaded his people to send their children to
schools and colleges.

In 1891 Kapa was elected to succeed Taiwha-
nga as member for the Northern Maori. He
was defeated in 1893 by Hone Heke, who rep-
resented the Kotahitanga movement. Kapa
stood against Heke without success on two sub-
sequent occasions (1896 and 1899).

N.Z.P.D., 26 Jun 1925; N.z. Graphic, 3 Jun 1893;

N.z. Times, 10 Oct 1907. Portrait: Parliament
House.
KARETAI (1781-1860), popularly known as
‘Jackey White,’ was the principal chief at
Otakou when the pakeha arrived. The son of
Te Ihutakaru and Kakatuaheka, he was a
cousin of Taiaroa (q.v.). Edward Shortland
visited him in 1843, when he lived at the east-
ern heads of Otago harbour. He had been for
some time interested in sealing and had a share
in a sealing boat. He often visited Sydney and
with his wife once spent a year at Parramatta
under the care of Samuel Marsden. Karetai
made several campaigns against Te Rauparaha.
He was wounded in the knee at Oraumoa and
became permanently lame, and also lost an eye.
Like Taiaroa, he made peace with Te Raupa-
raha at Poneke after the Wairau affair (1843).
He signed the Treaty of Waitangi at the Heads
in 1840, and the Otago deed of sale in 1844.
He later came under the influence of Charles
Creed. Karetai died on 80 May 1860.

Stack; Pratt; Hocken, Otago ; Shortland.
KARSLAKE, JOHN KARSLAKE, with Anson
bought the Waireka station in Canterbury in
1862. It was sold a few years later to the Rt
Hon Joseph Chamberlain, and they bought
Mount Torlesse (1868). This also they disposed
of and acquired Avoca (1873). Karslake rep-
resented Coleridge in Parliament (1871-72). He
was drowned on a voyage to England.

Adand.

TE KAWAU

KATENE, WIREMU, an influential chief of the
Uritaniwha hapu of Aupouri, and of Ngapuhi,
farmed a large estate at Te Ahuahu and lived
in pakeha syle, setting a good example to his
people. Katene was elected to represent the
Northern Maori in Parliament in 1871, and was
a member of the executive under Waterhouse,
Fox, Vogel and Pollen (1872-76). He was de-
feated in 1875 by Tawhiti and Te Tai. In
May 1887 Katene was again elected to Parlia-
ment for Northern Maori, but he lost his seat
at the general election a few months later. He
died on | Nov 1895.

Parltry Record; N.Z. Herald, 29 Nov 1895. Por-
trait: Parliament House.
TE KAWAU, APIHAI (21790-1869) was the
principal chief of the Taou hapu of Ngati-
Whatua at Kaipara, and paramount chief of the
tribe in the early part of the nineteenth cen-
tury. A finely tattooed warrior, and the most
strictly tapu man that SP. Smith ever met, he
was described by Butler as a man of bold dis
position and a good countenance. Marsden
met him in 1820, when he boarded the Drome-
dary, offering spars from his forests at Waite
mata, and accompanied the missionary to in-
spect the harbour of Manukau. He had a
great aversion to war, and in later years de-
plored the losses of his people at the hands of
Ngapuhi, which compelled them to evacuate
their ancestral lands about Tamaki for several
years. Some accounts say that Kawau took part
in the defence of Mau-ina-ina (Nov 1821), but
it is better established that he initiated the Ami-
owhenua expedition to the south, leaving One-
one-nui (southern Kaipara) with his taua in
Sep 1821 for lower Waikato, and being joined
there by Ngati-Maniapoto and other forces
under Tu-Korehu. Some Ngati-Maru from
Thames also joined. The combined force in-
vaded Hawkes Bay by way of Rotorua, Kainga
roa and Wairoa, and passed on by the Mana-
watu gorge and Wairarapa to Port Nich91son.
Returning by the Whanganui river, they be-
came involved in extraordinary developments
in Taranaki and were eventually besieged in
Pukerangiora, whence they sent an appeal to Te
Wherowhero for assistance. Kawau assisted Wai-
kato in the defence of Matakitaki (May 1822)
and, having made peace, he returned to Tamaki
in Jun, having marched 800 miles and had
a basket of human flesh for his pillow every

 

450

 

KAWEPO

night. SP. Smith sas this was the longest
march ever made by a taua. Fearing the guns
of Ngapuhi, Kawau and Te Hinana retreated
with their people to Pukewhau, on the Waipa
river, while other hapu moved to Mahurangi,
where they were later attacked by the Para
whau hapu of Ngapuhi. This dispersion, and
the departure of a force to avenge the victims
of Parawhau, accounted for Kawau's absence
from Te Ika-a-ranganui (Feb 1825). Mter the
death of Hongi, the Ngati-Whatua returned to
their lands at Tamaki, resuming the cultiva-
tions at Mangere, Onehunga and Horotiu and
the fortified pa at Okahu (Orakei), where they
made closer contact with the missionaries.

Kawau invited Captain Hobson to visit Wai-
temata, used all his influence to make land
available for the capital (1840), and welcomed
the officid party at Waiariki (Officid Bay) in
1841. He lived for the most part at Orakei, be
ing confirmed in a reserve of 700 acres by the
judgment of 1868. In his later years he was
much in the company of Sir William Martin
(q.v.) and eventually was baptised, taking the
Christian name of ‘Apihai' (Abishai). He
died at Ongarahu (Kaipara) in Nov 1869.

S P. Smith, Wars; Thomson; Davis; Butler,
Journals; Marsden, L. and J.; Lady Martin, Our
Maoris; Cowan, Sketches (p).

“TE HIRA TE Kawau (1810-88), the son of
Apihai, though of higher rank than his cousin
Tuhaere (q.v.), was unassuming and disin-
clined for leadership. He was one of the party
which accompanied Logan Campbell (q.v.) to
select a site for a town on the Waitemata (1840)
but took umbrage at a fancied insult and re-
fused to proceed with the negotiations. He died
on 5 Jul 1888 at Okahu.

Campbell; N.Z. Railways Magazine, Nov 1933;
Southern Cross, 30, 31 Dec 1868; N.Z. Herald, 13
Mar 1892. Portrait: Cowan Sketches.

KAWEPO TAMA-KI.HIKURANGI, RENATA
(21808-88) one of the best known chiefs in
Hawkes Bay, belonged to the Ngati-Te Upo-
koiri hapu of Ngati-Kahungunu, and was born
in the first decade of the nineteenth century.
He had achieved some fame as a warrior in the
twenties. In 1830 Ngapuhi invaded Hawkes
Bay and totally defeated Ngati-Kahungunu at
Roto-atara, close to Te Aute College, where
Renata was captured. He was taken back by

451

KAWEPO

the conquerors to the north. While living with
the Ngapuhi he was tattooed and converted to
Christianity. Desiring to convey the Gospel to
his own people, he became a teacher and went
back first to Patea and then to other settle
ments, where he was recognised as a chief. He
returned to Ahuriri with Colenso (Mar 1845)
and introduced, horses there in 1850. His in-
fluence was always friendly to the pakeha, and
in 1857 he and several other chiefs in Hawkes
Bay wrote to the Hawkes Bay Herald assuring
the settlers that there would be no hostilities
against them. When Napier was in danger he
was offered the rank of major, but declined.
Nevertheless he led his own hapu in the fight-
ing at Omarunui under Colonel Whitmore and
was instrumental in the rout of the Hauhau.
He declined pay for his services, but accepted
a sword of honour.

When his men landed very seasick at Tu-
ranganui (Gisborne), some of the chiefs wished
to give them time to recover, but Renata in-
sisted on immediately marching and they at-
tacked Patutahi the following morning (20 Nov
1868). He took part also in the successful
attack on Makaretu and in the operations at
Ngatapa (1868-69). When Whitmore called for
volunteers for the storming party against Te
Waiparati he was the first to offer. Later in
1869 he took the field with 65 mounted men of
his tribe in the Taupo expedition under Col-
onel McDonnell. After attacking the Papawai
pa from three directions, they discovered that
Te Kooti and his men had made their escape
to Porere, where they were followed. In the
fight Renata was engaged in fierce single com-
bat with a stalwart Hauhau when the latter's
wife sprang upon him and gouged out his right
eye with her fingers. A timely assistant des-
patched the Hauhau. Renata would not allow
the plucky woman to be injured and later he
married her.

In 1883 Renata welcomed Tawhiao to
Hawkes Bay as a friend, but scorned his pre-
tenuions. A man of great sagacity and a born
ruler, Renata was higWy respected by both
races. His interest in Christian institutions con-
tinued after the peace, and he made many gifts
to churches and schools. He received a Gov-
ernment pension of £100 a year for his services,
and lived in European style at Omahu (where
he died on 18 Apr 1888). Honourable in all

 

-----------------------Page 243 End-----------------------

KAWITI

his dealings, Renata Kawepo once refused
£4,390 for a piece of land which he had
promised to sell for £480. His grandniece was
Airini (afterwards MRS G. P. DONNELLY, q.v.).

Cowan; Gudgeon; Cowan, Wars; do. Sketches
(p); Lambert; Otago Daily Times, 21 Jun 1909,.
sup. p. 2.

KAWITI (21774-1854), a fine old Maori war-
rior, was a chief of the Ngati-Hine hapu of
Ngapuhi, and lived at Waiomio, near Kawa.
kawa. In early life he took part in the expedi-
tions of Ngapuhi. He was interested in the
whites from the first, and got into friendly re-
lations with Thomas Kendall on his visit in
1814, but remained a heathen almost to the end.

Though he signed the Treaty of Waitangi
(1840), Kawiti was soon in active revolt against
the colonists. Prompted mainly, it would seem,
by curiosity and a desire to pit the prowess of
the Maori against British soldiers, he entered
eagerly into Heke's plans in 1844 for an attack
on Kororareka, proposed a binding alliance,
and opened hostilities by plundering the out-
lying settlers. His taua consisted of his own
hapu, with men from the Roroa, Kapotai,
Ngare-Hauata, Ngati-Pu and Ngati-Toki. Heke
was somewhat jealous of Kawiti's mana in the
early days of the rising. Approaching: the town
of Kororareka in the early morning of 11 Jan
1845, Kawiti's taua of 200 encountered the
force landed from the warships, and after a
sharp fight were repulsed. Kawiti's son and one
of his leading chiefs (Pumuka) were amongst
the 20 killed. At Puketutu Kawiti’s division
again suffered severely in a charge by the 58th
Regiment. Coming to the help of Heke, he
occupied the rising ground, and when driven
out after a hard fight maintained a stiff rear-
guard action in the-bush. Kawiti on this occa
sion was twice engaged hand-to-hand with
soldiers and was slightly wounded; he escaped
by lying concealed while the troops passed him.
His losses were over 20 men, including his
second son Taura.

At the suggestion of Heke, Kawiti then set
about strengthening the pa at Ohaeawai, of
which he doubled the capacity and improved
the defences in a scientific manner. Attacking
against the strong advice of Tamati Waka Nene
(q.v.), Colonel Despard suffered a severe re-
verse, and the Maori then retired. Determined

KEDDELL

that any further fighting should be on his own
land, Kawiti constructed a strong pa at Rua-
pekapeka. He declined repeated overtures of
peace, and prepared to meet the attack. On
9 Jan 1846 the artillery started a severe bom-
bardment which lasted all day; Kawiti's two
guns being silenced early. Believing that Sun-
day would be observed as Ra-tapu, Kawiti that
night retired to the rear of the pa to rest. At
dawn the abandoned breastwork was recon-
noitred by the friendlies, and the troops were
enabled to effect their entry unopposed into
the main part of the pa. Alarmed too late,
Kawiti fired one volley into the enemy and
escaped to the bush in the rear, where Heke’s
troops were holding church service. After a
fruitless effort to recover the work the insur-
gents withdrew. Embittered against Heke for
his supposed lukewarm co-operation, Kawiti on
29 Jan offered to make peace. He was after-
wards reconciled with Nene, and lived quietly
for the rest of his life.

Unlike other leading chiefs of the north,
Kawiti refused until old age to accept the
Christian religion. At the suggestion of the Rev
Henry Williams (q.v.) he attended divine ser-
vice for the first time in Nov 1851, and he
moved his residence to Pakaraka to be close to
his friend. On 2 Feb 1853 he was baptised
(taking the name of Te Ruku, Duke). He died
on 5 May 1854, Kawiti stuck tenaciously to the
native customs of chivalry.

His son, MAIHI PARAONE Kawrrr, who took
control of the tribe, was a good Christian. In
Jan 1858, as a token of lasting peace, he re-
erected the flagstaff on the hill at Kororareka.
When the King movement was inaugurated
Maihi was offered, but declined, the King gov-
ernorship of the northern district. A conserva
tive Maori of the old school, he wielded great in-
fluence amongst the Ngapuhi. He died at Wai-
omio on 21 May 1888.

Buller; Carleton; Marsden, L. and ].; S P.
Smith, Wars; Cowan (p); Buick, First War (p),

KEnDELL, JACKSON (1831-1910) was born in
Kent and educated at Arno’s Court, Somerset-
shire. In 1850 he became a cornet in the 16th
Lancers, but shortly resigned and emigrated to
Australia, where in 1853 he joined the Victorian
Mounted police. He was present at Eureka
Stockade. While holding the rank of sub-in-

452

 

 

TE KEKERENGU

spector he paid a visit to Otago (1861) during
Branigan’s organisation of the mounted police
io that province. On the discovery by Hartley
and Reilly at the Dunstan in 1862, he was
appointed warden there

In the following year Keddell raised a troop
on the goldfields for service in the Maori war.
He .served under General Cameron through the
Waikato campaign and in 1864 was promoted
major. tn 1868 he was appointed resident magis-
trate and warden on the Thames fields, and
some time later went into partnership with his
colleague L. Broad as mining agents. He was
resident magistrate at Coromandel (1870-79), in
Central Otago (1879-85), Greymouth (1885-92)
and Oamaru where he died on 17 Nov 1910.

Keddell married first (1864) May, daughter
of William Corbett, chief postmaster at Auck-
land; and second (1882) a daughter of R.
McCracken, Otago.

Gilkison; eycl. N.z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times,
5 Dec 1910.

TE KEKERENGU, or TAIAHA, a chief of Ngati-
Ira, was a son of the principal chief of Ngati-
Ira (Whanake) and was descended from Te
Whakumu, who led the earliest migration to
Walrarapa and settled at Cape Palliser, where
théy amalgamated with some of the Ngati-Kahu-
ngunu. His mother was Tamairangi, a cde
brated beauty of Ngati-Kuia (Aropaoa) and a
direct descendant of Ira. She had great in-
fluence on the West Coast and Wairarapa.
Kekerengu led the Ngati-:lra in the attack on
Te Rauparaha at Kapiti. About 1826 he and
his father were living south of Titahi Bay,
where they traded in flax with passing vessa's.
2wing to friction with the Ngati-Toa over fish-
109 and food there was much fighting, and the
Ngau-Tama and Ngati-Kahungunu plotted to
massacre the Ngati-Ira. The tribe was eventually
eVicted from Wairarapa by the Ngati-Mutunga
about 1827-30, and Kekerengu took retuge with
Tamairangi and his people at Tapu-te-Ranga
(island Bay), and then with the Ngati-Toa at
Watkanae. Tamatrangi had been captured by
the enemy but was protected by Rangihaeata.
During this sOjourn Kekerengu was guilty of a
liaison With Rangihaeata’s wife, and fled to
Arapaoa with Tamairangi and then to Cape
Campbell. Te. Rauparaha sought revenge
against the Ngal-Tahu for shielding him, and

KELLING

when his fleet appeared Kekerengu fled to the
south. Though he escaped at the time, he is.
believed to have been killed by the Ngai-Tahu
for bringing on them the defeat at Omihi
(c. 1829).

Kekerengu was the possessor of the famous
greenstone mere Tawhito whenua, which he
gave to Rangihaeata (from whom it passed to
Hohepa Tamaihengia, and eventually to Airini
Donnelly, q.v.).

S P. Smith, Taranaki; Elsdon Best, Whanganui
a-Tara.

KELHAM, JAMES, was employed in the office
of the New Zealand Company before coming to
the colony in the London (1842). He was in
business as an accountant in Wellington, and
was the first chairman of the chamber of com-
merce (1856-58). Kelham represented Well-
ington City in the Provincial Council (1856)
and in Parliament (1853-55). He was a strong
supporter of Featherston in provincial politics
and chairman of his election committee in 1857.
After retiring Kelham lived at Waiwetu road,
Hutt, till his death in 1882.

N.Z.C.; Ward.

KELLETT, EDWARD (1865-1922) was born in
Dunedin, educated there and trained as a car-
penter. Taking an interest in trade unionism,
he was president of the amalgamated society of
carpenters and joiners and organising secretary
During the war of 1914-18 he was a member of
the Otago and Southland military service board
and afterwards of the repatriation board. He
served on the West Harbour borough council
for many years till 1919, when he was elected
to represent Dunedin North in Parliament.
He died on 15 May 1922.

N.2.P.D., 29 Jun 1922; Otago Daily Times, 16
May 1922.

KELLING, CHARLES FREDERICK CHRISTIAN
(1818-98) was born and educated in Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin, Germany, and at the age of
26 came to New Zealand with his brother
and other Germans in the Skjold. They settled
at Waimea East, where the brothers farmed to-
gether for several years. Charles then moved
to Upper Moutere, where he resided for the
remainder of his life. Like his brother, he took
a great interest in the emigration of Germans
to New Zealand, and he also participated in

453

 

-----------------------Page 244 End-----------------------

KELLING

public affairs as a member of the Nelson Pro-
vincial Council for 12 years (for Moutere 1861-
69; and for Waimea West 1869-73). He died
on 28 Dec 1898.

Parltry Record; Nelson P.C. Proc.; The Colonist,
30 Dec 1898.

KELLING, JOHN FEDOR AUGUSTUS (1820-
1909) was born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Ger-
many, where he had a high school education
and studied surveying. He farmed for a while
on the estates of Count Ranzau, and in 1844
left for New Zealand in the Skjold as one of the
leaders of the second migration of Germans
for Nelson, in which the count took an interest
He settled at Waimea East, took up 350 acres
for farming and in 1855 purchased a run of
8,000 acres in Marlborough. There he pas-
tured 4,000 sheep until 1877, when he bought
a large farm at Stanley Brook, Motueka. In
4853 he was a director of the Settlers’ Cattle Fair
association, and in the following year he orga-
nised the Nelson Agricultural association, of
which he was secretary to 1862

Kelling was elected in 1854 to the first Wai-
mea road board. He was chairman of the board
to 1860, and also of the central education board.
He was elected to the Provincial Council for
Waimea East, which he represented 1857-63
and 1865-75. In 1860 he was for a few months
member of Parliament for the same constitu-
ency. He was appointed a justice of the peace
in 1859. In 1863 he visited Europe and acted
as immigration agent for the New Zealand Gov-
ernment, which was interested in obtaining
more German settlers.

In 1867 Kelling was appointed consul for
New Zealand for the North German Confedera-
tion. This position he held wntil 1871, when
he became consul for the German Empire, a
post which was abolished on his recommenda-
tion in 1884. The Kaiser presented him with
the Order of the Crown in recognition of his
services. Kelling was a lieutenant in the New
Zealand militia during the Maori war, but did
not serve in the fidd. He died on 24 Oct 1909.

Nelson PAC. Proo.: NZP.D. 26 Oct 1909: App.

-R., 1863, D5; Who's Who N.z., 1908; Cydl. NZ.,
v (p); The Colonist 27 Oct 1909; N.Z. Times, 25
Apr 1907.

KELLY, JAMES WHYTE (1855-1938) was born
at Carluke, Lanarkshire, educated at the parish

 

KELLY

school and apprenticed to tailoring, at which
he worked in Scotland and England. Having
martied Elizabeth, daughter of James Millar
(Motherwell), they sailed for New Zealand in
the Aldergrove (1875). Kelly worked for
Thomas Millar (Invercargill) till 1890, in which
year he contested Invercargill in the Labour in-
terest (defeating Feldwick and J. W. Bain).
He was re-elected in 1893 (defeating Joseph
Hatch) and again in 1896 (defeating Scandrett
and John Sinclair). In 1899 he was defeated
by J. A. Hanan. Kelly was a borough coun-
cillor and mayor of South Invercargill, secretary
of the Southland trades and labour council, and
chairman of the Southland Amalgamated Society
of Railway Servants. He died on 15 Dec 1938.

Cycl. N.Z., iv; Who's Who NZ., 1908; Lyttelton
Times, 8 Dec 1890; Timaru Herald, 17 Dec 1938;
Otago Daily Times, 22 Dec. Portrait: Parliament
House.

KELLY, JOHN (1807-83) was a native of
county Tyrone, Ireland. As a young man he
joined the Royal Engineers and came with a
detachment to Australia, where he superinten-
ded the construction of government buildings
in Tasmania and New South Wales. In 1836
he retired from the army and crossed to Bay
of Islands, where he lived for several years He
was present at the signing of the Treaty of
Waitangi. Kelly acted as guide to a detachment
of the 80th Regiment during Heke's trouble.
About 1843 he removed to Auckland, erected a
house on a piece of land which he had bought
at Mt Eden and continued to practise as a
surveyor. He represented the Pensioner Settle-
ments in the Provincial Council (1856-59). He
died on 14 Apr 1883.

Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z. Herald, 16 Apr 1883.

KELLY, JOHN LIDDELL (1850-1925.) was a
native of the village of Calder, near Airdrie,
Scotland, where his father was employed as a
blacksmith and was known as a poet and
orator. At the age of II John entered upon his
seven years apprenticeship to the Airdrie Ad-
vertiser, where he learned clerical work, kept
accounts and reported the law courts. In 1870
he married, and in 1875 he was sent to Ruther-
glen, where he published, managed and edited
the Rutherglen Reformer and acted as district
representative of the Glasgow Herald and Even-
ing Times. He was already doing exercises in

454

 

KELLY

verse which developed later into a happy and
sometimes playful muse.

In 1881 Kelly left England in the Algoa Bay
for New Zealand and, finding his way to Auck-
land, joined the staff of the Star as a compositor
and reader. He later became sub-editor, and in
4885 went in the schooner Janet Nicoll to re-
port for the Government and the Auckland
chamber of commerce on trade openings in the
Pacific islands. His report was published in
4885. This voyage inspired Kelly to write his
poem Tahiti and the libretto of a comic opera
Pomare (1885).

In 1888 he left the Star to become part pro-
prietor and editor of the New Zealand Observer
which he controlled until an unfavourable ver-
dict for damages led to his parting with his
interest. He then reported in Parliament for a
while and became sub-editor of The Globe
(Dunedin). A few months later he joined the
literary staff of the Lyttelton Times, of which
he was sub-editor until being appointed in
1898 editor of the New Zealand Times.

On leaving this post (in 1906) Kelly edited
for a short time the Tribune, at Hilo, Hawaii,

.and the Ashbu1,ton Guardian, and then took up

his residence in Auckland, where he did a
variety of literary work.

sIn 1902 Kelly published a collection of his
verse under the title Heather and Fern. He
adventured a little into philosophy with such
pampWets as The Cult of the Occult and The
End of Time, and finally into British Israelit-
ism. He died on 10 Dec 1925.

Kdly, op. cit; Who's' rho N.z., 1908; NZ.
Times and Auckland Star, Il Dec 1925.

KELLY, MAURICE (1785-1888) was born in
Queen's county, Ireland, the son of a peasant
farmer. At 15 he went to sea, trading to North
and South America, India and New South
Wales. Returning to Ireland, he enlisted at
Carlow in the 3rd Buffs, from which he deserted
a few weeks after landing in New South Wales.
Sharing the colonel's passion for cock fighting,
he was leniently treated, but he again took to
the bush and after five years of country life
crossed to Whangaroa, where he worked for a
sawmiller (Snowden) for three years.
Returning to Sydney in the brig Guide, he
spent a few years in Australia and finally came
to New Zealand in the Hannah Watson (Cap'

KELLY

tain Stewart), Whitaker being a fellow passen-
ger. Landing at Kaipara he worked at bush-
felling at Elmslie's, Wairoa. When the capital
was moved to Auckland Kelly was engaged saw-
ing timber at Lucas Creek and Kauri Point. He
then went into business for himself in associa-
tion with Dr Lee and others at Smale's Point,
preparing timber for Sydney, California and
China. They had 500 acres at Lucas Creek, and
Kelly owned 10 bullock teams. Having married
a widow (Mrs Fairs, who died 1885) he sold
out and took up a freehold of 2,000 acres at
Wade (1848), where he built a hotel and
operated a sawmill and a carrying business. He
took part in many provincial elections and was
in the Provincial Council for Northern Divi-
sion (1859-61). He died on 24 Jun 1888.

N.z. Herald, 24 Mar 1888 (p).

KELLY, THOMAS (1830-1921) was born in
Isle of Man and educated there. In 1855 he
came to New Zealand by the Cresswell with his
parents. They acquired land at Bell Block,
Taranaki, where Kelly afterwards farmed for
many years. He served in the Maori wars, be,
coming an ensign in the Taranaki militia in
1865.

Kelly was first a member of the Provincial
Council in 1863, representing New PlymOUtll
until 1869. For the last three years of that
period he was provincial secretary under H.
R. Richmond (q.v.). Thus early he strenuously
advocated the construction of railways and roads
to open up the country as the best means of
combating the Maori. He was responsible for
much road and bridge construction, and was
active in initiating the section of railway be-
tween New Plymouth and Waitara (1873).

Elected to the House of Representatives for
New Plymouth Town in 1869, he sat continu-
ously until 1884. During this period he pro-
moted with great energy legislation for the
development of communications in Taranaki.
The harbour ordinances of the province were
re-enacted as required after the abolition, and
Kelly was for many years a member and some
time chairman of the board. He was also on the
land board, the education board and the Tara-
naki county council. When the abolition of the
provinces was imminent he was persuaded to
return to the Provincial Council to assist in the
winding up of provincial affairs. In Oct 1874

455,

-----------------------Page 245 End-----------------------

KELLY

he was elected for Grey and Bell, and he suc-
ceeded Atkinson as provincial secretary for the
balance of the provincial term, being afterwards
one of the general Government agents.

In Parliament Kelly was for eight years chair.
man of the public petitions committee. After
his defeat by O. Samuel (1884) he remained in
private life for some years until being called
to the Legislative Council by the Ballance gov-
ernment (1892). His term was twice renewed,
and he finally retired in 1913. He was a con-
sistent Liberal in politics, a staunch supporter
of the Ballance and Seddon governments and
an advocate of a state bank. For many years
he was a leader writer for the Taranaki Herald.
Kelly died on 21 Sep 1921

N.ZP.D., 23 Sep 1921; Tamnaki P.C. Proc. and
Gaz; Taranaki Herald, 7 Jul 1884, 21 Sep 1921
Portrait: Parliament House.

KELLY, WILLIAM (1840-1907) was born in
county Louth, Ireland, and educated in Ardee.
He then went into mercantile life. Having
married, he came to New Zealand in 1863 and
almost immed,iately undertook commissariat con-
tracts for the troops operating in Waikato and
the East Coast. In 1865 he established himseU
in business at Opotiki, where he had several
vessals trading with Auckland and other ports.

Kelly represented Pensioner Settlements in
the Auckland Provincial Council (1872-73) and
Opotiki (1873-75), In 1870 he contested the
East Coast seat in Parliament against Mackay
and Skeet and won. He was defeated by Morris
at the election of 1875, arid contested the seat
five times before regaining it by defeating Judge
Gill and 'Kerr (1887). He then represented the
constituency, which was called alternately East
Coast, Tauranga and Bay of Plenty, until 1896.
In 1897 Kelly was called to the Legislative
Council. He died on 19 Sep 1907.

N.Z.P.D., 19 Sep 1907; Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); N.Z.
Herald, 20 Sep 1907. Portrait: Parliament House.
KEMP, HENRY ‘TACY (1818-1901) was born
in Norfolk, England, and came to New Zealand
with his father, James Kemp (q.v.) in 1819.
He was educated at the mission school at Wai-
mate and afterwards at a grammar school in
Norwich, England. Returning to the colony
just before the Treaty of Waitangi, he entered
the public service on 6 Feb 1840, and a a
cadet on Hobson's staff assisted to indite the
documents relating to the inauguration of

KEMP.

British rule. He was subsequently engaged on
land purchases and in 1843 was appointed secre-
tary and interpreter to the land claims commis-
sioners (Godfrey and Richmond). He escorted
Dieffenbach overland from Bay of Islands to
Kaipara and Manukau, and was present at the
apprehension of the murderer of the Roberton
family and the capture of Pomare's pa (1845).

In 1846 Kemp relieved Dr Shortland at Wel-
lington, and as Native Secretary was present at
the capture of Te Rauparaha, prevented the
seizure of Major Last at the Hutt as a hostage,
and assisted to organise the friendlies under Wi
Tako (qv.). He was with Sir William Fox
when he fixed the site of Picton, and in 1847
traversed Wellington province collecting statis
tics for the blue book. In 1848 he carried
through the Ngai-Tahu purchase in the South
Island.

About this time Kemp translated into Maori
Robinson Crusoe, The Pilgrim’s Progress and
Whately's Organisation of Labour. The first
two were popular and were soon sold out. He
aso published on his own account First Step to
Maori Conversation (which ran to three edi-
tions).

In 1849, having been appointed a justice of
the peace, he accompanied Bell in the fruitless
effort to purchase the Wairarapa block. Next
year he negotiated the purchase of the Remuera
block at Auckland for £5,000 (with an eventual
profit to the treasury of £27,000). In 1851
Kemp was district commissioner for the pur-
chase of native lands in the north, and later
civil commissioner and resident magistrate in
Auckland, district land officer and inspector of
native schools. After serving in that capacity
for 10 years he resigned. In association with
Paora Tuhaere and Te Wheoro, Kemp suc-
ceeded in opening up communication with the
King tribes and obtaining the appointmeht of
Mair as magistrate at Alexandra. After his re-
tirement he was employed for five years by the
Auckland provincial government on native
duties. He died on 24 Oct 1901.

Kemp married Maria Williams, daughter of
J. A. Wilson (q.v.). She died on 21 Jan 1889.

N.M. Gaz. 1841, p. 129; App. H.R., 1891, ii G7;
Hocken; Kemp, in N.z. Herald, 1901 (9, 16, 23, 30
Mar, 6 Apr); N.Z. Herald, 28 Oct 1901.

KEMP, JAMES (1798-1872) came from Wy-
mondham, Norfolk. A smith by trade, he was

456

 

 

KEMPTHORNE

selected by the C.M.S. to proceed to New Zea
land with the Rev J. G. Butler (1819). He
sailed in the convict ship Baring to Sydney, and
with Marsden in the General Gates to Bay of
Islands, where they arrived on 29 Jul1819. The
Kemps were stationed at Keri Keri, where he
helped to build the school and remained as
smith and storekeeper. He also taught in the
school and at one time had 200 natives under
instruction.

Kemp was a zealous and high principled
man; Marsden more than once praised him as
+a missionary of the right sort and the couple
as very choice people.’ He served until 1852,
when he severed his connection with the mis
sion. He died on 21 Feb 1872 (his wife Char-
lotte having predeceased him by 12 years)
Kemp's wooden house at Keri Keri, built in
1819, is still occupied by his family

Marsden, L. and |., and Lieutenants; Stock;
Kemp letters in Hocken Library; Williams papers ;
NZ. Herald, 23 Feb 1872.

KEMPTHORNH, JOHN PRATT (1849-1931)
was the son of Sampson Kempthorne, and was
born at Auckland. Educated at the Grammar
School under Dr Kinder (q.v.), he settled at
Nelson (1868) and at the age of 20 became a
theological student at Bishopdale (Nelson). In
1873 be accompanied Bishop Suter to England
and, having passed first, he was the gospeller at
his ordination (by the Bishop of Canterbury)
on 2t Sep.

Kempthorne was curate of Stoke (1874-76);
became a priest in 1876, and was appointed
curate of All Saints, Nelson, and headmaster of
the Bishop's school. In 1878 he was appointed
vicar of Reefton, and married Mary Louisa,
daughter of Dr L. Boor. In 1880 he became
vicar of Trinity, Greymouth, and he built the
new church before being appointed to the
Cathedral church at Nelson (1885). In 1916
he was elected a canon, and appointed vicar of
Brightwater and Archdeacon of Waimea. He
retired in 1926 and died on 18 Sep 1931.

Kempthorne was closely associated with all
diocesan activities, and for 30 years was com-
missary of the bishop. For many years he was
president of the Harmonic Society. He left a
widow and a large family, three of his sons
being in holy orders. He was a grandson of the
Rev Josiah Pratt, secretary of the C.M.S. (1802-

KENDALL

23). His son, Leonarn STANLEY (1886-) be-
came Bishop in Polynesia (1923).

Williams Papers; Who's Who N.z., 1924; Nelson
Gazette, 1 Oct 1931 ; New Zealander, 11 May 1864;
Nelson Evening Mail, 5 Oct 1926.

KEMPTHORNE, SAMPSON (1809-73) arrived
in Auckland in 1842 by the St George, bringing
a number of farming settlers, and made a liveli-
hood farming near St John's college and sur-
veying. In 1849 he was nominated to the Legis
lative Council of New Ulster. He died on 14
Nov 1873. Kempthorne married (1838) Mari-
anne, daughter of the Rev Josiah Pratt (1768-
1844). She died on 24 Sep 1884.

KENANA, RUA, or HEPETIPA (1869-1937)
was born in Maungapohatu in the Urewera
Country, and as a young man worked on sheep
stations on the East Coast. Not of chiefly rank,
but possessing a strong personality and a gift
of oratory, he returned to the isolation of the
Urewera country to present his version of
pakeha learning, and soon began to demand
recognition as leader and prophet. Sir Joseph
Ward, intervening in the internal tribal rivalry
in 1905, supported the hereditary chief, but
Rua's power and influence continued to in-
crease. He established a farming settlement at
Maungapohatu, and a trading station. As priest
of his new religion, Rua wore his hair long,
took seven wives-the number prescribed, as he
claimed, by holy writ-and built a large temple.
In 1910 he was arrested and fined for selling
liquor to natives. Charged again with the same
offence in 1916, he resisted arrest and in the
struggle several men were killed. Mter a trial
which lasted 47 days, Rua was sentenced to a
year's imprisonment in Auckland. On his re-
turn home he continued to exercise a consider-
able influence over his followers, who regarded
him as divine. On his death (21 Feb 1937)
hundreds of Maori gathered at Matahi for the
tangi, to be disillusioned when on the third day
his prophecy that he would rise from the dead
was not fulfilled. Rua had during his lifetime
12 wives, and more than 70 children.

The Dominion, 24 Feb (p), 5 Mar, 28 Apr 1937;
Evening Post, 25 Feb 1937 (p); N.z. Herald, 4 Apr
1916 (p); The Press, 16 Jan 1919.

KENDALL, THOMAS (1778-1832) was born
at North Thoresby, Lincolnshire, on 13 Dec

 

457

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 246 End-----------------------

KENDALL

1778. Educated in the parish school, he was
afterwards engaged teaching privately in a home
near his birthplace. Later he was with a family
which brought him under a strong religious
influence and first turned his thoughts towards
the church as a profession. While here he was
interested in agriculture, and worked for two
years a small farm of 15 acres. Having married,
he returned to his native village, and endeav-
oured to make a livelihood as a linen draper
and grocer. A speculation in hops drew him to
London, where he spent some years as a school
teacher and became associated with religious
organisations. His enthusiasm for the evange-
lical movement in the Church of England
brought him in touch with the Church Mis-
sionary Society, to which he was highly recom-
mended during Marsden’s visit to England in
1809. The committee approved of him, but
considered he should further qualify himself
before entering the mission fidd. It was con-
sequently not until 1813 that he sailed for Aus
tralia in the transport Earl Spencer. Kendall
and his wife acted as schoolmaster and school-
mistress on board, and in consideration of re-
maining three years in the Colony were to re.
ceive the customary land grant.

When Marsden purchased the Active (in
1814), Kendall was free from his school duties
and able to embark upon the first missionary
voyage to New Zealand. He completely fulfilled
Marsden’s instructions and hopes, and prepared
to accompany him to Bay of Islands, leaving his
two daughters in Sydney. Prior to sailing he
was gazetted a justice of the peace at Bay of
Islands. Marsden established the mission at
Rangihoua, Kendall being in charge, with John,
King and William Hall 2s assistants. The basis
of the mission was to give instruction in Euro
pean arts and crafts. Kendall was keenly ir
terested in the Maori language, and suggested
to the Society (1815) the propriety of sending
out some person of talent who could assist in
writing it down. His little volume A Korao no
New Zealand; The New Zealander's Fi’st
Book (published in 1815), was of great axis
tance to Professor Lee in compiling his Maori
grammar. In 1816 Kendall opened a school at
Rangihoua, at which in a few weeks 60 native
pupils were receiving instruction. Already, how-
ever, there were signs of dissension amongst
the missionaries. Kendall being a layman, his

KENDALL

colleagues refused to acknowledge the authority
vested in him by Marsden or the Society. Lack
of discipline on the one hand, and constant
alarms from warring tribes on the other, mili-
tated seriously against the success of the mis-
sion. The school closed after two years for
lack of support; and the missionaries, for-
bidden to trade with the natives on their own
account, were often in serious want. Marsden
was vexed by many complaints which the mis
sionaries made against each other. Though
there were already signs of moral deterioration
in Kendall's ardent and overbearing character,
Marsden continued to repose confidence in him.
In 1819, when he brought to Bay of Islands the
Rev J. G. Butler, the first ordained minister
for the mission in New Zealand, Marsden in-
sisted that the missionaries should bind them-
sdves not to engage in private trading. Before
long Kendall was not only openly selling mus-
kets to the natives, but he refused to acknow-
ledge the authority of either Butler or the com-
mittee of missionaries.

Still interested in his Maori studies, he sud-
denly determined to go to England, taking with
him his protector, Hongi, and Waikato to assist
in putting the Maori language into writing.
Hongi's private wish was to obtain muskets and
other weapons with which to avenge himself
upon the Ngali-"Whatua and the Ngati-Paoa
Against the advice of both Marsden and the
committee, Kendall sailed in the New Zealander
(2 Mar 1820), leaving his wife and large family
to care for themselves. The Society strongly
censured him for leaving New Zealand without
permission and for bringing Maori chiefs to
England. It adjured Kendall to eschew private
trading; to devote his whole time henceforth
to the work of the mission; to extend cultiva-
tions and stock-raising, and to govern the affairs
of the mission through quarterly meetings of
the missionaries, schoolmasters and lay settlers,
each taking the chair in rotation. Kendall's
ambition of being ordained was gratified. The
party returned to Australia in the transport
Speke, and reached Bay of Islands in the West-
moreland (II Jul 1821).

Before long not only was Kendall salling
muskets to the natives, but he vigorously de-
fended his action against the remonstrances of
Marsden. Charges of immoral living were now
made and admitted, and Marsden wrote sus

458

 

KENNAWAY

pending Kendall from the service of the mis
sion. He arrived in person with Henry Williams
(q.v.) in 1823, and conveyed the decision of
the Society dismissing Kendall from its service.
He refused to allow the erring missionary to re
main in New Zealand, though he had the pro-
tection of Hongi. Kendall gained the day
through the wreck of the Brampton as she was
leaving the Bay in Sep. In Mar 1823 he re
moved to Kororareka, and later took up his
residence under the protection of Pomare at
Matahui. Living practically as a Maori, he con-
tinued his study of the language and customs
and corresponded intermittently with Lee and
with the Missionary Society.

In Feb 1825, seeking change, Kendall sailed
with his family by the St Patrick for Valparaiso,
where he spent two years as clergyman and
schoolmaster in the service of the English com-
munity. In Jun 1827 he returned to New South
Wales in the ship Elizabeth and received from
Governor Darling (in consideration of his se-
vice in New Zealand) a grant of 1,280 acres of
land at Ulladulla, in the southern district.
There he engaged in the timber trade, for which
he purchased a small vessel and commanded it
himself. She overturned in a squall at Shoal-
haven in Sep 1832 and he was drowned. His
soil Basil, who was in the business with him,
had served for some years in the Chilian and
Brazilian navies under Lord Dundonald. He
was the father of Henry Clarence Kendall
(1841-82), the Australian poet.

Marsden, L. and J., and Lieuts.; Ramsden; S P.
Smith; Carleton; Hocken, in Trans. N.Z. Inst., v,
33.

KENNAWAY, SIR WALTER (1835-1920) a
native of Exeter, was a son of William Ken-
naway, of a well-known Devonshire family.
‘When his education was finished (at the Mount
Radford school, Exmouth), his father purchased
land orders in the proposed Canterbury settle-
ment for the three brothers (Walter, Laurence
and John).

Walter arrived in Lyttelton in the ship Call-
terbury in Oct 1851, and they at once took up
a small farm in the Heathcote valley, which
was worked by John for many years. In com-
pany with F. W. Delamain, Laurence and Walter
squatted in 1854 on the Alford run, in the forks
of the Ashburton. They claimed 50,000 acres,

KENNAWAY

but were eventually awarded 20,000. The part:
nership with Delamain was dissolved in 1860,
and the Kennaways took up the Opawa and
Rollesby runs. Later they had a run farther
south, with out-station at Burke's Pass, where
they endured the hardships of early settlers in
Canterbury. Some of their experiences are re-
counted in Laurence Kennaway's book Crusts
(published after his return to England in 1874).
When they took up the Burke's Pass place they
had to go 180 miles in order to get clean sheep,
and had then to drive them by a circuitous
route along the foothills in order to avoid scab-
infected country. Walter was one of the first
to drive a bullock wagon through Burke's Pass.

Kennaway made an attempt in 1865 to get
into the Provincial Council (for Geraldine)
but was defeated by William Gosling by II
votes to 5. Two years later he was elected to
the Provincial Council for Mount Cook. This
he represented 1867-70, and Seadown 1870-74.
He was a member of Hall's executive in 1870
and 1871, and in 18n he formed an executive
which held office until the first week of 1874.
Kennaway came into office as the result of a
motion he moved in the interests of the outdis-
tricts, whicll he believed were not being fairly
treated in the-expenditure of public moneys.
Once his administration was defeated by a single
vote, but the mover was taken into the execu-
tive, which then carried on. As secretary for
public works, Kennaway had control of the
construction of railways in Canterbury under
the Vogel development policy, and the letting
of the contract for harbour improvement at
Lyttelton. He was eventually defeated on a
proposal of his government to introduce a gen-
eral manager of railways from England. He
resigned from the Council.

Kennaway had some part in drafting the Can-
terbury education ordinance. This established a
non-sectarian system which provided that on one
day in each week teachers of religion could
enter the schools to teach the Bible to their
own pupils. He was also responsible for setting
aside over 300,000 acres of public lands as
endowments for Canterbury College, the School
of Agriculture and other institutions. He was
a governor of Canterbury College (1873-74)
and for some years commissioner of crown
lands.

In 1874 Kennaway accepted the post of sac-

459

 

 

-----------------------Page 247 End-----------------------

KENNEDY

retary to the Agent-general in London, which
he filled for the next 31 years under Feather-
ston, Vogel, Bell and Reeves. In 1886 he was
a commissioner for the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition in London. In 1889, for his services
in connection with the exhibition in Paris,
he was made an officer of the French Academy.
In 1891 he received the C.M.G.

Kennaway retired in 1909, and in that year
was knighted. He died on 24 Aug 1920. He
married (1864) Alicia, daughter of J. E. Jones.
The Kennaway brothers about 1874 returned
to livein Devon.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Acland; Cox; Kennaway,
op. cit.; N.Z. Times, 29 Apr 1909; The Press, 13
Nov 1909, 21 Jun 1930 (p).

KENNEDY, ALEXANDER, who was of Scots
birth, came to New Zealand from Sydney in
the Nimrod (1840) as manager of the Banking
Company established at Bay of Islands and later
managed the Auckland branch (1841-45). He
then became manager of the Union Bank of
Australia at Auckland, of which he had charge
until 1861. In that year Kennedy was associa
ted with the flotation of the New Zealand Bank
(the Bank of New Zealand). The first office
was opened at Auckland on 16 Oct, followed
by that at New Plymouth (18 Nov); Dunedin
(2 Dec) and Wellington (15 Jan 1862).
Kennedy was appointed (15 Jul 1861) inspector
and general manager. He retired from the Bank
in 1869 and went to England. While in Lon-
don in 1873 he published an interesting book
of reminiscences of New Zealand and in 1885
A Visit to Lake Rota-aim. In 1845 Kennedy
took his turn of duty digging trenches for the
defence of Auckland and he was a member of
the Legislative Council of New Zealand (1846-
47) and of New Ulster (1848). He published in
1852 Notes of a Short Tour into the Interior
made by canoe on the Waikato and Waipa
rivers.

Parltry Record; Kennedy, op. cit.; Wellington
Independent, 20 Deo 1861-

KENNEDY, ALEXANDER (?-1887) was the
son of a Presbyterian minister of Jura and Col-
onsay, in Argyllshire. He settled in Napier in
the early fifties and was a partner in the mer-
cantile firm of Watt, Kennedy and Watt. Later
he established the firm of Routledge, Kennedy
and Co. Kennedy sat in the Provincial Council

KENNEDY

for Napier Town from 1863-75, and was a mem-
ber of the executive (1865, 1867 and 1869).

KENNEDY, DAVID (1864-1936), who was
born in Lyttelton, was educated at St Mary's
College, Dundalk, Ireland, and at University
College, Dublin, at Barcelona, and at the Gre-
gorian University in Rome (qualifying D.D.)
Ordained in 1891, he was appointed to the
Marist seminary at Meeanee, Hawkes Bay. This
he equipped as an official meteorological station,
and he was made a fellow of the Royal Astro-
nomical and Meteorological Societies. In 1909
he was appointed rector of St Patrick's College,
Wellington. In 1914 he represented New Zea-
land at the general chapter of the Marist order,
and after a second term at the seminary he was
appointed to the parish of Temuka. Kennedy
was first rector of novitiate house at Highden,
Palmerston North, till 1928, when he was called
to be provincial of the order in Australasia.
In 1986 he was provincial procurator. He died
at Palmerston North on 10 Mar 1936.

St Patrick's College 1885-1935 (p); Who's Who
N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Evening Post, 10 Mar 1936
(p); Eileen Duggan in The Dominion, 11 Mar
1936.

KENNEDY, JOSEPH BOND (1841-1913) was
born at Kennedy's Bay, Auckland. His father,
John Kennedy, after whom the bay was named
came to New Zealand in the Buffalo and loaded
that vessel and the Pelorus with spars for the
Admiralty. He was murdered in 1843. John
was brought up by his Maori mother. When
quite young he went to Auckland and shipped
as a seaman. Before he had attained his maj-
ority he was in command of a small vessd
trading to Melbourne. He first visited Poverty
Bay in 1851 in the Fly, and was employed for
some years by Captain Read in the coasting
trade, commanding the Tawera and the Julius
Vogel. In 1874 he was appointed harbour-
master of Gisborne. In 1892 he resigned to
commence a lightering business, which expan:
ded into the prosperous firm of Kennedy and
Co. He married first (1867) a half-caste woman
of the Opotiki tribe. Kennedy died on 19 Jun
1913.

Cycl. NZ., ii (p); Povert)’ Bay Herald, 5 Jan
1924.

KENNEDY, MARTIN (1836-1916) was born
in Ireland, and emigrated to Australia in 1860.

460

 

 

 

KENNY

After spending 12 months on the diggings in
Victoria, he came to Otago,-and with his
brothers was in business in Queenstown till
1865, when he moved to the West Coast. He
was a merchant in Greymouth for 20 years
Meanwhile he had been interested in goldmin-
ing, and had acquired a share in the colliery
at Brunnerton (1874). The coal business ab-
sorbed the whole of his time from 1880, and
he became sole proprietor of the mine and the
steam colliers. In 1888 he amalgamated his
interest in the Grey Valley Coal Co. and sold
the ships to the Union Steamship Co.; and in
1889 he moved to Wellington and became man-
aging director of the Staples Brewery Co.
Kennedy contested the superintendency of
Westland in 1874 (Bonar, 534; Kennedy, 383;
J. White, 223; C. Hoos, 50). He was chairman
of the Greymouth harbour board from 1885
and a member of the Westland county council.
He was M.H.R. for Grey Valley (1876-78).
Kennedy was a director of the Bank of New
Zealand for many years, representing the share-
holders from the time of the reconstruction till
his death (on 25 Aug 1916). He was a strong
supporter of the Roman Catholic church, and
endowed the Kennedy scholarships at St Pat-
rick's College. He was a knight of St Gregory.
‘NZP.D., 29 Jun 1917; Cycl. N.Z., i; Who's Who.
N.Z., 1908; Beauchamp; N.Z. Times, 26 Aug 1916.

KENNY, COURTENAY WILLIAM AYLMER
THOMAS (1839-1905) was born in Burma, the
son of the commandant of Madras presidency.
Educated at Harrow and intended for the army,
he joined with the 88th (Connaught Rangers)
for the Crimea. He was severely wounded in
one of the early engagements, and was invalided
home. Promoted captain, he came to New Zea
land to convalesce and, his regiment having
been ordered to India, he resigned his commis-
sion and came to Wellington (1858). For many
years he had a sheep farm at The Rocks, Queen
Charlotte Sound.

Kenny was one of the oldest justices of tlle
peace, and was commissioner of crown lands for
Marlborough (1862-65), M.P.C. for Picton
(1865-66); deputy-superindent of the province
in 1865 and M.H.R. for Picton (1868-81). He
was called to the Legislative Council in 1885,
and remained a member till his death (on 12
Dec 1905).

461

KENRICK

N.Z.P.D., 28 Jun 1906; Cycl. N.Z., v (p);_Marl-
borough Express, 12 Dec 1905. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

KENNY, WILLIAM HENRY (1811-80) was the
son of Major W. C. Kenny, of the 73rd Regi-
ment (Black Watch). He got his ensigncy in
the same regiment in 1828. (Lieut. 1832; capt.
1841.) He served in the Mediterranean and
in the Canadian rebellion, being present at the
engagements at St Eustache, Napierville and
elsewhere.

Returning to England, he served in the north-
ern district and in Wales during the Chartist
troubles. In 1843 he became staff officer of
Pensioners at Sheffidd. In 1847 he came to
New Zealand in the Ramillies with the first de-
tachment of the New Zealand Fencibles, and
was gazetted major in the militia (Aug 1849)
and resident magistrate. (Brevet-major, 1854;
brevet lieut.-colonel 1859; major unattached
1861.) He received the thanks of the Govern-
ment for his prompt disposal of the force for
the protection of the City. When the Waikato
war broke out he was in command of the Auck-
land garrison, then reinforced by sailors from
the Iris, recruits for the 65th Regiment, and
artillery and engineer details, and later by two
companies of the 40th Regiment and three of
the 65th. Being relieved by Colonel Carey, of
the 18th Regiment, he sold out (Apr 1863)
with the rank of regimental major and brevet
lieut-colonel, and was appointed quartermaster-
general to the New Zealand forces on the staff
of Maj.-General Galloway (1863-64). In 1867
he was promoted colonel in the militia, and
appointed inspector of volunteers for the North
Island. He resided most of his life at Otahuhu.

Kenny was a member of the Legislative Coun-
cil from 1853 until his death (17 Aug 1880).
His widow died on 25 Jun 1889, aged 74.

War Office records; N.zP.D., 1853-80; Gudgeon
(p); NZ. Times, 10 Sep 1880; N.Z. Herald, 18 Aug
1880. Portrait: Parliament House.

KENRICK, HARRY (1832-86) was born in
Denbighshire, Wales, and educated privately in
England. As a young man he tried his fortune
on the Australian gold fidds, where he was
present at the Eureka stockade affair. He re-
turned to England, and in 1861 came to New
Zealand and settled on new country in Canter-
bury, where he started a sawmill. He was at

 

-----------------------Page 248 End-----------------------

KENSINGTON

Waimea, Nelson, when he was appointed clerk
of court at Greymouth (1865). He was clerk
of the warden's court on the West Coast, and
was aftenvards resident magistrate there (1877),
and at Gisborne, and native land trust com-
missioner.

In 1879 he was appointed to succeed Fraser
as warden and resident magistrate on the
Thames goldfield. There he adopted a new
policy as regards pegging out and registration
of claims. The Te Aroha goldfield, reported
on II Sep 1880, was declared open by Kenrick
on 25 Nov, when 20 natives and 850 Europeans
took out licenses. It was regarded as a model
goldfield. His administration was marked by
high integrity and a remarkable knowledge
of the law and regulations affecting goldmin-
ing. He was frequently consulted in the draft-
ing of new laws. When he died (31 Jul 1886)
a fine memorial was erected over his grave by
the business men and miners of the field

W. G. K. Kenrick (information); Weston; Te
Aroha, the Fortunate Valley (p) (1930); Thames
Advertiser, 2 Aug 1886.

KENSINGTON, WILLIAM CHARLES (1845-
1922) was born at Criccieth, Wales, the son of
Charles J. W. Kensington. He was educated
at Grosvenor school, Bath, and King's school,
Bruton, Somerset. He served in the campaigns
on the East Coast in 1863 and 1864, and was
gazetted ensign in the 1st battalion militia in
1865. Having joined the New Zealand govern-
ment service in 1863 as a survey cadet in Wai-
kato, and passed his examinations in 1866, he
was engaged as an inspector of surveys under
the native land act and a special conunissioner
to investigate disputes in Hawkes Bay. In
4871 he was deputy-inspector of surveys, and
in 1876 chief draughtsman in the Auckland
office. In 1902 he was appointed Under-secre-
tary for Crown Lands. He inaugurated the land
drainage branch and had control of the affores-
tation branch. He retired in 1912, having been
I.warded the 1.8.0. in 1909.

Kensington married (1867) Emily (d. 1869),
daughter of G. Owen Ormsby; and (1873) Amy
(d. 1906), daughter of Colonel W. H. Kenny.
He died on 20 Aug 1922.

Who's TVho N.Z., 1908; Jourdain (p); N.Z.
Herald, 31 Dec 1901; The Dominion, 21 Aug
1922.

KERR

KEOGH, AUGUSTINE (1858-1917) was born
in Dublin and educated in Marist colleges there,
in Dundalk, and in France. He graduated with
honours at the Royal University of Ireland,
made his religious profession in 1879, and was
ordained in 1883. Possessing great literary and
classical accomplishments, he became a member
of the teaching staff of his old school, St Mary's,
Dundalk, of which he became rector at an un-
usually early age.

In 1899 a breakdown in health necessitated
a year's rest, after which Keogh was appointed
rector of St Patrick's College, Wellington
(1901). A strong individualist, he left an im-
press on the life of the college and on the tone
and the discipline of the boys. He established
the cadet corps and the school infirmary and
founded San Antonio at Miramar. He was the
author of the college song, Blue and White.
Dr Keogh retired in 1909, and was afterwards’
parish priest at Hastings. He died in 1917.

St Patrick's College, 1885-1935 (p).

KERR, JAMES (1834-1901) was born in Dum-
friesshire, Scotland, and served his time on the
Dumfriesshire and Galloway Herald, afterwards
working for two years on the Dumfriesshire
Courier. He emigrated t6 Melbourne in 1858,
visited the Owens diggings, and was employed
for three years on the Melbourne Age (George
Fisher, qv. being a fellow employee). In
1861 he came to Otago, and he was employed
by the Otago Daily Times for four years. Then,
with Arnot and Keogh, he founded the Grey
River AlgUS (1865), which eventually became
a limited liability company. Kerr was a mem-
ber of the borough council, and a member and
chairman of the harbour board and the educa-
tion board. He was a director of the Gas Co.
and a trustee of the racecourse. As a freemason
he was deputy district grandmaster.

Called to the Legislative Council in 1892 by
the Ballance government, he was an active
member until his death (on 25 Aug 1901).

Cycl. N.Z., v (p); N.Z.P.D., 26 Aug 1901; N.Z.
Times, 17 Oct 1892; Grey River Argus, 26 Aug
1901. Portrait: Parliament House.

KERR, JOHN (1830-98) was born in the south
of Scotland and came to Nelson with his par-’
ents in the Fifeshire (1842). His father, John
Kerr (1801-63) was an agricultural labourer
and, having taken up a farm at Waimea West,

462

 

KETTLE

used one of the first ploughs in the settlement
(25 May 1842). He represented Waimea West
in the Provincial Council (1857-63)

After leaving school, the son assisted on the
farm, but eventually took service in the Gov-
ernment brig. From this he settled at Port
Undenvood and engaged in whaling there and
at Tory channel. Some years later he opened a
store.- Kerr also represented Waimea West in
the Provincial Council (1873-75) and later was
M.HL.R. for Waimea (1885 -87) and for Motueka
(1887-90). He had many interests in sawmilling
and landowning, was part owner of the Tam-
dale station, and owned the Lake run at Rotoiti,
where he died on 3 May 1898.

The Colonist, 10 May 1898.

KETTLE, CHARLES HENRY (1820-62) was
born at Sandwich, Kent, received a good educa-
tion, and was mathematics master at Faversham
school in his native county when he decided
to emigrate to New Zealand. He was a passen-
ger by the Oriental, which reached Port Nichol-
son on 31 Jan 1840. Among his fellow-passen-
gers were E. Betts Hopper, F. A. Molesworth
and H. W. Petre, who had a quantity of mach-
inery and merchandise and went into business
together as millwrights and engineers on the
banks of the Hutt river. Kettle was employed
by them as a clerk until Sep 1840, when Betts
Hopper lost his life in a boating accident.
Thrown on his own resources, Kettle joined
Mein Smith's survey staff, where his mathema-
tical knowledge was soon of marked assistance.
He was appointed an aisistant surveyor, and
was in charge of the party which opened up
the Ohariu valley in 1841. For two years he
was engaged in explorations and surveys in
Porirua, Port Nicholson, and Upper Hutt. In
May 1842, with Alfred Wills, Kettle made an
adventurous journey round the Tararua moun-
tains, exploring at the same time a good deal
of the Rimutakas. They left Karekare, near
Foxton, the headquarters of the survey staff
on 5 May, proceeded up the river and reached
the gorge on the IItho Passing through to the
eastern side of the ranges, they turned south
through thick bush into the Wairarapa valley.
After two attempts to find a passage from Wai-
rarapa lake to the Hutt valley, they eventually
succeeded and reached Wellington on 8 Jun,
having traversed a considerable tract of coun-

KETTLE

try not previously crossed by white men.

The surveys were suspended owing to the
financial difficulties of the Company, and Kettle
in 1843 returned to England by the Brougham.
He arrived to find the New Edinburgh scheme
still being talked about, and threw himself into
it with enthusiasm. With George Rennie he
paid a visit to Edinburgh to study the lay-out
of the old town, with a view to the new Edin-
burgh having the advantage of the good points
of the old. When eventually the operations of
the Company were resumed, Kettle was ap-
pointed surveyor and civil engineer for a period
of three years at £400 a year, specially to carry
out the surveys for New Edinburgh. Before
leaving he married Amelia Omer (Dover). They
took their passage in the Mary Catherine, and
reached Wellington on 2 Feb 1846.

Kettle collected a staff in Wellington, and
three weeks after his arrival there he landed at
Koputai, near Otago heads. His first work was
to survey the town of Port Chalmers and to
sound the harbour for the benefit of the ex-
pected shipping. Then he undertook a journey
on foot in south Otago through the Taieri and
Tokomairiro plains as far as the Nuggets, with
the object of dividing into suitable survey con-
tracts the whole of the Otago block. This work
having been let out to various parties, he re-
turned to Dunedin and started to layout the
future city. At the end of 1846 he brought his
house up to the site of the new town.

When the first ships arrived, Kettle was pre-
sent to welcome them and to show the leaders
the layout of their town. As chief surveyor
for the Company, he came into collision with
Cargill over the custody of the’ land office and
documents. Kettle decided to settle in Otago.
He took part in the meeting in 1851 whicll
called upon Valpy to decline nomination to
the Legislative Council. He was one of the
first four magistrates of the province, and as
such attended all of the meetings which had to
decide on public works and similar undertak-
ings. During 1851 Kettle made two long ex-
plorations in the interior to inspect lands for
settlement west of the Otago block. He had
now been appointed a government surveyor, a
position which he held until 1854. During the
last three years he was also deputy registrar of
deeds for the province. Kettle then selected
land in the south Otago district, from the top

463,

 

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 249 End-----------------------

KIDD

of the KaHuku ranges to the Clutha, and estab-
lished his homestead in 1854 at Kaihiku bush,
with a woolshed of rough timber thatched by
the natives. He was an exemplary employer,
and many farmers well-known in later years
commenced in his service. He went in for
merino sheep, and in 1855 had a flock of 2,000.
He is sometimes credited with having been the
first to sow gorse and broom for live hedges.

Kettle gave up farming in 1860 and returned
to live in Dunedin. He stood for a Dunedin
seat in the Provincial Council, but received
only 18 votes. In the following year he was
elected to represent Bruce in the House of
Representatives. In 1862 Kettle was appointed
provincial auditor. He died on 5 Jun 1862, a
young man who would undoubtedly have taken
a high position in the province. Hocken says
that he and Strode were generally to be found
on public questions in opposition to the general
body of the settlers. They were not Scots; they
were not of the body of emigrants; they were
both nominated officials of the general Govern-
ment. Kettle was a man of high principle and
a +steady, earnest, and practical Christian: He
took a keen interest in social movements, and
especially in the Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation, of which he was a founder and some
time president. In 1855 he led the young tem-
perance movement of Otago, being elected hon-
orary secretary of the Otago Maine Law League.
He was a good cricketer. (See 1- L. MACASSEY
and SIR JOHN ROBERTS)

NZ. reports; G.B.O.P., 184/556; Otago p.e.
Proc.; Cycl. N.Z, iv (p); Otago Journal ; Hocken;
Ward; J. A. Thomson; E. J Wakefield; Otago
Daily Times, 6 Jun 1862.4 Apr 1930 (p).

K1DD, ALFRED (1851-1917) was born at
Hounslow Heath. He arrived in Auckland at
the age of 13, and after working on a farm at
Mangere for three years he settled at Thames
for seven years. He then became providore to
the Waikato Steam Navigation Co. In 1875
he moved to Auckland, and became landlord
of the Commercial hotel, which he ran for 20
years. He was president of the licensed vic-
tuallers’ association.

Kidd served on the City Council (1885-88
and from 1891) and was mayor of Auckland
in 1901. He was a governor of the Auckland
Grammar School, chairman of the Auckland

KIDSON

harbour board and the Aka Aka drainage board
and a trustee of the Auckland Savings Bank. He
was one of the founders of the Druids order in
Auckland, of the masonic grand lodge of New
Zealand and the united friendly societies’ dis
pensary. He was in Parliament for City of Auck-
land (1902-05) and for Auckland Central (1905-
08), and acted as senior Government whip
under the Seddon and Ward administrations.
He was president of the Auckland Racing club
and owned several successful horses (notably
St Hippo). Kidd died on 25 Aug 1917.

N.z.P.D., 29 Aug 1917; Cycl. N.z., ii (p); Who's
Who N.Z., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 27 Aug 1917. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

K1DD, ROBERT BOYD (1818-94) was born in
northern Ireland and educated at Enniskillen
school, from which he took a scholarship to
Trinity College, Dublin. There he obtained a
first exhibitionership, and he was ordained
with a view to being elected a fellow of the
University. While rector of Butley, Suffolk
(1856) he published a Delineation of the Pri-
mary Principles of Reasoning, on the reading
of which Dr Whately wrote that he «did not
know a superior logician at that time:

Precluded by ill-health from accepting a pro-
fessorship at Queen's University, he arrived in
Auckland in 1863. Kidd became editor of the
New Zealander later in the year and acted until
1865. In company with Joseph N. Fowler he
started a collegiate school in Auckland. From
this he removed to Wesley College, where he
taught classics and mathematics (1883) and
finally became first headmaster of Auckland
College and Grammar School. When the Gram-
mar School was transferred to the old Albert
barracks he became chief classical master and
later registrar of the University College and
secretary to the Grammar School governors. He
was once a tutor at St John's College. He was
a prominent freemason. His death occurred on
49 Jul 1894.

Cycl. N.Z., ii; N.z. Herald, 20 Jul 1894.

K1DSON, EDWARD (1883-1939) was born at
Bilston, England, came to New Zealand as a
child with his father Charles Kidson, and com-
menced his education at Nelson College
(1896-1900). He won a junior scholarship and
a Sir George Grey scholarship, and proceeded
to Canterbury College, where he graduated

464

 

KILGOUR

(B.Sc. 1904; MSc. 1905; B.A. 1906; M.A.
1907; D.Sc. 1924). In 1905 he was appointed
assistant magnetic observer at Christchurch
under the Lands and Survey department. Three
years later he joined the staff of the Carnegie
Institution at Washington, and until 1914
worked on magnetic surveys in South America,
Newfoundland, and Australia. In the war he
served with the Royal Engineers (1915-18)
forecasting and applying meteorology to gun-
nery at Sdonika. (O.B.E.). He was then ap-
pointed to the Watheroo observatory in West
Australia, and in 1921 became assistant director
of the Commonwealth meteorological service.
In 1927 he became director of the meteorolo-
gical services in New Zealand, which during his
administration developed rapidly to meet the
increasing demands of aviation. Kidson pre-
sented at scientific conferences papers on: his
observations, and spent much time in the pre-
paration of critical studies of the meteorolo-
gical results of the Shackleton and Mawson
Antarctic expeditions. He was a fellow of the
Institute of Physics and of the Royal Society of
New Zealand, and was in 1931 elected a mem-
ber of the International Meteorological com-
mittee. Kidson married (1919) Isabel M. Dann
He died on 12 Jun 1939.

Who's Who N.Z., 1932; The Dominion and Even-
ing Post, 13 Jun 1939 (P).

KILGOUR, JAMES (1812-97) was born at
Musselburgh, Scotland, educated at the gram-
mar school there and Edinburgh University
(where he graduated M.D. in.1838). Going to
Melbourne (1839), he took up a run at Tar-
rone, near Port Fairy, but lost his money on its
being resumed, and was for some time agent of
the colony in London. Mter practising in Vic-
toria he came to New Zealand (1859), and prac-
tised at Nelson, Picton and Wellington, finaly
moving in 1869 to Thames. Kilgour was a jus
tice of the peace, chairman of quarter sessions,
mayor of Thames (1878), and first president of
the School of Mines. In 1890 he went to reside
in Parnell, where he died on 20 Sep 1897.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Weston; N.Z. Herald, 1 Oct
1897.

KINDER, JOHN (1819-1903) was born in Lon-
don and educated at Cheam, Surrey, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gained a scholar-
ship and graduated as a wrangler in 1842. He

 

KING
took private pupils until proceeding M.A

. (1845). While at Cambridge he took much in-

terest in ecclesiastical architecture, and became
a member of the committee of the Camden
Society. In 1847 he was ordained to a curacy
in East London, but was-almost immediately
appointed by the master and fdlows of his
College to be headmaster of Alleyne's Grammar
School at Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. He was
ordained priest in 1849.

In 1855 Kinder was chosen by Bishop Selwyn
as headmaster of the proposed Auckland Gram-
mar School. During the 17 years that he held
that position, he acted as chaplain to the Auck-
land garrison and was successively assistant
ntinister of St Barnabas, Parnell (five years), St
Mark's, Remuera (three years )and St Andrew's,
Epsom (seven years). At St Andrew's he raised
funds to erect a pretty church from his own
plans. When Bishop Cowie reopened St John's
College in 1871, Kinder was appointed master,
and in 1873 the degree of D.D. was conferred
upon him by the Archbishop of Canterbury
Resigning the headmastership in 1880, he was
appointed exantining chaplain. He retired a
few years later. Kinder did much to improve
the efficiency of the college, and to beautify
the grounds. He installed windows commemor-
ative of Selwyn, Patteson and Martin, and be
queathed his library to the College. He always
opposed the removal of the college to Parnell,
and eventually succeeded in getting it brought
back to Tamaki. A fine scholar with a facile
command of French and German, Kinder was
a charming talker and an effective preacher.
He published in 1901 a forcible pamphlet on
the report of the synod commission on St John's.
In his early years he came under the influence
of Frederick Denison Maurice, the theologian,
who was one of the founders, with Charles
Kingsley, of the Christian Socialist movement.

Kinder married (1859) Marianne Celia (d.
1928), a daughter of Archdeacon A. N. Brown.
He died on 5 Sep 1903.

Cowie; Purchas; Davis (p); N.Z. Herald, 7 Sep
1903.

KING, EDWARD (1825-65) was born in
Sussex, England, and arrived in New Zealand
in 1850. He began business as a general mer-
chant in Auckland, and with the exception of
nine months spent on the Victorian diggings
he continued successfully unti! retiring in 1863,

465

 

-----------------------Page 250 End-----------------------

KING

On the outbreak of the Waikato war he was
appointed superintendent of stores, but retired
in Nov 1864. He was a director of the Auck-
land Bank and the Bank of New Zealand, and
a trustee of the Auckland Savings Bank. He
acted as secretary fot the Auckland exhibit at
the industrial exhibition in Otago, and for
several land associations formed under the pro-
vincial ordinances of the early fifties As a
member of the Papakura association, he took
part in developing the coal measures at Drury.
King for many years rendered consistent public
service. He helped to form several schools un-
der the common schools ordinance (1869) and
to found churches at Wairoa, Papakura and
Drury. He was a churchwarden of St Matthew's,
a member of the diocesan and general synods
and secretary of the orphans’ home. He helped
to promote the Auckland horticultural society,
of which he- was secretary and treasurer, and
also the acclimatisation society. King was a
member of the Auckland Provincial Council
for City of Auckland (1857-61) and for Auck-
land West (1861-65). He died on 27 Oct 1865.

Southern Cross, 28 Oct 1865.

KING, SIR (FREDERICK) TRUBY (1858-1938)
was born at New Plymouth, a son of Thomas
King (q.v.). Educated privately at New Ply-
mouth, he proceeded to Edinburgh University,
where he graduated M.B., C.M. (1886) and won
the Eccles scholarship. He spent two years study-
ing public health, after which he took his B.Sc.
degree. King had experience at the Edinburgh
and Glasgow hospitals and, having married
Isabella Cockburn (d. 1927), daughter of Adam
Millar, he returned to New Zealand (1888) and
took the post of medical superintendent of the
Wellington hospital. Appointed in the follow-
ing year medical superintendent of Seacliff asy-
lum, he spent many useful years there, not
merely in his officid duties, but engaged in
farming and fruitgrowing and in the breeding
of pigs and other farm animals. His researches
at that time had a considerable bearing upon
his subsequent discoveries in the realm of in-
fant feeding and the nutrition of the human
body. In 1894 he returned to England to study
brain pathology and nervous and mental dis
eases, and he became a member of the Psycholo-
gical Association.

Shortly after this he began to attend regu-

KING

larly the agricultural conferences in New Zea
land and to expound his eugenic theories to
a wider audience. In 1905 he founded in Dun-
edin the Society for the Promotion of the Health
of Women and Children (popularly known as
the Plunket Society, from the name of its first
patron, Lady Plunket). The society received a
royal charter in 1916, when it became the Royal
New Zealand Society for the Health of Women
and Children. King wrote much on the subject
of the Society's work in its early years, his chief
publications being The Feeding and Care of
Baby, The Natural Feeding of Infants, The Ex-
pectant Mother and Baby's First Month. These
were very frequently reprinted. The propa-
ganda and educational work of the society in a
few years produced marked effects upon the
infant death rate. In 1917 King was invited
to undertake similar work in England and, in
conjunction with Miss Patrick (q.v.), he
established the Mothercraft training centre at
Earl's Court. (C.M.G., 1917.) After the war he
was attached as a child welfare expert to the
inter-allied Red Cross conference and he visited
Poland and Austria in the interests of the war
victims relief committee.

In 1919 he introduced his system of infant
feeding in Australia, and two years later he
was appointed director of child welfare in New
Zealand (in addition to the appointment of in-
spector-general of mental asylums). In 1924
he was on the committee to investigate mental
degeneracy and sexual perversion, and he was
‘on the prisons board (1925-27).

In 1925 King was created a knight bachelor.
He retired in 1927, and died on 10 Feb 1938,
when his remains were accorded a state funeral.
Lady King for many years wrote child welfare
notes under the name of +Hygeia"

Who's Who N.Z., 1908; Evening Post, 10 Feb
1938; The Dominion, 11 Feb (p).

KING, HENRY (1783-1874) was born at Tor-
quay on 7 Apr 1783, and at the age-of 12 en-
tered the Royal Navy as a midshipman in the
Namur, in which he served five years. He was
present at the battle of St Vincent, distinguished
himself in many boat actions and, having been
promoted third lieutenant, transferred to the
Canopus. He served aso in the Ambuscade and
the Unite, from which he was invalided with a
broken leg due to the fall of a topsail tie. On

466

 

KING

his recovery he was appointed first lieutenant
in the Seahorse, in which he served against the
Americans on the Potomac and at the taking of
Alexandria. For his services in convoying a
merchant fleet he was promoted commander.
Admiral Cochrane, in recommending him, said
that King rose from his sickbed while the ship
was passing the hostile batteries and personally
laid the first two guns, each of which disabled
an enemy gun.

Retiring from active service on peace being
proclaimed, King took employment as a barge-
master on the Bude and Holsworthy canal.
Many years later he became interested in the
Plymouth ‘Company for the settlement of Tara-
naki_ and, accepting the position of chief com-
missioner, he sailed in the Amelia Thompson,
arriving on 3 Sep 1841. He was at once gazetted
police magistrate, but a few months later (fol-
lowing the absorption of the Plymouth Com-
pany) he was superseded as commissioner by
Captain Liardet. He then, in company with
George Cutfield, settled on his Brooklands s2o-
tion, bringing cattle from Australia in the
Jupiter.

In 1848 he was appointed resident magistrate.
The European population of Taranaki gave
him little trouble, but the native question
always called for tact and discretion. In 1852,
having completed 10 years on the bench, King
retired, and lived quietly at Brooklands until
the outbreak of the war in 1860 obliged him to
withdraw to New Plymouth. He died on 6
Jun 1874.

Walls; Taranaki Herald, 8 Jun 1874.

KING, JOHN (1787-1854) was born at Swer-
ford, Oxfordshire, and brought up 2s a shoe-
maker. He was engaged at this trade at Nether
Worton, near Banbury, when Samuel Marsden
visited England in 1809 in search of artisans to
form the first mission to New Zealand. King
entered the service of the Church Missionary
Society, and took lessons in flax-dressing and
twine-spinning with a view to introducing those
crafts amongst the Maori. Sailing in the Ann
with Marsden, he formed a close friendship
with Ruatara (q.v.). King spent some years at
Parramatta with Marsden before the opportunity
occurred of proceeding to New Zealand. He
martied Hannah, daughter of Thomas Hansen
(qv.), captain of the Active, and they pro-

KING

ceeded to New Zealandin Jan 1815 and settled
at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands. King's duty was
to act as catechist for the district and teach the
people something of agriculture and making
lines. His relations with Kendall were not
pleasant. In 1819 they visited Hokianga to-
gether, being the first whites to do so. King
rendered faithful service until his death (on
6 May 1854). "Mrs King died on 27 Nov 1851.
Marsden, L. and j., and Lieutenants; Ramsden;
‘Stock; New Zealander (Auckland), 27 May 1854.

KING, JOHN (1810-62), an English solicitor,
arrived in Wellington in 1844. He took little
part in public life, but was a member of the
Church of England education society and
the Mechanics’ Institute. After being defeated
for the Provincial Council in 1855 he was dlec-
ted for Wellington City in 1857 and sat till
1861. He died on 5 Jun 1862.

KING, NEWTON (1856-1926), second son of
Thomas King (q.v.) and brother of Sir Truby
King, was born in New Plymouth and educated
there at Crompton's private school. He began
his career as clerk in the firm of Webster
Brothers, and in 1879 established his own busi-
ness as merchant and auctioneer. His activities
as a stock and station agent eventually spread
all over Taranaki. In many enterprises he was
associated with Richard Cock (1851-1936, who
was twice mayor of New Plymouth). They
formed together the Crown Dairy Co., which
in 1920 became Newton King, Limited. He was
chairman of the New Plymouth Sash and Door
Co. (1893-1926), and of the Ridd Machine:
milking Co. (1909-26); a director of the Land
and Building society (1902); president of the
Taranaki Jockey club, the Agricultural society
(1903), the chamber of commerce; and a memo
ber of the New Plymouth harbour board.

In his youth King represented the province in
football and was a member of the Taranaki
rifle volunteers. He married Mary, daughter
of Dr George St George. He died on 26 Jul
1927.

Cyel. N.Z., vi (p); Who’s Who NZ., 1908, 1924;
Philpott (p); Evening Post, 27 Jul 1927.

KING, THOMAS (1821-93) was born in Lon-
don, educated at a commercial school, and en-
tered the office of a member of the coal ex-
change. He had a good grip of business, and at

467

-----------------------Page 251 End-----------------------

KING

the age of 18 was practically in charge of the
office but, his health being delicate, he decided
to emigrate to New Zealand. Having purchased
two Taranaki sections, he sailed with his friend
R. Chilman (whose sister Mary he married in
1846) in the William Bryan, arriving in Mar
1841.

King sold his goods to advantage, took em-
ployment at various trades, and in 1843 com-
menced an importing business. In company
with Dorset he chartered the 12-ton schooner
Carbon, which they operated in the coastal
trade between Nelson, Wellington, New Ply-
mouth and Manukau. Mter importing Hour
from Australia in 1844, King in the following
year exported about 150 tons of Taranaki Hour
to various ports.

In 1848 he took up land at Mangorei, where
in 1852 he was visited by Lord Robert Cecil
(afterwards Lord Salisbury). He was elected
M.HLR. for Grey and Bell (1853-55 and 1860),
and he sat-for some years in the Provincial
Council (for New Plymouth in 1856; Grey and
Bell 1857-61). He was also provincial treasurer
While in Parliament King exposed the plot to
make peace with Waikato (1860). In the fol-
lowing year, the Bank of New Zealand having
started business, he was appointed its first man-
ager in New Plymouth, a position he held with
conspicuous ability until 1876. Thereafter he
again devoted much of his time to public
affairs, being (for 10 years) chairman of the
harbour board, and a director and sometime
chairman of the New Plymouth Gas Co, the
Taranaki Land, Building and Investment Co.,
the Sash and Door Co., the New Plymouth Sav-
ings Bank and the education reserves board.
He died on 28 Apr 1893. Two of his sons were
Newton King and Sir F. Truby King.

Wells; Taranaki Herald, 19 Jul 1854, 28 Apr
1893. Portrait: Taranaki Hist. Coll.

KING, WILLIAM CUTFIELD (1829-61) was
the only son of Captain Henry King, and came
to New Zealand as a lad. Receiving his educa-
tion in New Plymouth, he took up farming on
a considerable scale at Woodleigh. He married
Elizabeth Mary Richardson (1855). Possessing
an independent character and pleasant man-
ners, he was highly esteemed, and in 1857 was
elected to represent Omata in the Provincial
Council. During the Maori war King held a

KINSEY

captain's commission in the Taranaki militia
In Nov 1860 he was elected to represent Grey
and Bell in Parliament, but he did not take his
seat. On 8 Feb 1861, while riding on his pro-
perty at Woodleigh, then being pillaged by
marauding natives, he was shot and killed.

N.Z.P.D., 6 Jun 1861; Wells; Cycl. N.z., vi;
Taranaki Herald, 9 Feb 1861.

KINROSS, ANDREW (1829-1915) was born
near Glasgow. Losing both parents early, he
went to seain 1847 and a year later emigrated to
Australia and obtained employment at Langi-
Kal-Kal station. In 1852 he visited the gold-
field at Fryers Creek, and then engaged in
carrying to the goldfields. In 1853 he married,
and in 1861 he came to Port Chalmers in the
brig Dunedin. Shortly afterwards he settled at
Invercargill, where he engaged in carrying to
the goldfields. He opened a store at Queens-
town in partnership with Brown and Pritchard
and, having sold his teams, invested in house
property and a farm at Myross Bush (1865).

Kinross was a member of the Southland Pro-
vincial Council for Invercargill (1869) and for
Roslin (1869-70), and was on the executive.
On the reunion with Otago he sat in the Otago
Council (for Southland 1870; for Oteramika
1873-75). He moved a resolution affirming that
all men over 21 years of age should be eligible
to vote for superintendents and members of
parliament or provincial councils. Kinross con-
tested the Invercargill parliamentary seat
against Shanks in 1878. He was elected to the
Southland education board (1869), was a mem-
ber of the land board from 1878-80 and 1885-
1909, of the Southland county council, and
chairman of the Myross school committee
(1869), and the Lindhurst road board.

Kinross wrote a good deal of verse of passable
quality, a selection of which was republished
in My Life and Lays (1899). He died on 19
Nov 1915.

Southland and Otago p.e. Proc.; Cycl. N.Z., iv
(p); Kinross (p); Southland Times, 20 Nov 1915.

KINSEY, SIR JOSEPH JAMES (1852-1936)
was born at Plumstead, Kent, educated at the
Royal Naval School at Greenwich, and for nine
years was a master in the lower school at Dul-
wich College. He married (1872) Sarah Ann
Garrard, and in 1880 arrived in New Zealand.
Kinsey founded the shipping firm of Kinsey and

468

 

 

TE KIRIKUMARA
Co., of which he was chairman at his death (ou

5 May 1936). He was a foundation member.

of the Christchurch Liedertafel, a life member
of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral
association, a governor of Canterbury College
(1894-97) and a Canterbury commissioner for
the South Seas Exhibition at Dunedin (1889-
90). He was keenly interested in Antarctic ex-
ploration, and acted as attorney for Captain
R. F. Scott's two expeditions and for one of Sir
E. Shackleton's. He received the Scott medal
of the Royal Geographical Society (1914), and
was knighted in 1917.

The Press, 6 May 1936; Evening Post, 10 May.

TE KIRIKUMARA, IHAIA, a celebrated war-
rior chief of the Otaraua hapu of Ngati-Awa,
living in Taranaki, was present as a young man
at the siege of Motutawa (Mokau) in 1832. He
remained in Taranaki when the hekes took
place to Cook strait, and helped in the defence
of Sugar Loaf where he was taken prisoner.
In 1834 he arrived in Taranaki as a prisoner,
accompanying the Waikato on a raid to Waitara
to see his home.

In 1842-43, by the good offices of the mis
sionaries, he was liberated and returned to Wai-
tara. He took a prominent part in the Puke-
tapu feud (1854-60). Rimene, chief of the
Mamaku pa, who had been residing with Puke-
tapu, committed adultery with Ihaia’s wife and
was shot. Ihaia demanded also a land utu, and
associated himself with Teira in the proposed
sale of Waitara. Rimene had been a member
of the Ngati-Ruanui anti-land selling league.
A taua of 380 (including Ngati-Ruanui) be-
sieged Kirikumara in Mamaku (20 Dec 1854).
Mter a brave defence Ihaia escaped to Mahoe-
tahi and the Ngati-Ruanui returned to their
homes. Ihaia then joined forces with Arama
Karaka to avenge the death of Karaka's brother
at Devon road, where they were besieged by
followers of Katatore, Wiremu Kingi te Rangi-
take and the Ngati-Ruanui. A truce was declar-
ed in 1856; but in the following year Ihaia and
Mahau offered the land at Ikamoana for sde.
This new dispute led to the murder of Katatore,
with whom the Government was negotiating, by
Ihaia's brother (9 Jan 1858). Ihaia was again
besieged in his pa on the disputed land, which
he evacuated on 6 Feb, and retired to Karaka.
Wi Kingi's followers burned the paand all im-

KIRK

plements and furmture, and killed the live
stock. They then besieged Karaka, but through
the intervention of Parris (q.v.) and Whiteley
Ihaia was enabled to withdraw and Wi Kingi
destroyed the fort. Ihaia was prominent amongst
the native allies against Wi Kingi in 1860, he
and Tirarau making a declaration of friendli-
ness to the pakeha (Jul 1860). His loyalty was,
however, not above suspicion.

Ihaia died at Wakatete pa, Waitara, on 9
Jul 1873. In person he was below middle
height, with a mild expression and not unpleas-
ant countenance.

Wells; SP. Smith; Taranaki News, 12 Jul 1873.

KIRK, THOMAS (1828-98) was born at War-
wick, England, and educated at Coventry, and
was employed for some years at Newark's tim-
ber mills in that town. He married (1850)
Sarah, daughter of William Mattocks, of Coven-
try, and in 1863 he came to Auckland in the
Ge,-trude.

In New Zealand he devoted himself at once
to the study of botany. In 1867 he explored
the Great Barrier; in 1868 the east coast of
north Auckland, in 1869 the Thames goldfield,
in 1870 Waikato and in 1872 Rotorua and
Taupo. He was for some years curator of the
Museum and secretary of the Auckland Insti-
tute. In 1874 he was appointed lecturer in
natural science at Wellington College (then
affiliated with the University of New :Zex
land). He displayed a fine faculty for impart-
ing knowledge, and it was a matter of regret
when the relationship with the University ceased
and he was appointed to the staff of Lincoln
Agricultural College (1881). Kirk was elected
a fellow of the Linnaean Society in 1871; was
an original member of the Auckland Institute
and a governor of the New Zealand Institute
(1875-81 and 1887-88), and several times presi-
dent of the Wellington Philosophical Society.
In 1875 he published (in collaboration with J.
Balfour) reports on the durability of New Zea
land timbers, and thereafter was a constant con-
tributor to the: proceedings of the Linnaean
Society, the Linnaean Society of New South
Wales, Nature, the Journal of Botany and the
Gardeners’ Chronicle.

In 1885 Kirk became chief conservator of
state forests, and he organised the Forestry
department, which, however, was abolished as

469

 

-----------------------Page 252 End-----------------------

KIRK

@ measure of economy in 1888. In 1889 his
Forest Flora of New Zealand was published by
the Government. After retiring he made fur-
ther explorations, notably in Stewart, Auckland
and Campbell islands, the Antipodes and the
Snares. At the time of his death he had made
good progress with his magnum opus, The
Students’ Flora of New Zealand and Outlying
Islands, which was completed by T. F. Cheese-
man and published in 1899. It was said of Kirk
that no other botanist ever acquired such a
complete familiarity with the flora of New Ze
land. Besides his books he contributed 122
botanical papers to the Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute.

Kirk was a staunch Baptist, and was president
of the New Zealand Baptist union (1892). He
died on 8 Mar 1898.

Kirk, op. cit.; Trans. N.I. Institute, vol 31, et
‘pass. ; Cheeseman, Manual of N.1. Flora; Austr:
lian Association for the Advancement of Science,
1891; Leckie (p); Otago Daily Times, 10 May 1898;
Evening Post, 9 Mar 1898.

KIRK, THOMAS WILLIAM (1856-1936) was
born in Coventry, a son of T. Kirk (q.v.), with
whom he came to Auckland (1863). Educated at
St james's school and Auckland College and
Grammar School, he entered the geological sur-
vey asa cadet, and was on the staff of Dr Hector
(1874-91). During this period he contributed
to the New Zealand Institute, Nature, the
French Journal of Conchology and other period-
icals. He was elected a member of the New
Zealand Institute (1878), of the Geological So-
ciety of Australasia (1887), of the Microscopic
Society of London (1889) and a fellow of the
Linnaean Society (1890).

. In 1892 Kirk was appointed head biologist
In charge of the horticulture division of the
Department of Agriculture. The period of
18 years that he controlled the branch coin-
cided with a great expansion of the fruitgrow-
ing industry, and Kirk's contribution to its
success is embodied in a succession of scientific
pamphlets and annual reports of high technical
value. He initiated the series of leaflets for
farmers, writing very many of them himself.
He advised and carried out the first experiment
in biological control of insect pests in New
Zealand, using with complete success the Aus-
tralian ladybird (vedalia) to control the cot-
tony cushion scale.

KIRKBRIDE

Kirk married (1883) Edith Dixon Callcott (d.
1938), granddaughter of Jonas Woodward. He
died on 19 May 1936.

Cycl. N.1., i (p); Kirk,op. cit.; The Dominioll,
20 May 1935,

KIRK, WILLIAM (1825-1915) was born at
Ferry on Trent, near Gainsborough, educated
at private schools and became a local preacher
at 12. In 1846 he was ordained in Lon-
don, and the following year sailed for the New
Zealand mission field in the John Wesley.

After spending a few months in Auckland he
was appointed (1849) to the station at Newark,
Hokianga, where in 1848 he married Emma
(1828-1906), daughter of the Rev J. Hobbs
(qv.). Four years later he was transferred to
Wanganui. Proceeding thither in the schooner
Hannah Leithart, which was wrecked on the
bar of the river, they were assisted by the sat-
tlers to their station at Ohinemutu, far up the
river. There they spent four years, living most
of the time in a rough hut with earthen floor.
Transferred to Canterbury in 1853, Kirk saw
the first church of his denomination erected in
Christchurch and another started in Lyttelton.
From Waikouaiti he erected the first church in
Port Chalmers, and then returned to the North
Island, taking up a station and industrial school
at Ka-iwi, which were broken up by the war
of 1860. Thereafter Kirk served at Mangonui,
Nelson, Wellington, New Plymouth, Auckland
and Richmond, retiring in 1889. He died on
9 May 1915.

Morley; W. J. Williams; Methodist Conference,
1938; Cycl. N.I., i.

KIRKBRIDE, MATTHEW MIDDLEWOOD
(1848-1906) was born at Ulleskelf, Yorkshire,
educated there and came to New Zealand in
the Portland (1863). He was first employed by
Alfred Buckland in connection with the land-
ing of cattle for the troops in the Waikato, and
then settled with his people on a bush farm
at Little Omaha, moving in 1872 to Mangere.
He married in 1874 Grace, daughter of Alex-
ander Bruce (Mahurangi) and took up a bush
section near Ashhurst, Manawatu. Five years
later he returned to the north and purchased a
farm at Mangere. He was chairman of the
Mangere road board and school committee, and
a member of the cemetery and domain boards
and the Auckland Provincial Agricultural asso-

470

 

KISSLING

aatton (president two years). In the Farmers!
Union he was president of the Auckland pro-
vince and delegate to the annual conference’
(1901).

In 1902 Kirkbride defeated O'Rorke for the
parliamentary representation of Manukau,
which he represented till his death (on 4 Nov
1906). In his first session he secured the passage
of his own farmers’ mutual fire insurance bill.
He was a member of the federation commission
(1900).

N.zP.D., 27 Jun 1907; N.I. Herald, 5 Nov 1906.
Portrait: Parliament House.

KISSLING, GEORGE ADAM (1805-65) was
born at Murr, Wurtemberg. Leaving school at
the age of 14, he spent three years in the
Moravian settlement of Kornthal, where he
studied industrial arts in preparation for his
admission to a theological course, which he
commenced in 1823 in the Moravian college at
Basle. He was ordained a minister of the Re-
formed Lutheran United Church, and in 1827
went to West Africa mider instructions from the
Basle Missionary society to translate the Scrip-
tures into the Bassu language. He was engaged
for some years on this task and in charge of a
native school

, In 1833 he was appointed by the Church
Missionary Society to a post in Sierra Leone,
where he had charge of the two parishes of St
Peter and St James at Bathurst and Charlotte.
In 1837 he married and returned to Sierra
Leone as headmaster of the native college at
Fourah bay. In 1840, dwing to ill-health, they
returned to England, and Kissling was ordained
deacon and in the following year priest. He
then decided not to return to Sierra Leone
but came to New Zealand, arriving in May
4842. The Society had intended to station
him in the south, but Bishop Selwyn appointed
him in 1843 to Kawakawa, near East Cape,
where he took up his duties amongst tribes
which were rather turbulent and ill-disposed.
In 1846 ill-health again compelled him to give
up his charge, and he was for some years em-
ployed as chaplain in the neighbourhood of"
Auckland. In 1849 he was appointed to the
parish of St Barnabas, his duties including the
charge of the native girls’ school. In 1851 he
took charge of St Stephen's school at Taurarua,
and in 1852 was appointed archdeacon of Wai-

KNIGHT

temata, to which was added later the charge of
the parish of St Mary's, Parnell. Kissing died
on 9 Nov 1865.

Southern Cross, 10 Nov 1865; N.Z. Herald, 21

Sp 1891.
KNIGHT, ARTHUR CHARLES (1833-1905), a
son of the Rev William Knight, of Steventon,
Hampshire, came to New Zealand in the Sarna-
rang (1852) and, with his elder brother (Rich.
ard), took up theSteventon run in the Selwyn
valley. He sold out in 1856 and bought a farm
below Prebbleton. Knight: was a member of
the Canterbury Provincial Council for Lincoln
(1866-75), and was on the executive (1869,
1871-72 and 1875). In 1869 he was head of the
government. As secretary for education he
moved to obtain an endowment for Lincoln
College.

Knight married (1858) Caroline, daughter of
the Rev Thomas E. Hankinson. He died on 14
Dec 1905.

Canterbury P.C. Proc.; Acland; The Press, 16

Dec 1906.
KNIGHT, CHARLES (1808-91) was born cit
Rye, Sussex, the youngest child of James Knight
(who died a month after his birth). Two years
later his mother married Thomas Godfrey, of
Hawkhurst, Kent, by whom he was brought up
with care and affection. He graduated in medi-
cine at Guy's Hospital (F.R.e.S. 1869) and after
practising for a while went to America.

In 1841 he decided to go to Australia, whither
his brother William had gone in 1829 (after-
wards to become auditor-general of Western
Australia). Charles accepted the position of sug-
geon in the ship Lm'd Glenelg, in which Sir
George Grey was sailing to assume thé governor-
ship of South Australia. Owing to drunkenness
and mutinous behaviour on board, Knight took
an active part in navigating the ship and act-
ually commanded her from Port Albany to
Holdfast Bay, where she arrived on 10 May.
Soon after landing he was employed by Grey as
a copying clerk. He had a good knowledge of
botany and in 1842 sought unsuccessfully to be
appointed curator of the botanic gardens, be-
lieving that he could extend the science of
botany and horticulture and greatly improve
the collection by exchanges with Europe and
America. Grey appreciated Knight's *cheerful
and unwearying industry’ and in 1843 con-
firmed his appointment in the Colonial Secre-

471

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 253 End-----------------------

KNIGHT

tary's department. He acted as private secre
tary and had charge of the preparation of all
blue books and other statistical returns for the
Home government.

In 1844 Knight married Caroline Symes, who
had arrived in the colony in 1839. In the fol-
lowing year the East India Company's ship
Elphinstone arrived, bringing Grey's commis-
sion as Governor in New Zealand. Grey took
Knight to the new government for the sake of
his knowledge of finance and officid routine.
Arriving in Nov 1845, he was appointed audi-
tor-general in Feb 1846 and at the end of that
year he brought his wife and two children from
Australia in the schooner John Lord, 70 tons.
Wynyard, who succeeded Grey as administrator,
depended much on Knight's knowledge of fi-
nance. In 1856 Knight was appointed manager
of the colonial bank of issue, and in 1858
auditor of the accounts of the general Govern-
ment. In 1861 he was deputed to inquire into
charges against Macandrew (q.v.) of defalcation
of provincial funds in Otago. In 1863 he was
a member of the commission to investigate the
claims for flax rewards.

On the removal of the seat of government
Knight was appointed agent of the GOvernment
at Auckland for a short period. He was chair-
man of the commission in 1866 to investigate
the civil service, and in 1867 was charged with
bringing into operation the money order and
savings bank. In 1868-69 he visited England
with Grey, and on his return went with Vogel
and Seed to negotiate a customs and mail agree-
ment in Australia. He was a member of the
board of advice under the GOvernment annui-
ties act 1869; was appointed auditor-general in
4870, and a commissioner of the board of audit
in 1872.

Six years later Knight retired on pension. He
lived thereafter in Wellington until his death
‘on 3 Sep 1891. In 1857 Knight was elected a
fellow of the Linnaean Society. His special
study was lichens, his collection being now at
Victoria College. He was president of the Well-
ington Philosophical Society (to which he pre-
sented various papers) and a fellow of the New
Zealand Institute. He was a skilled lathe worker
and received a silver medal for lathe tools at
the first Wellington exhibition. Knight was
aboard the White Swan when she was wrecked
(1862).

KNOWLES

South Aust. Archives; Evening Post, 4 Sep 1891
information from Dr C. Prendergast Knight. Por-
trait: General Assembly Library.

KNIGHT, JOHN (1802-71) was born and
educated in England and engaged in banking
for many years. Arriving in New Plymouth by
the Joseph Fletcher (1854), he found no open-
ing in his own profession, so turned to his hobby
(watch and clockmaking). Though retiring in
disposition he was elected to represent New
Plymouth in the Provincial Council (1861-65
and 1869-71). In the last term he was provincial
treasurer. Knight was drowned in the Manga-
tuku river on 23 July 1871. He was a prominent
freemason.

Family information through W. H. Skinner;
Taranaki Herald, 26 Jul 1871

KNOWLES, FRANCIS (1830-1916) was born at
Limehouse, London, and educated at Stebon
Heath House school, Stepney. After a few
months in a law offic he decided to become a
teacher and qualified for the diploma of the
College of Preceptors (1848). In 1855 he mar-
ried, and two years later was ordained deacon.
In 1851 he came to Lyttelton in the Travancore,
and for seven years he conducted a school at
Pigeon Bay, varied with short service as sub-
editor of the Lyttelton Times. In 1857 he was
ordained deacon and appointed to the cure of
Banks Peninsula. Ordained priest (1859), he
was appointed vicar of Lyttelton, a position he
held until 1872, when he was transferred to
Merivale. From 1876-78 he was vicar of Ba-
clutha, and in 1878 was appointed to Glad-
stone (Invercargill). He then became diocesan
secretary, registrar and treasurer in Christchurch.
In 1894 he was appointed honorary canon of
the cathedral. Knowles died on 11 Sep 1916.

eyel. N.Z., iii; The Press, 12 Sep 1916.

KNOWLES, JOHN (1823-91) was born in Lon-
don, educated there and was in the sevice
of the New Zealand Company before coming
to New Zealand as storekeeper and clerk in the
Gertrude (1841). He remained in the Com-
pany's service until operations were suspended;
then worked his passage to England and be-
came connected with the Canterbury Associa
tion (1845)

He came to New Zealand again in 1850, and
a third time with E. G. Wakefield (1853). In

472

 

KOCH

1855 he was appointed clerk in the Superinten-
dent's office. He edited the Wellington Inde-
pendent for nine years (1855-64), the Wanganui
Chronicle for a short time, and was also connec-
ted with the New Zealand Spectator. In 1869
Knowles went to England as secretary with
Featherston and Bell. Returning in 1871, he
was appointed Under-secretary for Public
Works and retired in 1883. He died on 3 Dec
1891.

N.Z.C. papers; Ward; N.Z. Times, 4 Dec 1891.

KOCH, AUGUSTUS KARL FREDERICK (1835-
1901) was born in Berlin, Germany, and studied
at the Royal Academy. In his teens he was en-
gaged at the barricades in Berlin in the rising
of 1848. He graduated B.A. at Berlin Univer-
sity. He studied art under Mandel, the portrait
painter and engraver, and made caricatures for
Kladderadatsch.

In the interest of his health Koch went to sea
and became second officer in an East India
trader. Being in Auckland when the Austrian
frigate Novara arrived (1858), he was attached
to Hochstetter's staff as artist during his ex-
plorations in Auckland and Nelson, and he
projected the first large map of Auckland. Most
of his drawings are in the Colonial Museum at
Vienna. He afterwards remained in the employ
‘of the GOvernment, surveying, mapping and
subdividing in the neighbourhood of Auckland.
He introduced the process in photography of
printing from negatives. He was the first chief
draughtsman in the province of Hawkes Bay,
and prepared the first map of the province, and
the first original plan of Napier. After spend-
ing some time on the Thames goldfield as a min-
ing surveyor, Koch joined the public works
department as chief draughtsman. He made
the parliamentary map of the Auckland-Waikato
railway. He was 30 years a member and 20
years chairman of the Thorndon school com-
mittee. Koch died on 31 Dec 1901.

N.Z. Times, | Jan 1902

KOHERE, MOKENA (1812-94). One of the
leading chiefs of Ngati-Porou, Kohere was the
son of Pakura, who fell while leading an attack
on Wharekura stronghold, near Te Kaha, Bay
of Plenty, a fate fully avenged by the taking of
Toka-Kuku pa, not far from Wharekura.
Kohere was himself a warrior and wielded

473

TE KOOTI

wide influence over the whole of the East Coast.
Always friendly to the British and to the Chris
tians, his instant taking up of the Queen's
cause and uncompromising attitude towards
Hauhauism and the Maori King movement
brought him to the front. When the Hauhau
emissaries arrived in 1865 he refused to receive
them, and by. raising the British ensign divided
his people. He applied for arms and took the
fidd. Biggs reinforced him with the Napier
volunteers, but Waiapu was still in a precari-
ous position, until the colonial forces under
Major Fraser garrisoned Mokena’s stronghold,
Te Hatepe, on the night of 5 Jul 1865. On
the following day, supported by the guns of
H.M.S. Eclipse, they began their advance. At
the surrender of Hungahungatoroa in Oct Ko-
here appealed to Ropata (q.v.) to make peace
with the Ngati-Porou tribesmen who had sided
with the Hauhau. About 500 surrendered under
this promise and afterwards took the oath. Ko-
here was able to exhibit three Hauhau flags at
Napier. He received a sword of honour from
Queen Victoria (1870), and was one of the first
two members of the Maori race called to the
Legislative Council (1872). He resigned in
4887, and died on 4 Mar 1894.

‘A grandson, Hfeware KOHERE (1878-1916),
was educated at Rangitukia native school and
Te Aute College, and became a sheep farmer
at East Cape. For saving the lives of seamen
in the wreck of the scow Whakapai he received
the Royal Humane society's medal and certi-
cate. He was a member of the New Zealand
contingent at the coronation of King Edward
VII and served in the war of 1914-18 with the
Pioneer battalion with the rank of lieutenant.
He died in France on 16 Sep 1916 of wounds
received in action. His father was Hone Hiki
Kohere, eldest son of Te Mokena Kohere, and
his mother was Henarata, of Te Araroa.

Lambert; Cowan; Studholme.

TE KOOTI, or RIKIRANGI, dso called TE
TURUKI (2830-93), was the son of Te Rangi
Patai, of the Ngati-Maru hapu of Rongo-Wha-
kata, of Poverty Bay. He belonged to both
Ngati-Kahungunu and Ngati-Porou and was
called by the Tuhoe +Te Turoki: The origin
of the name Te Kooti is obscure. It is held by
some to have been assumed at his baptism, after
Dandeson Coates (q.v.). Another explanation

-----------------------Page 254 End-----------------------

TE KOOT!

is that it signified’ court: Rikirangi having been
one of the early litigants in the native land
court at Turanga. He was not of chiefly birth,
but as a young man showed considerable force of
character and personal magnetism. While a
pupil at the mission school at Whakato, or
Waerenga-a-Hika, he studied deeply both the
Old and the New Testament. A skilful horse-
man and boatman, he was for some time super-
cargo of the native schooner Henry, and captain
of the Rua-whetuki.

When the Hauhau insurrection reached the
East Coast district in 1865, Rikirangi accom-
panied the colonial forces in the fidd. At the
siege of Waerenga-a-Hika (Nov 1865) when he
was left in charge of the ammunition, he en-
tered the pa and communicated with his friends
amongst the defenders. Being suspected of spy-
ing, or of supplying the enemy with caps, he
was placed under arrest and kept in custody
for several days. He was not tried but was re-
arrested some time later and, without being
tried, was sent away with other prisoners to the
Chatham islands, on the grounds that he was
generally troublesome. His tribesmen made no
objection to this treatment, but Te Kooti con-
sidered the punishment unjust, and he devoted
much of his time in captivity to considering
means of obtaining his freedom and avenging
himself. He now practised the Pai-marire rites,
and as gn apostle of Ringatu he gained consid-
erable influence over his fellow prisoners. In-
cidentally he commenced to prepare a new
version of the New Testament. His mana was
considerably enhanced by his unexpected re-
covery from a serious illness. Te Kooti did use-
ful service as steersman of the government
whaleboat.

Alarmed at the influence he was exercising
over the other prisoners, the authorities ordered
Te Kooti to desist from preaching. He com:
plied, but a fellow prisoner assumed the role of
preacher, using the pure Pai-marire doctrines.
The prisoners generally now expected Te Kooti
to lead them out of bondage and when, on 4
Jul 1868, he seized the schooner Rifleman the
pakeha guards and the crew of the schooner
were the only ones to be taken by surprise.
Only one man was killed. The captain was
compelled to navigate the vessd back to New
Zealand, having on board 298 Maori-including
64 women and 71 children-and all the arms

TE KOOTI

and ammunition they could find in the govern-
ment offices and in private houses. When ad
verse weather was encountered a relative of Te
Kooti was sacrificed to propitiate the gods. The
Rifleman reached the landing place at Whare-
ongaonga on 10 Jul. Major Biggs, R.M., imme-
diately called out the Mounted Rifles and sant
a chief of Te Kooti's hapu to call upon him
to give up his arms. He replied that he intended
to proceed to the Waikato, to open up the road
into the interior, and to set up a new King of
the Maori. Setting out on the 15th, he was pur-
sued by the Colonial forces and attacked at
Paparatu on the 20th. Te Kooti surprised the
force by a flank and rear attack and inflicted
some losses, in the glory of which he directed
his course towards upper Wairoa, where he was
joined by Te Waru (qv.). Impressed by the
new karakia of the Ringatu, many of the local
natives who had been wavering joined him.
On Aug he beat off an attack at Ruakiture and
retired to Papuni to nurse his wound and to
receive more reinforcements from the Ngat!-
Porou and from -Urewera.

On 9 Nov Te Kooti made a sudden descent
on the settlements in Poverty Bay district, mas-
sacring Major Biggs and many of the outlying
settlers and their families; in all 88 whites and
27 friendly natives. Ropata Wahawaha. (q.v.),
with a force of Ngati-Porou and Ngatl-Kahu-
ngunu under Preece, drove him from a strong
position at Makaretu with the loss.of 63 killed
(including the chief Nama). He Withdrew 0 a
strongly fortified position at Ngatapa, which
was assaulted first on 5 Dec, and from which ne
was dislodged with the loss of 136 killed on 5
Jan 1869. Thereafter he was pursued with great
intrepidity through the Urewera and the Taupo
country. Lightning marches and hairbreadth
escapes preserved his mana and enabled him to
cow wavering or neutral tribes mto JOWIDng his
force. Nevertheless, the steady attrition of his
forces by pursuing detachments gradually re-
duced his power for mischief.

He had been driven from the Urewera coun-
try and was making towards Taupo in the hope
of enlisting the help of the Ngati-Tuwharetoa
and the King tribes, when the Colonial troops
converged upon him and cut of his retreat to
the bush. Mter sharp fighting south of Lake
Taupo he was brought to bay in a strongly
fortified position at Porere, in the open country

474

 

TE KOOTI

west of Roto-aira. The stronghold was sud-
rounded and carried by assault on 3 Oct. Tet
Kooti was again wounded, having a finger shot
off, but managed to escape to the forests of the
Wanganui river. There he was befriended by
Mamaku, until news of the killing of an old
man at a Taupo village who was related to
Topia Turoa brought that chief unequivocally
to the side of the Government. Mamaku warned
Te Koati of the approach of hostile forces from
Wanganui under Topia and Keepa te Rangihi-
winui. Disappointed in his hopes of help from
Rewi, Te Kooti fled northward and disappeared
in the forest. This ended the campaign.

In Jan 1870 J. C. Firth (qv.) met Te Kooti
at Turangamoana and transmitted to the Gov-
ernment his message that he wished to live at
peace and’ would not fight again unless he was
attacked. He refused to surrender, and the
Government declined to honour the half-
promise made by Dr Pollen (without its auth-
ority) that he would not be apprehended. There
were, however, no further operations against
him, and he never again raised a hand against
the Government. Though several times wound-

. ed, Te Koati was never disabled. In 1871, ac

companied by his wife Sophia, the faithful
companion of his arduous campaigns, he with-
drew to the King Country and placed himself
under the benevolent protection of Tawhiao.
He claimed later that he had not been guilty
of any offence against the law since 1874; and
in 1883 he exerted his influence, which was
still considerable amongst the disaffected tribes,
to secure the safety of the surveyors Hursthouse
and Newsham. He continued to exercise mana
through the practice of the Ringatu cult, but
made no resistance to the progress of the surveys
in the interior

At a meeting at Manga-o-Rongo on 12 Feb
1883 the Native Minister (Bryce), in the pre-
sence of Rewi, formally pardoned Te Kooti
and gave him a small piece of land near Ora-
kau on which he might live. The offer of a
reward of £5,000, which had accompanied the
proclamation of his outlawry in 1868, was then
revoked.

While Mitchelson was Native Minister (1887-
89) Te Kooti paid a visit to Auckland, where
he was an object of much interest. He travelled
widely over the North Island, including Hawkes
Bay, but when he wished to revisit his people

KOPU.

at ‘Poverty Bay in 1889 feeling was so hostile
that the Government dissuaded him. A few
years before his death the Ngati-Maniapoto,
amongst whom he was living, erected for him
at Te Kuiti an interesting house ‘embellished
with rich carvings symbolic of events in his
stirring career and aspects of his curious philo-
sophy, which "was a compound of Judaism,
Christianity and Hauhauism. Sobriety and hard
work were inculcated, and every twelfth day was
considered holy. Te Kooti composed many wai-
ata, which were distinguished by original and
unaffected imagery. His yearning to be back
amongst the Urewera led the Government to
grant him a small area near Ohiwa, Bay of
Plenty, for @ residence. There he died a few
months later (17 Apr 1893), his age being
stated as about 70 yeas. In stature Te Kooti
was about 5ft 9in. He had a firm jaw and was
not tattooed.

N.Z.P.D., pass. and 1 Aug 1888; Monthly Review
N.Z., 1889, P 175; Cowan; Lambert; Gudgeon;
Whitmore; Porter, Life of Ropata Wahawaha
Buller; Gascoyne; Grace; N.Z. Herald, 8, 23 Feb
1889; 28 Mar 1891; 18 Apr 1893; 19 Feb 1930;

T. W. Porter in Otago Daily Times, 16 Feb-16 May
1914.

 

KOPU, PARAPARA PITIERA (?-1867), a
chief of Ngati-Kahungunu at Wairoa, was de-
scended from Kahungunu through Tuteihonga
and was the son of Haputanga, who was killed
in Pomare's attack on Kaimango. Kopu took
to the bush with his grandfather, Rekehini, who
adjured him to take revenge. After the fall of
Titirangi (1832) Kopu and Henare Apatari
went on with a strong force to Kaiuku, where
they were besieged by Waikato and their allies.
Still_a young man, he led one of the war parties.
at Toka-kuku (1836), where Ngapuhi and
Ngati-Kahungunu were victorious over the Bay
of Plenty tribes.

The Treaty of Waitangi having brought peace
amongst the tribes, Kopu led an armed party
to Hauraki Gulf for the purpose of bringing
back some of his people, who had been kept
prisoners by Ngati-Maru since the invasions of
Taraia, or had been sold to Ngati-Maru by
Tuboe in exchange for guns. They met with
resistance from the local people and many
casualties occurred in the fighting, including
Kopu's brother.

475,

-----------------------Page 255 End-----------------------

KORAKO.

By this time Kopu was under the influence of
Christianity; he adopted civilised customs and
took an active part in the Europeanisation of
his people. He was a disinterested and public
spirited chief, generous in the extreme. Through
his marriage with Mere Karaka, a woman of
illustrious descent, he extended his influence
in the Wairoa district. When the Hauhau emis-
saties first approached the East Coast Kopu
and Whanga, two of the most dependable chiefs
in the district, threw their whole weight against
the new doctrines. Mere Karaka, on the other
hand, sympathised with Te Kooti in later years,
and on this account made a voluntary renun-
ciation of her rights to confiscated land. In
Mar 1866 Kopu surprised Te Waru's brother
(who surrendered with his followers), and two
months later marched to Napier, cutting down
all Hauhau poles. He and Whanga led the
friendlies at Te Kopani and tried to restrain
Ropata from killing the prisoners. A few
months later he was engaged at the battle of
Omarnnui (Oct).

Kopu sold to the government early in 1867
the site of Wairoa and came under the dis-
pleasure of his people on account of a great
gathering at which the chief agreed to the cas
sion of 70,000 acres of land to the Government.
He died on 11 Apr 1867, while his men were
still in the field against Te Kooti. Kopu re-
ceived a sword of honour from the Queen. He
commanded his own schooner, the Effort

Lambert (p); Sir Apirana Ngata (information);
Waka Maori, 1873, p. 145.

KORAKO, a chief and tohunga of the Ngaite-
rangi-Whakapito hapu at Waikouaiti, is said to
have remembered Cook and to have treasured
a tomahawk received from him. He was the
grandfather of H. K. Taiaroa (qwv.) and lived
at Kawakaputaputa (Southland). An experi-
enced old warrior and cannibal, he came under
the influence of James Watkin (qv.) and,
having put away his young wife, was baptised
as Te Wakena and married to the older wife,
Kupukupu (1848). Having lost several of his
family in the swamping of a canoe (Mar 1841)
he supported Watkin in resisting the making
of a human sacrifice. Korako died on 31 Oct
1852.

Roberts, Southland; Pratt; Shortland; Sdwyn,
Annals.

KRIPPNER

KOROKORO, or MANUHIKITEA (?1760-
1823) of the Parupuwha hapu of Ngapuhi,
lived at Paroa, Bay of Islands. He was impli-
cated in the attack on Marion du Fresne in
1772. He was the elder brother of Tuhi, who
had lived in England and spoke. the language
well. Korokoro (already an elderly man in
1820) had shortly before 1814 been on a long
trading expedition as far as Port Nicholson
He went to Sydney in the Active in 1814, and
lived with Marsden while the second voyage of
the Active was in preparation. On the return
to Bay of Islands Marsden reconciled Korokoro
with the chiefs of Whangaroa. He pleaded with
Marsden for a missionary to be settled at Rangi-
houa, near his island pa at Moturoa, urging that
the long absence of his brother Tuhi in Aus-
tralia and England gave him a claim. Tuhi
agreed that Hongi had the superior claim as the
more powerful chief. Eventually in 1819 Koro-
koro's offer was accepted, and the mission was
established at Manawara. Marsden considered
Korokoro a brave, sensible chief, who had
good control over his people and was willing
to stop fighting if he could make an honourable
peace with his enemies at the Thames.

In 1818 he accompanied Te Morenga on his
East Coast expedition, and early in 1820 he
inflicted severe losses on the Thames tribe. He
took part in Hongi's expedition against Roto-
rma (1823) and in Sep died of wounds at Kati-
Kati.

& P. Smith, Wars: Carleton; Stack; Marsden
L. and ].

KRIPPNER, MARTIN (1819-94) was born at
Staab, in Bohemia, and at an early age entered
the Austrian army, in which he saw some ser-
vice and rose to the rank of captain. In 1859
he retired and came to New Zealand, taking up
a 40-acre farm at Orewa, 25 miles north of
Auckland. Having arranged with the Provincial
Council, he returned to Bohemia and recruited
emigrants to settle at Puhoi. By the time they
arrived the Waikato war had broken out and,
having a fair knowledge of Maori and English,
he enlisted a German company for the 3rd
Waikato Regiment. After service in the field,
Krippner was placed in charge of Maori pris
oners in the hulk at Auckland. At Puhoi later
he was postmaster and schoolmaster, secretary
and chairman of the road board and a member

476

 

KUKUTAI
of the county council. He died on 1 Feb 1894.

Silk
1888.

KUKUTAI, the leading chief of the Ngati-Tipa
tribe in the early nineteenth century. He led
the Ngati-Tipa contingent in the Amio-whenua
expedition of 1821-22, and also accompanied
the expedition to help the Ngati-Raukawa
against Ngati-Awa and personally carried the
overtures of peace after the engagement at
Haowhenua. Just before the 'peace of 1822 he
joined the Ngapuhi in making war on Te Rau-
paraha at Kawhia

When the Rev R. Maunsell settled in his
territory in the late thirties, Kukutai felt keenly
the degradation (ashe thought) of his grandson
Ngataru being converted to Christianity, and
afterwards dying, in the land of another tribe
(at Kohanga). His sons Ngapaka and Waata
had great difficulty in preventing him from
killing a slave at the obsequies. Kukutai was
killed at Te Ihutaroa in 1846, and the tribe
elected his second son, Waata, to be chief.

Waata Kukutai was a man of remarkable

talents and natural qualities. Closely tattooed,

he hadafine, commanding figure and dignified
manners, and he built himself a European
house, though continuing to live in a whare
close by. On becoming chief he moved his
whole tribe to Kohanga, and all were baptised
under the teaching of Maunsell and lived peace-
ably and usefully, engaged in farming and
dwelling in European houses. In 1857 Kuku-
tai was elected manager of the tribal farm,
which was governed by a set of regulations one
of which declared: ‘Whether chiefs or staves,
we agree to work equally and to divide equally
the fruits of our labour: Kukutai was a friend
of Governor Grey, and was appointed in 1857
an assessor to sit with the resident magistrate.
Though he was opposed to land selling, he did
not approve of the King movement, and at the
meeting in 1857 he paraded all the Queen
natives under the Union Jack. He stopped the
use of liquor at Maori meetings and the holding
of tangi-hui. In 1860 Kukutai gave evidence
before the Waikato committee of the House of
Representatives, and in the following year he
was installed at Taupiri as a magistrate. Grey
was present to explain his intentions towards
the Maori people.

(p); Morton; Cowan; N.Z. Herald, 5 JUI-

KYNNERSLEY

In the Waikato war he took the Government
side, moved his people lower down the river to
Te la, and furnished a water transport corps
on the Waikato. He was a major in the New
Zealand militia. After the war his people were
enlisted for roadmaking and frontier guards.
Their settlements at Taupiri and Kohanga were
models of orderliness and efficiency. Kukutai
was one of the most civilised of the North
Island chiefs, but was rather reckless in his ex-
penditure.

After his death, which occurred on 8 Jan
1867, his people became a prey to the general
despondency into which the Maori people fell
and their habits degenerated considerably. He
was succeeded by his nephew Hori, who was
reserved and kindly in disposition, but had not
a strong character

Gorst; App. H.R., 1856-67; W. Williams; Cowan;
Maunsell; Stack, More Maori/and Adventures.

TE KUMETE, WHITIORA, a Ngati-Mahuta
chief of high rank, and a relative of Tawhiao,
was an ardent Kingite. Having surrendered to
General Cameron after the battle of Rangiriri,
he was sent with others to Kawau island, whence
they made their escape to the mainland and
back to their homes, defying the Government
to retake them. Kumete more than once left
his cultivations in Waikato to take part in the
fighting in Taranaki. One of these visits coin-
cided with the attack on No.3 redoubt, at which
he was present (23 Jan 1861).

Cowan, War; Sketches (P).

KYNNERSLEY, THOMAS ALFRED SNEYD
(1840-74) was born in 1840 and entered the
Royal Navy as a midshipman. His promotion
was rapid until in Jul 1858 he was appointed
mate and posted to the Syren for service on the
south-east coast of America. Early in 1861 he
was promoted lieutenant, but shortly after-
wards was compelled to seek a better climate
on account of his health. Kynnersley came to
New Zealand and became a settler at Queen
Charlotte Sound about 1861 or 1862, cultiva-
ting a small plot of ground, living in primitive
fashion and spending his leisure time sailing
boats.

In Oct 1864, through the influence (it is
said) of Sewell, he was appointed warden and
resident magistrate on the Pelorns goldfield, and
shortly afterwards for the goldfields of the pro-

477

-----------------------Page 256 End-----------------------

KYNNERSLEY

vince. Towards the end of 1865 he was selected
by A. Saunders (q.v.) for the important post
of resident magistrate and warden on the newly
opened goldfields in the south-west of Nelson
province. In Jan 1867 he was appointed chief
warden and commissioner, and two months later
receiver of land revenue. The next Superin-
tendent (Curtis) also had confidence in Kyo-
nersley, whom he granted almost plenipoten-
tiary powers, while the Provincial Council
voted generous funds for the work. Though not
yet 30 years of age he showed surprising tact,
good sense and faimess in dealing with an in-
dependent and sometimes wilful class of men,
and great judgment in superintending the con-
struction of public works in his district. In
Mar 1868 he dealt most tactfully with the
Fenian outburst at Addison's Flat.

Feeling that his post, as an emergency one,
was no longer necessary, he resigned in Sep in

KYNNERSLEY

the hope of recruiting his health by a visit to
England. While there he retired from the
Navy (Sep 1869), and when he came back he
was again appointed warden for Wangapeka
and Upper Buller (Feb 1870). A few weeks
later he was a member of the provincial ex-
ecutive. He resigned from the executive in
Jun and in the following month was
elected to represent Westland North in Parlia-
ment. The dual position (official and parlia
mentary) which he held until the dissolution
at the end of the year did not escape criticism.
In Mar 1872 he was elected to the Provincial
Council for Grey, and for 12 months was a
capable and prominent member. His health,
however, steadily declined, and he died at Nel-
son on 31 1874.

Admiralty records; Proc. Nelson P.C.; Beau
champ; Hindmarsh; Reid; The Colonist, 24 Apr
1868; Westport Times, 6 Feb 1874.

478

 

 

 

L

 

LAHMANN, HENRY HERMAN (1816-90) was
a native of the Free City of Bremen, Germany,
where he was educated. As a young man he
went to London, where for 19 years he was en-
gaged in business. In 1853 he emigrated to
Melbourne, and carried on business for eight
years as a merchant and shipping agent. At-
tracted to Otago by the discovery of gold, he
started a tobacco business in Dunedin in part-
nership with A. Helm. Four years later he fol-
lowed the gold diggers to Westland and settled
in Greymouth as a timber and general mer-
chant, interested also in shipping.

Lahmann was a member of the first Grey-
mouth town improvement committee, and rep-
resented his district on the Westland county
council (1868), of which he was chairman until
his defeat in 1872. He was also on the first
Provincial Council (1874), of which he was
speaker until the abolition. He then became
a member of the county council under the new
act. He was a member of the cattle and stock
board and-the Greymouth harbour board. In
1872 Lahmann was called to the Legislative
Council (in view of the proposed immigration
of German settlers). He died on | Jun 1890.

N.Z.P.D., 1872-90; Harrop, Westland (p); West-
land C.C. and P.C. Proc.; Grey River Argus, 2 Jun
1890. Portrait: Parliament House.

LAIRD, JAMES (1831-1902) was born in For-
farshire, Scotland, and came to New Zealand
in 1856, settling in Taranaki as a nurseryman.
He served in the Maori war (1860-65), and
two years later removed from New Plymouth
to Wanganui, where he established himself in
business. He was a borough councillor for 15
years and mayor (188688), chairman of the
Waitotara county council and a member of the

hospital committee and harbour board. He
died on 3 Sep 1902.
Cyel. N.Z., vi.

LAISHLEY, RICHARD (1844-1907) was a son
of the Rev Richard Laishley (1816-97), who was
in charge of the Congregation Church at
Peartree Green, Southampton, before being
appointed by the Congregational Missionary so-
ciety in 1860 to come to Auckland. He came
by the Caduceus and laboured at Auckland,
Melbourne, Thames and Devonport.

The son was educated in Southampton. He
was articled in 1870 to Jackson and Russell,
Auckland, and being admitted to the bar in
1873, began to practise. He was at times a
member and chairman of the Auckland educa-
tion board and a governor of the Auckland
Grammar School. In 1883-84 he made an ex-
tensive tour abroad investigating educational
methods, his report being published as a par-
liamentary paper. He received the honorary
LL.D. of St Andrews University (1887), the
Ph.D. and M.A. of Leipzig, and several foreign
orders. In 1901 LaisWey gave evidence before
the federation commission. His published works
are mainly on education, but in 1881 he issued
a pampWet on the causes and cure of the ex-
odus of population from New Zealand. He
died in Sydney on 30 Jan 1907.

App. H.R., 1886 (ii), E 1, E 12; Butchers; Lash-
ley, op. cit.; Auckland Star, 6 Jan 1897.

LAKE, EDWARD (1838-1908) was born in
Kent, graduated at Wadham College, Oxford,
and then turned his attention to farming in his
native county. In 1875 he came to New Zea-
land, and in 1877 took up land at Ohaupo,
Waikato, where he farmed 1,170 acres He
served on several local bodies, and was chair-

479

 

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 257 End-----------------------

LAMB

man of the Waipa county council for many
years. In 1884 he was elected to Parliament
for Waipa in opposition to the Stont-Vogel
Government; and in 1891-93 he represented
Waikato (in opposition to the Ballance Govern-
ment). His later years Lake spent in Auckland,
where he was a member of the hospital and
charitable aid board. He died on 25 Feb 1908.

Cyl. N.z., ii (p); N.z. Herald, 26 Feb 1908. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

LAMB, ROBERT (1863-1907) was born at Ma.
takana, Auckland, and received most of his edu-
cation at the West Christchurch school and
Canterbury University College, where he grad-
uated M.A. Proceeding to Edinburgh, he grad-
uated M.D. and was ordained a minister of
the Presbyterian Church. He spent many years
2 a medical missionary in the New Hebrides.
Lamb published two books: Saints and
Savages and The Will of God. He died on 18
Jun 1907.
The Press, 19 Jun 1907.

LAMBERT, CHARLES (1809-82) held a com-
mission in the 62nd Regiment, from which he
retired as a captain in 1851. He became adju-
tant of the Hampshire militia during the
Crimean war and resigned again in 1857, when
he came to New Zealand, and took up land on
the Ruataniwha plains. He represented Waipu-
kurau in the Hawkes Bay Provincial Council
(1861-62, 1864-71), and Te Aute (1871-75).
From 1865-67 he was speaker.

Commissioned as major in the Napier Cavalry
volunteers in 1865, Lambert was in command
of two companies of militia at the attack on the
Hauhau force at Omarunui (Oct 1866). In the
advance on Puketapu (27 Oct) he assumed
command of the pursuing force and, against the
decision of a council of officers, he stopped the
pursuit and withdrew to Wairoa (3 Nov). Te
Kooti had evacuated Puketapu, and thus got off
to commit the massacre at Poverty Bay. Again,
when he brought a force to relieve Mohaka,
Lambert refused to advance inland and declined
to attack the position at Ora-kanihi, where the
Hauhau were in a state of intoxication. He
was a member of the Napier harbour board
and the Hawkes Bay land board. He died on
12 Oct 1882.

Hawkes Bay P.C. Proc.; Cowan; Gascoyne;
Lambert.

LANCE

LAMBERT, WILLIAM (1811-61) was born at
Exeter, England, and educated there under the
Rev John Mason. For some years he was con-
nected with the Chronicle and Morning Post,
in London. There he was a member of the Rev
D. Weir's church in River terrace, and took a
warm interest in the Sunday school. In 1852
he came to New South Wales and worked for
the Sydney Morning Herald. He gave up that
post because he objected to work on Sundays
and crossed to Auckland (1856). There Cap-
tain Cargill engaged him to help establish the
Otago Colonist, which he controlled till his
death.

Lambert represented Eastern District in the
Otago Provincial Council (1857-59), and was a
member of the executive in 1859. He lost his
seat owing to his views on state aid to educa-
tion. He died on 19 Dec 1861.

Otago P.C. Proc.; Hocken, Otago; Paul; Schole-

fidd, Union Catalogue; Otago Colonist, 27 Dec
1861.

LANCE, HENRY PORCHER (1830-86) was a
son of the Rev E. J. Lance, of Buckland St
Mary, Somersetshire. Coming to New Zealand
with his brother, J D. Lance (q.v.), he was in-
terested with him and the Mallocks in several
Canterbury properties, notably Four Peaks,
Heathstock and Horsley Downs. He took little
part in managing the stations, but was interested
in stud breeding and produced many fine
thoroughbred horses at Heathstock and Horsley
Downs. He was a daring and clever gentleman
rider and won many races both on the flat and
across country with Strike a Light, Emmeline
and Market Gardener. In England aso he
rode, as .Mr Dart: with notable success. In
Canterbury in partnership with Creyke he pur-
chased Henry Redwood's stud, including Lady
Bird and Miss Lee. In 1862 they won the Can-
terbury Cup with Revoke and the Derby with
Azucena ; in 1863 the Cup with Golden Cloud;
and in 1864 and 1865 the Derby (with Egre-
ment and Nebula). In 1868 Lance went to Eng-
land. On his return 10 years later he was joined
by Mallock and they owned some noted win-
ners, including Foul Play and Nemo.

Lance represented Sefton in the Canterbury
Provincial Council (1862-65). He married first
Miss Bradshaw, and second a daughter of the
Hon William Robinson (q.v.). He died on 19
May 1886.

480

 

LANCE

Acland; Canterbury PoCo Proc.; Lyttelton Times,
20 May 1886; The Press, 21 May 1886, 28 Jun 1930.
LANCE, JAMES DU PRE (1828-97) was born
at Boulogne, France, the son of the Rev Edwin
uJ. Lance, rector of Buckland St Mary, Somerset.
Intending to serve the East India Company, he
entered Addiscombe Military College, and in
1845 was commissioned as an ensign. On reach-
ing India (1848) he was posted to the 8th
Native Infantry, in which he shortly received
his lieutenancy (1855). Heis said to have pene-
trated into Tibet with an exploring party.

In 1856 Lance took advantage of his health
leave from India to visit the Mallock brothers
of Horsley Down, and was much attracted by
the country. He was recalled to India by the
outbreak of the Mutiny. On arrival at Calcutta
he found that his regiment had joined the ris-
ing, and, being a good linguist, he was attached
as interpreter to the 42nd Highlanders. He was
present at the relief of Lucknow and the cap-
ture of Cawnpore. After the Mutiny Lance
visited England and came again to New Zealand
with his brother, Henry Porcher Lance (qv.)
with the intention of settling in Canterbury.
They purchased first, in 1858, the Four Peaks
station, near Geraldine, but soon sold it and
bought into Horsley Down in association with
the Mallocks. Early in the sixties Lance went
on a visit to England and France. He married
(1862) a daughter of Captain T. Mallock, R.N.

On returning to New Zealand Lance bought
the Heathstock station, which was worked in
conjunction with the others, and erected on
it the fine homestead described in Lady Barker's
Station Life in New Zealand (1871). There he
lived the life of an English gentleman, enter-
taining lavishly. He paid great attention to
the improvement of his estate and laying out
plantations, erected 300 miles of fencing, and
with his brother took a great interest in stock
breeding. Lance was one of the best amateur
whips in the province. The names of Traducer,
Blood Royal, and Anteros are honorably asso-
ciated with the Heathstock and Horsley Down
stud.

Lance entered the Canterbury Provincial
Council for Sefton in succession to his brother,
who retired in 1865. He had no sooner entered
the Council than he was sought as a leader.
A vacancy having occurred in the superintend-
ency, the land-owning interest persuaded Lance

481
3

LANE
to stand as their candidate. The result was:

- Moorhouse 1,479, Lance 742, Travers 176. Just

after the election Lance had a buggy accident and
had to go to England for treatment. He had
accordingly to vacate his seat in the Provincial
Council, and eventually his membership of the
Legislative Council, to which he was called in
4865. He was away from the colony for 13
years. Most of -the time he lived at Dinant, in
Brittany, passing to and fro between France
and England in his study of comparative
methods of agriculture and land utilisation. He
had great success in growing root crops and
encouraging the French farmers to follow his
example.

Returning to New Zealand in 1879, he was
the first chairman of the Waipara road board
In 1884 he was elected to Parliament for
Cheviot, and he sat for that district until being
defeated by Richard Meredith in 1890. Lance
urged vigorous steps to combat the rabbit
danger (which was threatening north Canter-
bury with ruin). He assisted in the passing of
legislation with that object, and promoted the
Hurunui rabbit board, which protected the pro-
vince by erecting a wire-netting fence against
invasion from the north. Lance lost his Heath.
stock homestead by fire in 1889. His heavy com.
mitments in land about this time involved him.
in difficulties. In 1896 and the following year
the greater part of the estate was acquired by
the Government, and cut up into farms for dis-
posal on lease-in-perpetuity. Lance died on 28
May 1897. His widow died on2 Sep 1923.

Cycl. N.Z., iii; Cox; Acland; The Press, 29 May
1897,28 Jun 1990 (p).. Portrait: Parliament House.

LANDELS, ADAM (1840-87) was a native of
Berwickshire, where his father owned a farm at
Bankend. He was educated at the High School
in Edinburgh, and worked for some years in
the Bank of Scotland before coming to Otago
in 1858. Having purchased property at Stoney
Creek, Landels revisited Scotland and after
coming back farmed at Stoney Creek, Lakeside
and Otaria. He was member of the Provincial
Council for Tokomairiro (1866-67), and was for
many years a member of the Crichton road
board. He died on 8 Nov 1887.
Clutha Leader, 9 Nov 1887.

LANE, WILLIAM (1861-1917) was born in Bris-
tol. His father was a native of county Cork,

 

 

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 258 End-----------------------

LANE

Ireland, who became a Protestant after their re-
moval to Dublin. For some years he had a pros-
perous business as a nurseryman and gardener,
employing as many as 20 hands. He was a popu-
lar speaker, a member of the poor law guardians
and chairman of the Conservative working-
man's club, but dissipated his prospects in pub-
lic interests and insobriety. His wife, who came
of a West-country yeoman family, experienced
great difficulty in bringing up the family and
paying for their education. William was small
in build and slightly lame from birth. He at-
tended the Bristol Grammar School, where he
studied classics and passed the Oxford local ex-
amination before he was 14.

‘As a boy Lane was led to attend political
meetings and became a member of an Orange
clique, disturbing hostile gatherings, but he
early became his mother's confidant, noted the
unfavourable tendency of his father's affairs,
and determined to shift for himself. His first
post was as office boy in an art shop, followed
by asmall clerkship in a glue factory. He made
his first essay in journalism thus early, writing
in the Bristol Times and pfirroy a defence of
Lady Butler's paintings. His mother died in
1875. Two years later William sailed for
America and maintained himself for several
years at various occupations in the United States
and Canada. At the age of 20 he was promoted
reporter for a Canadian paper, and shortly
afterwards he martied Annie Mary Macquire, a
member of the staff (granddaughter of a Scots
professor). Meanwhile Lane's brother John,
who had won a scholarship at Colston's hospital,
and had studied in London the business of a
nurgeryman, had decided to emigrate with his
family’ to Australia. William's experience in
America had completed the education of a
radical and, thoroughly convinced of the hope-
less future in England for people of his class,
he agreed to go with John.

The two families sailed in the Quetta. Soon
after reaching Brisbane Lane got a start in
|gurnalism by reporting a dance for the Figaro

is breezy and sympathetic accounts of the tem-
perance lectures of R. T. Booth commended
him to the Courier, and before long he had a
lucrative connection with these papers, the
Leader and other Australian journals. As
labour writer for the Evening Observer he
spread his doctrines of communism and social-

LANE

ism to such effect that before long he was in the
inner councils of the labour movement. He
preached a vigorous nationalism for Australia,
believing that living conditions could only be
improved by confining their attention to.AUs-
tralian affairs. In 1885, mainly through his in-
fluence, the Brisbane trades and labour coun-
cil was established, which soon embraced seven
unions and 6,000 members, and in the follow-
ing year the Maritime League was founded jn.
corporating all branches of sea labour #9 the
five colonies of Australia and New Zealand. At
this stage Lane wes rabidly anti-British and re-
publican, but he resisted the inclusion of pro-
tection in the platform of the labour move-
ment, until events converted him on this point.

In 1887, with Alfred Walker, a compositor,
he founded the Boomerang, which openly de-
fended the association of labour and liberalism,
advocated Australian nationalism, and grad-
ually worked out Lane's theories of universal
co-operation and land nationalisation. He
turned from Fabianism to the cult of Henry
George, firmly believing that liberty was depen-
dent on the right to earn a livelihood from the
soil. He wished Australia to be left alone, 8
an independent republic free of British im-
perialism. This gradually brough.t him round
to protection as a measure of natlOnalism; He
was also passionately opposed to the @dmission
of Chinese to Australia and in 1889 published
a serial story descriptive of a civil war in 1908
between the Australians and Chinese. A libel
action brought successfully against the Boome-
rang in 1888 by a political candidat.e disclosed
the great influence Lane now had 11 Queens-
land politics. His emotional prose was typlCd
of the labour movement of the day. He still
believed in the trades union movement as the
means of gaining labour ends, and insisted that
labour leaders must be sober men, abstainers
for preference. His 9,000 subscribers were large-
ly members of the shearers’ union. In 1888 a
trades unionist (T. Glassey) was elected to Par-
liament although the Boomerang was the only
paper which supported him. The trades and
labour council developed in 1889 into the Aus-
tralian Labour Federation.

In 1889 Lane disposed of the Boomerang to
Gresley Lukin (qv.), in order to accept the
editorship of a new paper, the Worker, founded
by the unions with a commencing circulation of

 

482

 

LANE

13,000. This involved a personal sacrifice for
Lane, who gave up a connection worth £600
a year for a salary of £3 a week. In the new
monthly, signing himself ‘John Miller,’ he
worked frantically for his vision of the co-opera-
tive state, and moved perceptibly towards the
political sphere for labour aims. The Workers’
Political Organisation Conference in 1891
claimed 15,000 adherents, and Lane succeeded
in bringing women into the movement. At this
time he considered compulsory arbitration
merely a device of the capitalists to make wage-
slavery permanent; he advocated voluntary
agreements with the employers. During the
series of strikes inaugurated by that of the
shearers in 1889 Lane was sent to South Aus-
tralia a a delegate of the general executive
of the Australian Labour Federation to compose
the differences of the five great pastoral unions.
Throughout these strikes he directed operations,
organised relief and published his great pro-
paganda novel The Workingman's Paradise
(1892). It was in these days that he overcame
his aversion to public speaking, and appeared
on the soapboax so effectively that when the
strikes failed the Daily Telegraph (Brisbane)
demanded his arrest. His conviction of the in-
evitability of socialism-the workers owning and
operating the means of production-was adopted
by the A.L.F. in a manifesto which demanded
the nationalisation (at a fair valuation) of all
sources of wealth and means of producing and
exchanging wealth; pensions for children, aged
and invalid persons, and the eight-hour day.

Lane had a part aso in the formulation of the
People's Parliamentary Platform adopted by the
Labour Federation. Throughout these years he
urged the passing of village settlement bills.
He continued to insist on the sobriety of labour
leaders and was able to point to the outstand-
ing success of the Queensland labour movement,

which was directed by total abstainers.

Labour had considerable suocess at the elec
tions, but Lane was soon disappointed with
their political conduct. In his disappointment
he talked of the establishment of a collectivist,
colony which should be a demonstration of
his social views. In May 1890 application was
made for suitable land at Wilcannia. Copeland,
the Minister for Lands in New South Wales,
was disposed to make provision for a co-opera-
tive colony, but he was over-ruled on a technical

LANE

point. Meanwhile ingwnes made by Alfred
Walker in South America commenced to yield
hopeful replies. The plan was looked upon
favourably by Australian unionists before the
strike of 1891, and later in the year it was
developed in a pamphlet. Lane, who regarded
socialism as practical Christianity, lost confi-
dence in the political machine. He believed
that in *New Australia’ they could achieve
socidiism at once and afford an object lesson
to Australian reformers. A committee was set
up with him as chairman, and an invitation was
extended to thrifty and sober men and women,
bushmen for preference, to realise their assets
and join the movement. In a very short time
£30,000 was paid in and a picked band of
pioneers, including John Lane and his wife, and
James Murdoch (of the Brisbane Grammar
School, afterwards a professor in Japan) were
ready to sail.

Lane was unrestrained in his devotion to the
cause of communism and his energy in organ-
ising the colony. Alfred Walker cabled in Jan
1892 that he had been offered a grant of 40
leagues of land in Paraguay, 130 miles from
Asuncion; immunity from customs taxation for
40 years; and free rail transport, on condition
that 800 families were settled within four years.
The New Australia Settlement Association Com-
pany was registered at Lane's house in Brisbane
(removing later to Wagga, and eventually to
Sydney). The articles of association provided
for communal and co-operative ownership and
operation of all the means of production and ex-
change; community sanitation and education:
community maintenance of children (under the
guardianship of their parents); the division of
the surplus production amongst the settlers
without regard to age, sex or physical or mental
capacity; complete sex equality and individual
and religious freedom. The sole executive auth-
ority was vested in a director elected by a two-
thirds vote in a general ballot; with an advisory
board of superintendents similarly elected. Lane
resigned the editorship of the Worker to carry
on the organisation, and by May 1893, despite
obstruction by governments and some salfish
dilatoriness on the part of the workers, the first
batch of Pioneers was ready for embarkation.
The barque Royal Tar, 598 tons, which had
been in the South American trade, was pur-
chased for £1,200, and she eventually sailed

483

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 259 End-----------------------

LANE

(Jul 1893) with more than 200 emigrants, the
pick of Australian workers. Lane had been
elected director. On 13 Sep the Royal Tar
arrived at Monte Video and 220 passengers and
460 tons of their belongings were transferred to
the river steamer for their destination 1,200
miles distant.

In Dec Lane registered the Association's title
to 225,000 acres of land, and received from the
government of Paraguay the powers of a magis-
trate and governor of a separate district, so that
the colonists should be free from interference
by local administrators. The settlers started
erecting their homes and dearing the land for
cultivation, and the various organisations of
government, which had been discussed on the
voyage, were put into operation. The debates
on the voyage had unfortunately created a par-
tisanship which became accentuated in the col-
ony. Complaint was made that Lane was too
puritanical in his judgment of human frailties.
In Dec 1898 three members were expelled by
Lane for misconduct, and a few weeks later 85
seceded in a body.

Meanwhile the Royal Tar made a second
voyage with 200 settlers, under Gilbert Casey.
Casey soon became leader of the opposition to
the policy adopted by Lane, and eventually re-
turned to Australia to take over the assets of
the Association there.

In May 1894, less than a year after leaving
Australia, Lane himself, feeling that individual-
ism was becoming too aggressive, seceded with
60 followers to found an independent com-
munistic settlement. His own opinions were
becoming strongly Christian and he took a more
religious view of the Labour movement, and
represented Communism as the law of God
The seceders purchased 15,000 acres of land I!
miles from the small town of Caazapa, where
they established their new settlement of Cosme
in Jul 1894. Though they suffered great pri-
vations at first, the settlers lived in unruffled
amity and made a marked success of their
settlement. Within a few years they had estab-
lished such essential industries as dairying,
tanning, sawmilling and brickmaking. In 1896
the government recognised their success by en-
larging the boundaries and reimbursing the
payments made for the land. I1n 1897 the popu-
lation had increased to 131.

Lane had a severe illness in 1895, and in the

LANE

following year paid a visit to England to re-
cruit new settlers, preferably skilled mechanics.
He now began to fea that even the colonists
of Cosme were not sufficiently religious in their
outlook and tended to run the colony on purely
material lines. Early in 1899 his wife was seri-
ously ill. He had a growing conviction that he
was not taking sufficient thought for the future
of his family, and eventually he decided to
withdraw from Cosme and leave Paraguay for
good, to continue his work through the press
and to earn money to repay liabilities he had
incurred on behalf of the settlement.

Accordingly he took his departure (on 2 Aug
1899) for England on his way to New Zealand.
He had accepted employment on the New Zea-
land Herald when he received an invitation
from the Australian Workers’ Union to be the
first full-time editor of the Worker (Sydney).
His acceptance of this post was announced on
20 Jan 1900. It was a short-lived engagement.
Disillusioned by what he had gone through,
and impatient of the results of labour's political
activities, he soon found himself out of tune
with current philosophies. His intense nati onal-
ism, which formerly had expressed itself in an
anti-British direction, now made him a fervent
supporter of British policy in South Africa. This
caused hostility to his management of the
Worker, and in May 1900 he retired, came to
Auckland, and joined the staff of the conser-
vative New Zealand Herald as leader-writer.
His ‘Tohunga’ articles, which began on 9
Jun 1900, were characterised by an old-fashioned
conservatism, with a strong tinge of humanity
and burning loyalty to the British connection.
That he should have been the head and front
of the National Defence League, which was
formed in 1906 to promote universal military
training in New Zealand, was no departure from
his earlier nationalism, which exulted in the
belief that the military training of her citizens
made Australia at last free from any fear of
invasion.

Lane became editor of the Herald in 1913
and held that post until his death on 26 Aug
4917.

Australian Rev. of Reviews, iii, p. 276; Fairfax,
A Century of Journalism, p. 338; W. Lloyd Ross,
William Lane and the Australian Labour Move-
ment; T. A. Coghlan, Labour and Industry in Aus-
tralia; A. St Ledger, Australian Socialism; Stewart

484

 

LANG

Graham, Where Socialism Failed; W. K. Hancock,
Australia; May Gilmore, Old Days and Old Ways

and More Recollections; Otago Daily Times, 15 .

‘Sep 1916; NZ. Herald, 26 Aug, 1 Sep 1917, et pass.

LANG, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1852-
1937) was born and educated at Blackheath,
London, and came to New Zealand at the age
of 19. Mter a careful inspection of the province
of Auckland he took up land at Tuhikaramea,
on the Waipa river, where he farmed success-
fully for along period. He was chairman of the
Tuhikaramea road board, the Waipa county
council and the hospital and charitable aid
board.

In 1893 he was elected M.H.R. for Waipa (de-
feating Gerald Peacocke) and at the following
election he gained the new Waikato seat, which
he held until 1905 (when he was unseated by
H. J. Greenslade). The death of Kirkbride a
few months later made a vacancy in Manukau,
and he represented that district until 1922
(when he was defeated by W. J. Jordan). Lang
was a hard-working member of parliamentary
committees, notably those on lands, agriculture
and stock. He was for some years senior Reform

_whip; and in 1912 chairman of committees. In
the following year he succeeded Guinness as
Speaker of the House and held that position
until 1923. (K.B. 1916) In 1924 Lang was
aalled to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member at his death (on 5 Mar 1937).

NZ.P.D., 10 Sep 1937; Who's Who NZ., 1908,

1924, 1932; NZ. Herald, 6 Mar 1937. Portrait:
Parliament’ House.
LARKWORTHY, FALCONER (1833-1928) was
the son of a surgeon and was born at Wey-
mouth, England, educated partly at the Liver-
pool Institute, and at the age of 16 entered the
countinghouse of a firm of East India merchants
in London. In 1852 he joined the Oriental
Bank Corporation, and was sent out as sub-
accountant to a new branch in Mauritius. III-
health led him to Australia in 1855, and from
the management of the agency at Beechworth
he was sent to New Zealand in 1861. There
he received instructions to wind up the busi-
ness of the Oriental Bank

Later in the year he opened a branch of the
Bank of New Zealand. In his book Ninety-One
Years (published in 1924), he describes the
straits to which he was reduced to provide
currency for the purchase of gold from miners

LARNACH

‘on the new fields, then at the height of their
prosperity. He opened an agency at Wether-
stones, where he bought gold for notes. In his
absence with the escort in Dunedin, a run oc-
curred and he had to hasten back to arrest
it. At the end of the year he returned to. Eng-
land, where he was for almost 30 years manag-
ing director of the Bank of New Zealand. Lark-
worthy was c6ncerned in the flotation and
management of the New Zealand Loan and
Mercantile Agency Co., of which he was man-
aging director from 1866 to 1890; the Waikato
Land association and the Auckland Agricultural
Co. From 1863 he was connected with the Com-
mercial Assurance Co. a

In 1898 he became a director of the lonian
Bank, and in 1900 chairman. In 1903 the King
of Greece made him a commander of the order
of the Saviour for his services. Larkworthy
died on 22 May 1928.

Larkworthy, op. cit. (p), and N.Z. Revisited
(1881); Ross; J. G. Wilson; Preshaw; Beauchamp.

LARNACH, WILLIAM JAMES MUDIE (1838-
98) was born at Castle Forbes, on the Hunter
river, New South Wales, his father (James Lar-
nach) having arrived in the Colony in 1822
as a cadet to Major Innes. Young Larnach was
educated at Hetherington’s High School, Single-
ton, Patrick Plains and Sydney College. As a
boy he visited the goldfield discovered by Har-
greaves, near Bathurst, and worked for four
months on the Turon fidd. He spent some
years on the land, and about 1863 entered the
service of the Bank of New South Wales, even-
tually becoming manager of the Geelong
branch. In 1866-67 he paid an extended visit
to Europe with his family, and shortly after re-
turning was offered from London the chief
colonial management of the Bank of Otago.
Larnach arrived in Dunedin in Sep 1867, and
was successful until the London board agreed
on a merger of the bank with the National.
He remained in the service of the National for
a year, and then retired to join Walter Guthrie
in Guthrie and Larnach, ironmongers, hardware
merchants and sawmillers. The firm languished
in the eighties, and in 1887 Larnach went to
Melbourne to start in business with Montague
Pym. He soon returned to Dunedin, and was
a director of the Colonial Bank until it merged
in tlle Bank of New Zealand,

485

 

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 260 End-----------------------
LARNACH

Larnach was first induced to offer himself
for Parliament in 1875, when he contested the
Peninsula seat against Stout, and was defeated
by II votes. At the general election next year
he came forward for the City of Dunedin as a
strong anti-abolitionist and was'returned, with
Stout and Macandrew. During the session of
1877 he moved the vote of no-confidence which
resulted in the defeat of the Whitaker-Atkinson
Government and was sent for by the Governor
(Normanby). When Grey formed his ministry
Larnach was Colonial Treasurer and Minister
of Public Works and Railways. His financial
policy included the nationalising of the land
funds of the provinces. At the request of his
colleagues he resigned his two principal port-
folios and went to England early in 1878 to
float a three-million loan. This he succeeded
in doing, and he also arranged that the Bank
of England should act as agents for'such trans-
actions instead of the private banking houses
as hitherto. As one of the two commissioners
from New Zealand to the Paris Exhibition of
1878 he spent several months in France. In
1879 he received the C.M.G. Meanwhile his
colleagues had put in his resignation without
calling him to the Council, and when he re-
turned to New Zealand he was out of Parlia-
ment for two years. In Nov 1882 a vacancy
occurred for the Peninsula seat through the
death of the sitting member, and Larnach was
returned, his principal opponent being Bishop
Moran (q.v.). He declined to join the first
Stout-Vogel Government in 1884. In Jan 1885
he was invited to join the second and (an con-
dition that he had a free hand in developing
mining) he accepted the portfolios of Mines
and Marine, which he administered capably
for more than two years. A promise to call
him to the Legislative Council was not hon-
oured, and he represented the Peninsula con-
tinuously until 1890. In that year the rising
power of Labour, to which (although a Liberal)
he would make no concessions, led to his defeat
by Earnshaw. In 1893 Larnach contested Waka-
tipu against Fraser (without success), but on the
death of Pyke he won the Tuapeka seat against
M. J. & Mackenzie (Jul 1894). He was a help-
ful critic of financial legislation, and suggested
to Ward a means of financing advances to set-
tlers without charging more than 3 per cent.
interest. In 1891 he was chairman of the royal

LAUPER

commission on the public trust. He was re
elected for Tuapeka in 1896. Larnach's activi-
ties in the financial world were wide and varied.
Besides his own business in Dunedin, he was
one of the promoters of the National Insurance
Co. and a director until his death. He was a
promoter of the Colonial Bank, and a director
until he left the Colony in 1887, and again
from his return until its amalgamation with
the Bank of New Zealand. He was a director
of the Kaitangata Coal Co. (1881-92).

Larnach married (1859) Eliza Jane (d. 1880),
daughter of Richard Guise (New South Wales).
In 1882 he married Mary Cockburn (d. 1887),
daughter of R. J. Alleyne (Murrumbidgee, New
South Wales). In 1891 he married Constance,
daughter of A. de B. Brandon (q.v.). He died
‘on 12 Oct 1898.

NZ.P.D,, 13 Oct 1898; Parltry Record: Cyel
N.Z.,1 (p); Ross; Gisborne; Saunders; N.Z. Herald,
28 Oct 1898; Otago Daily Times and Evening Sar,
43 Oct 1898. Portrait: Parliament House.

LATTER, EDWARD CIRCUIT (1829-96) was
born at Wicken, Cambridgeshire. He came to
New Zealand in the Travancore (1851), worked
for a while in Christchurch and on Innes's
station in South Canterbury; then opened a
quarry on the Port Hills and started a dairy
farm at Governors Bay. He represented Heath-
cote in the Provincial Council (1860-61). In
1862 he settled at Akaroa as a merchant and
shipping agent, and acquired the steamer Wai-
nui to maintain a service between the bays and
Lyttelton. In 1876 he extended his operations
to Barry's Bay, where he took up 2,000 acres
and opened a sawmill. In 1879 he was ap-
pointed land tax commissioner, and in 1884
official assignee, which positions he held to 1889.
Latter was chairman of the Akaroa county coun-
cil and road board and a member of the Elles
mere trust. He was a J.p., a synodsman and a
freemason. He married (1854) Mary Elizabeth
(1838-94), daughter of Samuel Gundry (who ar-
rived in the Steadfast 1851). Latter died on 4
Sep 1896.

Cycl. N.Z., iii; Stack, Barly Maoriland Adven-
tures, and More Adventures; Lyttelton Times, 27
Jun 1894, 5 Sep 1896.

LAUPER, JAKOB, or LOUPER, belonged to
Giffers, canton Freiburg, Switzerland, and came
to New Zealand in 1863. He was engaged with

486

 

LAURENSON

J. H. Whitcombe (qv.) in exploration of the
routes to the West Coast when the latter was
drowned. Lauper's report of the exploration
appears in the Cante,'bury Provincial Gazette
(1863, vol x, no. 10). He received a grant of
£100 from the province for his services. Some
years later he returned to his native land, which
he again left in 1884 or 1885 for New Zealand.

Canterbury p.e. Proc,,ii, p 214; Canterbury Gaz..
cit.; Lands and Survey’ dept’ (information): Dob-
son; Harrop, Westland; Cyel. N.Z.,i, 1023; Lyttel-
ton Times, 11 Jul 1863.

LAURENSON, GEORGE (1857-1913) was born
in Edinburgh, and educated at a private school
in the Shetland islands. He served for a short
time in the office of a ship chandler in Glas-
gow before coming to New Zealand with his
parents in 1876. Here he studied for the civil
service, but took employment with R. Forbes
and Co., ships’ store merchants at Lyttelton,
and eventually became a partner. He retired
in 1906.

Laurenson was a member of the Lyttelton
borough council, and chairman of the school
committee and the harbour board. In 1899
‘he won the Lyttelton parliamentary seat as an
independent Liberal. For some years he gave
a, general support to the Seddon Government,
but about 1905, ‘with T. E. Taylor, H. D. Bed-
ford and F. M. B. Fisher, he withdrew to form
an independent wing known as the New lib-
efals. He was Minister of Marine, Labour and
Customs in the Mackenzie Government of 1912,
but thereafter was a private member till his
death (on 19 Nov 1913). Laurenson was deeply
interested in social movements, and devoted
much time to temperance reform, the sailors’
home in Lyttelton, and the Boys Gordon club
(from which the Gordon Hall in Christchurdl
sprang). He was an elder of St Paul's Presby-
terian Church in Christchurch, and of St John's
in Lyttelton, and was associated with Sunday
school work for a long period. He was also
chief of the Scottish society, took much interest
in the development and beautifying of Lyttel-
ton and was a keen yachtsman, owning tile
Fleetwing.

N.Z.P.0., 19 Nov 1913; Lyttelton Times and The
Press, 20 Nov 1913.

LAVAUD, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1798-1878)
was born at Lorient, France, and entered the

LAVAUD

French Navy as an apprentice in the frigate
" Nymphe in 1810. He served in India (1811),
in the frigate Junon in the Greek war of in-
dependence (1826-28) and later commanded
thePhilomene (1829-31), the Endymion, Cui-
rassieT, Aube and Bonite. (Ensign 1819; lieu-
tenant 1825; captain 1832; post-captain 1840.)
Before sailing for the Pacific in command of
the Aube in 1839, Lavaud was called into con-
ference by the Minister of Marine to discuss
the protection proposed to be extended to the
Nanto-Bordelaise Company in New Zealand
and the whale fisheries His orders were to
hoist the French flag only at Akaroa. Lavaud
arrived at Bay of Islands on 10 Jul 1840, and
met Captain Hobson (with whom he discussed
his intentions), Bishop Pompallier, de Thierry
and others. In view of his statements Hobson
despatched the brig Britomart on 22 Jul to take
a magistrate to Akaroa, so that a British court
of justicemight bein existence when the French
arrived. The BritomaTt reached her destination
on 10 Aug, and five days later the Aube ap-
peared off the harbour and was towed in by
the British ship's boats. On the 17th the
Comte de Paris arrived with the French immi-
grants, who landed two days later. When the
BritomaTt left, on the 27th, Lavaud co-operated
cordially with the magistrate (C. B. Robinson)
in maintaining order in the settlement, even
to the extent of landing a police guard to en-
force the regulations they had agreed upon.
Hobson, arriving on a visit on 12 Sep 1841, ap-
preciated the tactful manner in which Lavaud
had conducted himself, and, since the question
was still being discussed between the two gov-
erments, he agreed not to weaken Lavaud's
authority with the French people by hoisting
the British flag on shore.

Lavaud terminated his commission in New
Zealand in 1843 and returned to France. His
conduct was warmly approved by the Minister
of Marine and he was advanced to the rank
of an officer of the Legion of Honour (1842).
In 1846 he was appointed governor of the
French establishments in Oceania, commander
of the frigate Sirene and the naval squadron
‘on the station. In 1849 he returned to France,
and in 1856 was appointed second in command
of the squadron of evolutions and later to
command the firs division of the squadron.
In 1860 he was appointed to the general staff.

487

 

 

-----------------------Page 261 End-----------------------

LAWRENCE

Lavaud died on 11 Mar 1878. A street in Wel-
lington is named after him.

G.B.O.P., 1841/311; 1842/569; Ministere de a
Marine (Service Historique); Buick, French at
‘Akaroa and Waitangi; Scholefield, Hobson.

LAWRENCE, BURTON CHARLES, was born in

London and came to New Zealand in the

Joseph Fletcher (1853). He was engaged in his

trade in New Plymouth, and represented the

town in the Provincial Council (1866-73).
Parltry Record.

LAWRENCE, JAMES, was born at Hythe, Kent,
in 1826, educated there and joined the cus-
toms at Folkestone. He came to New Zealand
with H. & Tiffen in the Westminster in 1856,
and became his manager at Homewood, Kai-
koura. He afterwards purchased a portion of
this estate and carried it on as a sheep run
till 1886. Lawrence was in the Hawkes Bay
Provincial Council for Te Aute in 1875. He
was chairman of the Kaikoura road board
school committee and licensing committee, a
justice of the peace and president of the Wai-
pawa Racing club. He married (1866) a
daughter of Captain Brown, R.N., of Sligo,
Ireland.

Parltry Record; Cycl. N.I., vi (p).

LAWRY, FRANK (1844-1921) was born at
Bleadon, Somerset, the son of a farmer and
Methodist minister. Educated at Weston-super-
Mare, he arrived in New Zealand .by the
Ulcoates (1863) and engaged in farming. He
was chairman of the Epsom road board and the
Epsom school committee, was on the Auckland
education board (1885-87), and some time presi-
dent of the Agricultural and Pastoral society.
After contesting the South Franklin and Manu-
kau seats in 1881 and 1884 (against Hamlin
and O'Rorke), Lawry in 1887 was elected for
the Franklin South seat in Parliament. At the
election of 1890 he won Parnell, which he held
until his retirement in 1911. Lawry was senior
whip (1891-94) and chairman of the agricul-
tural and stock committee. He died on 19
Jan 1921

N.LLP.D., pass, 11 Mar 1921; Who's Who N.l.,
1908; N.I. Herald, 20 Jan 1921. Portrait: Parlia-
ment House.

LAWRY, HENRY HASSALL (1821-1906), a son
of Walter Lawry (q.v.), was born at Parramatta

LAWRY

in 1821, and spent six years at the Kingswood
School near Bristol (for the children of Wes-
leyan ministers). In 1836 he was apprenticed
to a printer, and he was a journeyman when
the family returned to New Zealand (1843)
Lawry joined the mission forthwith, and was
received into the ministry in 1845. During the
next four years he was engaged with Buddle
in organising and teaching at the native in-
stitutions at Grafton road and Three Kings.
He then took charge of the mission station
at Waima, where he remained until it was
broken up by the war (1864). The native
institutions were suspended for the same rea
son, and during 1864-79 Lawry did supernum-
etary work in and about Auckland. Then at
the suggestion of Sir George Grey he was ap-
pointed an interpreter in the native land court.

From the time he returned to Auckland his”

home at Carlton Gore was a centre of the evan-
gelical alliance. He was from 1866 secretary
of the Auckland auxiliary of the British and
Foreign Bible Society, and in 1892 was elected
a life governor of the parent body. For 30
years he was secretary of the Educational In-
stitution, afterwards known as Prince Albert
College, of which he was aso a trustee. He
edited and put through the press a Maori ser-
vice book and assisted Maunsell (q.v.) in re
vising and printing the Maori Bible. He died
on 8 May 1906, His son, the Rev Arner
CHARLES Laway, was president of the New Zea
land conference in 1916.

Who's Who N.I., 1924; Morley; N.I. Herald, 9
May 1906.

LAWRY, SAMUEL (1854-1933) was born at
Bodmin, Cornwall, and came to New Zealand
with his parents in 1862. From the yeoman
stock of Cornish Methodism he inherited a
stalwart frame and a virile intellect. He joined
the Methodist Church when 10 years old and
became a local preacher in 1872. He pursued
his studies first under the Rev J. B. Richardson
and later at Three Kings College. In 1877 he
began his ministry at Rangitikel, and for 34
years served in various circuits. For seven years
he rode over 4,000 miles a year on horseback.
In 1881 he married Janet McHardie, of the
Hutt (who died 1920).

On seven occasions Lawry was secretary of
conference, and he became president of the

488

 

LAWRY

New Zealand conference in 1904. He also
served as chairman of synods and was assis
tant secretary to the general conference of
Australasia. He excelled in ecclesiastical states-
manship, and was well versed in the principles
and policy of his Church. In 1911 he was ap-
pointed connexional secretary. He led the
movement for an independent self-governing
conference for New Zealand, and had a large
share in promoting the Methodist Union within
New Zealand, in recognition of which he was
elected president of the United conference in
1913. He became secretary and managing
treasurer of the supernumerary fund and busi-
ness manager of the Methodist Times. For some
years he was on the board of governors of Can-
terbury College, and he was a member of the
Boys Gordon Hall trust established by Sir John
Hall.

Lawry was superannuated in 1927, and was
succeeded by the Rev M. A. Rugby Pratt.
He died on 26 Jul 1933. MA.RP.

LAWRY, WALTER (1793-1859). Born at
Ruthern Bridge, near Bodmin, Cornwall, on
3 Aug 1793, Lawry was the son of a devout
yeoman farmer. Received into the Methodist
ministry at the conference of 1817, he was ap-
pointed as the second Wesleyan missionary in
Australia to be colleague to Samuel Leigh
(qv.). He sailed in the convict ship Lady
Castlereagh, and arrived at Port Jackson on 1
May 1818. He laboured at Parramatta with
Leigh until 1820, when the mission was divided
into three circuits, and he was appointed to
Parramatta. In 1819 he married Miss Hassall,
daughter of a pioneer missionary to Tahiti, and
sister of Marsden's son-in-law, the Rev Thomas
Hassall. Owing to a difference amongst the sub-
soribers as to opening the chapel to all Non-
conformists, Lawry built it mainly at his own
expense on a site given by Governor Macquarie.

Meeting at Parramatta the widow of Shelley,
one of the survivors of the pioneer mission to
Tonga (1797), Lawry became interested in this
far fidd. As a result he succeeded in moving
the British conference in 1820 to appoint him.
with another to labour in Tonga. Without wait-
ing for his colleague to be appointed, he sailed
in the hired ship St Michael, with his wife and
two artisans and a few cattle presented by Gov-
ernor Brisbane. He reached the Bay of Islands

LAWRY

on 12 Jul 1822 and remained till the 28th. On
16 Aug he landed at Nukualofa. Land for the
mission was given by a son of the first Tugi,
who, however, declined to protect the mission.
After undergoing many annoyances, and the
climate from which the health of his wife suf-
fered, Lawry was obliged to leave the group. He
reached Sydney on 23 Oct 1823. The mission
was reopened in 1826 by two Tahitian con-
verts, and Lawry's successors arrived shortly
afterwards.

In 1824 Lawry proceeded to England, where
he spent the years 182544 in circuit work.
In 1843 he was appointed general superinten-
dent of the Wesleyan missions in New Zee
land and visitor to those of Polynesia, a posi-
tion he held for 11 years. He reached New
Zealand on 17 Mar 1844, at a critical time in
the relations with the Maori. The great tribal
meeting was held at Remuera shortly after-
wards, and a few months later war broke out
in the north, causing the temporary closing of
many mission stations. Meanwhile Lawry was
closely engaged in the organisation of the
church in Auckland for both races. Sectional
meetings were held all over the district. Lawry,
always mindful of the Maori, proposed to Sir
George Grey the establishment of an institution
for the training of native boys and girls,
teachers and ministers, the outcome of which
was the model school at Three Kings and Wes-
ley College in Auckland. There a large num-
ber of youths were trained in the rudiments of
English education and Christian knowledge and
in industrial pursuits.

During these years Lawry paid two visits to
Tonga and Fiji (1847 and 1850) in the new
mission ship John Wesley (which had replaced
the Triton in 1846). In her also he went to
England in 1849, with the Rev William Williams
and Tamihana te Rauparaha a fellow pas-
sengers.

After his return to New Zealand he assisted
in the formation of the Australasian Wesleyan
Methodist conference. In 1854 he was superan-
uated and moved to New South Wales. Lawry
died at Parramatta on 30 Mar 1859, leaving a
mark on the history of his church. He was
a man of robust constitution and manner, a
powerful preacher and able administrator. His
widow died at Auckland 9 Dec 1877, aged 89.
Amongst his publications were narratives of his

489

 

-----------------------Page 262 End-----------------------

LAZAR

two visits to the Friendly Islands and Fiji.

Morley; Marsden, Lieutenants; Ramsden; M.
A. R. Pratt (information); Lawry, op. cit.; Men
nell; Buller.

LAZAR, JOHN (1801-79) was born at Edin-
burgh, and arrived in New South Wales by the
Lady McNaughten (1836). There he engaged
in the theatrical profession till 1851, leasing
and managing theatres in Australia and play-
ing in his own productions. He then went into
business as a jeweller in Adelaide, was an alder-
man of the City Council (1853-55 and 1857-59)
and mayor (1855-57). In 1863 Lazar left for
New Zealand, having lived for 24 years in
South Australia. He was clerk of the Dunedin
town board (1863-65) and town clerk (1865-
66), and on resigning to live in Hokitika re-
received a gratuity of £200. He was town clerk
of Hokitika (1866), county treasurer (1873),
and eventually provincial treasurer. Lazar was
very prominent in freemasonry, into which he
was initiated in Sydney in 1838. In South Aus
tralia he was deputy provincial grandmaster;
and he was provincial district grand-master for
Westland (1871-79). He was a member of the
Jewish community. His death occurred on 8
Jun 1879.

City of Adelaide Alunicipal Yearbook (1920);
Barclay; Grey River Argus, 9 lun 1879.

LEADLEY, GEORGE WILLIAM (1856-1933),
who was born in Yorkshire, came to New Zea
land in 1863 by the Lancashire Witch. His
father, C. R. Leadley, was one of the early set-
tlers of Courtenay, Canterbury. In 1877 he
bought and at Ashburton, which he sold to the
Government as the Valverde estate in 1911
and moved to Eglin.

In public life Leadley served as chairman of
the Wakanui road board and school committee
and of the Ashburton Agricultural and Pastoral
association, and as a member of the Ashburton
county council, and of the licensing committee.
He took a prominent part in establishing the
Fairfield freezing works and the Ashburton Co-
operative Dairy Co. In 1901 he formed at Ash-
burton the first South Island branch of the New
Zealand Farmers’ Union, of which he became
local and Dominion president.

Leadley was for many years a prominent local
preacher in the Methodist Church, and was
elected president of the New Zealand local

LEE

preachers’ association. He married in 1881,
Elizabeth, daughter of William Paterson, of
Prebbleton, and 1901, Elizabeth, daughter of
William Fleming, of Ashburton. Leadley died
on 15 Nov 1933.

Who's Tho No2., 1924, 1932; Ashburton Guard-
ial, 16 Nov .1933.

LEARY, RICHARD HENRY (1840-95) was born
at Southall, Middlesex, and educated at an de-
mentary private school in London. In 1854 he
emigrated to Victoria, where he spent some
years on the gold diggings, in the bush and
in merchants’ offices in Ballarat and Melbourne.
For a while he represented his firm in Geelong
In Sep 1861 he came to Otago, spent a few
months on the goldfields and then became man-
ager for R. Wilson and Co. in Dunedin. In
4865 he moved to Hokitika, but a few years
later was back in Dunedin as accountant to
Driver, McLean and Co. On the dissolution of
that firm (1871) he started in business as a
public accountant and estate agent, and for
some years was also provincial trustee in bank-
ruptcy. In 1878 he entered into partnership
with Horace Bastings, as Bastings, Leary and
Co., auctioneers and agents, afterwards continu-
ing on his own account. He formed the accoun-
tants’ institute.

Leary was a member of the Dunedin City
Council (1875). In 1877 he was elected mayor,
but resigned a few months later when the
Council refused to support him in a contest
with the town clerk on the method of keeping
the city accounts. He was re-elected on that
occasion and again in 1886. In the latter term
of office the foundation stone of the town hall
was laid and the Silverstream water supply was
adopted. In 1890 Leary contested the Dunedin
City seat in Parliament (without success). He
was a member of the first parliamentary union
in Dunedin, and speaker when it was revived
in 1893. For some time he was secretary of the
Otago Central Railway league. He was man-
ager of the Otago Guardian and from the for-
mation of the Otago Daily Times Co. in 1878
he was a director. His death occurred on 16
May 1895 while he was in London as agent for
the raising of a Dunedin city loan.

Otago Daily Times, 11 lun 1895.

LEE, EDWARD JAMES (1822-83) was born in
London, where he was engaged in a bank be

490

 

 

LEE

fore coming to Nelson (1848). In 1849, with
Edward Jollie, he took up Mt Parnassus station,.
near which in 1859 William Jones discovered
the Hanmer springs. Lee and Jollie drove
4,800 sheep through from Nelson to the Wai-
au-ua, taking two months and losing only 3
per cent. Lee moved to Southbridge in 1862,
and was a member of the road board for a long
period, and chairman of the Selwyn county
council. He was elected to represent Sdwyn
in Parliament in 1883, and died on 17 Dec
of that year. He married (1851) a daughter of
Archdeacon Paul. Lee drove the first flock
of sheep overland from Nelson to Canterbury.

Parltry Record; Cycl. N02, iii; Adand; Lyttel-
ton Times, 21 Dec 1883.

LEE, ERNEST PAGE (1862-1932) was born at
Teignmouth, England, and educated at Chel-
tenham and London. In 1880 he was articled
to a firm of solicitors in the west of England,
and in 1885 he was admitted a solicitor. He
came to New Zealand in 1886 and qualified as a
barrister and solicitor. He was for some years
managing clerk to Hislop and Creagh, Oamaru,
and then practised with A. J. Grave (as Lee,
Grave and Grave).

Lee was a member of the Oamaru borough
council and of the school committee; a founder
Of the North Otago Jockey club, a member of
the Waitaki High School board of governors
and a strenuous advocate of juinior high schools.
In 1911 he defeated T. Y. Duncan for the
Oamaru seat in Parliament, which he held
until 1922 when he was defeated by J. A. Mao-
pherson. He regained the seat three years later,
but was again defeated by Macpherson in 1928.

Lee married Jane Winifred de Lambert
(Oamaru). He died on 18 Feb 1932.

Who's Who N.Z., 1924; Otago Daily Times, 19
Feb 1932.

LEE, GEORGE LESLm (1814-97) was one of
the earliest settlers in Canterbury, taking up,
first Highfield, and afterwards Stoke Grange,
Moeraki. He) represented Amuri in the Nelson
Provincial Council (1855-57) and Oxford in the
Canterbury Council (1867-70), being a member
of Jollies’ executive (1868-69). In 1862 he was
called to the Legislative Council, of which he
was a member till 1870. On giving up farming,
Lee became clerk of the Provincial Council and
later returning officer for Christchurch. He once

491

LEE

owned racehorses, including Nourmahal. He
married (1857) a daughter of Colonel Fuller.
He died on 15 Sep 1897.

Parltry Record; Nelson and Canterbury P.C.
Proc.; Roberts; Lyttelton Times and The Press,
16 Sep 1897.

LEE, ROBERT (1837-1922) was born at Gran-
tham, Lincolnshire, and educated there. Mter
three years as a pupil teacher he won a scholar-
ship at St Mark's College, Chelsea, and after
completing that was for two years master in
charge of the College upper division practising
school. In 1856 he was appointed headmaster
of All Saints Boys’ school at Preston, Lanca-
shire, and in 1863 was offered the headmaster-
ship of the Bishop's school at Nelson. There
he remained till the end of 1873, when he be-
came inspector of schools for Wellington pro-
vincial district, a post he held for 28 years, He
introduced and developed the system of stan-
dards. In 1906 Lee was commissioner on the
Te Aute and Wanganui College endowments.
He was the editor of Longman's Geographical
Reader {O- New Zealand and leaflets in arith-
metic. He married (1870) Fanny, daughter of
John Gully (q.v.).

Who's Who N.z., 1908; Cycl. N.Z., i (p); Evening
Post, 19 lun 1922.

LEE, SAMUEL (1783-1852) was born of poor
parents at Longnor, Shropshire, given an de-
mentary education in the parish and appren-
ticed at 12 to a carpenter. Fond of reading and
languages, he mastered Greek and Hebrew by
private study before he was 25 and made pro-
gress in Chaldee, Syriac, Persian and Hindus-
tani. Marriage compelled him to work harder
at his trade, but he became a teacher in Bowd-
ler's foundation school in Shrewsbury. Under
the auspices of the Church Missionary Society
he entered Queen's College, Cambridge (1813),
where he graduated (B.A. 1818; M.A. 1819;
B.D. 1827; D.D. 1833). In 1819 he became
professor of Arabic, and in 1831 regius profes-
sor of Hebrew. A profound linguist, he made
a study of the Maori language with Hongi,
Waikato and Kendall, and successfully produced
the first Grammar and Vocabulary of the New
Zealand Language (1820). Lee died on 16 Dec
1852.

D.N.B.; Hocken in Trans. N.Z. Inst.; Marsden, L.
and |., Lieutenants.

 

-----------------------Page 263 End-----------------------

LEE

LEE, WALTER (1811-87) arrived in Auckland
in 1842 and engaged in sawmilling and other
ventures. Elected to the first Parliament for
Northern Division (1853), he sat to 1860. When
it was proposed to open the proceedings of
Parliament with prayers Lee, who was a Roman
Catholic, moved a resolution (which, on the sug-
gestion of E. G. Wakefield, he withdrew) dis
approving of ‘ converting the House into a con-
venticle.’ He was chairman of the first Auck-
land City Council (1855), and was M.P.C. for

Northern Division (1857-60). Lee died on 29
Jan 1887.
Parltry Record; Auckland P.C. Proc.; N.Z.

Herald, 30 Jan 1887.

LEE, WILLIAM (1840-1925), who was a native
of Yorkshire, was ordained by the Methodist
Church in 1864. Coming to New Zealand some
years later, he was superintendent of 14 dif-
ferent circuits, including New Plymouth, Christ-
church and Auckland (where he retired in
1907). Lee served as president of the Methodist,
Church conference for several terms and also
held a number of connectional offices. He twice
visited England as a representative of the New
Zealand Church at British conferences. He died
on 12 Nov 1925.
eyel. N.Z., iii; Evening Post, 14 Nov 1925.

LEIGH, SAMUEL (1785-1852). The pioneer
of Methodism in Australia and in New Zealand
was born at Milton, near Hanley, in Stafford-
shire, on | Sep 1785 and came early under
strong religious influence. He joined the Con-
gregational Church and prepared for the min-
istry, becoming a student under Dr Bogue at
the academy at Gosport; but, finding this rather
Calvinistic for his maturing judgment, he offered
himself to the Wesleyan Methodist society at
Portsmouth and was approved by conference as
a probationer. He was two years on circuit
duty at Shaftesbury before being ordained in
1814 and appointed by the conference to North
America. The political disturbances in Canada
caused the cancellation of this appointment.
Meanwhile he was inspired by Dr Coke to
enter the mission fidd. The missionary com-
mittee in London, having received complaints
as to the low moral state of the colony of New
South Wales, decided to send him there as a
missionary to the savages and settlers. Leigh
sailed from Portsmouth in the Hebe on 28 Feb

LEIGH

1815, and landed in Sydney on 15 Aug 1815,
the pioneer Wesleyan missionary in the south-
ern world. He opened the first Wesleyan chapel
in the southern world at Castlereagh. In New
South Wales he won the confidence and good
will of Governor Macquarie. He founded in
Sydney the first Benevolent Society in Austra
lia, as well as a Bible Society, a tract society
and the Australian Methodist Missionary society.
The work in the colony entailed severe hard-
ship, from which his health suffered, and it was
on the suggestion of the Rev Samuel Marsden,
who had given him his cordial support in estab:
lishing Methodism in New South Wales, that
for health reasons he paid a visit to New Zea
land.

Landing from the Active on 5 May 1819, he
stayed there nine months. At Marsden's request
he ‘mediated in differences that had arisen
amongst the workers in the Anglican lay mis
sion. He restored harmony amongst them, and
organised their work on a circuit bass His
report to Marsden led to the appointment of
the first Anglican clergyman (the Rev J. G.
Butler, qv.) to New Zealand. When Leigh
visited England in 1820 to advocate the estab.
lishment of a Wesleyan mission in New Zea
land, the Church Missionary Society thanked
him for his services to the Anglican mission
there and made him a presentation of books.
When he laid before Mission House the neces-
sity of opening the fied in New Zealand and
Tonga, the conference, though badly in need
of funds, accepted his proposals (1820). He
then made an energetic canvass for goods, the
yield of which materially assisted the support
of both missions. Leigh was appointed to New
Zealand, and Lawry (who had arrived in New
South Wales in 1818) to Tonga. Having mar-
ried Miss Clewes, Leigh sailed in the Brixton
on 28 Apr 1821, and reached Port Jackson on
16 Sep. They crossed to New Zealand by the
Active, arrived on 22 Jan 1822, and were
heartily welcomed at Paihia by the C.M.S. mis
sionaries, with whom they lived for 16 months
acquiring the Maori language. Leigh preached
his first sermon in Maori on 25 Aug.

As Hongi's hostility forbade the establishment
of a mission at Mercury Bay, Leigh prospected
both Whangarei and Whangaroa. He chose the
latter, and landed on 6 Jun 1823 from the St
Michael. His first mission at Whangaroa he

492

 

LENEVRE

opened under the protection of the native
chief George, who had been mainly responsible
for the burning of the Boyd. Leigh encoun-
tered many difficulties and dangers in estab-
lishing himself at Wesleydale, near Kaeo, seven
miles up the river. The tribal wars following
the return of Hongi often threatened the mis-
sion. Leigh suffered a severe attack of fever,
and when the Turners and Hobbs visited the
station with Marsden in Aug 1823 his health
was s0 feeble that Marsden insisted on taking
him back to Australia. Mr and Mrs Leigh and
Marsden left by the Brampton on 7 Sep 1823,
but the vessel was wrecked. The passengers and
crew spent three days on an island, and sub-
sequently sailed from Bay of Islands in the
Dragon on 14 Nov 1823, and reached Sydney
on the 30th.

Here Leigh continued to work until the
death of his wife (15 May 1831). He then re-
turned to England, where he became a super-
numerary in 1845, but continued to work on
the platform on behalf of the mission. He
married a second time (1842), and died at
Reading on 2 May 1852

Austral EnC)'cl.; Buller; A. Strachan, Life of
Samuel Leigh; Marsden, L. and J., and Lieuts.;
G Smdes in N.Z. Herald, 9 Dec 183.

LELIEVRE, FRANCOIS (1803-1902) was born
in France. He went to sea and first came to
New Zealand in the whaler Nile in 1837. He
was present when Captain Langlois purchased
part: of Banks Peninsula, and again in the
Cachelot (1838). In 1840 he came to Akaroa as
one of the emigrants in the Comte de Paris. He
entered into business as a blacksmith, but was
also a sheep farmer. Lelievre died on 12 Jul
1902, the last of the French settlers.

Jacobson; J. Hay; Buick, French at Akaroa;
The Press, 14 Jul 1902.

LEMON, CHARLES (1834-1901) was born in
London, educated there, and at the age of 13
entered the technical school at South Kensing-
ton, where he applied himself particularly to
the study of surveying and electricity. His
brother John having settled in Oamaru and
prospered, Lemon came out to join him, worked
for a short time at his own trade as a builder,
and was then appointed postmaster at Oamaru
(1863). When the telegraph line was opened
(1865) he was appointed telegraphist, being in-

 

LENIHAN

structed by John Bull in the Morse code. In
1867 he was General Manager of Telegraphs,
which at that time was confined to 757 miles
of line. Lemon showed unusual business cap-
acity and energy in developing the service by
erecting new lines all over the Colony. In
4881 he was superintendent of the telegraph
branch of the Post and Telegraph department,
and when he retired (in 1894) there were in
New Zealand 5,513 miles of line. He installed
a duplex system in 1874. When the Western
Electric Co. of Chicago wished to introduce its
telephones he persuaded the Government to
exercise the sole right to operate the new in-
struments. In recognition of his assistance to
the American expedition which came to New
Zealand to observe the transit of Venus (1874-
75), Lemon had conferred on him by Hamilton
University, U.SA., the degree of doctor of
philosophy. After his retirement he farmed a
property at Fitzherbert, Palmerston North,
where he died on 6 May 1901. Though the
postal and telegraph branches were amaga-
mated in 1881 Lemon, as superintendent of
telegraphs, continued to be responsible to the
minister.

Post and Telegraph dept. records; J. E. Green
in P. and T. Guild Jour., Dec 1934; Evening Post
and N.Z. Times, 7 May 1901; NZ. Graphic, 25
Feb 1893 (p).

LENIHAN, GEORGE MICHAEL (1858-1910)
was born in London of Irish parents, who died
while he was a child. At 14 he entered the
Benedictine College at Ramsgate, which was
then under the Lord Abbot Alcock (who had
associated with him Father Edmund Luck, q.v.).
After four years there, he went to St Edmund's
College, Oldhall Green, to study for the West-
minster diocese priesthood, and then for philo-
sophy and theology to the English College at
Valladolid, Spain. In 1882, when he was a sub-
deacon, he was invited to accompany Bishop
Luck to New Zealand, and he was the first
student of Ramsgate College to be ordained to
the secular priesthood (on 27 Aug 1882).
Arriving in Auckland late in the year, Leni-
han was appointed curate to Monsignor Walter
Macdonald at St Patrick's Cathedral, where he
worked for more than three years. In 1886 he
was appointed pastor of Ponsonby, which he
found without either church or presbytery. The
church was blessed six months later, and opened

493

 

-----------------------Page 264 End-----------------------

LEPPER

within the year. Lenihan had also entrusted to
him the charge of the Star of the Sea orphan-
age at St Mary's. In 1891 he was appointed
irremovable rector of Parnell, and four years
later coadjutor to Bishop Luck, on whose death
(early in 1896) he was selected as bishop. He
was consecrated on 15 Nov 1896.

In 1899 Lenihan visited Rome and Ireland
and secured more priests for his diocese. He
opened the Sacred Heart College in 1300, and
in 1905 undertook the completion of St Pat-
rick's Cathedral. This was accomplished in
1907, the complete building being dedicated in
4908. Lenihan again visited Europe and North
America in 1908, when he attended the cele
bration of the golden jubilee of Pope Pius X
and the Eucharistic congress in London. He
died on 23 Feb 1910.

Who's Who N.z., 1908; N.Z. Herald, 23 Feb
1910 (p).

LEPPER, MAXWELL (1828-69) got his ensigney
in the 86th Regiment in 1847, purchased his
lieutenancy in 1849 and his captaincy in 1855.
In 1858 he went to India with the Regiment,
and was present at the sieges of Chandaree and
Jhansi, the battles of Betwa, Golowli and
Kunch, and the capture of Kalpi (after which
he commanded the European infantry in the
pursuit); then at the battle of Morarand the
capture of Gwalior. He was thrice mentioned
in despatches, was promoted brevet-major, and
received the medal and clasps. Lepper then ex-
changed (1860) into the 14th Regiment, with
which he came to New Zealand. Here he retired
from the army and was appointed lieut-colonel
commanding the Taranaki Military Settlers
(Sep 1864). He farmed the Brooklands estate
and died at Manutahi on 24 Nov 1869.

War Office records ; ‘Wells; Taranaki Herald, 27
Nov 1869.

LETHBRIDGE, FRANK YATES (1852-1915)
was born at New Plymouth, the son of G. M.
Lethbridge (q.v.) and educated at a private
school there, at Nelson public school and at
Wellington College (1868-71). After finishing
at a private school in Wellington, he started
work on his father's property, and in 1876
took charge of the run at Feilding. He mar-
ried his cousin (nee Lethbridge). He was 15
years a member (and six chairman) of the
Manchester road board; was one of the first

LEVESTAM

borough councillors of Feilding (of which he
was mayor in 1882 and 1889); an original mem-
ber of the Manawatu county council, and a
member of the Wanganui education board and
the Palmerston North hospital board (first chair-
man); and president of the Feilding Jockey
club.

In 1893, as a Conservative, he contested the
Rangitikei seat against J. Stevens (q.v.). He
was M.H.R. for Rangitikei (1896-1902), and for
Oroua (1903-06). Lethbridge was a lieutenant
of militia and captain of the Manchester rifles.
He died in 1915.

N.Z.P.D., 1896-1906 and 25 Jun 1915; Leckie;
Cycl. N.z., i (p); Who's Who N.Z., 1908.
LETHBRIDGE, GEORGE YATES (1821-1902)
was born at Ivybridge, Devon, and came to
Taranaki with his parents in the Oriental
(1841). During the Maori war he carried out
contracts for the troops in the Taranaki and
Wanganui districts. He was a member of the
Taranaki Provincial Council (for Grey and Bell
1857-61, and for New Plymouth 1861-64). About
1867 he settled at Turakina, where he played
his part on all local bodies, being chairman of
the town board almost continuously from its in-
ception, and first chairman of the Rangitikei
county council. He died on 3 May 1902. (See
his son, F. Y. LETHBRIDGE)

Cyl. NZ., i (p); Taranaki P.C. minutes.

LEVESTAM, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1833-89)
was a native of Flensburg, in the Duchy of
Schleswig, his father beinga Danish doctor prac-
tising in Copenhagen. He was educated in Den-
mark, and after’ training as a marine engineer
went to London for experience and was em-
ployed in English steamers. In 1855 he came to
New Zealand as second engineer of the Lord
Ashley, and he served also in the Airedale for
some years before settling down in Nelson.
There he married (1861) Miss Hargreaves. He
established the Soho foundry and afterwards en-
gineering works.

Though hampered in speaking by his foreign
accent, Levestam was keenly interested in Lib-
eral politics, and in 1881 was elected M.H.R.
for Nelson City (defeating J. C. Richmond). He
was elected again in 1884 (defeating Piper), and
in 1887 (defeating Piper and Gibbs). He died
on 11 Feb 1889.

Parltry Record; N.Z.P.D., 1881-89; Nelson Even-
ing Mail, 12 Feb 1889. Portrait: Parliament House.

 

494

 

LEVIN

LEVIN, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1819-1903)
was born in London, and brought up to bus-.
ness life there. He came to New Zealand in
1841, and carried on business for some years.
In 1852 (with C. J Pharazyn) he established
the firm of Levin and Co. The partnership was
dissolved in 1869, when Levin retired and the
firm was re-established by W. H. Levin and
Walter Johnston (q.v.). Levin was on the roll
of burgesses in 1843, and a lieutenant in the
militia in 1845. In 1869 he was called to the
Legislative Council, but he retired in 1871 on
leaving the Colony to live in England. There
he died on 30 Apr 1903. His widow (Jassy)
died on 29 Aug 1904. (See GEORGE BEETHAM))

Ward; The Colonist, 30 Nov 1869; N.Z. Times,
1 May 1903.

LEVIN, WILLIAM HORT (1845-93) was a
native of Wellington, the son of Nathaniel
Levin (q.v.). Educated at Toomath's school,
he then went to England and on his return
entered his father's firm as a wool clerk. In
1868 his father retired from the business, and
he entered the partnership, which included also
C. J. Pharazyn and Walter Johnston. When the
partnership expired in 1878, Levin carried on
for some years. In 1889 Edward Pearce joined
his business with that of Levin and Co. and
john Duncan also came in.

Levin in 1879 consented to be nominated for
Parliament, in which he represented Wellington
City (1879-81) and Thorndon (1881-84). His
health was never robust, and he resigned his
seat in 1884. In municipal life he was a mem-
ber of the City Council for three years, repre-
senting Thorndon ward. He retired in 1884,
and declined to stand for the mayoralty. In
1875 he was president of the chamber of com-
merce, which he found moribund, but left once
more thriving. Then he turned his attention
to the harbour board. In 1879 Levin, as mem-
ber for the City, secured the passage through
Parliament of bills establishing a harbour board
and giving it the necessary powers to manage
and develop the harbour. He was a member
of the board (1880-83), and its first chairman.
Levin was a director of the Patent Slip Co.,
the Wellington Trust and Loan Co. (some time
chairman), the Wellington and Manawatu Rail-
way Co., a New Zealand director of the Col-
onial Land and Loan association and of the

LEWIS

National Mutual Life. He was a justice of the
peace, and frequently presided in court. He
was president of many sporting societies, in-
cluding the Port Nicholson Yacht Club, and of
the Art society, the Amateur Operatic and
Dramatic society, and the Horticultural society.

The free library in Wellington originated
from his gift .of £1,000. He liberally assisted
also the Working Men's club. His private chari-
ties were innumerable. The Home for the
Aged Needy owed its existence largely to his
munificence, and after his death, on 15 Sep
189, a public meeting considered that the best
memorial to him would be a home for friend-
less children. Levin married a daughter of
James Edward FitzGerald.

Cyel, N.Z., i (p); Ward (p); N.Z. Times, 16 Sep
1893; Evening Post, 24 Sep 1929 (p).

LEVY, MORRIS (1821-1901) was born in Jer-
sey, and went to sea as a boy. Finding his way
to Melbourne he went into business, owning
lighters and city property. In 1861 he came to
Otago and settled at Invercargill, where he
lightered, owned a coaster, the Eclipse, and
acted as pilot to warships. During the depres-
sion Levy moved to the north, and Witll his
brother kept a store at Opotiki and ran tlle
Eclipse between that port and Auckland. As
Jews, they were on good terms with the Hauhau.
When Volkner was murdered, Levy remained
to take off the Rev T. S Grace, the survivor,
and he piloted the Huntress when she arrived
with the punitive expedition (Oct 1865). Levy
lost heavily in the war. He moved to Nelson
in 1871, and died there ‘on 12 Sep 1901.

Cowan, ii; The Colonist, 14 Sep 1901; Southern
Cross, 25 Oct 1865; Wellington Independent, [3
Apr 1865.

LEWIS, CHARLES (1857-1927) was born at
Christchurch, the son of David Lewis, of Hals-
well. He was educated at Christ's College
(1869-73) and then at Clifton and Malvern
Colleges, in England. Returning to Canter-
bury in 1875, he became a cadet nnder Duncan
Cameron, of Methven, and afterwards began
farming at Brookside, Ellesmere. He was a
member of the Halswell road board.

In 1896 Lewis contested as a Conservative the
Christchurch seat, rendered vacant by the resig-
nation of W. P. Reeves, and defeated two
opponents. (Lewis, Conservative, 4,714; T. E.

495

 

 

-----------------------Page 265 End-----------------------

LEWIS

Taylor, prohibitionist, 4,204; R. M. Taylor,
Liberal, 3,196). He was at the top of the poll
at the following election, and represented
Christchurch till 1901, when he resigned as a
protest against the apathy of his supporters.
In 1902 he won the Courtenay seat, which he
represented till 1908. He was Conservative
whip for some time. Lewis was chairman of the
Canterbury College Council (1904-07) but did
not take much part otherwise in public life.
He was an expert breeder of Shropshire Down
sheep, with which he won many prizes and he
was interested in cricket and rifle shooting. In
1911 he moved to Hawkes Bay, and engaged in
sheep farming at Makaretu. There he died on
28 Nov 1927.

N.Z.P.D., 3 Jul 1928; Cyd. N.Z., iii; Hight and
Candy; Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1924; The Press,
29 Nov 1911. Portrait: Parliament House.

LEWIS, JOHN JAMES (1844-1931) was born
at Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. Mter recelv-
ing an elementary education he studied at
King Henry VIII Grammar School in his native
town, and later at Boulogne-sur-Mer in France.
Mter extensive travels in Europe he returned
to England. He had been confirmed in the
Church of England but joined the Wesleyan
Methodist church in London in 1864. While
following business pursuits there he served as a
local preacher, and in 1868 was accepted as a
candidate for the ministry. He was trained at
Richmond Theological College.

Lewis sailed for New Zealand in the City of
Auckland (having as fellow-passengers the Revs
F.W. Isitt, J. S Smalley and W. J. Williams
and W. F. Massey) and reached Auckland on
Il Dec 1870. A widely read scholar with a
mastery of at least a dozen languages in which
he studied the Scriptures, he was a superb ex-
positor and a fervent evangelist. Lewis was
ordained at the first Methodist conference held
at Christchurch (1874). Owing to a break-down
in health he returned to England for two years
and in 1877 he resumed work in New Zealand
He married (1880) M. E. G. Bowles of Wai-
mate. Tireless in industry, punctual, exact in
attention to detail, Lewis rose to eminence in
administrative work in his church. Several
times he represented New Zealand in the
Methodist general conference of Australasia. In
1890 he was elected president of the New Zea-

 

LEYS

land conference and in 1896 was appointed to
represent New Zealand Methodism at the Irish
Wesleyan conference. He held many impor-
tant officid positions and was chairman ot
synods on many occasions. He was an able and
widely read scholar. Few were his equal in
debate, but his powers of eloquence were most
manifest in the pulpit. He was superannuated
in 1919, but preached until his death (on 12
Jun 1931). MA.R.P.

LEWTHWAITE, JOHN (1816-92) was born in
Halifax, Yorkshire. He purchased land orders
from the Plymouth Company, and came to New
Zealand in the Amelia Thompson (1841). Hav-
ing selectedhis!and at Waitara and Mangaoraka
in 1842, he held it until being ejected by Fitz-
Roy's order. He then paid visits to other pro-
vinces to calculate his prospects. In 1844 he was
at Otakou with Tuckett, a son being born at
Koputai. Lewthwaite returned to Taranaki and
entered into business with some success. From
1856-58 he was M.H.R. for Grey and Bell. About
1860 he moved to Nelson, where also he took an
interest in politics, being a member of the Pro-
vincial Council for Massacre Bay (1861-65). Be-
sides being au enterprising man of business,
Lewthwaite had considerable skill as a mech-
anic. He devised a floating breakwater for New
Plymouth on a, system which was adopted later
by engineers and he invented a railway ticket
stamping machine. Lewthwaite died in Lon-
don on 2 Aug 1892.

Parltry Record; Cycl. N.Z., vi; The Colonist, 20

Sep 1892.
LEYS, THOMSON WILSON (1850-1924) was
the son of a Scots supervisor of inland revenue,
and was born at Nottingham. Educated at the
People's College in Nottingham, he undertook
at the age of 12 to teach classes of small boys
in the ragged schools, and soon became interes-
ted in other social work. In 1862 his father be-
came associated with the proposed Noncon-
formist colony for Albertland, New Zealand,
for which they sailed in the Tyburnia.

Landing at Auckland in Sep 1863, his father
decided to remain there, and Thomson served
a three-years’ apprenticeship at the composer's
case in the Southern Cross. He afterwards be-
came sub-editor, but ill-health compelled him
in the early seventies to take a respite from
journalism and for some years he contributed

496

 

LEYS

articles on commercial subjects and current
topics. He then became sub-editor of the Auck-
land Stal’ (1872) and on the retirement of G.
M. Reed in 1876 was appointed editor, a posi-
tion he held for 45 years. Leys compiled the
first Auckland Provincial Almanac and Hand-
book and wrote the Auckland section of Vogel's
Handbook of New Zealand. He edited the his
tory of New Zealand, which was written by
Sherrin and Wallace and published by Brett,
and compiled the first Colonists’ Guide (1883).
In 1889 he became a partner in the Auckland
Star, the New Zealand Graphic and the New
Zealand Farmer, which had been floated into
a company, and he was a managing director
until his death. He was a director also of the
Napier Daily Telegraph Co., the Auckland Gas
Co., and the Northern Milling Co.

Leys presided at the meeting held in Welling-
ton at which the first Press agency was formed,
which was aftenvards amalgamated with the
United Press Association. He was for many
years the New Zealand representative of Reuters
Telegram Co. and of the Sydney Daily Tele-
graph and the Insurance and Banking Record.
In 1920, as chairman of the Zealand delegation
to the Empire Press conference in Canada, he
received the honorary LL.D. of McGill
U,niversity.

Always strongly Liberal in politics, Leys sup-
ported Grey and later Ballance and Seddon.
He declined a seat in the Legislative Council
in the conviction that a journalist should not
accept such a restriction on his freedom to
criticise. In the nineties he represented a syn-
dicate of New Zealand newspapers at the fed-
eral conventions in Australia, and in 1901 he
was a member of the royal commission on fed-
eration. His services to education in Auckland
were noteworthy. He made liberal donations
to supplement the bequest of his brother
William, in establishing the Leys institute in
Ponsonby, and paid half the cost of the build-
ing and furnishings. He was president of the
Ponsonby boys’ brigade band and a councillor
of the boy scouts’ association. Having been in-
terested in Mechanics’ institutes, he was on the
committee of the free public library in Auck-
land, assisted to draft its constitution and was
president. He was president of the first libraries’
conference in Dunedin, and took a great in-
terest in school libraries under the Buffalo sys-

UARDET

tem. Leys was also connected with the Auck-
land Art Gallery, the McKelvie Trust board
and the Auckland War Museum, and presented
a number of paintings to the Art Gallery. He
was a member and some years chairman of the
Auckland University College council, a mem-
ber of the Auckland Institute and of the coun-
cil of the Workers’ Educational Association. He
died on 27 Sep 1924.

Auckland Star, 27 Sep 1924 (P).

LIARDET, FRANCIS (1798-1863) joined the
Mercury in 1809, and saw service in Greenland,
North America, the West Indies and West
Africa. In 1819 he visited the East Indies as
mate of a merchant ship. Serving later in the
Hyperion (42 guns) against pirates in the West
Indies, he was detached to the schooner Union,
and thus came into contact with Lieutenant
(afterwards Governor) Hobson (q.v.), whom he
succeeded in command of the schooner Lion
(1824). In operations on the coast of Yucatan
(1823) he received two severe gunshot wounds.
Hobson was made prisoner and Liardet took
command of the boats, receiving the warm
praise of Hobson for his zed, bravery and per-
severance. While in command of the Lion,
Liardet captured nine pirates and retook the
Frenell ship Calypso, which he reloaded and
carried off the shoals. Promoted lieutenant
(1825), he became commander of the Powerful
(84 guns) in 1838, and gained post rank for
distinguished service at the siege of Acre
(1840) as flag captain to Sir C. Napier.

His friendship with Wakefield secured him
a post in the New Zealand Company and he
sailed in the Whitby (1841). Liardet was ban-
queted at Wellington, and proceeded to take
up the post of agent at New Plymouth. He
had scarcely entered on his duties when he
suffered severe injuries by an explosion while
trying to clear the vent of a 4-pounder gun on
the beach (29 Nov). Partially recovered, he
returned to England (Feb 1842) and did not
realise his hope of making New Zealand his
home. In 1856 Liardet became a governor of
Greenwich Hospital dying there on 1 Mar 1863.
He published Recollections of Seamanship and
Discipline; Friendly Hints to the Young Lieu-
tenant; and The Midshipman'S Companion.

Wells; Scholefield, Hobson; Taranaki Herald
and Budget, 18 Dec 1928 (p).

497

32.

I

 

-----------------------Page 266 End-----------------------

UGAR

LIGAR, CHARLES WHYBROW (1809-79) was
born in Ceylon, where his father was stationed,
and educated at the Royal Military College at
Sandhurst. He received his commission in the
Royal Engineers, but soon resigned and after-
wards joined the hill drafting department of
the Ordnance Survey. He was serving in ire-
land when he was appointed by the Colonial
Secretary to be surveyor-general in New Zee
land (1840). Ligar married (1839) Grace
(1811-58), daughter of Thomas Hanyngton, of
Dungannon, county Tyrone (a niece of Lord
Charlemont). They sailed for New Zealand in
the Prince Rupert, which was wrecked on the
coast of Brazil, and they continued their voyage
in the Antilla, arriving in Dec. In addition to
his duties as surveyor-general, Ligar was a lieut-
colonel in the Auckland battalion of militia,
and served during Heke's war. He was a magis-
trate and land titles commissioner in 1846. In
1848 he was a member of the Legislative Coun-
cil of New Zealand. In 1856 he retired from the
position of surveyor-general, and proposed to
take up a run in south Otago, where he had
made extensive explorations. During this trip
he reported to the Superintendent of Otago
that he had discovered gold in the Mataura
river at Tuturau. Ligar went on pension in
1857 and was afterwards surveyor-general in
Victoria (1858-69). On retiring he settled in
Texas as a cattle grazier, but without much
sucess. He married (secondly) Marie, daughter
of Captain Williams (of New Zealand). Ligar
died in 1879.

Mennell; NZ.C., 32; Ordnance Survey records;
Pyke; Beattie, ii.

LIGHTBAND, GEORGE WALES (1804-91)
was born in Worcestershire, and was brought
up to the tanning trade. As a young man he
was a strong Methodist, and when he came to
Nelson he assisted to establish that Church
there and-became a trustee of it. In England
he attended public meetings in connection with
the Reform bill. He came to New Zealand with
his family in the Thomas Harrison (1842), set-
tling at Nelson, where he established himself
in a tannery. In 1857 he paid a visit to Aus-
tralia on business, and while there obtained a
printing plant and printer with which The
Colonist was established, the first issue appear-
ing on 23 Oct 1857. Lightband was much in-

UNDAUER

terested in the development of New Zealand
industries, and made many experiments in the
manufacture of leather and paper. He produced
the first parchment made in New Zealand. He
died on 22 Oct 1891.

Broad; Cycl. N.Z., v (34); The Colonist, 23 Oct
1891.

LIGHTBAND, MARTIN WALES (1831-1914)
was the son of G. W. Lightband (q.v.), and
came to New Zealand with his parents in the
Thomas Harrison (1842). He was educated in
Nelson and brought up to his father's business,
tanning, which he carried on for nearly 24
years In 1896 he started business as a grain
merchant. He was M.H.R. for Nelson City from
4871 till he resigned on 16 Apr 1872. Light.
band was a member of the Nelson City Council
from 1902. He died on 1 Aug 1914.

Cycl. NZ., v (p) ; The Colonist, 3 Aug 1914.

LINDAUER, GOTTFRIED (1839-1926) was
born at Pilsen, in Czecho-Slovakia, and at the
age of 16 went to Vienna, where he studied art
under Fuehrich and Kuppelwieser. He was
there for seven years, and received many com-
missions for portraits and painting of Biblical
subjects for Roman Catholic churches through-
out Austria.

Being attracted by reading about New Zea
land, he came out in the ship Reichstag in
1873, and commenced painting portraits of pro-
minent Maori chiefs. In 1874 he made the ac-
quaintance of H. E. Partridge, who conceived
the idea of forming a collection of Maori por-
traits and accompanied Lindauer on his visits
to native villages. The principal collection was
paid for by Partridge, who presented it to the
Auckland Art Gallery in 1915. A description
of the subjects was published by J. Cowan in
1901, and in 1930 many of them were repro-
duced and described by the same author. Lin-
dauer made many other portraits of eminent
New Zealanders, including Sir Walter Buller.
He showed a collection of Maori pictures at the
Indian and Colonial Exhibition, from which
one was selected by the Prince of Wales
(Edward VII). Lindauer died at Woodville on
13 Jun 1926.

Lindauer, op. cit.; Cowan, op. cit. (p); N.zZ.
Herald, 16 Jun; Evening Star, 15 Jun 1926 (p).

498

 

LINGARD

LINGARD, EDWARD ATHERTON (1839-
4903) was born at Runcorn, Cheshire, England,
and educated at the Haversham and Manchester
Grammar Schools and St Edmund Hall, Oxford.
He came to New Zealand (1860) and became
assistant master at the Bishop's school, Nelson
(1861) and headmaster (1863). In 1864 (the
year in which he was ordained deacon) he had
temporary charge of Christ's College, and was
appointed curate of Addington and Governor's
Bay. In 1866 he became vicar of St Luke's,
Christchurch; and in 1885 archdeacon of
Akaroa. He was for some years clerical secre-
tary to the synod, a member of the general
synod and president of the bellringers' associa
tion. He died on 20 Sep 1903.

Cycl. N.Z., iii (p); The Press, 21 Sep 1908.

LINGARD, WILLIAM (1845-1922) was born in
county Clare, Ireland, the son of an officer of
the British army who served in the Waterloo
campaign. He was educated in Yorkshire, and
was intended for the army, but becoming
slightly deaf had to change his course and

. came to New Zealand in 1863. He served in the

2nd Waikato militia during the Waikato war;
then farmed in the Wanganui and Waitotara
districts, and served successively in the Prince
of Wales Rifles, the Alexandra Lancers (1865),
the Wanganui Cavalry and the Ka-iwi Cavalry.
While engaged with the last-named corps in
front of Tauranga-ika (Feb 1869), he was witll
a party of four reconnoitring the position when
they were suddenly fired upon. Troop-sergeant
Maxwell was badly wounded, and Trooper
Henry Wright was pinned down by his horse
falling on him. He was about to be toma.
hawked when Lingard rode up and freed him,
covering him with his revolver while he re-
treated. He then rode round to the back of the
pa and captured a horse, with which they made
good their escape. Lingard received the New
Zealand Cross. He was afterwards in charge
of a party of scouts, but was invalided at Patea
and the command fell to C. Maling (qv.). Lin-
gard farmed for some years afterwards and then
entered into an insurance and land agency in
Wellington. He was on the Wellington City
Council (1896-99).

NZ. Anny records; Cyel..N.Z.. i (p); Who's Who
N.Z., 1908; Gudgeon (p); Cowan.

UTTLE

LINTON, JAMES, was born in Dumfries, Scot:
land. He came to Australia in the fifties, and
to New Zealand in 1860, going first to the gold-
fidds at Queenstown. In 1871 he moved to
Palmerston North, and he took a leading part
in the progress of that town, of which he was
mayor (1879-82 and 1884-85). He was a strong
advocate of the Wellington Manawatu railway,
and was for many years a director of the com-
pany. The town of Linton was named after
him. (See E. S THYNNE.)

Cyd. NZ, i.

LITTLE, JAMES (1834-1921) was born in the
parish of Moorefoot, Midlothian, Scotland. In
41863 he came to New Zealand in the Canterbury
a manager to Dr George Webster (qv.) on
the Corriedale and Balruddery estates, in north
Otago. He brought with him 22 Romney Marsh
ewes and nine rams, some of the first of that
breed to come to New Zealand. Sheep owners
ridiculed the idea of using such a breed in a
part of the country where the merino was pre-
dominant. Little in a year or two recognised
that they were right, but was convinced that the
merino aso would have to go. He suggested
to Dr Webster experimenting by crossing the
Romneys with the merino flock at Corriedale
and so producing an inbred halfbred sheep.
At that time there was no English grass on
either station and the native tussock would not
carry the coarse-feeding Romney. Little had con-
siderable success in showing and selling Rom-
neys in Canterbury, and Webster then made
available a flock of 600 ewes for his experiment,
and was prepared to stand the loss if the inbred
flock should prove a failure. Wlien Webster
died (1878) Little bought his Lincolns and a
large number of merinos and established him-
self on the Allandale estate in North Canter-
bury. The Lincoln-merino cross he named
, Corriedale’ because it was first produced on
that station. After a few years he showed inbred
Corriedales in Canterbury shows. Little began
his flock at Allandale about 1878 or 1879, and
by 1890 the new inbred Corriedale was
thoroughly established. In 1911 the breed was
admitted to the Flock Book. In 1923 there were
105 registered flocks in the South Island and
seven in the North. Corriedale sheep became an
established and very successful breed and many
animals were shipped to other sheep countries.

499

 

 

 

-----------------------Page 267 End-----------------------

LITTLEJOHN

Little also bred Ayrshire cattle and Clydesdale
and Shire horses. He died in 1921

dames Little, The Story of the Corriedale (1927);
Playne.

LIITLEJOHN, WILLIAM STILL (1859-1933)
was born in Aberdeenshire, and educated at the
Grammar School there aud the University
(M.A.). After serving as assistant at the Me-
rose boarding school, he came.to New Zealand
(1881) as mathematics and science master at
Nelson College. On the resignation of J W.
Joynt he was appointed headmaster (1898), a
position he held for only five years, though
with distinction. A fine cricketer and football
coach and referee, he was keen on all forms of
sport and was president of the Nelson Rugby
union. He brought the College cadet corps to
a state of high efficiency, and was a captain and
adjutant of the Nelson volunteers and major
in the infantry battalion. In 1904 he was ap-
pointed principal of Scotch College in Mal-
bourne, where again his inspiring enthusiasm
had a marked influence upon the development
of the school. He was also a member of the
council of Melbourne University. In 1929 he
received from Aberdeen University the hon-
orary degree of doctor of laws. Littlejohn died
on 8 Oct 1933,

Nelson Coll. G.B. Reg.; Who's Who in dustrae
lia; Evening Post and The Dominion, 9 Oct 1933.

LIVINGSTON, ALEXANDER (1806-79) was one
of five teachers brought to Otago from Scotland
under the education ordinance of 1856. He en-
joyed the title of rector of the High School and
a salary of £250 a year, but there was no axcom-
modation for the higher classes, and though he
was a competent classic and mathematics
master he was restricted to teaching the de-
mentary subjects. The diggings drew away
many of the older pupils (in 1861) and in 1862
Livingston resigned to accept the post of pro-
vincial auditor. He died on 21 Dec 1879.

Otago H.S. Reg.; Otago Daily Times, 23 Dec
1879, 8 Aug 1893.

LLOYD, HENRY, was a native of King's county,
Ireland, and came to New Zealand in 1860,
taking up farming at Wade. He represented
Kaipara in the Auckland Provincial Council
(1873-75), was chairman of the Wade highway
board, a member of the Waitemata county coun-

LLOYD

cil and a justice of the peace and coroner. He
spent much time prospecting for gold, which
he believed would be found in north Auck-
land. Uoyd died on 12 Jul 1891.

LLOYD, JOHN FREDERICK (1810-75) was
born in Ireland, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, where he graduated M.A. (1835).
Ordained deacon (1839) and priest (1840), he
was curate of Kilmore, Ireland (1840-48). He
then came to New Zealand, and was a fellow
of St John's College, Auckland (1849-53); was
vicar of St Paul's, Auckland (1853-65) and
archdeacon of Waitemata (1865-70). He at-
tended all the general synods to the third
(1865), and in 1870, owing to impaired health,
returned to England, where he became rector
of Kirk-lreton, Wirksworth, in the diocese of
Lichfield. Uoyd read the prayers at the open-
ing of the first session of the General Assembly
(1854). While in Auckland he established the
Orphans’ Home. He died in 1875. (See SR
CHARLES CLIFFORD.)

Synods of the Province of New Zealand and the
Diocese of Auckland; Crockford; Jacobs; Tucker;
Southern Cross, 15 Feb 1870.

LLOYD, JOHN YEEDEN, was born in 1796,
and appointed in 1813 an ensign in the 73rd
Regiment, with which he served at Waterloo
and in Canada. He attained the rank of major
(1828) and retired in 1839.

Uoyd arrived in Taranaki by the Kelso in
1849, and took up land at Waireka. When the
natives became hostile in 1850, he advised the
settlers to drill and offered his services to train
them. Major Uoyd was called to the Legisla
tive Council in 1853. He made a strong stand
in defence of the rights of Parliament, and
resisted the introduction of responsible govern-
ment lest the government should overrule the
representative house. He returned to England
about 1856.

Army Lists, 1814, 1829, 1840; N.z.P.D., 16 Jun,
24 Jul 1854.

LLOYD, TREVOR (?-1937), one of the earliest
etchers in New Zealand, was the son of a farmer
at Silverdale, Auckland, and was educated in
the public school there. Artistically inclined, he
taught himself and made many sketches and
drawings of New Zealand fauna and flora and
Maori faces until, on the death of his father in

500

 

LOCKE

the early nineties, he moved to Auckland
determined to make a living by his art.

Uoyd's first commission was to illustrate
stories for the New Zealand Magazine, and he
also contributed to the New Zealand Graphic.
In 1903 he was appointed to the staff of the
Auckland Weekly News, for which at first he
drew mainly political cartoons and sketches of
night and indoor events which were not sus
ceptible of treatment by photography. Most of
his work, including cartoons in every mood,
was done in line and wash until 1921, when he
began to contribute pen and ink drawings to
the supplement of the New Zealand Herald.
lloyd was one of the first in New Zealand to
make etchings, his subjects being mainly New
Zealand bush scenes and other genre and Maori
heads. He was keenly interested in native tools
and carvings and spent much time searching
for relics in caves and middens on the west
coast north of Manukau. He died on II Sep
4987. He married (1894) Emily Lamont.

N.Z. Herald, 12 Sep 1937 (p).

LOCKE, SAMUEL (1836-90) was born in Nor-
folk, the son of a landowner whose fortunes
suffered in the depression of 1847-48. Having
been educated as a surveyor, Locke came to
Auckland in 1853 and engaged in his profes-
SOn for some years, employing Maori labourers
from whom he learned the language. In 1859
McLean gave him a ‘position in the Native
department, and he was appointed district sur-
veyor in Hawkes Bay. During the Hauhau ris-
ing he raised a native contingent under Wha-
nga and Kopu, and with fifteen Europeans
defeated the enemy on the Wairoa river. In
4869 he joined the General Government.

Locke was M.P.C. for Napier Town (1866-
69). He was then appointed officer in charge
of native affairs on the East Coast, and as
resident magistrate at Taupo assisted materially
to open up that district by means of roads
after the conclusion of the war. He purchased
the Seventy Mile Bush (1870-71), and in 1873
settled a dispute between the Wairoa tribe and
the Urewera. In 1878 he gained the East Coast
seat in Parliament, defeating Rees twice in that
year. He retired in 1887, and died on 13 Apr
1890. He married Caroline Fanny, daughter of
Joseph Rhodes (q.v.).

Lambert; Woodhouse; Cowan, ii; Poverty Bay
Herald, 5 Jan 1924; Auckland Star, 14 Apr 1890.

501

LOGAN

LOCKHART, GEORGE DUNCAN (1821-90)
wes a brother of the 10th baronet and father
of the Ilth baronet. He was an Australian
squatter, and came to New Zealand in 1851.
taking up land at Hakataramea, Canterbury.
This failing, he devoted his whole attention
to a Christchurch stock and station agency. He
was interested in Sandy Knolls station (1851),
and in 1854 he took up Valetta station near
Ashburton, which he resold in 1858. He repre-
sented Timaru in the Canterbury Provincial
Council (1859-60). Lockhart married (1856) a
daughter of Dr Thomas, of Clifton, England.
He died on 13 Sep 1890.

Acland; Burke, Peerage; Andersen; Lyttelton
Times, 1 Oct 1890.

LOGAN, FRANCIS (1784-1862) was the son of
William Logan, a farmer in the parish of Dun-
lop, Ayrshire. He matriculated in 1802 and
passed through his medical course at Glasgow
Universtty. Tn 1808 he was admitted as an
assistant-surgeon and posted to H.M.S. Namur
at the Nore. In 18II he transferred to the
Hyacinth, a 20-gun ship, in which he was pre-
sent at the operations of Spanish guerillas
agamst the French positions at Castle Nersa
and Almunecar. Promoted surgeon, he served
in the Rainbow (1812) and the Rifleman
(1823) and in the Menai (1824) on the coast
of North America. In 1830 he was in the
Etna surveying in West Africa, and in 1832 he
made his first voyage to Australia in charge of
convicts in the Fanny. She had an outbreak
of cholera during the voyage, and reached Port
Jackson on 1 Feb 1833. After a few months in
the Royal Sovereign on the home station, Logan
again came to Australia, in the convict ship
Mangles. He left her in Sydney (Aug 1837)
and called at New Zealand on his way back to
England in the John Barry. In 1839 he was
reported as unfit for sea service.

Logan was enthusiastic in his praise of New
Zealand as a land for settlement, and joined
the West of Scotland committee in 1839. He
came to Wellington as surgeon in the Bengal
Merchant (1839-40) bringing his wife and son,
and selected his country land first at Porima.
He was interested in natural science. His death
occurred on 30 May 1862.

Admiralty Records; Hist. Records Aust.; Ward;
Guthrie Hay; Cant. O.N.

-----------------------Page 268 End-----------------------

LOGAN

LOGAN, JAMES KENNEDY (1843-1912) was
born at West Kilbryde, Ayrshire, and educated
at Paisley and trained in telegraphy in Glas-
gow. He came to Otago in the City ot Dunedin
(1864) and was employed on constructing the
telegraph line from Dunedin to Christchurch.
In 1865 he was appointed to the Dunedin tele
graph office and later was appointed by the
provincial government to construct the line to
Queenstown. In 1869 he became inspector in
Otago under the General Government; in 1894
superintendent of telegraphs for the Colony,
from which position he retired in 1911. (.SO.,
1909.) He died in Dec 1912.

Cyel NZ.,i (p): Who's Who NZ., 1908; Otago
Daily Times, 2 Dec 1912.

LOGAN, ROBERT (1863-1935) was born in Ber-
wickshire; educated at Wellfield and at Edin-
burgh Academy, and came to New Zealand in
1881. Mter some time on Ringway station in
Southland, he acquired the nucleus of Mari-
tanga estate in Central Otago. He was a mem-
ber of the Maniatoto county council from 1893
(chairman 1900-02) and of other local bodies;
and raised a squadron of mounted rifles (Mani-
atoto) in 1898. (Captain 1900-03; major 1904.)
As colonel he commanded the expeditionary
force which captured German Samoa (1914),
and he administered that territory (1914-19).
(C.B.; Chevalier Legion of Honour.) Logan
died on 7 Feb 1935.

Who's Who N.Z., 1908, 1924, 1932; Studholme.

LOMAX, HENRY ALFRED (1847-1932) was
born in London and came to New Zealand at
the age of 16, settling at Wanganui. For many
years he managed Pharazyn's Marahau sheep
station at Nukumaru. He was a lieutenant in
the Wanganui Cavalry. During the sixties he
was appointed to the civil branch (1868), but
in 1869 he was sent as A.D.C. to Colonel Mc-
Donnell with the force at Taupo. He distin-
guished himself at Tapapa (24 Jan 1870), and
in further engagements on the Upper Waikato
and Bay of Plenty (being promoted captain)
Mter the war Lomax lived mostly in Wanganui
and Waitotara county. He was a justice of the
peace and for a short time acting magistrate,
and took a great interest in sport (especially
cricket and rowing). As staff officer to Colonel
Newall, he had important duties connected

LOUGHNAN

with the Royal visit (1901). His death occur-
red on 31 Aug 1932.

Gudgeon (p); IVho's Who N.Z.; Wangantti
ChTollide, | Sep 1932.

LORIGAN, PATRICK (1817-60) born in Ire-
land, came to Auckland in the Duchess. ot
Argyle (1842), and was engaged for many years
as a timber merchant. He represented the
Southern Division in the Provincial Council
(1859-60) and died on 28 Aug 1860.

LOUDON, JAMES (1839-1903) was born at
Airdrie, Lanarkshire, Scotland, and at the age
of 20 emigrated to Australia to join his elder
brother, who was mining at Ovens, Victoria In
the early sixties he crossed to Otago where, with
his brother and Andrew Pollock, he became in-
terested in coal mines at Green Island. He
aftenvards on his own account opened up the
Walton Park mine, and when it was merged
in the Walton Park Coal and Pottery Co. he
became general manager. When this company
wound up he opened up the Jubilee colliery,
which was very successful. Loudon was a large
employer of labour, and besides the mine
operated a store at Walton Park. He was mayor
of Green Island, chairman of the school com-
mittee, and president of several local societies.
He died on 9 Aug 1903

Otago Daily Times, 17 Aug 1903.

LOUGHNAN, ROBERT ANDREW (1841-1934)
was born at Dacca, India, the son of R. J
Loughnan (1808-89, who was for 30 yeas a
judge in the service of the East India Com-
pany, retired before the Mutiny and died in
Canterbury). He received his education in
France and at Stonyhurst College and the Cath-
olic University in Dublin, and emigrated to
Australia with his father at the age of 20 (the
ship being wrecked on Flinders Island, in Bass
Strait).

For several years Loughnan was engaged on
his father's run in the Murrumbidgee district.
In 1865 he came to New Zealand on behalf of
a syndicate which purchased the Mount Pisa
run, near Cromwell. This property he managed
for a short time, and then became interested in
meat-canning works at Fairfield, where he made
use of his Australian experience. Want of
markets crippled the new industry. As phor-
mium tenax was realising about £70 a ton,

502

 

LOUGHREY

Loughnan went into this business at Cust,
Canterbury. A slump soon closed down the mill
and he moved to Dunedin, where he entered
journalism by contributing to the Otago Guard-
ian (of which Vincent Pyke was editor.) Lough-
nan's education, experience and knowledge of
music were of great service, and he became a
valued writer both to the Guardian and the
Otago Daily Times. He attracted the attention
of William Reeves, and in 1875 was appointed
editor of the Lyttelton Times, which he con-
trolled until 1889.

At that time Archbishop Redwood established
in Wellington the Catholic Times, of which he
appointed Loughnan editor. A few months later
the New Zealand Times was purchased by Cap-
tain Baldwin, and Loughnan edited it for six
years (1890-96). He then went to Australia,
where he acted as correspondent at the Federal
conventions and wrote descriptive articles for
the New Zealand press. He was on the editorial
staff of the Sydney Morning Herald for several
years, and wrote also for Melbourne papers.

Mter returning to New Zealand Loughnan
was for many years associate editor of the New
Zealand Times. In 1904 he was secretary of the
land commission. In 1907 he was called to the
Legislative Council, of which he was a member
till 1914. Loughnan was a fine singer and a
member of the choir of the Wellington Basilica,
He published a good deal of literary work in
book form, notably the New Zealand Handbook
and The Royal Tour (1901), The Settlen’
Handbook (1902), New Zealand at Home
(1908) and a biography of Sir Joseph Ward
(1928). He married (1877) Victoire de Ma-
manche (of Akaroa). Loughnan died on 14
Sep 1934.

NZ.P.D., 18 Sep 1934; Loughnan, op. cit.; Who's
Who NZ., 1908, 1924, 1932; Evening Post, 14 Sep
4934; The Dominion, 15 Sep (p). Portrait: Par-
liament House.

LOUGHREY, ANDREW (? -1913) was born
in Melbourne, and educated at Melbourne Uni-
versity, where he gtaduated ‘B.A. Though he
leaned towards law, he was appointed inspector
of schools in Victoria and travelled allover the
colony on duty. He came to New Zealand after
the passing of the new act (1877) and was
appointed headmaster of Cliristchurch East
school. While there he was induced to return
to Victoria in his old position; took advantage

LOUISSON

of the change to study law, and graduated LL.B.
He came back to Christchurch (1880) and
started to practise with McConnell; in 1882
with W. J. Holmes, and from 1890 as Loughrey
and Lane.

In 1886 he raised the Irish Rifles, of which
he was captain until they were disbanded. In
1887 Loughrey was elected M.H.R. for lin-
wood, which he represented to 1889. He was
a supporter of the Stout-Vogel party. He died
‘on 24 Sep 1913.

Cyel. N. i.N.Z. Herald, 28 Sep 1887; The
Press, 27 13.

 

  

LOUISSON, CHARLES (1842-1924) was born
in London, educated at Gravesend, and at the
age of 14 emigrated to Victoria, where he work-
ed for some time on sheep and cattle stations
and on the goldfields at Ballarat. In 1865
he crossed to New Zealand and joined his
brother Alfred in carrying across the Port Hills.
They then went into business as general mer-
chants in Hokitika, and after a year or two
took up a sheep station in Marlborough. Meet-
ing with no success, they returned to Canter-
bury and commenced farming at Southbridge,
where they were joined by another brother
(Cecil). In 1871 they took over the Crown
brewery in Christchurch, which they operated
with considerable success.

Louisson took an active part in municipal
affairs, being for some years from 1881 a mem-
ber of the City Council and on two occasions
(1888-89 and 1898-99) mayor of the City. In
1888 he was one of the New Zealand commis-
sioners at the Melbourne Exhibition. He was
also a member of the North Canterbury hos-
pital and charitable aid boards before they
amalgamated, deputy-inspector of the mental
hospital at Sunnyside, and an officid visitor to
the school for deaf mutes at Sumner. He was
one of the founders of the Jewish congregation
at Christchurch, in which he held every office
He was a trustee of the synagogue at the time
of his death, having previously been elected a
life member in recognition of his services. As a
trustee for Hyman Marks, he did important
service in connection with one of the largest
benefactions in New Zealand, one of its activi-
ties being the establishment of the Marks ward
at Christchurch hospital. Louisson was @ pro-
minent freemason (SC.) and for some years

503

-----------------------Page 269 End-----------------------

LOVELL

district grand master for Canterbury. In 1900
he was appointed to the Legislative Council, in
which he held a seat (except during 1915-18)
until his death on 19 Apr 1924. He took a keen
interest in volunteering (having been a ser-
geant-major in the Westland Light Horse), and
he gave prizes for rowing, shooting and other
sports. His main interest was trotting. He was
a member of the committee of the N.Z. Metro-
politan Trotting club from 1893 until 1907,
and thereafter president, and a member of the
Canterbury Jockey club.

Who's Who N.Z., 190B; N.Z.P.D., 2i Jun, I Jul
1924; 'Wigram; The Press and Lyttelton Times,
21 Apr 1924. Portrait: Parliament House.

LOVELL, JOHN (1810-97) was born in Eng-
land, and came to New Zealand in the Tas-
mania in 1853. He took up land at Sawyers
Bay, near Dunedin, and later a sheep station
near, Kaitangata, from which Lovell's Flat took
its name. His son John (who was drowned
shortly aftenvards) discovered coal there. Lovell
returned to live in England and bought an
estate in Sussex, but came to New Zealand
again in 1864 and lived in Dunedin until his
death (on 11 Mar 1897).

Otago Daily Times. 13 Mar IB9i.

LOWDEN, JOHN (1845-1924) was born in
county Durham, and educated at an elemen-
tary school in Gateshead. Apprenticed to en-
gineering, he served in his father's works at
Sunderland. In 1879 he came in the Taranaki
to Otago, bringing his own engineering ma-
terial; and for some years he was in business
in Oamaru. Lowden erected the machinery in
the Mataura paper mill, of which he had charge
for some years. In 1883 he again entered into
business for himself. He was nine years a
member of the Mataura town board, and was
‘on the first borough council, being elected
mayor on 10 occasions between; 1903 and 1921
He was a member also of the Southland hos-
pital and charitable aid boards and the Bluff
harbour Board (1918), secretary and chairman
of the school committee, and for 40 years an
elder of the Mataura Presbyterian Church. Low-
den died on 21 Apr 1924.
N.z. Herald, 22 Apr 1924.

LOWE, ALEXANDER FRANCIS (1861-1929)
was born at Nelson, the son of James Townsend

LUCK

Lowe; educated at Nelson College and in Eng-
land and became a clerk in the House of Rep-
resentatives in 1885. In 1915 he became clerk
of the House and in 1920 clerk of the Legisla
tive Council and of Parliaments (C.M.G., 1924).
He was honorary secretary of the Empire Par-
liamentary association. Lowe was keenly in-
terested in acclimatisation and was a vice-presi-
dent of the Wellington society. He married
(1895) Laura Mildred, daughter of Henry
Phillips, of Canterbury. He died on 20 Nov
1929.

N.Z.P.D., | Jul 1930; Parltry Record; Who's
Who N.Z., 1924; Nelson Coil. Reg

LOWES, WILLIAM, was born in Northumber-
land, and came to New Zealand in the Ramsay
(1865). Though he was a farmer by training,
he carried on a business in Wellington as an
importer of saddlery until 1873, when he moved
to Wairarapa, purchased several properties and
founded a stock and station agency (1879). He
represented Porima in the Wellington Provin-
cial. Council (1873-75), and in Masterton was
chairman of the trust lands trust and a member
of the education board.

Gyel. N.Z, i

LOWRY, RICHARD JENNINGS, vas chief
mate in the Tory, which brought the New Zea
land Company's preliminary expedition to Port
Nicholson (1839). He assisted in the survey
of the harbour, his name being given to Lowry
Bay. In Apr 1840 he succeeded Chaffers in
command of the vessd. Lowry died at sea in
the East Indies about Oct and the command
of the vessal passed to his brother Nicholas, who
had joined her in Sydney. She was wrecked
on the Half Moon shoal in Palawan passage
(23 Jan 1841), and Nicholas died at sea on
board an American whaler.

N.Z.C.; E. J. Wakefield; Ward.

LUCK, JOHN EDMUND (1840-96) was born
at Peckham, London. His'father belonged to a
Protestant family in Kent, but became a Cath-
olic during his stay in France. Studious as a
child, John went at the age of nine to St
Edmund's School in Hertfordshire.

During his vacations he came into contact
with the Benedictine fathers of the Congrega-
tion of the Primitive Obsen'ance at Ramsgate,

504

LUCK

and in 1858 he decided to become a monk.
With that in view he studied philosophy at the
seminary of St Sulpice in Paris, and in 1860
he joined the order (tatdng the name of
Edmund). He was sent to the monastic college
of St Ambrogio, in Rome, and prosecuted his
theological studies at the Collegio Romano,
where he took his D.D. (1865). His father
(Alfred Luck) had meanwhile built the monas-
tery at Ramsgate at his own expense; had with
the sanction of the Pope been ordained a priest
(1863) and died in 1864, leaving his own home
to house St Augustine's College. John com-
pleted his theological course, was ordained priest
(1865), and spent two years at Subiaco, where
he taught philosophy. In 1867 he assisted in
the foundation of a noyitiate at Tenterden,
Kent. Here he fulfilled the duties of novice
master and administered the temporalities. In
1872 Luck was appointed superior of the monas-
tery and college and in 1875, his health having
failed, he was appointed assistant-chaplain at
Hales Place, Canterbury. During this period he
translated and published the Short Meditations.

In 1878 he returned to the monastery at
Ramsgate, and was vice-president of the college
until the end of 1880, when the abbot-general
of the Congregation decided to employ him in
the foundation of a novitiate for the Italian
province in Malta. While on his way to that
post he was appointed Bishop of Auckland, and
on 13 Aug 1882 he was consecrated by Cardinal
Manning in the prioral church of St Augustine,
Ramsgate. Arriving in Auckland on 14 Nov
1882, he met his brother (Father F. A. Luck,
OSB., 1841-99), who had preceded him by 18
months. During his episcopate of 13 years,
Bishop Luck opened 19 new churches in the
Auckland diocese, extended St Patrick's Cathed-
ral and established 13 schools and eight cou
vents (including the Home for the Aged Poor
at Ponsonby). The number of priests in the
diocese increased from 15 to 30, the Marist
Brothers were introduced, and various exten-
sions and new organisations cartied out.

Luck was scholarly and studious, a charming
conversationalist, an eloquent preacher, an ac-
complished musician and a skilled botanist and
horticulturist. He wrote in 1888 an introduc-
tion to Pompallier's history of the Church in
Oceania. His death occurred on 23 Jan 1896.

N.Z. Herald, 9 Aug 1B82, 24 Jan IB96 (p).

LUDLAM

LUCKIE, DAVID MITCHELL (1828-1909) was
born at Montrose, Scotland, educated there and
entered a mercantile office He afterwards
worked as a law clerk, and became an assistant
assessor under the property tax act. Leaving
this for journalism, he became in turn sub-
editor of the Montmse Review, editor of the
John o: Groats Journal, and editor of the Ar-
broath Guide

Coming to New Zealand in 1863, he became
part proprietor and editor of the Nelson Col-
onist. In 1869 he was gazetted a justice of the
peace. He contested the Nelson seat in Parlia-
ment in 1866 against Stafford and Curtis with-
out success, but he represented Nelson City in
the Provincial Council (1869-72). In 1872 he
was elected to Parliament, sitting for Nelson
City till 1875. After the amalgamation of the
Southern Cross with the New Zealand Herald
(1876) he was editor till 1878, when he assumed
control of the Evening Post, Wellington. In
4879 Luckie was appointed commissioner of the
Government Insurance department.  III-health
compelled him in 1889 to relinquish this post
and become deputy-commissioner. In 1894 he
published The Raid of the Russian Cruiser
Kaskowiski to impress upon the public the
danger of being unprepared for possible in-
vasion. He was a fellow of the Royal Statistical
society (1885). Luckie died on 6 May 1909.

Cyel. N.z., i (p); Luckie, op. cit., IBB:; Who's
Who N.z., 190B; Evening Post, 7 May 1909. Por-
trait: Parliament House.

LUDLAM, ALFRED (1810-77) seems to have
been born in county Down, Ireland. Nothing
is known of his early life, but he was a man of
culture, with the tastes of a country gentleman.
He spent some time in the West Indies before
coming to New: Zealand in the London (which
arrived on 12 Dec 1840). He was then un-
married.

He had a section in Ghuznee street, Welling-
ton, and established his farm, Newry, at the
Waiwetu. Ludlam soon achieved a reputation
by his farming methods, and his steady selection
of good class stock. His sheep had a New Zea.
land reputation, and at the Dunedin Exhibi-
tion (1865) he received a silver medal for in-
formation on his exhibits of fine and crossbred
wools. He was an enterprising gardener, and

505

-----------------------Page 270 End-----------------------

LUDLAM

experimented with many imported plants.
When the Horticultural and Botanical society
was founded (1842) he was a member of the
committee, and years later he co-operated with
Travers, Hector and Mantell in securing for
Wellington the botanical gardens, which he en-
dowed with gifts of plants from his own pro-
perty. Ludlam and Molesworth's windmill at
Newry began grinding flour in Sep 1845. The
barn was often used for public events (such as
the dinner to Sir George Grey in 1851). The
house was almost completed when the earth-
quake of 1848 caused considerable damage. In
the earthquake of 1855 Ludlam and his wife
(a daughter of Lieut-colonel Gibbes) were
caught inside the house and were in danger of
being killed by the fall of a chimney.

Ludlam was appointed by Grey a member
of the nominated Legislative Council of New
Munster (1849), but he resigned in, the follow-
ing year. He had a disposition for public
afairs, and when the new constitution came
into force he was elected to the Wellington
Provincial Council for one of the Hutt seats,
which he represented 1853-61 and 1865-75. He
sided with the Hutt members (led by Wake-
field) against Featherston in the political feud
of 1857-61, and after the election in 1858 was
elected Speaker. It was an unenviable position,
since he was required to register decisions of
the Wakefield majority of which he obviously
did not approve. As Speaker he was called
upon in emergencies ta act as Superintendent.
Such an emergency arose when Featherston re-
signed (1858), and Ludlam had to appeal to
the courts to assert his rights against the ex-
superintendent. Eventually Featherston handed
over the keys, but only for a few days until he
was re-elected Superintendent. Ludlam escaped
from his unpleasant position by resigning the
speakership (Sep 1859). He was too outspoken
to be politically successful, and it is said that
he spoke too often to be a strong man. In any
case, his interests were those of a country gentle-
man rather than a man of affairs. He was one
of the first members of the General Assembly,
in which he represented the Hutt (1853-56 and
1866-70). Twice in the first period he resigned
his seat. Between the first meeting of the Pro-
vincial Council and the assembling of Parlia
ment in 1854 he changed his opinions regarding
responsible government, and when Parliament

LUKE

met he moved the address-in-reply as a convert
to the principle. He never appeared as a par-
liamentary candidate after 1870, but he was at
the head of the poll at the provincial election
in 1873.

In 1867 Ludlam was appointed a governor
of the newly created New Zealand Institute,
and a member of the reception committee for
the Duke of Edinburgh's visit. He was an en-
thusiastic volunteer, and attained the rank of
major in the Hutt militia in 1868. In 1870 he
was a pallbearer at the funeral of Te Puni.
Ludlam’s last days were spent, we are told, in

a summer of golden charity: so that’ wherever
his name was known there will. be mourning
for the honest, somewhat impractical, but out-
spoken and enterprising man.’

A year or two before his death he visited
England for the health of his wife, who died
while away. Ludlam died on 8 Nov 1877.Lud-
lam's Gardens were afterwards called’ McNab's’
from a gardener (James McNab, 1831-90) who
acquired them after his death.

App. HR... 1874 H24, 1875 H35; Wellington
P.C. Proc.; Ward; Wakelin; Carter; Wellington
Independent (notably 22 Apr 1872) and Spectator,
1854-56; Evening Post, 15 Nov 1929.

LUKE, SIR JOHN PEARCE (1858-1931) was
born at St Just, Penzance, Cornwall, and edu-
cated at the Penzance Wesleyan day school. In
1874 he came with his parents to New Zealand,
and entered the engineering shop of E. W.
Mills to complete his apprenticeship. He was
aftenvards employed by Edward Seagar, of the
Victoria foundry, and was then engaged by the
Government as an engineer in the Petone work-
shops. In 1879 he joined his father and brothers
in founding the firm of S Luke and Sons,
which carried out many important engineering
works, including shipbuilding and lighthouse
construction. Luke was later joint manager
and director until the business was merged in
J. J. Niven and Co.

He was a member of the Wellington City
Council (1898-1911) and mayor of the City
(1913.21). In the Council he moved the resolu-
tion to purchase the horse trams for the City,
and as mayor he furthered reclamations and in-
augurated the superannuation scheme for city
employees. He was many years president of
the New Zealand Engineers’ and Ironmasters’
association, and was a member of the hospital

506

 

LUKE

board, the technical education board and the
Wellington Industrial association. In 1908
Luke was elected Liberal member for Well-
ington Suburbs. Defeated by W. H. D. Bell in
1911, and for Wellington South by Hindmarsh
in 1914, he was returned for Wellington North
in 1918, and held the seat till 1928. He was
defeated by C. H. Chapman in 1928 and 1931
Luke received the C.M.G. (1917) and was
knighted in 1921. He died on 7 Dec 1931. He
married (1880) Jacobina (1861-1937, daughter
of H. A. Gordon), who was awarded the C.B.E.
for social and war work.

N.Z.P.D.; Who's Who N.z., 1908, 1924; Evening

Post (p) and The Dominion, 8 Dec 1931 (p), 16
Mar 1937.

LUKE, SAMUEL (1832-1906) was born at
Royston, Hertfordshire, came to New Zealand
in the Annie Longton (1857), and commenced
farming at Paerata. On the outbreak of the
war he had to remove to Otahuhu, where he
farmed for the remainder of his life. He was
chairman of theOtahuhu highway board (1877-
79) and school committee, and a member of
the county council and licensing committee.
He was for 30 years from 1878 a member of
the education board (and chairman in 1888
and on three other occasions). He was a mem-
ber of the Auckland Grammar School board
and the council of Auckland University College,
and a member of the teachers’ salaries com-
mission (1901). Luke was on the Anglican dio-
cesan synod and the general trust board and
was a licensed lay preacher. He died on 28 May
1906.

Otahuhu Borough Council Diamond Jubilee (p);
N.Z. Herald, 29 May 1906.

LUKIN, GRESLEY (1840-1916) was born at
Launceston, Tasmania (the son of English
parents), and educated in his native town. He
studied engineering for two years, but disliked
it and went on the stage, where for a few years
he took a variety of parts in comedy and drama
and was particularly successful in Shakespeare
characters.

In 1866 he relinquished acting and accepted
a post in the Queensland civil service, rising
in two years to be chief clerk of the Lands
department. He was for a while superinten-
dent of a vast land district, which he had to
traverse on horseback, thus gaining an insight

LUKIN

into administrative matters and the life of the
outback settlers. He personally drafted the
Queensland land act of 1868. In 1871 Lukin
was transferred to the Justice department as
chief clerk in the supreme court at Brisbane.
In 1873 he purchased an interest in the Bris-
bane Newspaper Co., which owned the Courier
and the Queenslander. He edited the latter
paper for some years with considerable success
and became managing director of the company.
He was one of the movers in the despatch of
Ernest Favenc's expedition across the continent.
Lukin was at this time a prominent citizen of
Brisbane, and in 1879 he was sent to Sydney
a Queensland commissioner to the Inter-
national Exhibition. In the following year he
disposed of his Brisbane interests and moved to
Sydney, where he entered into journalism as a
freelance writer and correspondent. He also
tried a small pastoral venture in New South
Wales, but in a year or two returned to Bris
bane, and purchased the Boomerang from W.
Lane (qv.). This was a bright and convincing
weekly run with great vigour and personality,
and advocating the cause of the working class
with fairness and humanity.

While conducting the Boomerang Lukin made
the acquaintance of many rising writers after-
wards famous in Australian journalism. He
took" a great interest in the Australian Natives’
association and was one of the founders of the
Queensland Agricultural and Pastoral associa.
tion. He also founded the Johnsonian Club,
which included in its membership many pro-
fessional men of Brisbane. He was keenly in-
terested in mining enterprises, and was instru-
mental in the flotation of several companies. In
1892 Lukin suffered a breakdown in health
and was compelled to seek a more invigorating
climate. He disposed of the Boomerang and
paid a visit to New Zealand. While living in
Otago, the floods occurred in Queensland and
he wrote to the Otago Daily Times an eloquent
appeal for relief for the sufferers (his first con-
tribution to the New Zealand press). Mter
doing a little freelance writing he joined the
staff of the Evening Post, Wellington, then
edited by Gillon (q.v.), and soon made a repu-
tation as a fine writer and a scrupulously
honest, humane and fairminded journalist. In
him the highest traditions of the press were
maintained. At an early date he made a *scoop’

507

-----------------------Page 271 End-----------------------

LUMSDEN

by forecasting the proposed legislation to rescue
the Bank of New Zealand.

On the death of Gillon (1896) Lukin became
editor. Essentially a non-party man and a con-
vinced democrat, he was a constant advocate
of liberal land laws, education, and a white
New Zealand. Though a strong imperialist, he
was also an ardent nationalist and a supporter
of home rule for Ireland. He advocated also
a non-political civil service and the reform of
the legislative council (which became law before
his death, but was not brought into operation).
Under his control the Post became the leading
independent paper in New Zealand. In 1906
he represented the Commonwealth of Australia
at the funeral of Seddon and in 1909 he atten-
ded the first Imperial press conference in Lon-
don. As president of the New Zealand Institute
of Journalists he warmly advocated a better
organisation of the professional interest in jour-
nalism, but failed to get it accepted. Lukin died
‘on 12 Sep 1916.

Evening Post, 12 Sep 1916 (p); Otago Daily
Times, N.Z. Herald, Brisbane Couriel’, 13 Sep 1916;
Cycl. N.Z., vol i; Who's Who N.Z., 1908.

LUMSDEN, GEORGE (1815-1904) was born in
Fifeshire, educated at the Kilrenny school in
his native shire and served his apprenticeship
with his uncle, a jeweller in Pittenweem. In
1836 he went to Edinburgh and worked for
many years for James Whitelaw. Having mar-
ried Christina Blackwood Anderson in 1842,
he went into business for himself. In 1853 he
came to Australia in the Ravenscraig and
opened a shop in Geelong, but was soon at-
tracted to the goldfields at Ballarat. Having
little success, he returned to his shop in Gee
long.

In 1861 Lumsden came to Invercargill. In
1866 he was elected to the Southland Provincial
Council for Invercargill, which he represented
until 1870, being a member of the executive
in 1867 and 1868. Mter the reunion of Otago
and Southland he continued to represent his
constituency in the Otago Council until the
abolition of the provinces. He was again in the
executive in 1874-75 and for another term in
1875. Lumsden was elected to Parliament in
1876. After attending two sessions he found
that the absence affected his business, and re-
signed (1878). He promoted the interests of
his city in many ways, notably in the matter of

LUNDON

education. He was one of the founders of the
Southland Boys’ High School (of which he was
chairman for 14 years), and was a member of
the education board and the land board. He
died on I Feb 1904,

Southland and Otago P.C. Proc... Southland
B.HS. Reg.,. Cycl. N.Z., iv (p); Otago Daily Times,
12 Feb 1904.

LUNDON, JOHN (1829-99) was born at
Caherelly, county Limerick, and came to New
Zealand with his parents in the Westminster in
1842. In 1852 he visited the Victorian diggings,
and for some time after returning was engaged
in shipping potatoes to Australia. He built the
Harp of Erin hotel (1857), erected the first
grandstand at Ellerslie and inaugurated .horse-
racing there.

In 1860 he joined Nixon's Volunteer cavalry,
with which he served in the field. He was also
engaged in transport and road work. In 1863
he raised the Manukau Rifle volunteers (of
which he was captain) for service in the Wai-
kato. He lived for some years at Onehunga and
Awanui. He represented Raglan in the Auck-
land Provincial Council (1863) and Onehunga
(1870-75). In 1868 he settled at Thames, but
soon returned to Onehunga. He was elected
M.H.R. for Mangonui and Bay of Islands (1879-
81) as a follower of Grey.

In 1883 Lundon was appointed as the repre-
sentative in Samoa of the South Sea Island Pro-
duce Co. While there he conceived the idea of
annexation, and proposed to Sir R. Stout (then
Premier) that the New Zealand Government
should take action so as to forestall German
annexation. He returned to Apia to treat with
the chiefs for the transfer of sovereignty and
the recognition of Malietoa as paramount chief.
The Samoan Parliament, on his recommenda-
tion, passed a bill favouring annexation to New
Zealand (9 Feb 1885) and appointing Grey and
Lundon agents of Samoa to carry the measure
into effect. The Germans had meanwhile
hoisted their flag, and the action of Lundon
was officially disavowed in London. During the
war scare in the eighties he raised two volunteer
companies and a cadet company in Onehunga.
In 1886 he launched a scheme of land settle-
ment in north Auckland. Lundon died on 7
Feb 1899.

Auckland P.C. Proc... App. H.R., 1884, ii, A,

508

 

LUSK

1885 Al, 4D; Auckland Star, 8 Feb 1899. Portrait:
Parliament House.

LUSK, DANIEL HENDERSON (1833-1921) was
born in Renfrewshire, Scotland, the son of R.
B. Lusk (q.v.). Educated at the High School
in Glasgow, he studied civil engineering and
arrived in New Zealand with his parents in the
Thames (1849). He was employed by the
Government in the survey of the Canterbury
block and Christchurch (1850). Then he was
appointed assistant engineer and engineer of
roads under C. W. Ligar (1857).

Lusk had a bush farm at Mauku, and was at
an early date involved in native hostilities. In
1858 he assisted to form the first volunteer
company in Auckland, and when the war
broke out in Taranaki he and Judge Maning
enrolled 1,500 Ngapuhi and Rarawa to serve
against the Taranaki tribes. The offer was not
accepted, and the enrolment lapsed. Having
surveyed a road from Auckland to Waikato, he
was attached to the Royal Engineers in con-
structing it. When hostilities commenced, he
was the principal agent in forming three com-
panies of Forest Rangers (at Mauku, Pukekohe
east and Waiuku), and early in the operation
he showed a marked faculty for leadership. On
8 Sep he was in command of the stockade at
Mauku when his force became engaged in a
sharp action, and were extricated with ciffi-
culty from a dangerous ambush. Again on 23
Oct, in a fight against an ovenvhelming force,
Lusk gave evidence of his skill and daring. Von
Tempsky, who was present as an ensign, re-
marked that he was a man of consummate
judgment about Maori warfare. These opera-
tions, which relieved Auckland of danger from
a strong body of King natives who had eluded
General Cameron in the Waikato, are fully
described in Gudgeon (pp. 113-7) and are the
subject of a laudatory despatch by Sir G. Grey
to the Secretary of State (2 Nov 1863)

In Dec the transport service on the river
broke down through the sinking of the gun-
boat Avon, and Lusk, who was with the troops
as guide, was transferred to the transport
corps. Working with great energy, he opened
up a track which he had previously surveyed
from Raglan to the Waikato at Te Rore. He
was then appointed to command the transport
service at Te Awamutu. While in this post he
became aware of the enemy entrenching them-

LUSK

salves at Orakau, and reconnoitred the position,
narrowly escaping capture. He took part in
the siege and capture of Orakau and the battle
of Rangiriri. Mter the cessation of hostilities
Lusk was appointed to command the Waiuku
and Wairoa district. On news arriving of the
approach of Te Kooti (1868), he mobilised his
force of 300 men and marched them thirty
miles into Mercer as a precautionary measure,
for which he received the thanks of the Govern-
ment. He remained in command of this dis
trict for another ten years.

In 1893 he was chief crown ranger for the
Auckland land district. Retiring in the follow-
ing year, he took up a cattle station in the
King country, where he was one of the earliest
settlers of Te Kuiti and was a member of the
borough council. He promoted the new county
of Waitomo (1906), and was its first chairman.
He helped to establish the dairy company and
wag president of the racing club. Mter return-
ing to live in Auckland, Lusk was president of
the provincial Farmers’ Union when the Trad-
ing Co. was established, and when the special
constables were organised to break the strike
(1913).

He married (1864) Ellen Henrietta (d. 1890),
daughter of Captain William Butler (q.v.).
Lusk's death occurred on II Jun 1921.

Cycl. N.Z., ii (p); Cowan i (p); Gudgeon (p):
Jourdain; N.Z. Herald, 13 Jun 1921.

LUSK, HUGH HART (1837-1926) was the
youngest son of R. B. Lusk (q.v.) He came to
New Zealand in 1849, and was educated in
Auckland, and practised as a barrister and
solicitor there. He married (1864) Mary (1845-
1905), daughter of Captain William Butler
(qv):

Lusk had advanced views on social matters,
and as early as 1870 supported the principle
of free education. In 1870 he was elected to
the Provincial Council for Parnell, which he
represented to 1873, being a member of the
executive all the time. His political career re-
ceived a setback from his suggestion that a
poll-tax should be levied for education pur-
poses. From 1875 until the abolition of the
provinces he represented Wairoa and Manga-
pai. In 1876 he was elected M.H.R. for Frank-
lin, resigning the seat two years later. In 1890
he went to Australia and the United States,

509

 

-----------------------Page 272 End-----------------------

LUSK

residing abroad for many years. Lusk wrote a
good deal all his life. In 1865 he contributed
to the Fortnightly Review an article on Hau-
hauism, which he described as 'Maori Moham-
medanism.' He also published Our Foes at
Home (1899) and a thoughtful work on Social
Welfare in New Zealand (1913). Lusk died on
8 Sep 1926.

N.zP.D., 24 Jun 1927; N.Z. Herald, 9 Sep 1926;
Auckland P.C. Proc.: .Otago Daily Times, 13 Apr
4907.

LUSK, ROBERT BAILLIE (1798-1891) was born
in Ayrshire, and educated at the Greenock
Academy and Edinburgh University. His
deeply religious views and high ideals were due
in some measure to early association with Dr
McLeod Campbell, Thomas Erskine and the
Rev F. D. Maurice. For sharing their opinions
on points of doctrine he was disqualified from
being an elder of his church in Glasgow.

Lusk came to New Zealand in 1849; settled
first at Turanga creek, Auckland; and moved
later into the city. He was a zealous Anglican
and a member of the diocesan and general
synods. He became provincial accountant dur-
ing the superintendency of Williamson (1857),
and treasurer in 1865, holding office until the
abolition (1876). Lusk married Jessie E. Hart.
His death occurred on 6 Sep 1891. (See D. H.
Lusk, H. H. Lusk.)

Cowie; Morton.

LUXFORD, JOHN ALDRED (1854-1921) was
born at Hutt, his parents having arrived in
New Zealand in the Duke of Roxburgh (1840).
He was educated at the school of the Rev W.
Fell and later at the Wellington Grammar
School (before it was incorporated in Welling-
ton College). In 1875 he was received for
training for the Methodist ministry. He studied
under the Rev Joseph Berry and at Canter-
bury College, began his ministry at Woodend
(1876), and was ordained in 1880. He married
(1880) Emma Allen Mansfield, daughter of the
Rev John Aldred. Luxford held several im-
portant pastorates, and proved himself a
thoughtful preacher, a wise administrator, and
an able representative of his Church in the
community. The church at Rugby street, St
Albans, was erected under his leadership. As
a freemason he filled the master's chair and
also the office of grand chaplain. For many

LYALL

years he was convener of the naval and mili-
tary committee. In 1902 he was chaplain to the
40th New Zealand contingent in South Africa
In 1903 he became president of the New Zea
land Methodist conference. In the war of 1914
48 he left New Zealand with the Main Body,
served in Egypt and Gallipoli, and won a wide
reputation for valorous and self-denying devo-
tion to the needs of the wounded and dying.
At Suvia Bay, while ministering to the wounded,
he was shot in the leg (which was amputated).
Later he was chaplain to the military hospital
at Walton-on-Thames. He sought superannua-
tion from active work in 1916, and returned to
New Zealand in Sep 1919. A resolute and
heroic soldier, he was twice mentioned in
despatches; attained the rank of lieutenant-
colonel, and was made a C.M.G. He died on
28 Jan 1921. MA.RP.

LYALL, DAVID (1817-95) was born at Auchin-
lae, Scotland, and educated at Aberdeen and
Edinburgh Universities. Having entered the
Royal Navy, he was chosen in 1839, on account
of his knowledge of natural history, as assistant
surgeon in the Terror, under Sir John Clark
Ross (Hooker holding the same position in the
Erebus). He served in this capacity (much of
the time in New Zealand waters and the An-
tarctic) until 1842, when he was sent to the
Mediterranean.

Promoted surgeon, Lyall came to New Zea
land again as surgeon and naturalist in the
Achemn. Returning to England in 1852, he
volunteered as surgeon in Belcher's expedition
to find Franklin, and was posted to the Assist-
ance. For the next two years he was senior
medical officer in the relief expedition, with
jurisdiction over many crews then concentrated
in the Arctic. He setved in the Pembroke in
the Russian war (1855), had a short term in
the Royal William, and was then appointed to
the surveying ship Plumper, delimiting the
boundary betw'een Great Britain and the
United States in the north Pacific. Following
this he was surgeon and naturalist to the land
boundary commission under Sir John Hawkins,
R.E. He was medical officer again in the Pem-
broke, and in 1868 received a home appoint-
ment, from which he retired in 1873 as deputy-
inspector-general..

Lyall's activities as a naturalist are recorded

510

 

 

LYND

in the early scientific history of New Zealand
and the Antarctic. His work was much appreci-
ated by Hooker. He died on 25 Feb 1895.

J._C. Ross, A Voyage of Discovery . .. 1839-43,
1847; J. D. Hooker, The Botany of t ntarctic
Voyage of HM. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror,
1844; The Times, 2 Mar 1896.

LYND, ROBERT (1816-51) was born at Ply-
mouth, England. At the age of sixteen he be-
came an ensign in the 65th Regiment, with
which he served in the Persian Gulf (1819) and
Arabia (1821). In 1823 he became a lieutenant
on half-pay, but some years later was appointed
barrackmaster at Dominica, whence he was
transferred to Hobart, and then to Sydney. He
came to Auckland in the same capacity in
1847. A man of scientific interests and consider-
able literary attainments, Lynd studied natural
history in New South Wales and was a close
friend of Dr Leichhardt. On the report of
Leichhardt's death in 1845 he wrote some of
his best stanzas. He was associated with many
charities and was a vice-president of the Auck-
land Mechanics’ Institute. He died on 24 Sep
1851.
N.z. Herald, 29 Sep, 4 Oct 1851.

LYON, WILLIAM (1805-79) was born in Scot-
land, brought up to the bookselling trade, and
had a business in Hamilton, near Glasgow, be-
fore coming to New Zealand in the Duke of
Roxburgh, which arrived on 8 Feb 1840. He
entered into business as a bookseller, for which
he had every qualification. He was a man of
some attainments; 'a fluent writer who wrote
much for the early press of Wellington; and
a fellow of the Geological Society of London
who gave many public lectures at the Mechanics’
Institute. His business aftenvards became
known as Lyon and Blair, and was merged
early in this century in Whitcombe and Tombs.

Besides his business, Lyon had a farm near
Pito-one, which he called Glenlyon, and where
the first St Andrew's day picnic was held (30
Nov 1840). During the day a Scotch thistle was,
sown on the property. A man of commonsense
and broad humanity, Lyon soon had an assured
position in the settlement. When the first elec-
tion was held of mayor and aldermen (under
the abortive charter) he came second on the
poll (George Hunter 273; Lyon 237; Fitz~
herbert 210). From an early date he was a

 

 

511

LYON

justice of the peace, and he sat on the bench
regularly. He was a founder of the Pacific
lodge, the first lodge of freemasons in New
Zealand, and took a part in the establishment
of the Spectator and the Independent, to both
of which he was a regular contributor.

Shortly after the pioneers arrived, the Port
Nicholson .institute, library, and reading-room
was formed, and acquired for its rooms a native
house built originally for Barrett's hotel. When
this institution failed (1842), Lyon at his own
risk negotiated for the purchase of the rooms,
and with the help of friends formed in May
the Mechanics’ Institute. When this became
moribund, he called a meeting to resuscitate it.
He was vice-president for many years, and was
the last survivor of the original trustees.

Lyon attended the public meetings to con-
sider measures of defence after the attack at
Boulcott's farm (1846). He took a prominent
part in the movement for representative govern-
ment, and when the Settlers’ Constitutional
association was formed in 1850 he was elected
a corresponding member. He was one of the
first_ members of the Provincial Council for
Wellington City, which he represented 1853-57,
being throughout a supporter of Featherston.
He was a member of the Council's first educa-
tion committee (1853) and afterwards of the
education commission. With Hunter, R.
Duncan, Dransfield and others, Lyon assisted
at the formation of the New Zealand Steam
Navigation Co., of which he was a director for
some years. In business he was strictly honour-
able, in public life straightfonvard and gener-
ous. He was an acute observer and a great
reader, and possessed one of the best libraries in
the Colony. He was known later to have been
the author of a clever political satire, The Ghal-
dean Manuscript

Lyon was a strong Presbyterian, and at the
time of the disruption warmly supported tlle
Free Church. He married (1843) Margaret Barr
(d. 1871). His death occurred on 22 Feb 1879.

Wellington P.C. Proc.: Cyel. N.Z., i (p); Ward.

LYON, WILLIAM CHARLES (1825-87) was the
only son of General Sir James Lyon, KC.B.,
G.C.H., sometime governor of Barbados. Re-
ceiving his commission in the Coldstream
Guards, he exchanged into the 92nd High-
landers in order to see active service, and was

 

-----------------------Page 273 End-----------------------

LYTH

for 10 months in the Crimea. After returning
to England, he had an accident which resulted
in the loss of an arm, and he retired from the
army to settle in New Zealand.

When the Maori war broke out Lyon was
given command of a volunteer company, and
was adjutant to Colonel Batneavis. In May
1863 he received his majority and command of
a wing of the 3rd battalion Auckland militia.
With a force of 150 Imperial and Colonial
troops he repulsed an attack on the stockade at
Wairoa, and then drove the Maori from their
position. He was mentioned in despatches and
thanked by Generals Cameron and Galloway.
In Oct he was promoted lieut-colonel and given
command of the 3rd Regiment Waikato militia.
He commanded the expedition to Opotiki
(1865), and then returned to the Waikato com-
mand. In 1869, during the absence of Whit-
‘more on the East Coast, he took command of
the Colonial Field Force assembling at Wanga-
nui. He served throughout the campaign
against Titokowaru as second in command, be-
ing present at Otautu (13:Mar) and Te
Ngaere, and remaining in command at Patea
until returning to his post in Waikato.

Lyon was appointed acting Under-secretary
for Defence and Commissioner of Armed Con-
stabulary during Colonel Moule's absence on
leave, and in 1884 (during the Russian war
scare) he was entrusted with the defence of
Auckland and command of the district. Lyon
was brusque and blunt in manner, but cour-
teous and considerate and most popular with
the rank and file He died on 16 Nov 1887.
He married (1865) Sophia, daughter of Edward
Rawlinson, Blair Castle, county Cork.

Gudgeon (p); Gorton; Cowan ii (p); Auckland
Star, 18 Nov 1887; N.Z. Herald, 27 'Feb 1888.

LYTH, RICHARD BURDSALL (1810-87) was

LYTH

born in York, England. He was educated
for the medical profession and admitted a mem-
ber of the Royal College of Surgeons. At the
age of 26 he entered the Methodist ministry
and was one of the first medical missionaries
sent out by the Wesleyan Missionary Society.
He and his wife arrived at Sydney in 1837 and
proceeded to the Friendly islands in H.M.S.
COliway. Leaving Sydney on 11 Oct 1837, the
Conway anchored off Entry Island, New Zea
land, where Lyth established contacts with the
Methodist missionaries in various stations. For
three years he served in Tonga, acquiring a
mastery of the language. He was next appointed
to Fiji, where his medical skill gave him
great influence over the natives. He soon gained
an accurate knowledge of the Fijian language
which he wrote with idiomatic correctness. He
translated some of the New Testament books
and revised a large part of the Fijian Old Testa
ment. Many Fijian hymns are his composition.
His greatest work in Fiji was the training and
directing of a large body of native missionaries
who were sent throughout the group and other
fidds in the Pacific. In 1855, because of his
scholarship, his culture and his refinement he
was appointed governor of the Wesleyan col-
lege at Auckland. He made an indelible mark
upon the life of the college and of his Church
and stamped; the impress of his character upon
many students. Returning to England in 1858,
he was for some time engaged in revising the
Fijian scriptures for the British and Foreign
Bible Society. Later he was engaged in mission
work in Gibraltar for five years and he sub-
sequently took an active part in army chap-
laincy. In 1876 he was superannuated and
settled in York. He resided in Fulford Barracks
and until his death (on 11 Feb 1887) did
devoted pastoral work amongst soldiers and
civilians. MA.

 

512

 

 

qd

-----------------------Page 274 End-----------------------